TFNR - A first look

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In this chapter you will find something very essential about this model of description of Reality, which I call Evolutionary Knowledge—because of the centrality of the concept of Evolution, beside Creation, as the two complementary sub-processes that compose the Process of Formation of Reality. It presents numerous innovative proposals and unconventional hypotheses—aimed at addressing some of the fundamental unsolved mysteries in physics and cosmology—while striving to achieve a more comprehensive and unified understanding of Nature.

I think we have to find the courage—even if only for a few moments, or perhaps as a joke—to abandon the certainties on which we base our current vision of Physical Reality. I believe in creativity and imagination to develop hypotheses to be submitted to the inflexible scientific method. Limiting our creativity within the narrow confines of established knowledge—particularly when it is treated as dogma—is, in my opinion, a detrimental approach to exploring Nature. This is especially true in these times of profound crises in physics and cosmology—crises that are, unfortunately, too often unrecognised or deliberately ignored.

So, allow me to list here some key points, qualifying elements, supporting arguments on which—more than others—we must evaluate the ability of this model to explain, to describe what we observe in Nature. "Strange" proposals and "heretical" hypotheses that will surely horrify many readers. Give me the opportunity to open the doors to what many of you will consider absurd, inconceivable, inadmissible. Allow me to take you on a short dance in a world where most of our certainties—on which modern science is based—will disappear, to enter unknown territories.

Among the most relevant aspects outlined below, we can find some of the most important problems or critical aspects of the current scientific landscape, with particular reference to Knowledge, Reality, the Microcosm (the world of Physics) and the Macrocosm (the world of Cosmology):

  • What is Reality?
  • Why do we need new concepts of Reality and Realism?
  • Why is there something rather than nothing?
  • What is really fundamental?
  • What incessantly empowers the whole Reality?
  • What is the Source of Reality?
  • What is the nature and the role of Forces and Fields in the dynamics of Reality?
  • Creation "or" Evolution? -> Creation "AND" Evolution! A step forward in the understanding of the Formation (Creation and Evolution) of Reality and the Universe
  • What is the true nature of Space-Time in the terms of something more elementary?
  • Are we sure that the speed of light is constant in Space and in Time? And what is the physical foundation of this important limit?
  • What is the true nature of Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin in the terms of something more elementary?
  • Is it possible to reconcile General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics in a wider and deeper framework?
  • What are the shape, properties and dynamics of Waves and Particles in the term of something more elementary?
  • What is the "correct" interpretation of Quantum Mechanics?
  • What is the meaning of double-slit experiment, of entanglement, and other weird aspects of Quantum Mechanics?
  • What the sense of the measurement problem?
  • What is the relation between continuity and quantization?
  • Do we really need Big Bang and Inflation? Let's try to imagine a Universe older, larger and more complex than we currently conceive
  • Dark matter is not made of particles
  • Cosmic expansion and Dark Energy as phenomena driven by the incessant organization of the cosmos into increasingly complex structures—the growing "complexification" of the Universe

and much more...

I will not offer you spells steeped in superstition, new age fascinations, or psychedelic delirium. I will only ask you to try to observe facts with new eyes. We see what we are prepared to see. Present knowledge acts as the filter through which we observe the world and construct new representations of Reality—new knowledge. To see new things, or the same things in a new way, we must venture beyond the beaten path, beyond the clichés, and beyond our safe, comfortable, and shared conceptions of Reality.

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Contents

Knowledge

The Evolutionary Knowledge Project

Why this project?

The Evolutionary Knowledge Project is a research initiative aimed at developing a new System of Knowledge—a comprehensive model for describing and explaining Reality and its functioning—founded on a constructivist paradigm and conceived as an integral extension of evolutionary theory to the entire domain of Nature. It proposes a broad approach to the study of Reality as a whole, striving to construct a model of Reality as a unitary, coherent and integrated Process, and a model of the Universe—in both its physical and cognitive dimensions—as a holistic system in continuous Evolution.

A new vision, unconventional and partly original hypotheses, novel semantic categories, and alternative methodologies—all converging into a wide-ranging framework capable of embracing the immense value of the extraordinary achievements of science and philosophy, together with the insights of both modern and traditional knowledge. To overcome the persistent theoretical challenges in physics and cosmology, we must return to foundational principles—to observe the world and our theories with renewed perspective. A step forward in the great Adventure of Knowledge.

This is not science, in the strict sense by which we commonly define it—that is, the formulation of testable hypotheses and predictions about Nature. I advocate for a broader definition, one that encompasses what I believe to be the essence of the quest for knowledge: the wonder and the pursuit of understanding how Reality is made and how it "works". In my view, only when both components—"explanation and prediction"—are fulfilled, can we claim to truly know. Both method and content are essential to research. Thus, Reality and Realism—though interpreted in broader and less conventional ways than typically understood—are central concepts in the approach advanced by this project.

The Evolutionary Knowledge System

Evolutionary Knowledge is a System of Knowledge centered on the development of an organized and coherent set of theories and models for the description and explanation of Reality]—and its underlying functioning. It encompasses all aspects and domains of Reality: the physical and the cognitive, the natural and the human.

It comprises the following core components:

Knowledge Systems—or Systems of Knowledge—are the outcomes of constructive processes that develop in the cognitive domain of Reality, emerging from the co-evolutionary interaction between living environments and living beings (Living Forms—Physical aspects and Living Forms—Cognitive aspects) within complex ecosystems.

The structure of the Evolutionary Knowledge System

All Evolutionary Knowledge topics are organized in a multidomain and multilevel structure—represented through a highly functional matrix: a parallelized framework that clearly reveals its multilayered organization.

The matrix is composed in four columns—each corresponding to a domain of Reality:

Topics within each column are structured into four main sections—representing the foundational components of Evolutionary Knowledge:

This foundational matrix is available in the Evolutionary Knowledge Base on the evKnowledge Project website (www.evknowledge.org), under the section titled Wiki Contents Matrix.

In search of a new and wider system of formalization

We need a good and robust system of formalization, with new mathematical languages and novel structures capable of quantitatively describing Reality—primarily Physical Reality—and of recovering and enhancing the immense heritage of mathematical tools currently employed in physics.

Since we conceive Evolutionary Knowledge, and especially Evolutionary Physics, as a Knowledge System—a general framework rather than a mere physical model—the search for a suitable system of formalization must move beyond a mere set of equations. Instead, we are drawn toward a conceptual representation and a correlated toolkit that can help us build a logical and mathematical unitary structure, capable of integrating and organizing the diverse formalizations that currently define the scientific landscape. These formalizations are often scarcely compatible—both logically and mathematically—as exemplified by the contrast between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.

About Knowledge

What can we aspire to know?

Ideally—with an infinite amount of time and an infinite amount of intellectual/cognitive activity—humanity could come to know everything about Nature: all entities, phenomena, and dynamics of both Physical and Cognitive Reality. By Nature, by Reality, we refer to the entire manifestation of the Source of Reality.

Of course, given the inherent limits of human nature, we don't imagine knowing everything. Yet we can aspire to understand a significant subset of Nature—the principal Processes that generate what we observe in both the physical and cognitive domains.

The Project is precisely aimed at contributing in this direction: a contribution in terms of hypotheses and proposals to describe and explain Entities, Phenomena, and Dynamics—but above all, an attempt to develop a unitary conceptual framework, with schemes, categories, and tools that support the pursuit of a deeper and broader understanding of Reality and the Universe in Evolution.

What we will never know

In my opinion, no one will ever be able to describe in intellectual/scientific terms the Source of Reality—to answer the questions "why it exists?" and "why it creates Reality and makes it evolve?"—nor to explain the dynamics that govern its most direct manifestation: the incessant Creation of Reality at its most elementary level.

Of this, the human being can attain direct knowledge exclusively in a non-intellectual way—not through the body and the senses, not through the mind and reasoning—but exclusively through a direct experience: through inward attention and the consciousness of existing as part of the Source itself and of its entire manifestation—Reality and the Universe in Evolution.

So, regarding the Source, "why" is not the right question. We can explore—both intellectually/rationally/scientifically and experientially/existentially—"how" the expression of the Source forms Reality, "how" Existence is created and evolves in the infinite forms we observe throughout the Universe.

Reality and Math

The only source of knowledge is experience (Albert Einstein). An excellent quote to introduce a crucial—and particularly difficult—theme in the search for the Knowledge of Reality. Not only "external" experience, but also "inner" experience. Every experience is, in a sense, inner—because all external perceptions are always filtered and processed by our cognitive system, which is an inner function of the being. And a completely inner experience, without any reference to something external, perceived, is impossible. But—even if any experience is more or less external and internal at the same time—here we want to consider its prevalence, which characterizes experiences as external or internal, and gives them different meanings and values.

We cannot know Reality as it is. Our knowledge is always a representation—a model—of Reality. Math gives us a "doubly indirect" knowledge of Reality: a representation of a representation, a description of a cognitive model. An absolutely precious representation—but doubly indirect. Therefore, we can—and should—use mathematical representations/models as a support to our experiential knowledge (external and internal) of the world, but not as a substitute for it. For me, this is a fundamental point that clearly discriminates what we can consider good science from what is not. Too much mathematical speculation, too much "science fiction", together with the harsh laws of academia, is leading us into a dead end—an abysmal crisis in which dogmas and established theories become more and more untouchable, and new ones increasingly distant from the reality of direct experience, with less possibility of scientific falsifiability. Hence, nothing against mathematics—which is and remains a formidable tool for describing, understanding, and predicting the dynamics of the world. But confusing mathematics with Reality—and vice versa—is one of the most serious mistakes, leading us deeper and deeper into this dead end. Mathematics cannot normally discriminate what can be considered real from what cannot. Only a good "sense of Reality"—a solid Principle of Reality—can help us discriminate. Ideas first—then math follows.

Is the Universe made of Math? Is our universe a mathematical structure? No—in my opinion, Reality and the Universe are not made of math. In large part, they can be represented by math—but they are not made of math. They are made of "something" that can be mathematically described as a complex interaction of stochastic (the dynamics of Action) and deterministic (the dynamics of Information, In-Form-Action) Processes—but they are not math, definitely. Thinking that everything is made of math can lead us to an erroneous conception—that the Universe has been created, designed, and managed by a Great Mathematician, a well-trained God... who established the math laws that rule the world.

Beyond equations—beyond mathematical models—there is Reality, not a particularly gifted mathematician. A Reality that, in part, we cannot know directly through our intellect—and of which we can only directly experience by turning our attention within us.

What is theoretical physics?

Theoretical physics is commonly understood as the study of the equations that govern the world—with the aim of predicting the outcomes of observations and experiments.

For me, this definition is not sufficient. Mathematics is a fundamental component of physics—necessary, but not sufficient. We need to understand what Physical Reality is and how it works. Nothing less, nothing more. We need to understand, to comprehend, to produce descriptions—not just predictions.

Equations are one of the results of this complex cognitive process—not the primary one. First, there are observations. Then come ideas—hypotheses, proposals, models. Eventually, mathematics and equations emerge, followed by predictions, experiments or observational research, and correspondences between predictions and the results of experiments or observational research. These must—and can—generate new ideas: hypotheses, proposals, models. And so the cycle continues—endlessly.

Reality

What is Reality

We need new concepts of Reality and Realism

There are many reasons compelling us to seek a renewed concept of Reality. Chief among them is the tension between GR (General Relativity) and QM (Quantum Mechanics) regarding realism. This tension urges us to reconsider what we mean by Reality. Reality, Realism, and the Principle of Reality are neither what General Relativity describes—nor what Quantum Mechanics proposes.

On one hand, we must accept that Reality is not deterministic—or at least not entirely so. The impossibility of predicting a physical system's behavior with infinite precision does not depend solely on our incomplete or imprecise knowledge of the system, but also on the intrinsic nature of Reality itself.

On the other hand, we must acknowledge that the renunciation of realism—non-locality, an anomalous form of Causality, non-separability, etc.—adopted by nearly all interpretations of QM, arises from a limited vision of Reality and from flawed assumptions embedded in the foundational framework of Quantum Mechanics, particularly regarding the nature of quantum objects.

Therefore, if we aspire to a deeper understanding of Reality, we must go beyond this paralyzing dichotomy. We need to transcend both the pursuit of determinism and the abandonment of realism. We must recognize the strangeness of what we observe, and accept that:

  • part of this weirdness stems from the very nature of Reality—especially at the most elementary levels and within the infinitely small,
  • part arises from our limited understanding of how Reality functions and of the objects (InfoStructures and Forms) that inhabit it,
  • part is due to the inherent impossibility of conducting observations or measurements without influencing Reality itself. Everything is part of Reality. The observer and the observed are both Information (networks of Relations that link Events into Processes), and each observation / measurement is an interaction, an exchange of Information, which influences and modifies both parties.

Reality and the Universe "does not exist" in a conventional sense, the whole Reality "happens"

Reality does not exist in a classical or ordinary sense. Reality happens. All that appears to exist does so because, at the elementary level of Reality—in the true factory of Causality (-> Force) and Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality -> Space and Time, Space-time)—the Source incessantly creates and recreates the Elementary Events that sustain the basic "substance", the Elementary Action, from whose organization everything emerges and evolves across the various levels of Reality.

The whole of Reality—the evolving Universe, everything we consider as existent—is made "by" Entities, but is not made "of" Entities. Everything is composed of Events and Relations between them. More precisely, everything consists of Processes (an evolving mix of stochastic and deterministic dynamics): Entities (Sources: Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields pairs) manifesting themselves by producing Events, which are organized through Relations into Processes.

The Universe, and all it contains, is composed of organized Events, of Processes. In this sense, we can say that the Universe also happens—it does not exist in a conventional sense. We can only affirm that "it exists because it happens". If the incessant flow of Elementary Events sustaining Reality were to cease, Reality—and its temporal section we call "the present" in a relativistic sense, the Universe—would instantly vanish (along with Space and Time), even if no conscious beings were present to witness it.

Thus, we must conclude that Reality does not exist in the common sense. It incessantly happens, creating and evolving itself. In the framework of the Evolutionary Knowledge System, Reality is understood as the creative and evolutive (Process) through which what exists (Entities) produces what happens (Events) in the way it happens (Relations).

Nothing can be truly defined as an Entity—except the Primary Source of Reality, in its two complementary aspects: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. The Source is the only "Entity" in the true sense. Only the fundamental and elementary inseparable pair—Force/Field—can be considered an Entity. Everything else derives its Existence from this Source. It is the incessant origin of Existence, because it "causes" the happening—the emergence of the Elementary Events that represent the most fundamental form of Existence. Reality exists because it happens—because the Source incessantly produces its happening.

The Events we perceive, observe, and measure—the Events that compose natural phenomena and the everyday facts we continually experience—must always be considered and described as macro-Events or Complex Events. Even the simplest Events, such as the emission of a photon by an excited electron in an atomic nucleus, are complex structures of organized Events. This "simple" interaction between two of the most elementary Particles/Waves observable in nature actually involves an enormous number of Elementary Events. Each is related—or better, correlated—in the complex forms we call InfoStructures: both massive ones like Vortex/Particles (e.g., electrons) and non-massive ones like Single Cycle Waves (e.g., photons) or Multicycle Waves like electromagnetic waves. We must also consider all the "non-stable, short-lived, variably extended and shaped" Structures that characterize the normal dynamics of the Field—especially in the vicinity of the aforementioned Structures engaged in short-range interactions (which, in Quantum Mechanics, we refer to as virtual Particles and, more broadly, quantum fluctuations of the vacuum).

Reality is a Process

Reality is a Process of Formation and, at the same time, the result of that Process.


The Process of Formation of Reality - Creation and Evolution - Synthetic View


In its essence, the Formation of Reality can be represented through a simple yet fundamental scheme, everything that exists (exists as it happens) is composed of:

We call:

  • Creation the sub-process that leads from the Source to Action,
  • Evolution the sub-process that leads from Action to Information, to the Structures of Information, to the Forms, and ultimately to the entire evolving Universe.

Creation—the production of Existence—and Evolution—the production of Essence / Form—together constitute the Process of Formation of Reality.

From another perspective, closely aligned with a fundamental aspect of Quantum Mechanics, Reality is a superposition of different states of Reality—"nonexistence and existence". The Source of Reality, in its expression and manifestation, incessantly mediates the phase transition between these two states / conditions. This mediation is the part of the Process of Formation of Reality referred to as the sub-process of Creation.

Why is there something rather than nothing?

This is the hardest question we can ask ourselves. The possible answers are many. In fact, throughout humanity's cognitive evolution, countless answers have been proposed. Across various religions, philosophies, and Systems of Knowledge—including the "scientific" ones—we encounter the most diverse explanations: God, the Gods, time, an uncaused cause, necessity, chaos, chance, quantum fields, the Big Bang, mathematical laws, physical laws, consciousness, the multiverse. This remains an unresolved metaphysical question, one with profound physical implications.

In reality, in my opinion, it is a question not asked correctly. In the Evolutionary Knowledge System, this question—absolutely central here as well—finds an answer, or rather a meta‑answer, in the existence of:

Source of Events and Action that gives rise to the incessant Process of Formation of Reality.

Therefore, the question at hand transforms into the most fundamental one: "Why is there a Source of Reality?". As expressed in the previous point "What we will never know", in my opinion, this is a question that will never have an intellectual/scientific answer. We can only attain direct knowledge of the Source in a non‑intellectual way—exclusively through direct experience—by turning our attention inward and becoming conscious of our existence as part (of the manifestation) of the Source itself.

As has always been the case, everyone is free to think or believe what he or she wishes, and science should neither claim the right nor assume the duty to pronounce on this most basic question (in my opinion, it lies outside the scope of science and, more broadly, of human knowledge, and is a question with no rational answer). What science—and "Knowledge" in general—can and must do is investigate and explain how the Source of Reality produces all that exists, of which we are direct or indirect witnesses only in part, through the instruments that sharpen and extend our senses in exploring the physical world.

So what are we made of?

We could say we are made of Particles, but we would still not have reached the fundamentals. We could say that we are made of a combination of fluctuating quantum fields and relativistic deterministic fields, yet we would still not have arrived at the essence.

In the most absolute depth, in the most fundamental and elementary causal and spatial-temporal dimensions, what we are truly made of are Events, Elementary Events, organized by networks of Relations. We are made of Processes of Events organized by Relations. We are the outcome of an incessant Process of Formation, Creation and Evolution occurring simultaneously—just as is the case for everything that has existed, exists, and will exist.

Sources, Entities that produce Events organized by networks of Relations into Processes, which in turn can be regarded as Derived Sources—Entities that generate Events of gradually increasing complexity, organized by Relations that also grow in complexity, within Processes that evolve toward progressively higher levels of Complexity.

Stop thinking about fundamental bricks, building blocks like LEGO bricks

Existence is not made up of things—Particles (physical objects), fields (mathematical objects). It is not made "of" Entities. Existence—and what exists—is produced "by" entities (Sources: Forces + Fields pairs), but it is not made "of" Entities. Everything is made up of Events generated by Sources, organized by Relations.

So even though searching the intermediate building blocks of Reality can be helpful, challenging and fun, we must always keep in mind that when we do this, we are not truly looking in the right direction to grasp the Fundamental Nature of Reality. We have to dig deeper—and look for something more elusive, more distant from the levels of Reality, from the dimensional scales in which we live.

Studying elementary particles—the Standard Model—is important for understanding the structure and dynamics of Ordinary Matter, which unfortunately represents only a small fraction of what exists. To understand Reality as a whole, it is necessary to transcend this level and look deeper. But not by searching for another brick... not another Lego block... We have to look for Events, and the Relations that organize them into Processes. Not states, but flows... Not Energy, but Action... Much more difficult—but this is the only way to attempt to see Reality in the act of its incessant formation.

In this strange world, everything is relative and ever-changing. The one absolute thing/Entity is the Source of Reality—the Primary Source—from which everything comes: Space, Time, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin, and so on. Every Source, every Force and Field pair, every object—from the smallest Particle to the largest cosmic structure, from the most basic level to the full Complexity of the Universe in evolution. Everything is relative. Everything is made up of organized Events, of Processes.

So what truly matters are the inhomogeneities in the temporal distributions of the Elementary Events (Action) and the correlations between those distributions (Information). The organization of these correlations—of the inhomogeneities of the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field across extended dimensions (relative to the Planck scale)—produces the Structures of Information: Waves, Vortices and their Interactions, both the immense dark ones, such as gravitational waves and Dark Halos (voids, nodes of the Cosmic Web, galactic halos, etc.) respectively, and the microscopic visible ones, which we call Electromagnetic Waves / Photons and massive Particles.

The Dimensions of Reality

The elementary Dimensions of Reality are three: Cause, Space and Time

Dimensions are intended as ways of observing the world—the Universe and all the Forms that compose it. They derive from the corresponding Dimensionalities: Causality and Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality)

Cause—the direct manifestation of Causality, the active aspect of the Agency of the Primary Source—is the primary Dimension of Reality. It concerns the expression of the Action of the Fundamental Force upon the Elementary Field—an expression that generates the Elementary Events.

Space and Time—the direct manifestations of Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality), the passive aspect of Agency, constitute the other two elementary Dimensions of Reality. They pertain to the Relations (correlations)) among the temporal distributions of the Elementary Events. These Relations define the particular view of the Elementary Field that we refer to as Metric, "Space-time", or "Space-time Field".

Space is typically understood as comprising three dimensions or directions. These three spatial "directions" can be integrated with Time—the temporal dimension—to form the four-dimensional Space-time continuum.

Space-time is not an entity, nor a physical phenomenon. It is a useful theoretical/mathematical construct that allows for the identification of event-points, the measurement of distances, motions, velocities, etc. It also enables the change of reference systems and the execution of all coordinate transformations necessary to coherently describe many natural phenomena and characteristics of Reality—especially those described by Relativistic Physics.

In Reality, Space and Time are distinct "things". They are emergent phenomena arising from the dynamics of the Elementary Field, in its primitive forms of organization—fundamental structures whose formation preceded, both causally and temporally, the emergence of all other Structures that have progressively populated the Universe.

Within the context of Relativity Theories, in order to describe metric, gravitational, and electromagnetic phenomena, Time is treated as a fourth spatial coordinate, implementing a transformation based on a quantity that is considered—imposed—as constant: the speed of light in a vacuum.

In the model presented here, a "strong" hypothesis is posited at the foundation: that this quantity does not represent a constant of Nature, but rather a variable function of the "dynamic structure of the Elementary Field", of which Space-time and the Metric are, as stated, emergent phenomena.

Consequently, the transformability of Time into a fourth coordinate would no longer hold—neither from a quantitative standpoint (non-constant velocity), nor from an interpretative one (Time flows at different rates at each point of the Elementary Field, depending on its elementary dynamics and the local density of temporal distributions of Elementary Events).

Time—or rather its more or less rapid rhythm, its inhomogeneity—would represent one of the fundamental aspects underlying some of the most important phenomena of Nature: the Metric and Mass, gravity, the dynamics of Motion, and so forth.

We will revisit these themes multiple times, as they are central to the construction of this model for describing Physical Reality.

Space and Time are not Entities, they are Phenomena, they happen

Space and Time are not Entities]—not things "a priori", absolute or relative, regardless of how one might imagine them.

They are Phenomena]. They happen; they are composed of Events, Elementary Events, Elementary Action. If the Source of Reality—the Primary Source that incessantly generates these Events—were to cease its causal creative Action, Space and Time would vanish instantly, along with Reality itself and the entire evolving Universe. No conscious being would perceive this disappearance, because without those Elementary Events, no beings could exist—no consciousness, no awareness.

Space-Time—or more precisely, the Space-time field (a central concept in General Relativity, where it is assumed to curve under the influence of Matter and to guide Matter's Motion)—is here considered a particular view of the Elementary Field], a Derived Field. It concerns the Relations among the temporal distributions of Elementary Events produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force upon the Elementary Field, through their intrinsic interaction as complementary aspects of the Primary Source.

Space and Time are Phenomena that define relative emerging Properties of the two aspects of the Source of Reality. They are not absolute. At each point of the Elementary Field, in every instant of its Existence, the curvature of Space-time, in facts, the curvature of Time (because Space at scale beyond the Planck scale is to be considered absolutely flat), is variable, is "a variable".

The temporal dilation/contraction (the variation of the rhythm of the ticking of clocks) is determined by the Relations among the temporal distributions of Elementary Events, that is, by the intensity of Elementary Action. In particular, this refers to the Mode / Component of Elementary Action known as Perturbation—the deviation from the universal mean value (or of a significant volume around the considered region) in the local temporal distribution of the minute spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field resonating around the Planck scale.

No absolute space, no absolute time

Space and Time—their existence, structure, and dynamics—depend on Elementary Events, which in turn depend on the dynamics of the Source of Reality, through the inner interaction between its two aspects: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. They depend on the distribution of the Elementary Events, particularly on their homogeneity/inhomogeneity—everything related to what we call Elementary Action and its Mode / Component, known as Perturbation (the inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale).

A homogeneous distribution across the unlimited and infinite extension of the Elementary Field leads to an absolutely flat Space-time—absolute emptiness/vacuum. No Waves, no Vortices, no Structures, no curvature of the Metric of Space-Time.

No absolute Space, no absolute Time—these are relative Phenomena, dependent on the temporal distributions of Elementary Events. "Space is not a container, and Time does not flow independently of what happens." It is within the indeterminacy, uncertainty, chaos, and turbulence of the dynamics of the Elementary Field that Space and Time emerge from the incessant interaction of Force and Field—a "continuous" sub-Entity.

Continuity and uncertainty/indeterminacy are two cornerstones of the central theories of modern physics: Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Continuity appears to clash with the core aspects of QM; uncertainty, with the realism of Relativity. These seem to be incompatible characteristics—emblematic of a deeper incompatibility not only formal, but also conceptual, descriptive, and interpretative—between these two remarkable theories.

But, in my view, it is precisely from the synthesis of continuity and uncertainty/indeterminacy that a third path may emerge—one capable of overcoming current difficulties and offering us the possibility of glimpsing "beyond the veil." In this sense, I do not believe it makes any sense to attempt to quantize Relativity, nor to relativize (or rather, impose relativistic realism upon) QM.

To me, it is meaningless to attempt a discretization of the two fundamental Dimensions—Space and Time—since they are derivations, Phenomena that arise as perspectives on an intrinsically continuous sub-Entity: the Elementary Field. Continuity without determinism. Uncertainty/indeterminacy without discretization.

After this brief digression regarding the continuity/discreteness of Space and Time, we return to the central theme of this section: the absoluteness of these two emergent Phenomena—these two Dimensions of Physical Reality. As previously stated, Space and Time depend on the dynamics of the Elementary Field, of which they are derived, relative aspects. The Field (together with the Force, united in the Source) is the only absolute aspect of Existence. But since there are no absolute reference points within it—and since every reference point is by definition a relative phenomenon—it is an aspect we cannot in any way experience, observe, or measure.

There exists an absolute, unobservable dynamics of the Field, and manifestations of this dynamics that are intrinsically relative—manifestations, points of view, Derivative Entities—which we call Space and Time. And within these, too, we cannot observe any absolute reference points. Therefore, we can only express spatial and temporal distances relative to reference points—instants that are themselves relative, not traceable to absolute rods and clocks.

We ourselves are (complex) relative phenomena—Information that gives structure to the Field, incessantly propagating within it like waves on the surface of a pond, in which no absolute reference point is visible. We see only the waves propagating within it. And among these, we can establish, observe, and measure relative positions, distances, durations, and so forth.

We once believed that at least the limiting speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in Space-time (c, the speed of light in the vacuum) was an absolute constant. But, for me, this is not the case. Unfortunately, we must relinquish even this assumption in order to deepen and broaden our understanding of the world and the functioning of Physical Reality. There remains an absolute limit—but not a constant one—neither in Space nor in Time. It depends, as has been stated many times, on a deeper dynamic—one that lies beyond Space and Time.

A dynamic that we cannot observe in its absoluteness, but only in its relative products: Information, Structures, Forms—everything that constitutes the Universe in which we live.

A clarification is necessary regarding the notion of the absoluteness of Space. In some sections of this work, I state that Space (like Time) is a relative and relational phenomenon. In others, I assert that Space (Space alone) possesses an absolute dimension rooted in the dynamics of the Elementary Field—a dimension we cannot detect, since in such absoluteness no reference points (absolute ones, precisely) can exist. Any reference point we might even imagine will be constituted by an Information Structure, which will always be freely propagating, in motion within the Field itself. Nothing with which we can interact is fixed within the Elementary Field. Indeed, as I have stated countless times, it is infinite dynamism (Elementary Events) generated by the intricate Action of the Fundamental Force.

Moreover, due to its dynamic nature and origin, the Elementary Field—and consequently the Derived Field, which we may call the Metric Field, observed in the two dimensions of Space and Time—is subject to indeterminacy (Uncertainty Principle), which renders its spatiotemporal dimensions uncertain. Furthermore, within this same context, we must recall that the amplitude of elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) depends on the properties of the Force and the Field that generate them through their incessant interaction. The causal intensity of the Force and the Field's resistance to deformation determine the extent of spatial fluctuations and their temporal distributions (again subject to the aforementioned indeterminacy), effectively producing the spatiotemporal geometry of the absolute void—from which turbulence and Structures emerge, whose evolution gives rise to the world we observe.

Time-reversal symmetry and the arrow of Time

Quantum mechanics seems to predict full time-reversal symmetry, which appears to conflict with the universal manifestation of an arrow of Time. Many attempts have been made to naturally derive a break in this temporal symmetry in favor of a directional flow of Time.

In this model of description of Reality, time-reversal symmetry and the arrow of Time are considered two aspects of the same Property or Phenomenon. As with any other aspect of Reality, they are subject to Evolution. Thus, in the most elementary level of Reality, where Space and Time are incessantly forming, where Time incessantly emerges from the uncertain and indeterminate dynamics of the Elementary Field, where Time is therefore still a blurred Dimension, a (limited) symmetry can be admitted. The more extensive and complex a system becomes (the greater the number of Events and the Relations that organize them in Processes), the lower the probability of Time inversion. The arrow of Time, like all other emergent Properties, is a product of the causal and variational Evolution of Reality.

According to quantum time symmetry, some quantum Events can be reversed along the Time dimension, or, in other words, it is possible to restore a quantum system to its initial state, as if no transformation process had taken place. This refers to the theoretical symmetry of physical laws under time-reversal transformation, which is equivalent to the conservation of entropy—an impossibility under the second law of thermodynamics, except in special equilibrium states.

I personally believe that quantum time symmetry is highly overestimated. It is more theoretical than practical. It can be fully applied only to very elementary, single, or simple quantum phenomena. Complex Events or entire Processes cannot be reversed—the combined probability of reversing all individual Elementary Events that compose even an elementary Process, in the correct order, is so infinitesimal that it can be reasonably considered null. Events—or more precisely, simple Events—can ideally be reversed. What cannot be reversed are the Relations between Events. The organization of Events into more complex macro-Events represents the true Complexity of Reality, which generally cannot be reversed. This leads to the emergence of the arrow of Time—the irreversibility of complex Phenomena.

By simple Events we refer to the Elementary Events that occur around the Planck scale, where the incessant fluctuations of the Elementary Field generate the Elementary Action through which Reality is created and evolves—or we refer to small, short aggregations of those Events in very elementary Processes. All Events occurring at more complex Levels of Reality must be considered Complex Events, for which Time reversibility becomes increasingly improbable—and this improbability grows with the Complexity of the considered sub-system of Reality.

No time travels: neither into the past, nor into the future

To me, the idea of time travel is strongly connected to the theme I just mentioned—the reversibility of natural phenomena—as well as to the concept of the relentless construction of Reality, of the future. In my view of Reality, the future is not an elsewhere where another phase of the Universe's life is unfolding, nor another Universe, nor a Time outside the current temporal flow.

A few more notes on the theme of the previous section. The dimensional scale—the Complexity of an elementary Particle, despite its adjective "elementary"—in terms of the dynamics of the Elementary Action is so immense that it defies imagination. The stochastic and deterministic Processes required to describe even a fleeting instant in the life of a microscopic region of a simple electron are so intricate that they will most likely remain forever beyond computation. Hence, Complexity is the very root of everything that exists, even within domains we typically regard as elementary and fundamental.

The concept of Time inversion stems from a misinterpretation of certain mathematical formulations within quantum mechanics. Reality tells us something different. It reveals that the more complex an Event is—comprising a network of countless elementary Events, organized in an infinitely nested hierarchy of ever simpler Events, down to the most elementary level of Reality around the Planck scale, where Reality is incessantly created and recreated through the continuous generation of Elementary Events—the lower the probability that such a complex Event, along with its entire network and succession of constituent Events, can be reversed to restore the system's initial state.

So, how can we think we can reverse Time in an event as complex as a "simple" interaction / collision of "elementary" Particles? An enormous amount of energy concentrated in a minuscule region of Space-time, producing—within an incredibly brief interval—immense chaos, countless fragments of Matter in rapid transformation, and splashes of Energy of staggering intensity.

Moreover, the idea that time can be reversed, and that someone or something could travel backward or forward through it, is primarily a manifest violation of the coherence of the causal structure of Reality. Causality, an expression of the Fundamental Force, constitutes one of the two fundamental dimensional aspects of the Formation of Reality, alongside the variational aspect (the root of spatial and temporal dimensionalities), which is expressed through the Elementary Field.

If we assume that the continuous spatial and temporal Dimensions cannot be interrupted, cannot encounter discontinuities or fragmentation, we must extend the same assumption to the causal Dimension. No singularity in Spatiality and Temporality—no singularity in Causality.

There is no room for time reversal in this world, not even in its most (supposedly) "elementary" domains. Hence, no time travels into the past.

And what about the future? Since Reality is an incessant Process of Formation, of construction, how can we suppose that the future already exists along the universal line of Time? The future is forming moment by moment—or rather, through a continuous flow of formation—with varying speeds across different spatial domains. It is the local curvature of Space-time, shaped by the distribution of Elementary Events, of Elementary Action in its Perturbation Component. No future. No time travel into the future. Time travel into what?

So, no time travel—neither into the past nor into the future. Let's not waste "time" thinking about escaping from the present. Let's stay here and now!

Others (derived / complex) Dimensions of Reality

The fundamental Dimensionalities of Reality—Causality and Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality)—are the roots of the Dimensions through which we observe and measure Reality. Everything that exists, like everything else, evolves. Their interactions and combinations have produced various distinct and increasingly complex Dimensionalities—new emergent Properties arising from the two aspects of the Source of Reality and their interplay.

We can begin with the four Modes / Components of Action and their physical significance: Metric/Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin. For instance, when we observe the world through the Mode of "Rotation"—the foundation of Charge and electric phenomena—we encounter charges and electric fields (Entities, Sources, Force-Field pairs), their associated phenomena (Events and Relations), and their dynamics (Processes).

Advancing into more complex Levels of Reality, we observe increasingly structured forms of the Elementary Field, of Action, and of Information. These give rise to more intricate Structures of Information, such as the composite Particles known as hadrons and mesons. There we encounter new and more complex interactions, Forces, and Fields—and thus, new Dimensionalities: the flavors of fermions in the weak interaction, the color charge in the strong interaction, and beyond.

Ever more complex Dimensionalities—and their corresponding Dimensions—are evolving in tandem with the growing Complexity of Reality. Richer Phenomena, more complex Processes, and novel Forms demand increasingly sophisticated methods of observation and measurement.

No extra Space-time Dimensions are needed

In this model, three are the fundamental Dimensions: Cause, Space, and Time, corresponding to the three Dimensionalities: Causality, Spatiality, and Temporality—the latter two as specifications of Variationality. The spatial dimension is only one—not three. It represents the distance between two points, the length of the (continuous) line connecting them. What we commonly refer to as the three spatial dimensions (3D) are actually the three directions of the spatial dimension—three orientations in which we can measure distance. What we call spatial coordinates, which are used to locate a point in Space in relation to another point taken as a reference. "So, let's not confuse Dimensions with coordinates. Time dimension is also singular. There is no need for extra Space or Time Dimensions, no additional elementary Dimensions, as proposed by certain "highly speculative theories" in physics.

The three dimensions and their associated metrics / measures:

  • Causal dimension -> Causal distance between Events -> Metrics/Measure: Complexity
  • Spatial dimension -> Spatial distance between Events -> Metrics/Measure: Distance / Length
  • Temporal dimension -> Temporal distance between Events -> Metrics/Measure: Interval / Duration

By observing Physical Reality, we recognize that there are other Dimensions more complex than the three fundamental ones. These arise from increasingly sophisticated ways of observing Reality, reflecting higher levels of Complexity. They embody more intricate metrics of Reality. At the level of Elementary Action, we encounter the Fundamental Physical Quantities associated with the three Modes / Components of Physical Action: Metric (Space and Time) / Mass -> Perturbation, Motion -> Translation, Charge, and Spin -> Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation respectively. Each can be ideally linked to one or more specific Dimensions—distinct ways of observing the world.

Progressing toward more complex Levels of Reality, we encounter new Dimensions that reflect the increasing Complexity of Structures of Information. For instance, we refer to Dimensions associated with weak (or electroweak) and strong nuclear fields (Derived Fields)—Dimensions through which we observe and measure the dynamics of composite Particles such as nucleons and entire atomic nuclei (structure, interactions, decays, etc.). And so on—toward the most intricate aspects of Reality.

A Reality without a beginning and without end: no limits at all

In this model of Nature's description, Reality is conceived as an infinite and eternal Process of Formation / organization, complexification / structuration, arising from the incessant manifestation of the Source of Reality—the Primary Source—and possessing no limits in its three Dimensions / Dimensionalities: Cause / Causality, Space / Spatiality, Time / Temporality.

Causality, Spatiality, and Temporality—the roots of Cause (Force), Space, and Time—must be understood as emerging Phenomena, expressions of Agency, the capacity of the Source to act, to generate Action, the Elementary Action. This is a function of the distribution and dynamics of Elementary Events, produced by the internal interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. Even Time, like Space, is a product of the Formation of Reality—thus, Reality is "without Time": no beginning, no end.

Reality, which we identify with the Universe in Evolution, must be interpreted as a Process with:

  • no causal limits—no origin in a creative one shot event (no big bang), no conclusion in a destructive event (no big crunch, big rip, big bounce, big what?)
  • no spatial limits—no emergence from a point in Space, no termination at a point in Space (Reality is a delocalized Process, incessantly unfolding at every point within a continuous, infinite, unlimited spatial extension)
  • no temporal limits—no beginning at a moment in the past, no end or deadline at a moment in the future (Reality is a Process without age—it has no age. Never born, it will never die)

Even if we were to follow the most widely accepted hypothesis of a Big Bang that did not occur at a single point—like an explosion—but happened everywhere simultaneously, affecting all available Space, we would still be faced with a scenario in which everything that exists was generated in a single, immense, all-encompassing event. An event that, so to speak, wound up the spring that still drives the transformation of energy and matter formed in that brief instant. From what, no one knows... I contest this framework—the idea of an instantaneous (or nearly so), uniform (or nearly so) formation, originating from a point, or involving all available space, or even generating space itself, giving rise to everything—is, to me, unacceptable. It seems affected by a cultural (cult related) bias that has very little to do with the much-vaunted objectivity of Science and its rigorous methods.

The whole Reality is incessantly empowered by a Source (a Force / Field pair) of Events / Action

We live in a dynamic, ever-changing Reality, within a Universe in incessant Evolution, where extremely energetic Phenomena affect both the vast structures of the cosmos and the infinitesimal Particles of Matter, in constant movement and interaction. The Sources, Forces, and Fields that incessantly generate this immense dynamism are infinite. Infinite Action forms and constructs a multiform Reality, which—through a succession of Events, organized by Relations in Processes—is expressed on increasingly complex and articulated Levels of Reality.

How can we believe that all these infinite forces at work in the Universe are merely the dynamic inheritance of a remote instant at the dawn of the Universe—the relics of a single moment, a solitary energetic fluctuation, an immense event still unfolding after billions of years?

It seems implausible that the Universe continues to evolve—day after day, today and tomorrow—driven solely by the remnants of that original burst of energy. It appears more "realistic", acceptable, and plausible that the incessant Formation of Reality is incessantly empowered and propelled by a Source, a Source of Events, of Action, capable of producing all the Elementary Events, which, in their inhomogeneous distributions, constitute the Elementary Action—the fundamental "substance" through which Reality and the evolving Universe are ceaselessly formed. We call this source the Primary Source: a pair of sub-Entities, two inseparable aspects—active and passive—represented by the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, whose inner interaction generates the incessant creative flux of Elementary Events.

Let's try to analyze the title of this paragraph, this very important statement, word by word. Its true meaning is: "No Source -> no Events -> no Reality".

  • The whole Reality: everything that has existed, exists, and will exist—past (history), present (actuality), and future (possibility). The Universe in evolution.
  • Incessantly: at every instant, within a continuous flow of Time, created by an infinite, ongoing Process of Events and Relations.
  • Empowered: to empower—to propel, activate, initiate, vivify, energize, push, create potential—the possibility—the power to make something happen, to transition from potential to actual, to manifesta a Cause, to express a Force, to produce a variation, a change in the state of a Field, to deform a Field, to generate Events and Action. This kind of power—this propellant—is the key to Creation and Emergence.
  • Source of Events: the Primary Source (the Source of Reality)—the primary, fundamental Agent, the causal origin of Events (deformations of the Field produced by the incessant (inter)action of the Force). Force and Field are two complementary aspects—one active, the other passive—of the Primary Source itself, the fundamental manifestations of the Source interacting with itself. What is a Source? It is a Force in Action on a Field.

In short, when we observe Physical Reality and the theories and models that today attempt to explain its origin, it becomes clear that something fundamental is missing. We need a source. Call it God, Chance, the Inflaton, or whatever else—but let's acknowledge our need for a source! Of course, it's like shifting the problem a bit further upstream in the causal chain, but I believe it's inevitable. At the end of that chain, we will always find an entity responsible for the existence of Existence itself. And this source will forever remain a mystery—not in a religious or mystical sense, but in a purely cognitive, epistemological one—a source unknowable through reason. Forgive the wordplay, but we'll just have to reason with it!

Creation (or) "and" Evolution: the two sides of the Formation of Reality

In my opinion, the great debate between Creation and Evolution, although highly significant from philosophical and religious perspectives—and particularly for understanding the evolution of human thought and culture—seems somewhat irrelevant from the standpoint of knowledge about Physical Reality.

Creation and Evolution are the two fundamental sub-Processes that constitute the Process of Formation of Reality:

  • Creation is the sub-process that produces the Elementary Events, the most elementary form of Existence, the fundamental "substance", the causal bricks of Reality
  • Evolution is the sub-process that organizes the Relations among Elementary Events into Processes, "Processes, which in turn become increasingly Complex Events (sets/nets of Events) that compose the Essence / Form of the Universe in Evolution.

Always with the utmost respect for everyone's views, I believe that for a broader and deeper understanding of Physical and Cognitive Reality, it is not essential whether the origin of everything lies in a "divine" or a "physical" source. What seems more important is to understand whether the "Creation" of Reality—of the Universe—occurred in an instant in the past (a Big Bang model) or operates incessantly (a Continuous Creation model), just as Evolution appears to function incessantly, shaping Reality through a continuous flow of Events we call Time.

Within this Evolutionary Knowledge System, Creation and Evolution are regarded as the two sub-processes that together and incessantly realize the universal Process of Formation of Reality. Creation of Existence / the existing; Evolution of Essence / the Form of Reality. These two complementary sub-processes together represent the complete formative manifestation (of the Agency) of the Source of Reality—the complementary interacting pair: the Fundamental Force as the source of Causality, and the Elementary Field as the source of Variationality—Spatiality and Temporality.

Everything evolves: the causal and the variational evolutive nature of Reality

Reality is intrinsically evolutive, constructive, oriented toward increasing levels of Complexity. It unfolds through a formative process of Derived Processes that are also formative, in which Complexity emerges from chaos—through Organization and Evolution. Evolution represents the formative activity in a more Complex sense: a sophisticated form of Creation, a formative sub-process wherein increasingly organized forms of Action are produced. We call the form of Action "Information" (In-Form-Action).

Evolution manifests across all Dimensionalities of Reality, both in Causality (the expression of Forces exerting Action on Fields) and in Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality)—the expression of Fields that deform and change form under the Action of Forces.

Causal Evolution (this represents the Process by which the Action of Forces on Fields—the indivisible pairs that compose Sources—produces Events, variations of the Form in/of the Fields):

  • The main causal chain of Reality: Force (the active aspect of the Source) -> Action -> Information -> Form.
  • The Evolution of Causality:
    • Uncertainty / Indetermination / Probability
    • Necessity / Certainty / Determination
    • Purpose / Sense / Meaning

Variational Evolution (this represent the Process by which variations of the structure of Fields—produced by the Action of Forces—organize themselves into increasingly complex Forms):

The main causal chain of Reality: Force - Action - Information - Form

Causality is one of the two fundamental Dimensionalities of Reality. The other being Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality). Causality is relative to the expression of Agents / Forces, while Variationality to the expression of Acted / Fields. They represent the two ways of expression of the Sources.

The evolution of Causality toward Complexity is the central pillar of the Process of Formation of Reality. From the Force (the active side of the Primary Source) to the Form, through Action and Information, the products of the two formative sub-processes: Creation and Evolution.

This fundamental causal chain give us a synthetic vision of the entire Process of Formation, highlighting its main steps from the elementary levels of Reality to the more complex ones:

  • Force, as the active aspect of the Source of Reality
  • Action, as the product of Agency, the expression of the Source,
  • Information (we call it Energy, in the most elementary level of Physical Reality), as the element that gives form
  • Form, as the Essence of everything that exists and evolve in the Universe, in the whole Reality

Each step as a milestone on the way to the growing complexity of Reality.

From level to level: the evolution toward Complexity. The nested multilevel structure of Reality

Reality is a whole, a unity, the Universe in Evolution. Only for descriptive purposes, it is very useful to represent it as a multilevel structure, where successive layers of Reality—successive nested levels—extend from the most elementary (where the Primary Source produces the Elementary Events, and—through those—the Elementary Action, the "substance" by which all of Reality is constructed) to the most complex, encompassing Cosmic Structures, Living Beings, and all their cognitive expressions—the Universe as a whole.

Always keeping in mind that fundamental unity, we can imagine the various Levels of Reality as separate worlds, each with distinct principles, laws, dynamics, and expressions—different declinations of the Fundamental Principles that describe the whole of Reality. This abstraction can help us face more easily the immense Complexity of Reality; it enables the development of better systems of formalization, allowing us to treat high-level structures as macro processes without necessarily describing them in terms of more elementary-level structures.


From the Source to the Universe and return


An example... Think of yourself walking down a street... Hyper-simplifying the structure of Reality for brevity, reducing the number of levels involved in the Existence of that situation:

  • Going from complexity to the more elementary levels: at the top, there is the entire Universe—the Cosmos and all its structures (including Dark Matter and Dark Energy)—influencing everything in the part of the Universe where we live, influencing you, your structure, your dynamics. This is the realm of General Relativity.
  • Then, leaving out the cognitive dimension of Reality and focusing only on the physical side, we must consider the level in which the laws of classical physics govern the motion of your body, including the functioning of its moving parts—your heart, lungs, blood, and the other solids, liquids, and gases within you.
  • Next, we must consider the molecular biochemical and chemical level, with all the reactions that sustain the life of your body.
  • Then the atomic level, where electrons interact to perform chemical reactions. This is also the level at which electromagnetic radiation and energetic exchanges occur inside and outside your body.
  • Further, we must consider the nuclei of atoms, their dynamics, and everything that gives physical stability to the Mass we are composed of. These are the levels where quantum phenomena manifest with all their power and weirdness—the realm of Quantum Mechanics, the domain of quantum information and its related structures, Particles, Waves, and their strange Interactions.
  • But we are not at the end of our journey. Indeed, there are other levels to explore. These levels separate us from the most elementary layer, where Reality is incessantly formed—where the substrate of the whole Reality, the Elementary Events that compose the Elementary Action, are continuously created and contribute to the Evolution of the Universe.
  • Then, we encounter the level of the subatomic Particles that compose the atoms of ordinary (baryonic) Matter—Particles (quarks, gluons, and other bosons) that stand alongside electrons and neutrinos in the three "generations" of the Standard Model of Particles. In the model I am proposing here, all these Particles are considered and named as Structures of Information (Waves, Vortices, and Interactions).
  • This is the level of Information / Energy, where the three evolutive operators—Organization, Transformation, and Selection—incessantly act toward the evolutive formation and conservation of these Structures.
  • Digging deeper, we find the level of Action, where (Derived) Forces and Fields interact to produce Complex Events, whose organization gives rise to the InfoStructures that, in turn, interact and organize to produce atoms, molecules, and all the high-level, higher-complexity Structures and Forms that compose the Universe in Evolution.
  • Then, across many orders of magnitude down to the Planck Scale, we observe signs of energetic dynamic "turbulence", represented in standard physics by virtual particles popping in and out of the quantum vacuum—appearing and vanishing. This is the result of the Action of Derived Forces acting on Derived Fields, creating Events that attempt to organize into Structures but cannot reach a state of causal permanence. It is an infinite "ocean" of Derived Action striving to become more or less causally and variationally stable—the incessant fluctuations of the quantum vacuum.
  • One more step leads us down to the Planck Scale and beyond, where the Fundamental Entities—expressions of the Primary Source, the Fundamental Force, and the Elementary Field—are incessantly interActing to "create" the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action, the most elementary "substance", the causal and variational (spatial and temporal) substrate from which the whole of Reality "evolves". From the first organization (correlation, Relations, Information / Energy) of the inhomogeneities—the Elementary Action—of that "substance"—the Elementary Events—Space and Time emerge and evolve toward the present vast Complexity of the world.

Sources, Forces and Fields (Entities)

Sources, Forces and Fields

The causal and variational (spatial and temporal) origin of Reality is founded on Entities. We call them "Entities"—what exists—because they exist and because they produce Existence. They exist in the very act of producing Existence. At every level of Reality, Entities must always be understood and can always be represented as Sources—Sources of Events, of Existence, of Action, of the Creation and Evolution of Reality.

Indeed, we can say that Entities—the Sources (the Agent/Force and Acted/Field pairs)—exist only insofar as they interact in the Action of producing Existence (Events, Action).

We can identify one Primary Source of Reality from which infinite Derived Sources emerge and evolve. Every Process of Events (organized by Relations) produced by the Primary Source can be seen as a Derived Source. Every Derived Source (of portions of Reality) can, in turn, be seen as a Source of Events that organize into Processes—Processes that progressively become more complex Derived Sources.

Sources—both the Primary Source and the Derived ones—always consist of inseparable pairs of sub-entities: Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields. Forces cannot exist without their corresponding coupled Fields—and vice versa.

The Primary Source is the only absolute entity. All Derived Sources—all that exists, all that happens—are relative.

Sources are the Entities that express Agency (Agency: Agent~Acted=>Action). The internal interaction between the two inseparable aspects of Sources—Forces and Fields, Agents and Acted—produces Action, Events, Variations (of the dynamics) of the passive aspects of the Sources themselves (Acted / Field precisely).

One Source, many sources. One Force, many forces. One Field, many fields.

All the Sources we observe in the world—collectively operating the incessant Formation of Reality—derive from one fundamental, elementary Source. We call it the Primary Source. It is the origin of everything, including Causality itself and Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality). It is the most fundamental Entity—it is the Source of Reality.

Thus, everything that exists is a Derived Source. At the different levels of Reality, every structure, form, and object is a Derived Source of (Complex) Events, of (Complex) Action: Waves, Particles, atoms, molecules, cars, cats, stars, and clusters of galaxies. The Universe as a whole. Everything is derived from the Primary Source—and is, in turn, a Derived Source of even more complex Events, of Action.

All the Forces and Fields we observe in Action—both in the microcosm and in the macro—are different visions, different aspects/expressions: manifestations of a pair of more fundamental sub-Entities—the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field—the two complementary aspects of the Primary Source.

Different kinds of Force/Field pairs: a matter of complexity

Forces and Fields, like everything in Nature, are subject to Evolution. They have evolved and continue to evolve from a more fundamental level of Reality, deriving from something more elementary—toward greater complexity. When we speak of Gravity, we identify a gravitational force (a Derived Force) and a gravitational field (a Derived Field). Turning then to electrical Phenomena, we encounter the electric force and its corresponding field. Likewise, in the case of magnetic phenomena, we observe a magnetic force and its field. So different in their manifestation, in the phenomena we observe, Forces and Field that operates in Nature are always derived from something more fundamental, more elementary.

In investigating the nature of the Forces and Fields commonly addressed in physics—and in the search for a true unification of these Entities—it is essential to distinguish between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field on the one hand, and the Derived Forces/Fields on the other.

This, however, is not the only useful distinction. Within the domain of Derived Entities—the Derived Forces and Fields (as complementary aspects of the Derived Sources)—whose interactions give rise to the diverse Phenomena we observe in Nature, we must distinguish between Force / Field pairs that emerge and operate in the continuum, at a very elementary level of Reality, and (Derived) Forces / Fields that emerge and operate in the world of granularity, at a more complex level of organization.

As direct manifestations of the fundamental Entities—at an elementary level of Reality where continuity still dominates and granularity, though beginning to appear in a larval and highly unstable form, has not yet become the protagonist of the scene—we can identify the two main Derived Forces/Fields: the gravitational and the electromagnetic.

From these two fundamental Entities—and through their Evolution and complexification via the causal transition from continuity to granularity—quantum phenomena begin to manifest in all their weirdness and unintelligibility. It is within this domain that the complex Structures of Information we commonly call atoms and nuclei emerge. Here, new and more complex Forces/Fields arise and manifest through the interactions among the sub-components of atoms—more elementary Structures of Information, such as subatomic Particles: quarks, gluons, leptons, etc.

It is in this realm that the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field reveal themselves in the emergence of new and more complex derived Forces and Fields—where continuity slides into the background and granularity takes the scene. And it is here that the gravitational and electromagnetic Forces/Fields—while remaining fundamentally continuous Entities—take on new forms and Properties, contributing to the emergence of the weak and strong nuclear Forces/Fields.

Forces and Fields are inseparable couples: two indivisible complementary aspects of each Source

As a unit, the Primary Source can be represented as a pair of two inseparable sub-Entities: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. The internal interaction between these two complementary aspects produces the incessant creation of Elementary Events and Elementary Action, upon which the whole of Reality is founded and evolves.

Every Source, as a Derived Entity of the Primary Source—the fundamental Entity responsible for the Formation of Reality—is always a whole: a non-manifest pair of interacting sub-Entities (one active/creative—a Force—and one passive/receptive—a Field) that potentially or actually produce Events and Action. At once, a Source is both the causal origin (what acts) and the variational substrate (what varies) of any Event. Force and Field are a unity—different aspects of a unitary and indivisible expression of a Source.

The Force is the active, creative aspect of the Source. The Field is its passive, receptive aspect. The Source expresses itself through these two sub-Entities—the unmanifest root of any manifestation, physical or cognitive, of everything—of the whole Reality, of the evolving Universe. Derived Forces and their relative Fields (for example, the electric Force and Field) cannot exist as independent Entities. They are always complementary aspects of a unitary Source (in this case, the electric Source).

The unmanifest is here understood as the absolute—the pure and formless source of being—from which Existence, the manifestation, arises. The Source manifests itself through the complementary expression (that is, a "pressure toward Existence") of a unitary pair of interacting sub-Entities: Force and Field. The Source in itself—as the One—is free from change, a concept akin to the "unmoved mover" or "uncaused cause", while its direct manifestation—Action—is change, mutation itself. The absolute/unmanifest and the relative/manifest are different levels of the same Reality.

Forces and Fields are always inseparable aspects of pairs: Forces as the active aspects of the pair, Fields as the passive ones. They cannot exist as separate Entities. Forces and Fields can exist and manifest only as complementary aspects of unitary Entities. I call these units—these Entities—Sources. They are the Sources of Existence at every level of Reality: Forces representing the origin of causal Action, Fields the origin of the variational (spatial and temporal) substrate of Reality. Forces and Fields can be seen as sub-Entities—complementary aspects of the only Entities that operate the Creation and the Evolution of Reality from the most elementary level to the more complex levels of Reality—the whole Universe in Evolution.

Everything is relative but the Primary Source (Fundamental Force and Elementary Field)

Nothing is absolute in Reality but the Primary Source—the Source of Reality. Only the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field—the two complementary aspects of the Source's creative power—can be considered absolute. Everything that exists emerges from the internal interaction of Force and Field, in a creative and evolutive Process: the Process of Formation of Reality. It is a Process of Events, organized by Relations, which gives form to Reality and to the Universe in Evolution. The incessant Creation (which forms Existence) and Evolution (which forms Essence / Form) of Reality are based on Events and Relations that organize themselves into Processes.

Events are mutations—"variations" of state, or better of the dynamics, of the form of "something". An Event always has a Cause (the expression of the active aspect of a Source—a Force) and implies a Variation—a transformation of the state of "something" in Space—here or there—and in Time—now or then. Yet Elementary Events and the Relations among their temporal distributions simultaneously determine Space and Time—their Properties/Behaviors and their extension/flow.

Space—as the stage, the theatre in which things exist and Events happen—and Time—as an absolute and universal flow in which we can precisely identify past, present, and future—do not exist. Space and Time, as represented in the classical vision of Reality, and even in the frameworks of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, do not exist. Space and Time are not absolute entities, nor exactly the relative constructs found in GR and QM.

Only Elementary Events (elementary spatial fluctuations resonating around the Planck scale) and their temporal distributions exist. Space and Time are ways in which we observe Reality—they depend on the Relations among distributions of Elementary Events. Thus, they are relative in their very nature—in their Existence, in their Properties and Behaviors, and in their universal and local extensions (which we perceive and attempt to measure as distances and intervals).

In fact, these distances and intervals are—and depend on—nothing but incessant variations of something: Events. Even distances and intervals, like everything else but the Source, do not exist—they happen. Therefore, we can—and must—measure Events, or rather Processes of Events organized by Relations (the objects we need to measure), using Events, Processes of Events and Relations (Space and Time). It is the apotheosis of relativism. We can say that all the basic aspects of Reality are intrinsically relative—and find their fundamental Existence in the Relations among Events.

We must extend the principle of relativity to the very foundations of Reality—to the concepts of Existence and Essence / Form themselves. Even Causality—the expression of Force—and even Variationality—the root of Space and Time—are not absolute. Everything is made of Events, produced by the inner interaction that incessantly creates the most elementary form of Existence: the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action.

Both spatial and temporal (local) extensions—distances in Space and intervals in Time—depend on the (local) average intensities of the temporal distributions of Elementary Events, the tiny spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale. This is also why Space and Time are linked, as stated in General Relativity—because they are different expressions of the same phenomenon, because—as seen above—they both depend on the same fundamental quantity: the dynamics of the Elementary Field itself.

We will later observe how, while Time (the rhythm of Time's flow) can bend across all scales—from the most infinitesimal to the cosmic—this curvature holds an ontological, foundational significance for both Dark and Ordinary Energy and Matter, which constitute the Universe. In contrast, Space is curved only at infinitesimal scales, up to a few orders of magnitude above the Planck scale, and then becomes increasingly flat and unbendable at larger scales, all the way up to cosmic dimensions and the Universe as a whole.

Moreover, in the evolutive ascent toward Complexity, even Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin—the Fundamental Physical Quantities that characterize Radiation and Matter, and thus everything that exists in the physical Universe—are relative quantities. They can be described only in relation to the spatial correlations of the temporal distributions of those Elementary Events (spatial fluctuations) that constitute Elementary Action in its three Modes / Components: Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation (in the two forms of Chirality and Axis orientation).

Therefore, every physical quantity at the most elementary level of Reality—Space, Time, Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin—is relative and depends on the distributions of Elementary Events, on the Relations among those distributions, and on their organization into patterns, Structures, and Forms.

Going up the causal chains—to the Source, where the causal principle (expression of Force) meets the variational principle (expression of Field), where Space and Time themselves emerge from the Relations among Elementary Events produced by the internal interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field—everything is relative. Only the Source of Reality, the Source of Elementary Events—the Source of Existence, the Primary Source—possesses an absolute dimension; it is absolute. Only in the fundamental expression of the Source—which determines the state transition from Nothingness, Non-Existence, to Existence—can we find an absolute, immutable, fixed, universal dimension that transcends Cause (Force), Space and Time (Field).

Everything that exist is a Derived Source

Everything that exists is a Derived Source. Everything that exists is a product of the manifestation—of the Action of the Primary Source—through the internal interaction of its two aspects: the active, the Fundamental Force, and the passive, the Elementary Field.

At the same time, everything in the Universe can, in turn, be seen as a Source—a Derived Source—ranging from the most elementary levels of Reality (the quantum world and beyond, toward the infinitely small) to the most complex ones (the various objects, Structures and Forms we observe in our world and in the cosmos), up to the Universe as a whole. What varies is the extension across the three dimensions of Reality: Cause, Space, and Time. A measure of this causal and variational extension is the Complexity of that Entity—of that Source.

I call them "Derived Sources" because:

  • they are "Sources" of Events—of Complex Events—complex forms of Existence (just as the Primary Source is the Source of Elementary Events, the most elementary form of Existence)
  • "Derived" because their Existence and their capacity to produce Existence arise from the Existence of the Primary Source and its ability to generate Existence.

Every Derived Source can be seen as a Derived Force and a Derived Field pair in interaction. In particular, each Derived Field must be considered a specific and partial view of the Elementary Field, which incessantly interacts with the Fundamental Force—the two sub-Entities forming the unitary Entity I call the Primary Source. This specific and partial view emerges when we observe the Field through one or a combination of the Modes of Elementary Action: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation—which are the roots of the Fundamental Physical Quantities: Space, Time (the Metric), Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin.

A few words about the Energy of the Elementary Field in the condition/state I call "absolute vacuum"—a complete absence of organization, of structure, of Structures of Information, and complete independence of the stochastic Processes that describe the dynamics (of each point-event) of the Field. This condition corresponds to the so-called "quantum vacuum"—a state very different from what I call "Nothing". Under the Action of the Fundamental Force, incessant elementary spatial fluctuations occur in the Elementary Field at the Planck scale—these are the Elementary Events. They are the product of the interaction between Force and Field. This interaction produces micro-gradients in the Field, which can be represented as Elementary Action in its Modes / Components. If we could take a snapshot of the entire Field, we would see the result of all the frozen fluctuations. Although the algebraic sum of all contributions—positive and negative—of these infinite fluctuations is zero, the total Energy at each instant is immense, infinite, just as the Elementary Field and the Fundamental Force that incessantly acts upon it are spatially and temporally infinite. This Force exerts its creative Action of Existence in its most elementary form. The total Energy is infinite even though the net Energy equals zero. This applies both to the Field in its infinite entirety and to any volume contained within it, provided the volume is sufficiently large compared to the Planck scale (sufficiently larger by several orders of magnitude). For a volume comparable to the Planck scale, where elementary fluctuations resonate, the net Energy may obviously assume non-zero values. Let us not forget that the emission spectrum of elementary spatial fluctuations from the Field is dominated by indeterminacy—by uncertainty—such that the Energy-Time relation prescribed by the corresponding Uncertainty Principle holds. But what meaning, in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, in metric / vectorial terms, can we attribute to this Elementary Energy—unmanifest, unavailable for performing work at more complex levels of Reality? We may represent the total Elementary Energy within a volume of Space at an instant in Time as the "instantaneous quantity of inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field". Inhomogeneity in the spatial correlations of:

  • the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) -> Perturbation -> Metric and Mass and metric / gravitational phenomena
  • the spatial orientation of elementary spatial fluctuations -> Translation -> Motion (acceleration and inertia) and kinetic phenomena
  • the chirality of the vorticity of elementary spatial fluctuations -> Rotation:Chirality -> Charge and electric phenomena
  • the spatial orientation of the vorticity axis of elementary spatial fluctuations -> Rotation:AxisOrientation -> Spin and magnetic phenomena

An example to clarify: let's observe an electron moving within the Elementary Field. If we observe the Elementary Field from the perspective of its dynamics—what I call Elementary Action—and in particular the Mode of Physical Action, or Mode of Elementary Action, known as Perturbation (as mentioned, a function of the spatial correlations in the temporal distributions of the intensities of the elementary spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field under the incessant creative Action of the Fundamental Force)—we will perceive the Metric / Mass aspect of the region of the Field containing the moving electron. This is determined by the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of the Field itself and of all the Structures of Information—such as other Particles present in that region—with the distribution and dynamics of their Perturbation profiles, and the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of the Mass of the considered electron. All of this occurs in full mutual interaction.

An electron, in this model of Reality, is considered a Structure of Information, an InfoStructure in short—a (complex) pattern of correlation among the temporal distributions of Elementary Events, of Elementary Action in its basic Modes: Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation (in its two sub-modes: Chirality and AxisOrientation)—roots of the physical quantities Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin, as well as the more complex physical quantities related to the weak and strong nuclear forces/fields pertinent to the type of particle being observed.

This electron—this pattern of correlations among Elementary Events—through its interaction with the Field (and the turbulence within it, spanning many orders of magnitude—from the Planck scale and even deeper, down to the scales of Elementary Particles and beyond) and with other Structures of Information populating the Field in the region causally connected to it, produces (Complex) Events across various levels of Reality:

  • at the Planck scale: reorganization of the correlation pattern of Elementary Events
  • at the scale of the Structures of Information: the quantum interactions
  • at more complex levels: for example, the interaction between the electron and a macroscopic measuring instrument,
  • at the cosmological scale: gravitational interaction with a Dark Matter Halo containing the region that contains the electron, and/or with the Ordinary Matter InfoStructures composing a galaxy within that Halo

A multi-level interaction—or rather—a multi-level Action as a Source of (Complex) Events, in interaction with an infinite number of other Sources of (Complex) Events, that together realize the complex dynamics of the Universe in Evolution.

Microcosm - Physics

Agency - Action (Events)

Agency: the internal interaction between Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields

Sources are Entities that express Agency (Agency: Agent ~ Acted => Action). The inner interaction between the two inseparable aspects of the Sources—Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields—Elementary Events, Variations in the dynamics of the same Sources, in its passive aspect, the Field precisely.

In other, and more precise, terms, we may say: "The Action of Agents upon Acted produces Events"—equivalent to stating that the interaction of Forces and Fields generates Variations. An Event is any variation within or of a Source.

Agency can be rigorously defined as follows: the capacity of Sources to act—to express Action—to produce Events; the capacity of causes to generate effects through the internal interaction between the inseparable sub-Entities that constitute them: Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields. All that exists arises from the expression of Agency by Sources: the Primary Source, which incessantly creates the most elementary form of Existence, and all Derived Sources, which generate the manifold forms that populate the Universe.

Action and Events

Before addressing the topic of this section—the relationship between Action and Events, a clarification is needed to avoid misunderstandings.

In this work, and within the framework of this System of Knowledge under construction, I assign two principal meanings to the term Action. Although they may appear distinct, from the global functional perspective of the Process of Reality Formation and its associated Evolutionary Dynamics, they represent two aspects of the same fundamental phenomenon: the incessant Creation of Existence at its most elementary level, carried out by the Primary Source of Reality through the internal interaction of its two aspects—active and passive.

First of all, by Action, I mean the expression of the Source's Agency, in the interaction between Force and Field—in the creative expression of the active sub-Entity, Force, upon the passive, receptive sub-Entity, Field. Action of the Force upon the Field. Action of the fundamental Agent upon the elementary Acted.

At the same time, by Action I also mean the product of the expression of the Source's Agency. The direct product is represented by what I call Elementary Events—the elementary spatial fluctuations of the Field. Since these fluctuations occur within the temporal dimension—which, at a higher level in the structure of Reality, we will refer to as Time—we can only observe them from a temporal perspective, that is, in their temporal distribution. The emission spectrum of the Source must therefore be expressed in terms of spatial variation (spatial distances) and temporal intervals (temporal distances). We are thus speaking of temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations.

The Elementary Action discussed in this work—the most elementary form of Existence, the "substance" from which everything is made, the entire Physical Reality, the entire Universe (Space, Time, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin, Energy, Matter, etc.)—can be represented precisely as the inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, in the dimensional depths of Space and Time. Inhomogeneity at the spatial level of the aforementioned temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations—of Elementary Events.

We will soon see how Elementary Action is expressed—or can be observed and described—through certain fundamental Modes / Components, which not coincidentally correspond to the most elementary geometric dynamics, well represented by the differential operators of vector calculus: Gradient, Divergence, and Curl (or Rotor).

On the basis of this clarification, let us try to expand these concepts and attempt to shed light on their relationship.

Action is the product of Agency. It is the primary manifestation of the creative power of the Entities / Sources. Action represents the transition from the possible to the actual. It represents the causal and the variational root of each Event.

Events are the product of the Action (interaction) of the (active and passive) components of the Entities / Sources: Agents / Forces that act on Acted / Fields, and Acted / Field that react on Agents / Forces. Events represent Variations of the same Entities / Sources, in their passive aspects.

Elementary Action is the product of that creative interaction, of that Action.

At the most elementary level of Reality, Elementary Action can be expressed in three fundamental Modes (or we may say that Action manifests in three fundamental Components). I call these Modes / Components: Perturbation, Translation and Rotation (in its two sub-modes: Chirality and AxisOrientation). These are the fundaments of all that exists in the Universe, of the infinite and eternal Universe itself. From these basic forms of Action derive the Fundamental Physical Quantities and Phenomena: Metric / Mass and metric / gravitational phenomena (from Perturbation), Motion and kinetic phenomena (from Translation), Charge and electric phenomena (from Rotation:Chirality), Spin and magnetic phenomena (from Rotation:AxisOrientation). The Modes of Elementary Action are relative to the distribution of Elementary Events in the causal, spatial and temporal dimensions of Reality.

From the evolution and combination of these basic Modes / Components, all complex forms of Action arise and evolve—the weak and the strong nuclear (inter)actions and phenomena, etc. From a physical point of view, Action can be seen as the physical quantity that expresses any variation in the temporal distributions of Elementary Events across the fundamental dimensions of Reality: Causality (Force), Spatiality (Space) and Temporality (Time). In fact, the physical quantity we call Action has these dimensions: Force x Space x Time (the same as Energy x Time or Momentum x Space).

Action is the most important physical quantity. It synthesizes all the fundamental manifestations of the Source in its main activity, which we call Agency—Force from Causality, which pertains to Causes/Forces; Space and Time from Variationality—Spatiality and Temporality—which pertain to the effects on/in Fields. Causes and effects are united in a single physical quantity, which represents the Action of a Force on a Field.

The concept of Action that I develop in this work differs from the physical quantity provided by conventional physics (a theoretical construct widely used in both classical and quantum physics to formulate the laws of dynamics, the evolution of states, and of energy). In conventional physics, the central quantity is Energy, and Work (the amount of energy transferred). Action, as defined there, is a constructed quantity designed to derive and generalize the laws and equations of dynamics.

In the model I am outlining here, however, Action is the central concept, while Energy (Information) is secondary—causally and variationally "subsequent, consequent, derived" from Action. It is Action captured, a snapshot, a measure of the world when we ideally attempt to arrest Time (an impossible task) in order to grasp the Form (the Essence/Form) of Existence, of the phenomena that occur, of the events and the relations that bind them, organizing them into Processes—the Processes that create and drive the evolution of Reality. Here Action is one of the functional elements of the Causal and Variational Chain of Reality, from which Information/Energy in some way derives, and which allows us to apprehend the aspect of Form (the quantity and quality of what exists insofar as it occurs).

In other words, within the incessant flow of Action—of what happens—we are not able to grasp the form of Reality in its becoming. To observe the Form of what occurs, of Reality in its ceaseless Evolution, we must ideally and concretely (through measurement) arrest the flow of Time. This is why, in this model, Energy is defined as an elementary form of Information (In‑Form‑Action: the Form of Action, Action endowed with Form).

I realize that using the same term may cause confusion. Yet I cannot find a more suitable word to synthesize this concept. Action is a Force acting upon a Field, its expression and at the same time the result of that expression, of that application. The concept of Action must incorporate both aspects, which we might summarize as the Work of a Force and the deformation produced in a Field, and by extension, in a physical system. Even if it may sound presumptuous, I must say that, in my view, the use of the term Action in conventional physics is not entirely correct. For Action formulated as the integral of the Lagrangian—that is, kinetic energy minus potential energy—a more appropriate term should be found (for example, Lagrangian Action, Hamiltonian Action, etc.). This would give greater precision to traditional scientific terminology, while leaving open the possibility of using the term Action to express the broader meaning outlined above.

The Fundamental Principles of Elementary Action: Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, Least Action

Principles are here to be considered as cognitive representations (patterns, cognitive models) of how Reality—or portions of it—manifests and evolves. They express general behaviors of Reality, from its most elementary levels to its more complex ones. Principles, together with Processes, form the backbone of Evolutionary Dynamics. They describe the essential aspects of the Process of Formation of Reality, the manifestation of the fundamental operator, and the modes of expression of derived Operators of Reality.

Principles express themselves in different forms across the various domains of Reality—physical, cognitive, and metacognitive—in relation to the different Dimensionalities of Reality (Causality and Variationality, Spatiality and Temporality), and with respect to the various levels of Complexity within Reality.

The Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics describe why and how Events and Relations, respectively happen, emerge and evolve, why and how Action takes form, becomes Information, then InfoStructures and Forms, and determines how Existence assumes the Essence / Form we perceive in the world. They describe the fundamental ways in which Entities manifest in the construction, in the Formation of Reality—how the foundational sub-Processes of Formation, Creation and Evolution, shape the world we inhabit.

The Fundamental Principles of Elementary Action describe how Action, as the primary expression of Agency, manifests within the Formation of Reality at its most elementary level. They define and characterize Elementary Action through its fundamental Modes and sub-Modes—Perturbation, Translation, Rotation Chirality, and Rotation Axis Orientation—which correspond to the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Metric/Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin, and the related Phenomena.

Principle of Uncertainty

This is the specification, at the most elementary level of Reality, of the more general Principle of Variation (everything that exists is in incessant mutation or variation—or more precisely, all that exists "is" incessant variation). The Principle of Uncertainty describes the incessant Creation of elementary fluctuations (Perturbation), of micro-gradients within the distributions of elementary fluctuations—micro-gradients that constitute Elementary Action, the most basic form of Existence, the "substrate" of everything, the fundamental "substance" of Reality.

The Uncertainty Principle describes the form of elementary spatial fluctuations and their temporal distributions, incessantly generated by the Primary Source through the Force on the Field internal interaction. The inhomogeneities within these distributions constitute the most elementary form of Existence, referred to here as (Perturbation). These are micro-gradients embedded in the distributions of elementary fluctuations—micro-gradients that define the initial manifestation of Elementary Action, the "substrate" of all things, the fundamental "substance" of Reality.

We can envision each event-point of the Elementary Field as animated by a fundamental dynamic, producing spatial fluctuations randomly distributed around a mean value, with a dimensional resonance centered near the Planck scale. The relationship between variations in distance (spatial fluctuations) and their corresponding durations (temporal distributions) gives rise to an indeterminate energy spectrum—characteristic of random harmonic oscillators—not quantized, but expressing dimensional attractors (self-resonances around specific values of Space and Time).

This indeterminate relationship is an intrinsic feature of Reality at its most elementary level and can be described as an extension of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle—one that links Elementary Action to its core components: Elementary Energy, the Force expressed by the Source through the fluctuation enacted in Space, and the Time in which it unfolds.

Principle of Action and Reaction

This is the specification, at the most elementary level of Reality, of the more general Principle of Propagation: mutations described by the Principle of Variation—the incessant variations in the states of Entities and Events—always tend to propagate in the Elementary Field. The Principle of Action and Reaction describes the formation of translational reactions (Translation), produced by interactions among micro-gradients and aimed at restoring homogeneity—or isotropy—in the distributions of elementary fluctuations.

This tends to produce a reorientation (reaction) of elementary spatial fluctuations (Translation) in the direction and orientation that tends to cancel out the gradients (Perturbation) representing inhomogeneities in the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations. A tension toward homogeneity, disrupted by the incessant creative Action of the Source (as discussed above in relation to the Uncertainty Principle).

Principle of Least Action

This is the specification, at the most elementary level of Reality, of the more general Principle of Conservation: mutations described by the Principle of Variation, which always tend to propagate as described by the Principle of Propagation, also tend to conserve, continuing to propagate in the Field and tending to form conservative structures, Waves, and Vortices. The Principle of Least Action describes the formation of rotational reactions (Rotation), arising from interactions among translational Action, and aimed at preserving inhomogeneities—or anisotropies—in the distribution of elementary fluctuations.

The Principle of General Equivalence: some remarkable correspondences

These remarkable and, in some ways, astonishing correspondences show the equivalence between the basic "Modes of the Elementary Action" and some of the most important Physical Quantities. For example, in this model, the mode of Action referred to as "Perturbation", Mass, the curvature of Space-Time, the speed of light, and the temperature of space-time are all different aspects of the same phenomenon. They are absolutely equivalent Physical Quantities. The verb "to correspond" is used here to indicate that the different Modes of Action are the roots, the substrates—the underlying elementary nature—of the various cited Fundamental Physical Quantities.

  • To Perturbation (inhomogeneities in the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations of Elementary Field under the incessant creative Action of the Fundamental Force) correspond:
    • the deformation of the Metric of the Elementary Field: the so-called curvature of Space-Time (Space appears curved only at dimensions around or below the Planck scale, whereas Time—besides being curved at that scale—can also exhibit curvature at larger scales, up to cosmic ones, being entirely responsible for the actual observed Space-Time curvature),
    • Mass: both negative Mass, that produces attraction, as that of baryonic or Ordinary Matter and Dark Matter (forming portions of dark turbulence and the cores of the Dark Halos), and positive Mass, that produces repulsion, as Dark Energy (forming the external shells of Ordinary Matter Particles, and other portions of dark turbulence and the external shells of Dark Halos),
    • the limit of the velocity of propagation of Causality / Action / Information in the Elementary Field: so-called the speed of light in the "vacuum", a local limit, not a constant. A limit that can be higher or lower than an average value corresponding to zero Perturbation, zero Metric (Time) curvature, zero Mass, etc.
    • the temperature of the Elementary Field: we can regard it as the local temperature of a black body, corresponding to the elementary dynamics of the Field—characterized by elementary spatial fluctuations expressed through temporal distributions resonating around the Planck scale. This temperature, like the aforementioned limit of propagation speed, represents an average value, not a constant. Locally, the temperature may be higher (positive Perturbation, positive Mass, Time flowing faster than average, etc.) or lower than the average (negative Perturbation, etc.).

  • To Translation correspond Motion, in its two main aspects: "inertia" (no presence of Translation in the Field other than that of the Structure in it, constancy of Motion, of velocity, no acceleration), and "acceleration" (presence of Translation in the Field that interacts with Translation that characterize an InfoStructure in propagation in the Field, variation of Motion, of velocity—up to the limit of the speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information in the Elementary Field).

  • To Rotation:Chirality corresponds the Charge, which manifests as Electric Charge in the InfoStructures that possess this characteristic (elementary Vortices, e.g. electrons, positrons, quarks), while it manifests as electric potential in the Field in the presence of charged InfoStruttures that polarize it.

  • To Rotation:AxisOrientation corresponds the Spin, which manifests as Spin in the InfoStructures that possess this characteristic (elementary Vortices, e.g. electrons, positrons, quarks, or composite Vortices such as neutrons), while it manifests as magnetic potential in the Field in the presence of InfoStructures that polarize it.

Space curvature is not what it seems

In conventional physical theories (General Relativity), Space-Time is conceived as a single four-dimensional structure with Space and Time as its components. Space-Time is represented as an entity "curvable", or bendable, deformable, capable of being warped by mass and energy—both in its Space component (which bends light rays and the trajectories of bodies -> geodesics, the "straightest" possible paths in curved Space-time, or contracts (along the direction of motion, Lorentz contraction, from the perspective of a stationary observer) in the case of bodies moving at speeds close to that of light) and in its Time component (the phenomenon of time dilation, where Time slows down near massive bodies -> General Relativity, or for objects moving at high speed relative to an observer-> Special Relativity).This within a framework of constancy of the limit of the speed of light propagation in vacuum.

In the model I propose in this work, Space and Time are Phenomena generated by the elementary dynamics of the Field under the incessant Action of Force, and by the fundamental Properties and Behaviors of the Field itself—particularly its Dimensionality, an expression of the Agency of the Primary Source, which I call Variationality. This expresses itself in two modes we refer to as Spatiality (dependent on elementary spatial fluctuations—the Elementary Events, precisely) and Temporality (dependent on the temporal distributions of those spatial fluctuations). Even though it is possible—and in some sense appropriate—to group Space and Time into a physical structure we commonly call Metric, and into a four-dimensional mathematical structure, the two Dimensionalities and the corresponding Dimensions of Reality, Space and Time, have different natures and must be regarded as distinct Phenomena, with different dynamics, requiring separate description.

In this model, I conceive the Metric as a Derived Field—a point of view, a way of observing the Elementary Field and its dynamics that focuses on the aforementioned Dimensionalities and corresponding Dimensions, on Space and Time. Fields have the characteristic of being—or potentially being—deformed by the Action of Forces. As expressed by the Principle of General Equivalence, the deformation of the Metric, which we call "curvature", is equivalent to the presence of spatial correlations in the inhomogeneous temporal distributions of the Elementary Events, and thus to a "deformation" of the Elementary Field from the point of view of the Component of the Elementary Action that I call Perturbation.

I add that, as we will explore in the upcoming chapters—and as I previously anticipated when discussing the Principle of General Equivalence—the Metric, or more precisely the deformation of the Metric, and Mass are complementary views of the same Phenomenon, complementary aspects of the same concept.

When we observe the presence of correlations of Perturbation among event points of the Field, we perceive the deformation of the Metric, the curvature of Space-Time, as conventional physics describes it.

When we observe patterns of Perturbation correlations that we identify as InfoStructures in the Field—e.g., massive Particles or Dark Halos—we perceive the Mass of the Structure under observation.

But these two apparently separate Phenomena are in fact the same Phenomenon observed from two different perspectives. Same nature, same causal and variational origin.

And I repeat: conventional physics tells us that the deformation of the Metric manifests simultaneously as curvature of Space and as a slowing of the flow rate of Time, with the speed of light remaining constant.

Whereas, in my hypotheses, Space—at the dimensional scale of Particles, and at all larger scales—is perfectly flat. It is the flow rate of Time that varies; it is exclusively the temporal component of the Metric that deforms, that "curves."

Furthermore, another conventional notion I disagree with is that Mass produces the curvature of Space-Time. A well-known quote states: "Matter tells space how to curve, space tells matter how to move." I agree with the general idea, but not with the implicit sense it seems to convey—that Matter (in the sense of "something" endowed with Mass) and Space—or more precisely, the curvature of Space—are two distinct entities, with curvature being produced by the presence of Mass.

In this work, one of the most significant hypotheses I propose, as mentioned, is that Mass and deformation of the Metric are the same thing. That the deformation of the Metric—at the scale of the structures of Ordinary Matter, and even more so of Dark Matter—is Mass itself: the same Phenomenon, arising from the same elementary dynamics. As mentioned earlier, different perspectives, but same nature, same origin.

Therefore, I would reformulate the quote as follows: deformation of the Metric and Mass are the same thing. The deformation of the Metric consists exclusively in the alteration of the flow rate of Time (slowing down, time dilation—for negative Mass, the attractive Mass we usually refer to), since Space is flat and not subject to curvature at "normal" scales. The curvature of the Metric (of Time) influences the organization of the Component Translation, which determines the Motion of InfoStructures within the Field.

The quote has become somewhat more complex and articulated, but in my view, far more accurate in describing Physical Reality—and in particular, gravitational phenomena.

From all this, it follows that Space could be considered an absolute Dimension, being invariant at "normal" scales. I say "could" because, although I am convinced that it is, it is not possible to identify absolute reference points within it, since every Structure in the Field is intrinsically, naturally, relative. A Structure is (made of) Information—Relations that organize Elementary Events, organizational patterns; the Events serve as a substrate that allows relational patterns to propagate and persist within the Field. Absoluteness of Space is therefore entirely virtual: undetectable, unmeasurable, unusable.

By contrast, Time is a Dimension relative at all scales of magnitude, from minus to plus infinity. And it is precisely the deformation of the Metric in its temporal component—the differing flow rate of Time—that represents Mass (whether attractive negative or repulsive positive, i.e., Dark Energy), and constitutes the most elementary "substance" of which the physical world is made.

There is another aspect concerning the supposed—and in my view incorrect—conception of Space as a deformable, bendable entity. It relates to the phenomenon of cosmic expansion, which I consider an apparent phenomenon that can and must be explained by the progressive structuring and increasing complexity of the organization of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, and thus of Space-time. The most widely accepted hypothesis in academic circles is tied to the presumed existence of a phantom repulsive energy—Dark Energy—which would cause the expansion of space and the increase in distances between cosmic objects, moreover at a rate that varies over time (accelerated expansion).

I absolutely disagree with this hypothesis, as well as with other alternatives that are still based on the idea that Space is some sort of "elastic fabric" that, for various reasons, can deform, stretch, elongate, etc. Cosmological redshift can—and must—be explained through other means. Space, especially at cosmological scales, is in my view absolutely flat. It is Time that is "deformable." We could say that, considering only Metric and Mass, Physical Reality—what we observe in the cosmos, the Universe itself—is shaped by the organization (of the flow rate) of Time. But as we have seen in these pages, and will explore more deeply in the chapters to come, the deformation of Time is itself caused by something even more elementary: the dynamics of a more fundamental Field, the dynamics of the very Primary Source of Reality.

In summary, here, Space is thus intended as a relative and relational concept—"relative" to the dynamics of the Field, and "relational" in the sense that its metric, or geometric, characteristics are a function of the correlations that emerge within that dynamics of the Elementary Field. Unlike what is assumed in conventional physical theories, which regard Space and Time as inseparably bound within a four-dimensional structure—where deformations and curvatures manifest both spatially and temporally—in my model, Space, as a complementary aspect of the Metric, is a quantity that exhibits deformation and curvature only at very small scales: from the infinitesimal up to a few orders of magnitude above the Planck scale. This scale is relevant because around it resonances emerge that focus the elementary dynamics of the Field, forming what we call Elementary Action—the substrate of everything that exists in the physical world. At larger scales, the contributions of elementary spatial fluctuations average out, and Space becomes progressively flatter and less deformable, eventually becoming absolutely flat and undeformable at scales several orders of magnitude below those of Ordinary Matter Particles.

No space as an entity that exists in the classical sense. Space happens—it is a Phenomenon, not an Entity. Space arises from a reification of a fundamental property of the Primary Source, in particular of its passive aspect, which I call the Elementary Field. This property is Spatiality, a specification of the more general property known as Variationality.

Like Time, Space is a property of the Elementary Field, its dynamics (Dynamics of Physical Action) and the Modes / Components of the Elementary Action (which represent the dynamics of the Source of Reality). In particular, it depends on the component of the Elementary Action referred to as Perturbation. Space extensions, distances, and measurements are affected by indetermination (Principle of Uncertainty). The same applies to positions. When we speak of positions in Space, we always refer to Events that occur—to Phenomena, not to Entities in a classical sense, which would exist a priori, as space and time do in classical physics. In Space, we speak of "point-events" whose position can only be determined—identified—in a relative sense to other event-points, all subject to incessant variation and indeterminacy at the most elementary level of Reality, around the Planck scale.

We must distinguish different declinations of Space, depending on the point of view from which we observe the world:

  • Proper (Internal) Space: the Space occupied by the observed, by the Structures in the Field. In this mode of observation, what is most relevant is the "extension" (e.g. the spatial extension of a particle, the length of a wave)
  • External Space: the spatial environment in which the observed—the Structures—exist and move; the Space proper to the Field that hosts/supports the observed. In this mode of observation, what is most relevant is the "distance" (e.g. the spatial distance between two point-events, between two particles, the distance traveled by a wave)
  • Observational Space: the object of observation is the set/network of spatial Relations in the interactions between the observed/Structures (Proper Space) and the observer/the measuring apparatus (Observational Space), mediated by the Field (External Space). These declinations can be independent of one another, if the Spaces in which they exist or are formed are different—because of the curvature of Time, and the consequent local difference of the "propagation speed limit".

Measurements and measures are Processes of Events (the measurement device) related to other Processes of Events (the observed Structures and their dynamics, interactions, etc.), in which everything involved is composed of Events and the correlations among their temporal distributions. The observed (Space-time itself and its Time curvature, Structures such as quantum objects, Forms/classical objects, etc.), the observer (rods or more complex instruments, the conscious being that observes and measures), the Field between them, and the observations themselves all behave as described by the Principle of Uncertainty. Everything involved in a measurement is always indeterminate at its basis. The deeper we go into Reality, the closer we approach its elementary level—the smaller the scale, the greater the effect of this fundamental indeterminacy. No possibility of achieving infinite precision.

What does it mean that Space, at "normal" dimensional scales, while being completely flat and non-deformable, is observed as if it were curved, deformable?

Let me attempt to outline a few considerations.

As far as I know, we have never performed length measurements on infinitesimal scales using instruments that do not rely on light propagation, interferometry, or, in general, electromagnetic phenomena or time measurements. Unfortunately, all these methods and instruments are inherently subject to the equivalence between two scenarios:

  • curvable space, curvable time, universally constant speed of light in vacuum -> the model proposed by conventional physics
  • flat space, curvable time, locally variable speed of light in vacuum (equivalent to the local variability of Perturbation in the Elementary Field) -> the model proposed here

In my view, there is no way to distinguish between these two scenarios.

The curvature of Space is inferred from astronomical observations, where we witness numerous phenomena that lead us to believe that the deflection of light rays in the presence of massive bodies (e.g., the Sun, weak and strong gravitational lenses, dark matter, clusters, galaxies, etc.) is due to the curvature of Space. However, according to my hypothesis in this work, the deflection is instead caused by the varying rate of Time flow—its distribution within an otherwise perfectly flat space.

It is evident from the laws of optics that a light ray always follows the path that minimizes travel Time (albeit with the necessary corrections arising from relativistic and quantum phenomena). Why should it behave differently in what we perceive as empty space, when it is clear that this space is not truly empty, being permeated by dark turbulence and Dark Structures? These can be represented as more or less structured inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of Perturbation values, and thus in the rate of Time flow—and consequently, in the speed of light.

We have seen that the rate at which Time flows—and thus the limit of the propagation speed of Causality / Action / Information (i.e., the so-called speed of light in vacuum), as stated in the Principle of General Equivalence—depends locally on the value of the "Perturbation" Component of the Elementary Action at the event point under consideration, or, more precisely, is equivalent to it.

Since Time is deformable, its curvature translates into a variability of the speed-of-light limit which—under the assumption that such speed is constant—leads us to believe that Space might be curved. Forgive the somewhat convoluted sentence, but it's not easy to clarify such a correction of a sensory/cognitive aberration stemming from a conception of Physical Reality that appears correct, yet is in fact entirely mistaken. The speed-of-light limit in vacuum is not constant. It varies locally, following the variation in the rhythm of Time's flow (speed = space / time; if space is invariant and time is variable, then speed must necessarily be variable). No one has ever measured a distance before and after an event that modifies the supposed spatial curvature at a point in an absolute position within Space-time. Such a measurement is impossible. We have no access to absolute Space, lacking fixed reference points. In the Universe, everything is in ceaseless motion. Moreover, we lack rulers of sufficient length, and light itself—the only means by which we might attempt such a measurement in the cosmos—is subject to variations in its own speed. The only means we have to measure and verify the constancy of the speed of light in a vacuum is light itself. Of course it will always appear constant to us if the measurement must be carried out using light itself. Mission impossible, in short!

You might be wondering... but what about the interferometers that detect gravitational waves? How do they work, if it's not the length of the arms that varies differently and with precise timing as the ripples in Space-time pass through? Well, I believe that what gravitational waves propagate is acceleration—potential Motion, Elemental Action in the Translational Component, then. The light propagating through the arms, as the gravitational wave passes, is accelerated and decelerated, as if Space were expanding and contracting. As if Time were speeding up and slowing down, in a wave-like variation. And yet, in my view—and according to the model I'm attempting to outline—it is a matter of acceleration, of linear momentum, emitted during the catastrophic events of fusions of super dense objects in the cosmos.

Spatial length contraction

Conventional physics holds that relativistic length contraction consists of the apparent reduction in the length of an object along the direction of motion, when observed from a reference frame in which the object is moving. This effect is not due to any physical compression, but to a geometric transformation of space-time. At low speeds, the contraction is negligible. However, as the object's speed approaches that of light, it appears increasingly shorter—but only along the direction of motion.

I don't completely agree with this view. I believe that, alongside this apparent contraction (which results in a sort of shortening of objects in the direction of motion, while the cross-section undergoes no change in spatial extension), there is a real and dynamic contraction of the spatial extension of Structures—of objects—in the sense that it varies with velocity, increasing as the speed approaches that of light and returning to its original length when the initial velocity is restored.

I believe this phenomenon concerns only Ordinary Matter, which—as we will see—is composed of Vortex-type Infostructures for both the Elementary and Composite subtypes. Only Ordinary Matter (not electromagnetic radiation, therefore, which has a wave-like rather than vortex-like form), since such contraction is explicitly tied to the peculiar vortex shape of the InfoStructures that compose it. The Vortex's shape must necessarily adapt—must reshape itself—as its velocity approaches the limit of the propagation speed of Causality / Action / Information (commonly referred to as the speed of light). The closer the intrinsic velocity comes to this limit (not an absolute limit as in Relativity, but one that varies locally around a universal mean value, as discussed above), the greater the adaptation required.

This shape adaptation, based on the hypotheses proposed in this paper regarding the shape of the Structures (Particles) of Ordinary Matter, necessarily occurs due to the increasingly intense reorientation of the Translation supporting the Vortex's shape. This leads to an increase in the strength of the correlation of the Translation along the direction of Motion, which reduces the amount of Translation available to support and maintain the Vortex.

Maintaining the shape with an increasingly smaller amount of Translation results in a contraction of the Vortex's spatial extent. On the side of the Vortex (a three-dimensional shape, remember) that shows an intrinsic rotation in the direction of Motion, there will be an increase in linear momentum, which translates into an increase in the intrinsic angular momentum of the Vortex / Particle. On the opposite side, the correlation strength along the direction of the Vortex's flow will become increasingly modest, resulting in a "contraction" of the Vortex due to the reduced availability of Translation—linear momentum—in the direction opposite to the Motion. It's possible that the Vortex components transverse to the direction of Motion have little influence on the contraction, which could be determined primarily by the component oriented opposite to the direction of Motion (this is plausible—though it will require further investigation). However, I'm not certain of this, as the general decrease in the availability of Translation to support the entire Vortex Structure could also affect the transverse components, and equally contribute to the contraction of the Vortex itself.

According to this model, the acceleration of a Vortex InfoStructure (a Particle) should result in a contraction of the Vortex—a contraction of the "effective and real" spatial extent of the Particle. For a body—an object composed of billions of particles—this would translate into a contraction in the object's size, potentially affecting not only its extension (length) along the direction of motion, but its entire spatial extension in all directions (its volume).

These phenomena that affect spatial extension should be accompanied by phenomena that affect temporal extension, such as the lifetime of Particles or the age of a twin traveling at near the speed of light, following a well-known example from relativistic physics.

Furthermore, these same spatial and temporal phenomena—due to the contraction of physical dimensions, spatial extensions, the volume occupied by the Vortex Structures, and the resulting contraction of the Perturbation density profile, with the associated temporal effects mentioned in the previous paragraph—can be observed and represented as an increase in the Mass of the Structure itself. A smaller volume means a greater Mass—therefore a greater density of Mass, or, equivalently, of Structured Energy, as I call it in this paper.


File:Vortex acceleration to the speed of light.png
Acceleration of a Vortex to a velocity approaching the speed of light


In the chapter on Structures of Information, we will examine this phenomenon in more detail.

Time dilation/contraction in the term of Elementary Action, its dynamics and its Modes / Components

As Space, also Time is here intended as a relative and relational concept—"relative" to the dynamics of the Field, and "relational" in the sense that its metric—or geometric—characteristics are a function of the correlations that emerge within the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Time extensions (durations), intervals, and measurements (the time of measuring clocks) locally depend on the distributions of the Elementary Events. No absolute time. No time as an entity existing in the classical sense. Time happens—it is a Phenomenon, not an Entity. Time arises from the reification of a fundamental Property of the Primary Source, specifically its passive aspect, which we call the Elementary Field. This Property is Temporality, a specification of the more general Property known as Variationality.

Time is a Property of the Elementary Field, its dynamics (Dynamics of Physical Action) and the Modes / Components of the Elementary Action—which represent the dynamics of the Source of Reality. In particular, it depends on the component of the Elementary Action known as Perturbation. Time durations, intervals, and measurements are subject to indetermination (Principle of Uncertainty). The same applies to localization in Time. When we speak of localization in Time, we always refer to Events that occur—to Phenomena—not to entities in the classical sense, which would exist a priori, such as space and time in classical physics. In Time, we speak of "Events" whose location can only be determined or identified in a relative sense—relative to other Events—all of which are subject to incessant variation and indeterminacy at the most elementary level of Reality, around the Planck-scale. We will see, in fact, how the very deformation of Time—the local variability in its flow rate, equivalent to the inhomogeneous distribution of Elementary Events, an inhomogeneous profile of Perturbation—constitutes the foundation of a fundamental physical quantity such as Mass.

Unlike what I stated about Space, in my model, Time—as a complementary aspect of the Metric—is a quantity that can exhibit deformation and curvature from the infinitesimal up to the infinite.

We must distinguish different declinations of Time, depending on the point of view from which we observe the world:

  • Proper (Internal) Time: the time measured by the observed, by the Structures in the Field. In this mode of observation, what is most relevant is the "duration" (e.g. the temporal extension, the lifetime of a Particle, the frequency of a Wave)
  • External Time: the (local) temporal environment in which the observed—the Structures—exist and move; the Time proper to the Field that hosts / supports the observed. In this mode of observation, what is most relevant is the "interval" (e.g. the temporal distance between two Events, between two Particle interactions, the interval between two peaks of a Wave)
  • Observational Time: the object of observation is the temporal relation in the interaction between the observed / Structures (Proper Time) and the observer / measuring apparatus (Observational Time), mediated by the Field (local External Time)

These declinations can be independent of each other, if the times in which they exist or are formed are different, differently curved, and characterized by different Mass densities.

Measurements and measures are Processes of Events related to Processes of Events (Structures and their dynamics, interactions, etc.), in which everything involved is composed of Events and the correlations of their distributions. The observed (Space-time itself and its curvature, structures such as quantum objects, forms / classical objects, etc.), the observer (clocks or more complex instruments, the conscious being that observes and measures), the Field between them, and the observations themselves behave as described by the Principle of Uncertainty. Everything involved in a measurement is always indeterminate at its basis. The deeper we go into Reality, the closer we get to the elementary level, the smaller the scale, the greater the effect of this fundamental indeterminacy/uncertainty. No chance to achieve infinite precision.

What does it mean that Time is curved? Essentially, it means that temporal durations, intervals—and therefore Time itself—are not absolute or fixed, but can vary in Space and Time as a result of two fundamental, interconnected factors:

  • the temporal density of the distributions of the Elementary Events, otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation—inhomogeneity in the temporal distributions of Elementary Events, of the intensities of the tiny spatial fluctuations resonating around the Planck-scale)
  • the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation—inhomogeneity in the spatial orientation of the tiny fluctuations around the Planck-scale)

Mass and Metric, the Space-time curvature, are the same thing, produced by the same Cause: the density of Elementary Events, or better the temporal distributions of the Elementary Events . The more Mass (Ordinary Matter) an object has—or the more massive a Space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark Matter—the greater is what we call the curvature of Space-time in that object and its surroundings, or in the considered Space-time region. We can have:

  • no curvature (flat Time) = no Mass: no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark Matter, no Dark Energy (or rather, no organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark Energy)
  • negative curvature = negative Mass: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, negative curvature means dilation of Time—of temporal durations and intervals, local flow rate of Time slower than that associated with a zero-curvature condition
  • positive curvature = positive Mass: presence of Dark Energy, positive curvature means contraction of Time—of temporal durations and intervals, local flow rate of Time faster than that associated with a zero-curvature condition

Space-time Metric: the evolution of the Elementary Field

Space-time arises from the union, in a single four-dimensional continuum, of Space and Time, expressions of the dimensionalities of the Elementary Field that we call Spatiality and Temporality—the two declinations of Variationality.

Space-time can be seen as a Derived Field—a view of the Elementary Field—when we focus only on the Mode of Elementary Action known as Perturbation, the inhomogeneities in the temporal distributions of the Elementary Events. We can call it the Metric Field.

In General Relativity, the metric is thought of as influenced by the presence of Matter—an effect of the presence of mass. The curvature of the metric, of space-time, is conceived as determined by the mass density within it. Mass is seen as the cause of that curvature.

In Evolutionary Physics, I propose that Mass, like the curvature of Space-time/of the Metric, is not a cause—it is an effect. That the Metric Field and the Gravitational Field are connected (derived) Entities, phenomenal expressions of the same underlying reality, whose dynamics produces what we observe (indirectly) as curvature and as gravity. And that the curvature of Space-time (of Time, in fact, since Space is already absolutely flat for a few orders of magnitude above the Planck scale) and Mass density are likewise the same thing.

One of the Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics, the Principle of General Equivalence, among other important aspects, states that the curvature of the Space-time Metric and Mass density are equivalent—they are the same thing, the same phenomenon, produced by the same causes: the same dynamics of the Field and the Elementary Events incessantly created by the inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Field itself. The curvature of the Metric (the shape of Space-time—temporal extensions/durations/intervals) and Mass density are functions of, and depend on, the spatial correlations among the temporal distributions of the Elementary Events—the tiny spatial fluctuations of the Field resonating around the Planck scale:

Metric curvature = Mass density of a portion (a volume) of the Elementary Field = f(st-correlations(s-inhomogeneities(t-distributions(s-fluctuations)))) = f(corr(PERT)) = f(Metric/Mass Info) = f(Metric/Mass Energy)

From the primary evolution of the Elementary Field, Space and Time emerge. For formal convenience they can be represented in the combination that we call Space-time, as a primary form of organization of the Field itself, under the creative pressure of the Force:

Internal interaction(Fundamental Force and Elementary Field) -> Incessant Creation -> Elementary Events -> Incessant Evolution of the Elementary Field -> s-inhomogeneities(t-distributions(s-fluctuations)) [Elementary Action:Perturbation] -> st-correlations(s-inhomogeneities(t-distributions(s-fluctuations))) [Information/Energy: Metric] -> Principle of General Equivalence -> Mass density [Information/Energy: Mass]

Comparative overview of space-time models and their treatment of space, time, and velocity limits .
Space-time models Space Time Space-time Limit of the velocity of propagation of Causality / Action / Information
(so-called speed of light)
Classical Physics Absolute Absolute - -
Special Relativity Absolute Absolute Absolute Constant / Absolute
General Relativity Curved by mass-energy Curved by mass-energy Dynamic (metric field) Constant / Absolute
Quantum Physics Indeterminate at small scales Indeterminate at small scales Probabilistic framework, lying in the background Constant / Absolute
Evolutionary Physics (this model) Variable at scales below and a few orders above the Planck scale

Absolute at larger scales up to infinity 		Variable (at every scale) Variable Metric, emergent from the dynamics of the Elementary Field Variable (due to the variability of Time)


Positive / negative Mass density = Space-time Metric curvature (Metric inhomogeneity)

Mass density and Space-time (only Time, in facts) curvature are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary Matter) an object possesses (or the more massive a Space-time region is—for example, due to the organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark Matter) the greater what I refer to as the curvature of Space-time in that object and its surroundings, or in the considered Space-time region, a volume, a portion of the Elementary Field.

We can have:

  • zero Mass density, no Mass in the considered point-event or volume: no massive Structures, no Ordinary or Dark Matter, no Dark Energy (no correlations of the spatial inhomogeneities of the temporal distributions of the tiny spatial fluctuations that I call Elementary Events) = no curvature (flat Space-time, or better flat, non-curved Time)
  • negative Mass density (presence of Ordinary or Dark Matter, or Ordinary Energy) = negative metric curvature (negatively curved Space-time, or better curved Time, rate of flow of Time slower than the universal average or the average value of significantly large surrounding regions) -> negative curvature means dilation of temporal extensions, distances, intervals -> Time passes at a slower pace
  • positive Mass density (presence of Dark Energy) = positive metric curvature (positively curved Space-time, or better curved Time, rate of flow of Time faster than the universal average or the average value of significantly large surrounding regions) -> positive curvature means contraction of temporal extensions, distances, intervals -> Time passes at a faster pace

As specified in the previous sections, at particle scales and at larger scales up to infinity, Space is absolutely flat; its variability is confined to the smallest scales—below the Planck scale and up to a few orders of magnitude above it.

What is gravity?

In classical physics, gravity is described as an invisible force of attraction, where the strength of the force is proportional to the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

According to the general theory of relativity, gravity is not a true force but rather a manifestation of the curvature of four-dimensional spacetime. The presence of mass and energy determines the geometry of the surrounding spacetime, and objects move along the shortest paths (geodesics) within this distorted configuration. Gravity is therefore considered a natural phenomenon arising from the distribution and dynamics of masses (particles, atoms, bodies, galaxies, etc.)—and from the resulting deformation of the spacetime metric.

On the other hand, gravity is commonly considered one of the four fundamental forces.

So then—a force or not a force? Attraction or not attraction? And repulsion—considering Dark Energy?

Here too, there is some confusion—or at least, a lack of clarity. Moreover, many popular science contents found online report information that is imprecise, incorrect, or even outright misleading. In particular, I disagree with descriptions that equate gravity with spacetime curvature. These two concepts describe distinct phenomena which, although closely associated in gravitational contexts, must be considered separately: one—the curvature—is the cause of the other—gravity. To be precise, the situation is somewhat more complex. The causes (secondary ones, since the primary causes—as we will see below—must be sought in the Dynamics of Elementary Action) lie in the Metric (deformation of Metric) and in Mass. Gravity (attraction—and repulsion, if we also consider the hypothetical Dark Energy) constitutes the effect of the aforementioned causes. In short, the deformation of the Spacetime Metric (we could call it Potential Mass, or Mass Potential), caused by the distribution of Masses, generates gravity.

Gravity is a phenomenon in the area of "Mass and gravitational phenomena". In terms of the Elementary Field and Dynamics of Elementary Action, and its Modes /Components, gravity can be seen as the combined expression of the Modes of Elementary Action that we call Perturbation and Translation. Perturbation is the root of Mass and Metric, while Translation is the root of Motion. Mass/Metric and Motion are two closely related phenomena. This is also the root of the equivalence between gravitational acceleration (gravitational attraction) and kinetic acceleration. The equivalence principle states that the force due to the gravitational attraction of a massive body on a second body is equal to the fictitious force that the same body would experience if it were in a non-inertial system with an acceleration equal to the gravitational one. Gradients in Perturbation, inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of Perturbation represent what we commonly call curvature of Space-time and produce reactions from / in the Elementary Field in the form of non-zero values of Translation (correlations of the spatial distributions of the orientation of the tiny spatial fluctuation around Planck scale, the so called Elementary Events) in the surrounding regions of massive structures, which "cause" the attraction between massive bodies and their accelerated motion in the Field.

Gravity is produced by any structure that exhibits a non-zero amount of Perturbation (in the terms of relativistic physics: space-time curvature is produced by any mass). Gravity is perceived by any structure with a non-zero (Vortices) or zero (Waves) amount of Perturbation (the result of the interaction is the change of the amount or the orientation of Translation shown by that structure). The bodies that produce gravity and interact gravitationally are those made up of Invisible / Dark Structures (Dark Matter and Dark Energy, Dark Radiation such as gravitational waves) and / or Visible / Ordinary Structures (Ordinary Matter, with its Dark Energy distributed external shell component and visible Radiation such as electromagnetic waves/photons).

Since Mass is the manifestation of the presence of non-zero Perturbation in the Field, gravity is the manifestation of the Translation produced by the presence of that Perturbation. In terms of the distributions of the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale, we can say that Mass is an inhomogeneity in the spatial correlation of the temporal distributions of the tiny spatial fluctuations, of Elementary Events (below or above the average value we find in a significant surrounding region/volume). That inhomogeneity produces a reaction in the Field towards the restoration of homogeneity (Least Action) in the form of a non-zero level of re-orientation of the spatial direction of the fluctuations toward the (center of Mass of that) inhomogeneity (the massive body, or Particle, etc.). This creates an organization in the orientation of the Elementary Events toward the center of Mass that we see as gravitational potential (potential acceleration). If we put another massive body (or a travelling photon) in the region where Translation is manifesting, that body or photon is accelerated or bent (its motion is influenced) toward the massive body. The more intense the inhomogeneity of Perturbation of the Field, the greater the generated Translation. The less massive the object propagating in that region of the Field, and / or the less faster its inertial speed, the stronger the acceleration of that object or a Structure propagating in the Field.

Here is gravity and gravitational phenomena!

What are inertia, inertial Motion and acceleration?

Inertia is commonly defined as the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity (speed and direction of motion). Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of that velocity (magnitude and direction) with respect to time.

Hence, inertia can be seen as resistance to acceleration, inertial Motion as an unperturbed state of motion (with rest as a special case), and acceleration as change of inertial Motion. The orientation of an object's acceleration is determined by the orientation of the net force acting upon it. The magnitude of acceleration results from two combined factors: the net balance of all external forces acting on the object (directly proportional), and the object's mass (inversely proportional).

But these are respectively the effects of inertia and acceleration, descriptions of phenomena—properties of objects—not physical causes. Inertia implies the concepts of resistance and disturbing forces: resistance to a change of motion, resistance against the action of forces.

Forces, always forces... When we speak of kinetic phenomena, Forces are the protagonists—Agents that produce changes, Events, Action. However, when kinetic phenomena are produced by gravity (the phenomenon by which all objects with mass—or energy, including light—mutually influence one another), the same variations in motion (so-called changes in the "states" of rest and motion) are, within the framework of General Relativity, no longer considered effects produced by the action of forces. Instead, they are understood as consequences of the movement of masses along geodesic lines in a curved space-time, shaped by the nonuniform distribution of mass. Forces are banned. Something isn't working... Forces or no forces?

Let's try to define inertia and acceleration in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, as phenomena occurring in the Elementary Field. Inertia, inertial Motion and acceleration are phenomena concerning "Motion and kinetic phenomena". They originate in the various configurations and dynamics of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action here known as Translation.

In particular, inertial Motion is the manifestation of the presence of correlation of Translation in the dynamics of the object, and not in the region of the Elementary Field through which the object moves. What does "presence of Translation" or a non-null value of Translation mean? It means that the correlation of Elementary Action, in the Mode called Translation, is greater than zero. More precisely, with reference to the Elementary Events—which represent the dynamics of the Elementary Field at its fundamental level, the tiny spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field around the Planck scale—it means that there exists some form and quantity of organization in the correlations among the inhomogeneities in the distribution of those fluctuations, the Elementary Events. And specifically, for Translation—and thus for inertial motion and acceleration—what matters is not the intensity of the fluctuations, but the intensity of the correlations in their (spatial) orientations. The more intense the correlations in the orientation of the fluctuations, the greater the inertial velocity; the stronger the increase in those correlations, the greater the acceleration.

Inertia is considered the natural tendency of objects in motion to stay in motion and objects at rest to stay at rest, unless a force causes its velocity to change. One of the primary manifestations of Mass. It is a kind of conservation. Here we are explicitly speaking of inertial Motion, not directly of inertia—although, for bodies endowed with Mass, the two quantities are obviously connected.

In short:

  • Inertia depends on both Mass and Motion.
  • Inertial Motion is the form of Motion that occurs in the absence of external forces, of any Action that modifies its dynamics (no Translation in the Field, only Translation within the Structure propagating through the Field).
  • Inertial Mass is the measure of a body's resistance to a change in its state of motion or rest.

A massive elementary Particle, e.g., an electron (in this model, an InfoStructure of Type: Vortex, subtype: Elementary Vortex), which possesses Mass, resists acceleration, and its inertial Motion and its inertia do not coincide (both Translation correlation -> inertial Motion, and Perturbation correlation -> Mass).

A photon (in this model, an InfoStructure of Type: Wave, subtype: Single Cycle), which has no Mass, does not resist acceleration, and its inertial Motion and its inertia do coincide (only Translation correlation -> inertial Motion, zero Perturbation correlation -> no Mass).

Acceleration is the manifestation of the presence of Translation in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, in the region where the object is either at rest (Translation correlation in the object is zero) or in motion (Translation correlation in the object is non-null). An object with a given non null intensity of orientation correlations of Translation moving through a Field that exhibits a certain intensity of orientation correlations, interacts: the object's Translation interacts with the Translation in/of the Field, acquiring more correlation of Translation. That is, the tiny spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale will show increasing correlations in their orientation.

The correlation of Translation resulting from the interaction between the Translation of the propagating object and the Translation present in the Field (potential Motion, potential acceleration, which expresses a force acting on the object) occurs in accordance with the standard rule of force composition—represented precisely by vectors—where the intensity of the forces involved depends on the intensity of the correlation, and the direction depends on the orientation of the underlying elementary spatial fluctuations of the Field (both for the potential Motion, i.e., acceleration "of" the Field, and for the actual inertial Motion of the Structure moving "within" the Field).

For an object accelerating in a Field exhibiting a potential (such as the gravitational potential of a gravitational field), the amount of correlation of Translation—and thus of acceleration—is proportional to the spatial distribution of the amounts of Perturbation in the Field (quantities and distances), and therefore to the spatial distribution of Mass density in Space-time, in the Metric field, or, as stated by the Principle of General Equivalence, to the (local) curvature of Space-time (of Time, in facts), the (local) speed limit of the propagation of Information, the local temperature of the Field, etc.

The meaning of the equivalence principle between gravitational and inertial Mass

Einstein's equivalence principle states the equivalence between gravitational and inertial Mass: the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (accelerated) frame of reference. Of course, we must be clear about the terms "gravitational Mass" and "inertial Mass" and their physical meaning.

What is the meaning of this equivalence in terms of Evolutionary Dynamics?

Before answering, let's summarize some relevant definitions in terms of conventional physics (CP) and then in terms of Evolutionary Physics (EP):

  • Elementary Events: the tiny spatial fluctuations of Elementary Field, resonating around the Planck scale, under the creative Action of the Fundamental Force
  • Elementary Action: the direct expression of the Primary Source, the product of the internal interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field—the two aspects of the Source. And, at the same time, the product of that expression, of that interaction:
    • any inhomogeneity in the temporal distributions of Elementary Events -> Elementary Action Mode / Component: Perturbation, root of Space-time and metric phenomena + Mass and gravitational phenomena
    • any inhomogeneity in the distributions of their spatial orientation -> Translation, root of Motion and kinetic phenomena
    • any inhomogeneity in the distributions of chirality of their vorticity -> Rotation:Chirality, root of Charge and electric phenomena
    • any inhomogeneity in the distributions of the spatial orientation of the axis of their vorticity -> Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Spin and magnetic phenomena
  • Perturbation: the first of the Modes of Elementary Action. Any inhomogeneity in the temporal distributions of Elementary Events; local deviation of the temporal distributions from the universal mean value (universal or of a significant large region around the considered point or volume); a gradient, or "micro-gradient", in the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations in resonance around the Planck scale; an anomalous temporal distribution, considering only the "temporal" aspect of the incessant production (or occurrence) those tiny spatial fluctuations
  • Translation: the second of the Modes of Elementary Action. Any inhomogeneity in the distributions of the spatial "orientations" of those tiny spatial fluctuations, the Elementary Events; any deviation from the complete stochastic independence (randomness) of the distributions of those orientations; divergence, or "micro-flows", in the directional distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations; an anomalous distribution of orientations, considering only the spatial "orientational" aspect of those tiny fluctuations
  • Mass
    • Conventional Physics (CP): quantity of matter (not a true definition, rather a circularity: matter = that which has mass)
    • Evolutionary Physics (EP): quantity of (or intensity of spatial correlation of) Perturbation in a given volume / region of the Elementary Field
  • Mass density
    • CP: quantity of mass per unit of volume
    • EP: quantity of (or intensity of spatial correlation of) Perturbation per unit of volume of the Elementary Field
  • Inertia
    • CP: resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity (speed and direction of motion)
    • EP: manifestation of the presence of correlations of Translation (in the dynamics) of a massive object (characterized by presence of correlation of Perturbation), and not in the region of the Elementary Field through which the object is propagating
  • Inertial Motion
    • CP: motion of an object that continues at constant velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by a net external force; inertial motion is not just a physical behavior—it is a foundational concept that defines how we understand forces, acceleration, and reference frames; it distinguishes between motion that is "self-sustained" and motion that is "altered by interaction".
    • EP: manifestation of the presence of correlations of Translation (in the dynamics) of the object ("sefl-sustained" Motion), and not in the region of the Elementary Field through which the object is propagating (Motion "not altered by interaction")
  • Inertial frame
    • CP: a frame of reference that describes time and space homogeneously, isotropically, and in a time-independent manner, and that is not undergoing acceleration. A body with zero net force acting on it moves with constant velocity
    • EP: a region or volume of the Elementary Field where the dynamics of the Field itself shows no correlations in the Translation Mode—Structures/bodies in propagation in that region retain their Translation (because the scheme of correlations of the Structure/body is not influenced by interaction with any other correlation scheme in the organization of the Field's dynamics, since in the Field, Translation at each point-event is stochastically independent), and thus their motion remain uniform at a constant speed
  • Acceleration
    • CP: the rate of change of velocity (as a vector quantity) of an object with respect to time
    • EP: the change in velocity of a Structure or a body moving through the Elementary Field, due to the interaction between the Translation of that Structure/object and the Translation present at the point or region of the Field where the Structure/body is located or in propagation (i.e. acceleration of a body in a gravitational field). Traslation correlations that characterize the Structure/body propagating in the Field (kinetic Energy of that Structure or body) interacts with Traslation correlations present in the dynamics "of" the Field (potential "kinetic" Energy, for example a gravitational potential)
  • Non-inertial frame
    • CP: a non-inertial frame is a reference frame that is accelerating relative to an inertial frame, meaning it experiences fictitious forces (like centrifugal or Coriolis forces) due to its motion
    • EP: a region or volume of the Elementary Field where the dynamics of the Field itself shows correlations in the Translation Mode—Structures/bodies in propagation in that region modify / enhance their Translation (because the scheme of correlations of the Structure/body is influenced by the interaction with any other correlation scheme in the organization of the Field's dynamics, since in the Field, Translation at each point-event is stochastically independent), and thus their motion can't remain uniform at a constant speed. The Translation of bodies within that region interacts with the Translation of the Field, altering their Translation and thus their velocity—they accelerate
  • Gravitational Mass
    • CP:
      • active gravitational mass: a measure of the strength of an object's gravitational flux. Active gravitational mass is the property of an object that determines the strength of its own gravitational field and, consequently, its "gravitational flux," understood as the flux of the gravitational field through a closed surface surrounding it. In other words, it is the "source" of the gravitational field
      • passive gravitational Mass: a measure of the strength of an object's interaction with a gravitational field. Passive gravitational mass is the property of an object that measures its response to an external gravitational field. It is the mass that determines the gravitational force acting on the object within a given field
      • energy also has mass, according to the principle of "mass-energy equivalence", summarized by Einstein's famous equation (E=mc^2), which establishes that mass and energy are two interchangeable forms of the same thing. The equation indicates that energy (E) and mass (m) are equivalent. Furthermore, the principle implies that whenever energy is released, the mass of the system decreases accordingly, and vice versa.
    • EP:
      • active gravitational Mass: a measure of the amount of correlation of Translation induced in the Elementary Field by the Perturbation that characterizes a Structure or a body/object (Mass) present in the Field
      • passive gravitational Mass: a measure of the amount of Translation correlation present in the Elementary Field (potential kinetic energy) acquired (which by interacting adds to the Translation-kinetic energy correlation already possessed) by a Structure or a body/object in the Field, intensity of acquisition which is proportional to its amount of Perturbation (to its Mass)
      • Energy also has Mass: this expression is not entirely correct in the language of Evolutionary Physics. It would be better to express this concept by saying that Mass is a form of Energy (or better yet, of Information, of which Energy represents an elementary form characteristic of the physical world) and that the two quantities are linked by a constant of proportionality, which, as seen in other sections of this work, is not considered a constant here, but a limiting value that can vary locally, one of the various aspects in which inhomogeneity of Perturbation can be observed (see the Principle of General Equivalence)
  • Inertial Mass
    • CP: a measure of an object's resistance to acceleration when a force is applied
    • EP: amount of Translation acquired by a Structure or body present in the Field in a region exhibiting Translation correlation (kinetic potential Energy, e.g., gravitational potential energy), inversely proportional to the amount of Perturbation of that Structure/body. The Perturbation resists the "force" attempting to transfer Translation, or rather, it resists the change in the amount and orientation of the Structure's Translation correlation (effective kinetic Energy, inertial Motion), induced by the translation correlation present in the field (kinetic potential Energy, acceleration potential). If suddenly the Translation correlation present in the Field stops, then immediately the Structure in propagation in the Field stops accelerating — its amount of Translation, its scheme of the correlation of Translation — from that moment ceases to modify, to acquire more Translation — then continues its propagation in the form of inertial Motion, that is, uniform motion at constant velocity

The meaning of the equivalence principle between gravitational and inertial mass, in terms of the dynamics of the Elementary Field and Elementary Action, emerges clearly from these definitions and their relations. The statement that "all objects fall the same way under the influence of gravity" is due to the experimental observation that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equivalent, which is formalized in the Equivalence Principle.

More precisely, the Equivalence Principle generally states that the force due to the gravitational attraction of a massive body on a second body is locally indistinguishable from the fictitious force that the same body would perceive if it were in a non-inertial system with an acceleration equal to the local gravitational acceleration.

There are two primary, well-defined versions of the equivalence principle: the Weak Equivalence Principle and the Einstein/Strong Equivalence Principle:

  • the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) asserts that inertial mass—the intrinsic property of a material body to resist changes in motion—and passive gravitational mass—a property of a body that determines how strongly it undergoes the influence of a gravitational field—are numerically equal. A consequence is the universality of free fall (all objects fall with the same acceleration in a given gravitational field)
  • the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) (sometimes loosely referred to as the "strong version" in general discussion) states that in any sufficiently small, freely falling reference frame (a local inertial frame), the effects of acceleration due to the gravitational field are zero, and the laws of non-gravitational physics are the same as those in a flat-spacetime inertial frame (Lorentz frame).
  • the Strong Equivalence Principle (SEP) is a further extension of the EEP. It states that all laws of physics, including the laws of gravity themselves (e.g., how the gravitational binding energy of a large object contributes to its mass), are the same in a local freely falling frame as they are in a special relativistic inertial frame.

In the Evolutionary Physics model, the attraction we perceive in a gravitational field produced by a massive body, in terms of th dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes/Components, is due to Translation—the same applies to acceleration. The two Phenomena share the same nature, origin and dynamics.

The first, gravitational potential, corresponds to a non-zero value of Translation (correlations—non-stochastic independence—between the spatial "orientations" of the Elementary Events, i.e. the elementary spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field in resonance around Planck scale) in the region influenced by the gravitational field, which increases the Translation of another body present in that field.

The second, the acceleration of a body, corresponds to a progressively increasing amount of Translation of the body itself, for example due to the presence of a gravitational potential, that can be represented as the presence of correlation of Translation in a region of the Field.

In both cases, we experience an (indistinguishable) force due to correlation of Translation. In the first case (gravitational Mass), it is due to the Translation of the Field progressively transferred to the body through their gravitational interaction. In the second case (inertial Mass), it is due to the Translation of the body progressively increasing (acceleration) as a result of an applied force (via different types of interactions through Structures/bodies—e.g. electric, magnetic), always Translation present in the Field that interacts with Translation of the observed Struture or body/object.

Chirality of Dark Structures and the prevalence of Matter on anti-Matter

In the process of production of the Particles of Ordinary Matter that makes up Visible Structures, the large Dark Structures (with their Dark Matter cores + Dark Energy external shells), immersed in the omnipresent dark turbulence, are protagonists through the frictional dynamics of their boundaries.

The production of Ordinary Matter, vortex/particle elementary Structures, is determined by the rotational dynamics of the Dark Structures—and especially by their Chirality.

In the Universe a prevalent left-handed chirality is observed. Over the course of the (almost) infinite time elapsed since the emergence of Space and Time—the first forms of organization of the Elementary Field—until the complete conquest of Space-time and the subsequent triggering of Processes that generate Ordinary Matter, Dark Structures characterized by a specific chirality prevailed due to a mere random fluctuation. All Dark Structures with opposite chirality underwent progressive annihilation (total or partial, through destructuration / incorporation into larger Structures) with their corresponding anti-Structures, becoming extinct and leaving the Field open to a progressively prevailing chirality. And plausibly, a prevalent cosmological chirality may influence the chirality of newly forming Dark Structures.

Although, in the case of vortex-like Dark Structures (giant voids, large and medium-sized Dark Halos that host superclusters, clusters, galaxies, etc.—relevant components of the Dark Cosmic Web), it seems more appropriate to use the term chirality, also to avoid confusion with one of the physical quantities that characterize the particles of Ordinary Matter, we could ideally extend here the concept of electric Charge. By extending this concept, we could imagine that vortex-like Dark structures possess an electric Charge, albeit extremely weak compared to the quantized Charges observed in the Particles of Ordinary Matter. We could therefore say that the Universe is dominated by Dark Structures with predominantly positive electric Charge (or negative—it is, in fact, a simple convention).

This particular aspect—the prevalence of chirality—will need to be further investigated in light of new, specific astronomical observations, in order to determine whether the prevalence is total or, much more plausibly, partial, and to understand how the different chiralities are distributed throughout the cosmos (spatial clusters with more or less homogeneous chirality, or mixed distributions with modest absorption activity of minority-chirality structures, etc.).

Thus, the production of tiny elementary Particles in the turbulent peripheries of the great Dark Structures caused—and continues to cause—the electrons to prevail over their antiparticles, the positrons. Electrons, accelerated by the dynamics of production and the intense magnetic fields of the Dark Halos and turbulence, through collisions with one another (and probably also through a series of other high-energy processes such as effects of intense deceleration/acceleration, transitions of motion between regions dominated by Dark Matter and regions dominated by Dark Energy, etc.), produced—and continue to produce—other more massive elementary Particles, such as quarks, or quark/gluon turbulent plasma, which decays into composite Particles that we can identify as nucleons—essentially protons, ionized hydrogen atoms. These simple atomic nuclei then collapse into bubbles within denser Halos, gradually forming clouds of gas, the first stars, dust, successive generations of stars, etc.—ultimately giving rise to the visible parts of galaxies that we observe rotating majestically in the darkness.

Metric/Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin in the terms of Elementary Action, its dynamics and its Components (the Modes of Action)

The fundamental physical quantities and relative phenomena:

can be described in the terms of Elementary Action and its Components (the Modes of Action):

More complex Phenomena—manifestations of more complex Sources (pairs of Forces and Fields)—can be explained as various combinations of those Modes / Components of Action. In particular, we refer to weak and strong nuclear forces/fields and related Phenomena. And beyond that, to all the complex InfoStructures, Forms and Processes we observe in the world—from the simple case of a charged, magnetic, massive Particle moving through vacuum, to the full Complexity of the largest cosmic Structures that compose the Universe.

Motion in a gravitational field of a massive uncharged piece of Ordinary Matter can be described by the combination of Perturbation, which is the root of Mass, and Translation, which is the root of Motion. If the massive object is a charged Particle—like an electron—then to Perturbation and Translation we must add Rotation:Chirality, which is the root of electric Charge, and Rotation:AxisOrientation, which is the root of magnetic Spin.

Another example. Motion, in a flat Space-time, of a photon—a single-cycle Wave object without Mass, representing a quantum of light—can be described by a combination of Translation (Motion, linear momentum -> impulse of light -> radiation pressure) and Rotation:AxisOrientation (Spin, angular momentum -> polarization of light). But if the Motion of the photon occurs in a curved Space-time (curved Time, in truth) (where massive InfoStructures are present, such as Dark Structures), then to Translation and Rotation:AxisOrientation we must add Perturbation (Metric/Mass) to account for the gravitational effects (orientation of Translation toward the center of the Mass of the attracting Matter) of curvature on the photon's trajectory (deviation from a straight line, along the shortest path in the curved Space-time—a geodesic).

Metric/Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin: the key is (cor)relation, organization, Information

In this model of description of the physical world, in addition to Space and Time ("Metric"), "Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin"—the Fundamental Physical Quantities that lie at the base of all the physics of (Dark and Ordinary) Matter and Radiation—are considered not really fundamental. They are seen as emergent Properties/quantities, Phenomena, Processes of Events organized by Relations: something that happens, like everything else in the Universe, like the Structures of Information (Halos, Particles, Waves, atoms, molecules, etc.) that we actually study, classify and measure through those quantities.

Or better, they are considered as organizations of Relations among Events, patterns of Processes of Events. Information, in short. Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin are Information—at a low-to-medium level of Reality—where Reality evolves from the world of the Elementary Action, in its peculiar basic Modes / Components, (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation), to the world of the Structures of Information.

It is the world of Information—the Physical Information that we call "Energy" in traditional scientific language. If we slice Action along the Time dimension, we can see Information. Information, as the word suggests, is the form of the Action: "In-Form-Action". And to identify/measure an evolving form, we must (ideally, virtually) stop the flow of Action—of the Events that incessantly re-create and modify that form. It's like taking a snapshot. We cannot capture the form as Reality incessantly evolves and changes. We can observe and measure an occurring action—a Process of Events—only by, so to speak, "stopping" Time and observing/measuring the deformation of a (Derived) Field produced by the (Derived) Action of the corresponding (Derived) Force.

So, "Metric/Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin"—these very important Properties/quantities, these basic forms of Energy (as seen, basic forms of Information)—emerge from the organization of the Relations among the infinite, incessant Events, the Elementary Events, which represent the fundamental, most elementary form of Existence: the everchanging deformations of the Elementary Field.

Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin—like Space-time Metric—can be considered emergent Properties of the Elementary Field and its dynamics. And, at the same time, as measures/quantities related to the collective behavior/dynamics of an enormous (infinite?) number of points/events (the Elementary Events) within the Field. Just as the temperature of a macroscopic system can be explained through the mechanics and average kinetic Energy of its microscopic Particles.

The unifying root of all the natural Phenomena, Forces and Fields, Sources

Beyond the objects we observe and experience—beyond Waves and Particles, beyond the quantum fields that represent them, beyond the deterministic and stochastic Processes that bring them into existence, beyond the Elementary Events that embody the fundamental fluctuations/deformations of the Elementary Field, their distributions representing the Elementary Action, and the correlations among these distributions (Information, Energy)—what truly unifies Reality are the Sources: the Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields pairs which, through their Action, or rather their Interactions, generate all natural Phenomena.

Therefore, the Dynamics of the Sources—the (Derived) Action of the (Derived) Forces upon their respective (Derived) Fields—underlies and unifies all manifestations we call Reality. The Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation:Chirality and Rotation: AxisOrientation) constitute the unifying root of all natural Phenomena, Forces and Fields.

One more step towards a true, ultimate and absolute unification. All the Sources we call derived—all Force and Field pairs—represent different views of a single, fundamental, primary Entity generating Existence and Essence / Form: the Primary Source of Reality, the Fundamental Force and Elementary Field pair, from whose internal interaction the most elementary form of Existence—the fundamental substance of which everything is made—Elementary Action, springs forth incessantly.

Processes of Events as chaos / order Processes that can be represented as mixed stochastic / deterministic processes

The whole Reality, the Universe in Evolution—everything that we consider as existent—is made "by" Entities, but is not made "of" Entities. It may sound like a play on words, but it is a substantial aspect for a deeper understanding of the nature of Reality. Everything is composed of Events and Relations between them. More precisely, we must say that everything consists of Processes (representable through an evolving mix of stochastic and deterministic processes): Entities (Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields) manifesting themselves, producing Events organized by Relations forming Processes.

The Formation of Reality—its incessant construction, the Evolution of the Universe and its infinite structures—unfolds in the pursuit of an unattainable dynamic balance between chaos and order, elementary and complex, under an incessant pressure towards organization, which overcomes the natural tendency to increase disorder, as stated by the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Two concurrent boosts: action and reaction, organization and disorganization, construction / aggregation and destruction / disaggregation, movement towards greater order or towards greater disorder, negentropy and entropy. These two evolutionary drives are concurrent and cooperative Processes. The first push utilizes the available material—Events, Relations, Processes—to generate new Processes, new InfoStructures, new Forms, greater organization, increased Complexity. The second thrust produces new material for further Evolution by breaking down Processes and Structures, thereby reducing the level of organization and Complexity.

These chaos / order processes, which together incessantly realize the Formation of Reality, can be mathematically represented as stochastic / deterministic processes. The stochastic component accounts for the chaotic dynamics underlying the construction of new organization and new Information, which—through an incessant push towards causal Creation and Evolution—tends to produce new Existence. The deterministic component reflects the influence of existing organization, of existing Information, which—through an incessant push towards causal permanence—tends to preserve what already exists. This interaction between the stochastic and deterministic components generates chaos / order Processes oriented towards the Formation of an increasingly complex Reality. More Relations, more Information, more Structures, more Forms...

Classical and quantum fields as specific views of the Elementary Field

Classical fields are good representations of the continuum. They are functions of spatial and temporal coordinates (a numerical quantity assigned to every point in space that changes with time), like the gravitational field in Newtonian gravity and the electric and magnetic fields in classical electromagnetism. Classical field theories, across a wide range of applications, are able to make predictions about the results of observations and experiments and also to provide plausible descriptions and explanations of what really happens in the physical world. Unfortunately, they fail in more extreme domains, where we are confronted with the infinitely small, the infinitely dense and / or the extremely fast.

Quantum fields are continuous fields that can provide good representations of the discrete. In quantum field theories different fields can interact: the "general field" (for example, the electromagnetic field) and the "structure field" (for example, the electron field). The interaction of these two fields, the exchange of physical quantities such as energy and momentum, can produce the creation or annihilation of particular "states" called excitations, which correspond to particles and their interactions. Quantization arises from an operational process that replaces certain numerical quantities with operator-valued equations. Solutions must be interpreted as probabilities of outcomes of observations or experiments. There is no agreement on whether the interpretations we can give to them are not "real" representations of the physical world; some of their descriptions and explanations can appear counterintuitive, even paradoxical.

By extending these concepts, we could think of classical fields as special cases where the underlying continuous field is far more relevant than the structures present in it, when the physical quantities observed in the structures are small compared to those of the underlying field and the intensity of the forces that occur/produce between the structures is very weak (for example, gravity: small particle mass densities and small forces of gravitational attraction between them).

Using classical fields to describe Reality, where we can directly observe only the interactions between discrete structures in continuous fields and not the continuous fields themselves, does not yield good results, except in the special case of "Mass and gravitational phenomena", where, as mentioned, the quantities and forces involved are small. Only large concentrations of mass and very high densities undermine theories based on classical fields (this is the case of black holes, where classical theories such as General Relativity must confront problems like the hypothesis of singularities).

For the reasons mentioned above (prevalence of fields over structures, modest quantities and forces involved), the description of gravity provided by the theory of G.R. is absolutely correct (apart from the problems with singularities). It works well on large and very large scales, on sufficiently large concentrations of matter with non-extreme densities. It would be even more correct, and would work even in extreme conditions, if it were able to fully describe the interaction between the dynamics of the continuous field from the point of view of the discrete structures present in the field (classical field) and the dynamics of the discrete structures from the point of view of the continuous field that hosts them (quantum field). The concept is not trivial and requires extensive study.

The problem of quantizing gravity, beyond immense mathematical difficulties, is mainly linked to the fact that in conventional physics, relativistic as well as quantum, it does not emerge clearly that Space-time Metric deformation and Mass are the same thing, that the amount of the curvature (only of Time at the "normal" scales) and Mass density are not only equivalent, they are identical. Theories that use quantum fields poorly relate to Mass, Space and especially Time, to the point of denying the existence of the latter—first from a mathematical point of view and, finally, sometimes also from a physical and philosophical point of view.

Classical field theories are useful for seeing how Fields and Forces work. Quantum field theories, as they appear now, are useful for seeing how Structures work and interact. Different things, different points of view. A step forward is needed. An evolution of quantum fields and quantum field theories able to recover some aspects of classical field theories: the ability to deal with interacting InfoStructures, Waves and Vortices/Particles (well described by quantum fields) in continuous fields (well described by classical fields).

To do this, first we must stop thinking:

  • of particles as entities independent of the (general) field to which they are bound (e.g. electron and electric field),
  • of particles as field sources: the dynamics of the Elementary Field is the source of the InfoStructures that we call Particles, not vice versa,
  • that there are many different and independent fields: all fields that we detect or hypothesize are but different views of a single fundamental field, the Elementary Field, of which they represent "Derived Fields",
  • that all Derived Fields are at the same level of Complexity and have the same rank. In this model, it is assumed that the Derived Field we call Space-time—here referred to as the Metric Field (/Mass)—the Kinetic Field that supports Motion, the so-called Gravitational Field (the resulting combination of the Metric and Motion Fields), together with the Electric Field, which supports Charge, and the Magnetic Field, which supports Spin, all share the same (low) level of Complexity. These Derived Fields are direct manifestations of the Elementary Field and its dynamics, expressions of the four modes/components (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation). At a higher level of organization, we encounter more complex Derived Fields that express the dynamics of InfoStructures, namely the Particles described by the Standard Model: the weak and strong nuclear fields and forces, along with their interactions.

When we observe an electron, what really matters are not the interactions between the "general field" (e.g., the electromagnetic field, or rather the photon field that is the quantized version of the electromagnetic field, photons being its excitations) and the "structural field" (e.g., the electron field), as described in Quantum Field Theory (QFT). Nor is it solely the excited states we call Particles and their mutual interactions. While this approach works very well for predicting experimental results, to better understand this aspect of Nature, we must go deeper. What truly matters are the "patterns of organization", the schemes of the correlations between inhomogeneities in the distributions of small spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale—correlations that embody Information, the structured Energy we recognize in Particles and Waves. What matters are the stochastic/deterministic processes through which we can describe those correlations, those distributions, those fluctuations. Processes of Events organized by Relations (precisely correlations), because Reality does not "exist" in the classical sense: Reality "happens"!

The Fundamental Physical Quantities (like Space-time /Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin, etc.), which are associated with the corresponding classical and quantum fields, can be seen as high-level statistical measures of the collective behavior (state, dynamics, homogeneity/inhomogeneity ratio, etc.) of the stochastic/deterministic processes that describe the Processes of Events organized by Relations incessantly occurring in the Elementary Field, in its infinite extension or in a finite region/volume.

Particles and Waves, specific patterns of organization, extensive networks of correlations between distributions of fluctuations, which cover countless levels of magnitude (from the Planck scale to the scale of Particles and Waves), and which, like flocks of birds, move in unison creating a formal permanence that preserves their Existence and their Essence / Form, their Properties and Behaviors, their dynamics—always the same and always a little different—the root of that strange indeterminacy we observe at the level of the Structures of Information, reverberation of infinitely greater indetermination, ontological, which we find deep in the fundamental dynamics of the Elementary Field, where Elementary Events and the inhomogeneity of their distribution are incessantly produced: the Elementary Action, the "substance" of which all Physical Reality is composed.

Nonexistence, Existence, Nothingness, Emptiness, Somethingness, Wholeness, Void, Vacuum. Let's try to make it clearer

Nonexistence, Existence, Nothingness, Emptiness, Somethingness, Wholeness, Everything, Void, Absolute and Relative Vacuum are different states of Reality, different levels of expression, of manifestation, of the Source of Reality, the Primary Source, different levels of organization of the dynamics of the Elementary Field under the incessant creative and evolutionary pressure of the Fundamental Force.

Nonexistence and Existence are two aspects of Reality. The primary role of the Source of Reality is to incessantly mediate the transition between these two fundamental states:

  • Nonexistence corresponds to the state of Nothingness. It is the hypothetical state of the inexistence or non-expression of the Source of Reality: absence of manifestation of the Source, non interaction of its two aspects—the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. This state is impossible (zero probability) due to the Existence of the Source that exerts an incessant pressure toward Existence,
  • Existence corresponds to the states of Emptiness, Somethingness and Wholeness. These are the real states of Existence or expression of the Source of Reality: manifestation of the Source in Action, interaction of its two aspects: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. This state is "necessary" (greater than zero probability) due to the Existence of the Source, which exerts an incessant pressure toward Existence.

This phase transition, transition of "state", of dynamics, is here called "Creation", one of the two complementary sub‑Processes that together constitute the Process of Formation of Reality.

Nothingness, Emptiness, Somethingness, Wholeness correspond to different conditions / organizations of the dynamics of the Elementary Field that depend on the correlations among the distribution of the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations of the Field around the Planck scale, produced by the incessant pressure of the Fundamental Force.

Some definitions to distinguish among these terms:

  • Nothingness: absence of Elementary Events, no spatial fluctuations in/of the Field. No interaction between Force and Field, no manifestation of the Source. It is a purely hypothetical state, since the Source cannot avoid expressing itself by producing dynamics of / within the Elementary Field.
  • Emptiness: absolute homogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events; unstructured Field; no Dark / invisible or Ordinary / visible Structures in the Field, no Matter and no Radiation (no Gravitational Waves, no Electromagnetic Waves). No correlation among Elementary Events, full stochastic independence in the distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Field across all Modes / Components of Elementary Action. The most elementary form of Existence: the homogeneous, unperturbed "absolute vacuum", the quantum vacuum.
  • Somethingness: the structured Field. Presence of Structures of Information in the Field, which organize the Field under the incessant creative and evolutionary pressure of the Force:
    • Dark Structures — low-Mass density extended InfoStructures (Vortices: Dark Halos; Waves: Gravitational Waves; Interactions: the real Dark Structures that compone the Cosmic Web)
      • Vortices / Matter Structures composed of:
        • Dark Matter: the "substance" of the internal cores of Dark Halos and the depression regions of dark turbulence (positive Mass: low-density negative spatial correlations in the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Field)
        • Dark Energy: the "substance" of the external shells of Dark Halos and the depression regions of dark turbulence (negative Mass: low/medium-density positive spatial correlations in the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Field)
      • Waves / Energy Structures / Radiant Energy:
        • Gravitational Waves — low-density spatial correlations in the distributions of the fluctuations of the Field (organized linear and angular momentum propagating in the Elementary Field, representing impulse and polarization respectively)
    • Visible Structures — high-density compact structures (Vortices: massive particles such as leptons, quarks, bosons; Waves: electromagnetic waves; Interactions: composite particles such as baryons and mesons):
      • Vortices / Matter Structures:
        • Ordinary Matter: the composite "substance" characterize by positive Mass in the internal core/volume and negative Mass/positive "dark energy" in the outer space regions, the external shells): high-density inner negative (concentrated) and low-density outer positive (diffused) spatial correlations in the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Field
      • Waves / Energy Structures / Radiant Energy:
        • Electromagnetic Waves — high-density spatial correlations in the distributions of the fluctuations of the Field (organized linear and angular momentum propagating in the Elementary Field, representing impulse and polarization respectively)
    • Ordinary Energy: Elementary Physical Information


The Structures of Information


  • Wholeness: Everything represents the sum of all that has existed, exists, and will exist—the whole Reality, the Universe in Evolution.

Other definitions:

  • Absolute vacuum: corresponds to "Emptiness", the homogeneous, unperturbed, unstructured Elementary Field, the quantum vacuum.
  • Relative vacuum or the Void: the inhomogeneous, perturbed, structured Elementary Field, with the presence of Dark Structures only; weak spatial correlations in the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Field across all Modes / Components of Elementary Action; local medium-to-large-scale anisotropies; more complex forms of Existence; absence of Ordinary Matter; presence only of Dark Matter or Dark Energy, and/or spontaneous Ordinary Energy. Visible Structures are not present.

The Field as a whole, without causal, spacial and temporal limit, with its dynamical nature expressed by the Elementary Events and Elementary Action, possesses a universal, time-by-time universal more than zero total Energy.

This Energy corresponds to the sum of:

  • the "potential" Energy or the Energy/Information "of" the Field: Action frozen in Time, as a snapshot of all inhomogeneities / anisotropies / correlations in the distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Field across all modes of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation). In other words, a snapshot of the sum of the instantaneous stochastic dependencies among Elementary Events,
  • the "effective" Energy or the Energy/Information of the Structures of Information "in" the Field: Action frozen in Time, as a snapshot of all inhomogeneities / anisotropies / correlations in the distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Field across all Modes of Elementary Action that compose the Structures of Information in the Field. In other words, a snapshot of the sum of the instantaneous stochastic dependencies among Elementary Events that participate in the incessant formation of those Structures.

Quantum vacuum / foam is not a disturbance: it is the "real" substance of everything

We see Forms, objects: stars, planets, cars, glasses, cats... Looking more closely, we first observe molecules and atoms, then, even more deeply, Particles and Waves that interact to form those same objects and their molecules, their atoms. We then discovered that to represent and predict the Properties, Behaviors and interactions of those Particles and/or Waves we can resort to immaterial Entities, "Fields". We have found that the world appears to be composed of classical and quantum fields in relation to each other, sustained by unceasing dynamics.

But we must go even further... in search of something more fundamental, more elementary. In search of the substratum, of the substance, the "substantia"—that which lies beneath, which remains below the changing appearances, that which cannot be composed of anything other than itself.

That substance is the essence of impermanence and immateriality. It is the Elementary Action, the inhomogeneities in the distributions of Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations resonating around the Planck scale of the Elementary Field produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force, the two aspects of the Source of Reality. Therefore, we can and must say that Reality, all that exists, is formed by Elementary Events and their interactions, the inhomogeneities in their dynamics, which we call Elementary Action and its Modes / Components.

Those tiny fluctuations represent what physics now calls quantum vacuum, quantum foam, etc.—we can describe them as the temporary random fluctuation in the amount of Energy at a point in Space, as described by the Uncertainty Principle. It is a state of the Field where, as a quantum mechanical system, it may possess a non‑null ground energy. Quantum fields have a non‑null zero‑point energy (even in the vacuum state, the field modes behave like quantum harmonic oscillators, giving a non null contribution to the total ground Energy). In this model, I hypothesize that this fundamental form of Energy, of dynamics, is the sign of incessant activity—the incessant Action of the Force acting on the Field, the two complementary aspects of the Primary Source—an activity that manifests as the continuous production of Elementary Events.

Therefore, we must not think of quantum vacuum/foam as a disturbance. On the contrary, it is the "real" substance of all that exists.

The connection between the continuum and the quantum: continuity and discreteness

Two different worlds, one continuous—the one described by General Relativity—and the other, represented in Quantum Mechanics, where discreteness plays a central role. In crucial aspects they collide head-on, with improbable attempts at fusion. What will become of them? Will continuity yield to discreteness? Or the opposite?

But is this confrontation really necessary? Do we really have to find a winner and a loser? Or can we look for a meeting?

Looking at the Universe, the macrocosm and the microcosm together, we see both the continuous and the discrete. Letting apart math, why is it so hard to find a coexistence of the relativistic continuity and the quantum discreteness? Perhaps because it is not clear to us what happens where it happens. In my opinion, because the multilevel structure of Reality is not clear to us.

The solution lies in the coexistence of continuity and discreteness, simply on different planes of Existence, different Levels of Reality. Here I propose a vision in which the discrete emerges from the evolution, from the organization of the continuum. Both these conditions of Existence coexist in a harmonious relationship, where the discrete is embedded in the continuum at all dimensional scales, in some way at all levels of Reality. Even at the most elementary level, Elementary Events are incessantly generated by the Action of the Fundamental Force upon the Elementary Field. Elementary Events—the minute fluctuations resonating around the Planck scale—can be represented as infinitesimal discrete structures (tiny, ever-changing individualities) within a continuous field.

The dynamics of quantum structures embedded in a continuum. The Structures of Information (discrete) in /of the Elementary Field (continuous).

The speed of light in vacuum is a limit, not a constant (as we normally intend it)

"Speed of light in vacuum" is the common expression we use for the more precise: "upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter and light can travel in a condition we call vacuum". More accurately, we should say that this is the speed at which light (Electromagnetic Waves, Photons) travels in vacuum, and at the same time the upper limit of the speed of Ordinary Matter in vacuum. In an even more accurate form, we must say: "upper limit for the speed at which Causality / Action / Information can propagate in the Elementary Field". In fact, "Matter" can be considered a form of Information / Energy (Causality, expression of a Force, produced Action, In-Form-Action, structured Information, Structures of Information). Crucial to understanding this concept is the meaning we attribute to the term "vacuum". Here I intend a (more or less extended local) dynamical condition of the Elementary Field. And, in particular, I refer to the quality of vacuum I call "absolute vacuum", the absence of any structure in the Field: no Dark Structures (Dark Matter / Dark Energy), no visible Structures (Ordinary Matter, with its Dark Energy component), no Radiation (GW and EMW). Only stochastically independent spatial fluctuations around the Planck Scale—the "unstructured" Field, so to say. The term "vacuum" in conventional scientific language seems too vague. We will discuss its meaning further. It is a central concept on which the dynamics of Physical Reality is based.

The expression "absence of Matter" is not sufficient to precisely define this state (dynamic condition) of the Elementary Field. We must consider various different kinds of Structures, of Matter and Radiation, distinct from those that compose Ordinary Matter aggregations, such as the visible parts of galaxies and clusters. The Dark Structures that imply modifications of the speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information in the structured Field are Gravitational Waves, Dark Matter Halos, dark turbulence, and the Dark Energy boundaries (shells) of Dark Matter Structures. Therefore, this speed limit must be expressed with reference to the "unstructured Elementary Field", precisely the state / condition / dynamics we call "absolute vacuum."

In this work, within the context of the model for describing Reality that I am seeking to construct, I hypothesize that this speed limit can change in Space and Time. That it is variable, not constant as asserted by conventional physics (which has made it a central pillar of the entire theoretical framework and the absolute reference for experimental observation). In my opinion, its "local" (points or volumes in Space) and "instantaneous" (instants, moments, in Time) value depends on the first component of Action, which I call Perturbation. At each point-event in Space‑time, Perturbation is a function of the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field under the Action of the Fundamental Force, the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source.

The amount of Perturbation at a point in space depends on the presence and propagation of the Structures of Information at that location. For example, in a point-event of the Field that at a given moment sustains an infinitesimal portion of a galactic Dark Matter Halo, and thus exhibits non‑null Mass density, Causality / Action / Information (and therefore "light" as well) cannot propagate at the absolute vacuum speed limit.

Due to progressive complexification—the structuration of the cosmos produced by the incessant formation of Reality—we expect the absolute vacuum speed limit to decrease slightly over time. And this may be the origin of or it may be connected to those phenomena we observe in the cosmos, such as the curvature of Space, the acceleration of cosmic expansion, the tension among the different values of the parameters that characterize this expansion, as well as its inhomogeneity in Space and its evolution in Time, and many others.

Information / Energy (Relations / Correlations)

From Action to Information: the meaning of the word Information in a physical perspective

Action and Energy are two central concepts in physics. Within this model, Energy is regarded as an elementary form of Information in the physical domain of Nature. So, we need to rephrase: Action and Information are two central concepts in physics. Action and Information / Energy come immediately after two other fundamental concepts: Force and Field, which in this model of description of Reality are always coupled into a unitary Entity, a Source. The correct sequence is: Source (Force + Field) -> Action -> Information -> Structures -> Form. In other words: Entities (Sources) produce Events (Action), organized by Relations (Information) into Processes (Structures and Forms), which form Reality, the Universe in Evolution.

The difference between the concepts of Action and Information / Energy is very important. Normally, we arrive to Action starting from the point of view of Energy (unfortunately, we cannot directly measure Action; it is revealed only through calculation. Its connection to Energy emerges when we compare successive instants in time). We should do the opposite, since Action is the causal and variational precursor of Energy, of Information. Not only a conceptual or formal way, but in Nature, in the physical world. Energy is a physical quantity derived from Action. Therefore, we should define Energy as consequence of Action, a quantity derived from Action (the "variational derivative of Action with respect to the final time", changed in sign).

It is a paradox. Action is the key quantity, both conceptually and by its very nature, through its direct connection to the interaction that produces it. Yet unfortunately, it is a mathematical construct (the time integral of the Lagrangian) and cannot be measured, observed, or directly perceived. Energy, on the other hand, can be measured, but it is not the conceptually and physically fundamental quantity: it does not incorporate Time, it does not reflect the flowing nature of Reality, and it offers only a static image of a Reality that is ever-changing and impermanent.

The difference between these two concepts is essentially Time, one of the primary Dimensions of Reality. We must not forget that Energy and Time are conjugate variables. This means that they are linked by a fundamental relation — in the case of Energy and Time, this connection is manifested in the Schrödinger equation and in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Deriving, or dividing by Time means taking a snapshot of a System. We cannot observe the flow of Events that cause a system to change. We can only take two (or more) snapshots (observations/measurements) and compare them to understand what happened (how the system has changed) between the snapshots. This is probably why Action has historically been defined starting from Energy, and work. Energy (or rather Information) is what we measure. We cannot directly measure Action; we can only calculate it by considering Energy in two successive instants in Time.

Why do we speak of Information / Energy, of Energy as an elementary form of Information? Because when we take a snapshot of the world, what we obtain is not the flow of Action, of Events. What we get is not a flow, not Reality in its formation, in its becoming, but an image, a representation, static—a state, in fact. Energy and states are "artifacts" of formalism—artificial "constructions" that do not exist in the physical world. States, to which Information / Energy correspond, do not exist in Physical Reality, because Time flow never stops. Elementary Events are incessantly produced by the Source of Reality, by the Action of the Fundamental Force on the Elementary Field. Time, a relative concept whose (local) flow rate is a function of the density of Elementary Events, never stops. It can slow down to almost stop, as we hypothesize happens in the presence of very high Mass densities—for example, at the center of black holes. But it can never stop (this would require an infinite Mass density, which is not possible even if all the Mass of the Universe were concentrated in an infinitesimal point—no room for "singularities" in this model).

Due to its causal and variational nature, well expressed by the Principle of Uncertainty, Reality is constantly changing. Nothing is truly static, at any scale of magnitude, at any level of Complexity. It is an ontological Property, not a phenomenological aspect that can be corrected with more accurate measurement techniques, with a more precise choice of experiments, observations, or systems to be measured. Energy and Time are linked by a fundamental indetermination, which originates from the uncertainty underlying the incessant Creation of Reality: the Planck-scale tiny spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events), the inhomogeneities in their temporal distributions that represent the Elementary Action in its Modes / Components, from which all the fundamental physical quantities derive: Space and Time, Mass (deformation of Space-time), Motion, Charge and Spin.

In physics, action is a constructed scalar quantity defined as the time integral of the Lagrangian (kinetic minus potential energy). It is not simply derived from energy, but it has dimensions of energy x time and is deeply connected to the energy of the system through the Hamiltonian formalism. Energy x time. "Force" x displacement ("Space") x "Time".

In this model, as already mentioned, the term Action carries a meaning and a physical sense conceptually similar to Work (of a Force). Yet the dimensionality of conventional Action—defined as the time integral of the Lagrangian (kinetic energy minus potential energy)—can, in terms of Energy change, be reinterpreted as a new physical quantity. I continue to call it Action, though I realize this may cause some confusion. We can introduce a new quantity that weights the transfer of energy with respect to time, thereby obtaining the dimensionality of action ("energy" x "time", equivalently "force" x "space" x "time"). This new quantity, which we can call "Transfer Action", expresses both "how much and when" energy has been transferred, with the same dimensionality as conventional action (energy x time). In essence, it is a measure of energy transfer weighted in time: the amount and the moment at which it occurs.

This is a quantity not often employed in conventional physics, yet in my view it is of great importance—fundamental for reformulating dynamics in a more accurate way, one that better reflects the dynamics of natural Processes. It does so in terms of the causal and variational aspects arising from the interaction of Force and Field, that is, from the fundamental quantities of Force, Space, and Time. Above all, it enables us to describe the dynamics of the Elementary Field under the Action of the Fundamental Force, direct expressions of the Primary Source—a level of Reality that conventional physics does not (sufficiently) take into account.

Since in the model I am presenting here, Force, Space, and Time (Field) are the fundamental quantities through which I attempt to describe all dynamics—from the most elementary level of Reality to the most complex—it is evident that the quantity which synthesizes these three dimensions must be central. The concepts of Energy and Work neglect the dimension of Time, which is crucial for describing Physical Processes (processes that, as the term itself suggests, describe how reality evolves in time). Therefore, Energy and Work cannot represent the fundamental quantities of dynamics. They are secondary quantities, functional to the formalization of dynamical laws, but incapable of representing Reality as a flow. As already noted, "states" do not exist. They are convenient abstractions for us humans, who are unable to grasp Reality as a continuous flow. We can live it, of course, but we cannot apprehend or measure it in its flux; we must necessarily take snapshots, through which we attempt to know and measure the world.

Thus, to summarize, we require a quantity with the dimensionality of physical action (force x space x time) which, unlike the conventional definition provided by conventional physics, can express the meaning and measure of fundamental physical processes: how much and when (or for how long) a Force is expressed. I will return to this point repeatedly, as I believe it is crucial for a functional, procedural, and operational description of the dynamics of Physical Reality at all levels of Complexity.

And then, after this premise, what is the meaning of the word Information in a physical perspective? Basically, we have said that Information and Energy, as its elementary form, do not exist, since everything is constantly changing. Even though we need the concept of Energy to measure the world, we must be aware that this quantity is not capable of representing the incessant flow of formation of Physical Reality. It only provides us with fleeting snapshots of that process—approximations, always subject to the Principle of Uncertainty—since Energy and Time embody the archetype of conjugate quantities. But then, do Information / Energy not exist? What are they? What guarantees "permanence", conservation, which is the basis of the Evolution of Reality? If nothing is preserved, what can change more or less slightly to allow for evolution?

Information and Energy do not exist if by them we mean representations of "states" of a system. True "states" do not exist—they change incessantly. The faster this change is (the shorter the time in the equation linking Energy and Time in the definition of Action), the more difficult it is to obtain a precise value of Energy, a more "true", real information. For this reason, in this model of Nature we try to give a more dynamic definition of the concepts of Information and Energy. In a general sense, by Information we mean the scheme of organization of the Relations between Events, between Processes—the structures of Reality. A scheme, a pattern of the organization of Relations between Events, of Action, of the Relations that organize Events into sets, or better, into networks, into Processes.

At the most elementary level of Reality, we can reformulate this concept as the ever-changing configuration (within the limits of the Principle of Uncertainty) of the correlations (Elementary Information/Energy of the Elementary Field) between the inhomogeneities (Elementary Action) of the (perturbational/temporal, translational, rotational) distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) in resonance around the Planck-scale. The correlations between the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation:Chirality, Rotation:AxisOrientation) lead us respectively to the slightly more complex forms of Information that we call "Energy of physical systems": Metric/Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin.

Information is the foundation and object of the sub-process of Evolution, just as Action (Events) is the foundation and object of the sub-process of Creation. The two together make up the Process of Formation of Reality.

Why is Information so important both in the field of Relativity and in Quantum Mechanics? Because everything we deal with is Information. We, as well as the whole Universe, are made of Information—we are Information, composed of Structures of Information, that is Action that has taken form, Events organized by Relations in networks, in Processes. Information. In-Form-Action.

As we have seen above, Information arises from the Relations among Events, among Action in its Modes / Components. We can't directly see or measure Action, Events. We can observe and measure the result of Action, of Events. In this sense, Information (and Energy) is always an artifact. It does not exist in the common sense. Because Reality, everything, does not exist in a classical sense. Reality happens. Only Events exist, and Relations between them, between the Action that composes Processes, which form everything that exists, in an incessant evolution.

But the concept of Energy is necessary in order to grasp the Form of Reality in becoming—a Form that changes incessantly, sometimes with incredible rapidity, sometimes slowly, almost imperceptibly—before our senses, which are open to spaces and times incredibly vast compared to the infinitely small, and yet so narrow compared to the infinitely great. Our sensitivity, which we strive to expand through ever more sophisticated instruments, is limited, and we can perceive only a restricted domain of the infinite variety of forms, of the Form, of Information, which the incessant flow of Action conveys toward the construction of ever new Complexity.

Information, or Energy, is and gives us a representation of Reality. To take a snapshot we have to stop Time. A snapshot is not Reality. It is a representation of Reality. Reality is incessantly created and evolves. It incessantly goes on. In Reality there are no Information and Energy. In Reality there are only Events, Action, Relations, Processes that make everything happen. Our cognitive systems, under the vital pressure to construct models of Reality to aid our conservation and evolution in a complex and difficult world, incessantly take pictures of everything. We observe and make measurements, and we think that these snapshots, this Information, these Energy-measured quantities are real, are the effective Reality. But they are not.

They are always representations, snapshots, pictures of something in incessant motion, something from the past. We try to stop Time to enjoy the landscape, but the landscape incessantly changes and we never truly see the "real" landscape. We can only enjoy a series of pictures—static, and thus unreal—representations of Reality. From this aspect of Reality and of the Representations of Reality arises the problem of measurement, a central problem in the interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.

Action becomes Information (and its most elementary form, Energy) when we stop Time (in physics, if we divide Action by Time, we get Energy). In Nature, of course, we cannot stop Time. We can try to stop Time by making observations, measurements, snapshots of the unstoppable Process of Formation of Reality. Always approximations, due to the omnipresent indetermination, according to the Principle of Uncertainty. Each interaction is an exchange of Form (a variation, deformation, transformation, etc.), of Information (or Energy at the elemental levels of Reality). Interactions, as expressions of Sources—force/field pairs—are made up of Events, Action. They modify the Forms of the systems that interact. What is exchanged is Action that trans-Forms. Information, in fact.

Energy is an elementary form of Information (or Information is a complex form of Energy)

What is energy? A central question in physics. Normally we think to Information as something complex and immaterial, and to Energy as something more elementary, more physical. But I think they are the same. Or better, energy is an elementary form of Information. So, we can convert the basic question "What is Energy?", into a more general question: "What is Information?".

What is energy? A central question in physics. Normally we think of Information as something complex and immaterial, and of Energy as something more elementary, more physical. But I argue they are the same. Or rather, energy is an elementary form of Information. Thus, we can transform the basic question "What is Energy?" into a more general one: "What is Information?".


The central part of Evolutionary Physics model is represented by the Process of Formation of Reality: how the Primary Source, the Source of Reality, incessantly creates the Elementary Events that forms the Elementary Action (the most elementary form of Existence), and how this Action organize, takes form in Information (In-Form-Action), whose evolution produce all the Structures of Information and the Forms that compose the Universe in evolution.

The central part of the Evolutionary Physics model is represented by the Process of Formation of Reality: how the Primary Source, the Source of Reality, incessantly creates the Elementary Events that form the Elementary Action (the most elementary form of Existence), and how this Action organizes and takes shape as Information (In-Form-Action), whose evolution produces all the Structures of Information and the Forms that compose the Universe in evolution.


So, in this model of description of Reality, Information is Action that takes a form through Relation. At the most elementary Levels of Reality, Information is represented by the sets/nets of Relations that organize (the distributions of) the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action, and its modes / components. Only inhomogeneous sets/nets of Events manifest, represent, "are" Information. Homogeneity represents the minimum level/amount of Information (absolute homogeneity: no Information).

In this model of Reality, Information is Action that takes form through Relation. At the most elementary Levels of Reality, Information is represented by sets/nets of Relations that organize the distributions of Elementary Events, the Elementary Action, and its modes/components. Only inhomogeneous sets/nets of Events manifest, represent, and "are" Information. Homogeneity represents the minimum level or amount of Information (absolute homogeneity: no Information).


The more elementary form of inhomogeneity is an Elementary Event, a local basic deformation of the Elementary Field (a local fluctuation of the Field at the Planck scale). But looking at the Field (animated by those fluctuations) at a more distance, a volume with a not null extension, which can include a statistically significant number of point-events, we will see again a little less elementary form of homogeneity, but always homogeneity. It is the "without form", Action without form. Again, considering not a single point, but a 3D interval, a volume, we will find no Information, because all the distributions of the fluctuations of each point-event in that volume are equal. At the level of the singles Elementary Events (which can be described as independent stochastic processes), those inhomogeneities represent the ontological nature of the Elementary Events themselves (no fluctuations at Planck scale, no Elementary Events), but if the singles Elementary Events don't manifest any relation with each other, no Elementary Action emerges, and therefore no Information is present in the Elementary Field.

The most elementary form of inhomogeneity is an Elementary Event, a local basic deformation of the Elementary Field (a local fluctuation of the Field at the Planck scale). But when observing the Field (animated by those fluctuations) from a greater distance, within a volume of non-zero extension that includes a statistically significant number of point-events, we again perceive a less elementary form of homogeneity—yet still homogeneity. It is the "without form", Action without form. Considering not a single point but a 3D interval, a volume, we find no Information, because all distributions of fluctuations of each point-event in that volume are equal. At the level of individual Elementary Events (which can be described as independent stochastic processes), those inhomogeneities represent the ontological nature of the Elementary Events themselves (no fluctuations at the Planck scale, no Elementary Events). However, if individual Elementary Events do not manifest any relation with each other, no Elementary Action emerges, and therefore no Information is present in the Elementary Field.


At this point, a new form of inhomogeneity can emerge. It is what we will consider the most elementary form of Information: a gradient in the distributions of the Elementary Events. We call this: Perturbation, the most elementary form of Action, the mode / component of Action related to the intensity of the elementary fluctuations. Perturbation, with Translation and Rotation are the three basic forms of the Elementary Action, the basic modes/components of Action. They are the building block of Reality. Relations among these forms of Action, the basic ways in which Elementary Events can organize, represent the fundamental Information, the basic forms of Energy. Because they are the basic ways in which the Fundamental Force manifests itself, producing the Derived Agents / Forces that we see at work in the Nature, we can represent them in terms of the vector algebra: gradient, divergence, rotation/curl.

At this point, a new form of inhomogeneity can emerge. This is what we consider the most elementary form of Information: a gradient in the distributions of Elementary Events. We call this Perturbation, the most elementary form of Action—the mode/component of Action related to the intensity of elementary fluctuations. Perturbation, together with Translation and Rotation, constitutes the three basic forms of Elementary Action, the fundamental modes/components of Action. They are the building blocks of Reality. Relations among these forms of Action—the basic ways in which Elementary Events can organize—represent fundamental Information, the basic forms of Energy. Since they are the basic ways in which the Fundamental Force manifests itself, producing the Derived Agents / Forces that we observe in Nature, we can represent them in terms of vector algebra: gradient, divergence, rotation/curl.


More complex form of Energy / Information can emerge from the Evolution (Organization, Transformation, Selection) of more and more complex relations among these three elementary forms of Action, the Elementary Information, which we normally call Energy.

More complex forms of Energy/Information can emerge from the Evolution (Organization, Transformation, Selection) of increasingly complex relations among these three elementary forms of Action—the Elementary Information—which we normally call Energy.


Energy, Time and Uncertainty: at the very basis of Physical Reality

The Principle of Uncertainty is not only relevant in quantum mechanics for particles. It is a general principle, specially relevant in the most elementary levels of Reality, more elementary than the level of the Structures of Information (Waves and Particles). This principle describes a fundamental aspect of Reality, its fundamental creative nature which is the very basis of the incessant formation of Existence.

The uncertainty principle implies that it is not possible to predict the value of both complementary variables with arbitrary certainty, even if all initial conditions are specified. This states that Reality in uncertain at its basis (nothing to do with the observer effect, which notes that observations, measurements, as interactions, affect the observed). We need to review the concept of Realism, or at least one of its fundamental elements. At the base of Reality there is no deterministic causality. Quantum uncertainty is not an aspect that can be healed by a broader theory, hidden variables, or other ingenious tricks. Uncertainty is ontological, not phenomenological. We, all the rest and the whole Universe, exist only because the primary expression of the Source of Reality is indeterminate, uncertain (where the inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field incessantly produces Elementary Events, the small fluctuations of the Field at the Planck scale).

Uncertainty is pervasive, ubiquitous, in the most elementary Levels of Reality (from the Planck scale to the Processes of Events that we call particles and waves, the Structures of Information, and in some form even beyond, for atoms, etc.). Uncertainty has to do with the way in which Elementary Events are incessantly produced, and how their distributions in the Elementary Field manifest inhomogeneity in their fundamental parameters, inhomogeneities that constitute Elementary Action and its Modes / Components. It is this underlying uncertainty that allows Reality to exist. If the distributions were certain, determined, the Elementary Field would be absolutely homogeneous, there would be no fundamental gradients (the Elementary Action in its component that we call Perturbation) on whose organization the whole existence of Reality is based. No Elementary Event = Nothingness, Inexistence. Homogeneity of the distributions of Elementary Events = Absolute Emptiness. However, nothing would exist. Certainly not Reality as we know it, which is the result of the incessant creation of Elementary Events by the Source of Reality, which incessantly promotes the evolution of the organization of the inhomogeneities of the distributions of Events in Information, Information Structures, Forms, the whole Universe, in an escalation of complexity. Inhomogeneity of the distributions of Elementary Events = Somethingness, the root of all that exists.

Certainty, Necessity (and the consequent determinism) emerge from the causal evolution of Reality. When we move away from the most elementary levels of Reality, from the Source, from the Events and the Elementary Action, from the Information / Energy and from the Structures composed by it (waves and particles), when we are dealing with larger scales of magnitude, larger aggregates of Structures, here the weight of uncertainty gradually diminishes, the uncertainty slips into the background, and certainty and necessity emerge with ever more force, what we observe in our macroscopic reality, in the domains of classical physics. The third step in the evolution of Causality is the Purposiveness, the emergence of sense, of meaning, of good, a more complex form of necessity, relevant to the cognitive systems of the living beings (and automata), from the most elementary to the most complex forms, such as the human beings.

One of the most important uncertainty relation is that between Energy and Time. Rewritten in its fundamental components (Energy = Force by displacement, this variation of spatial distance), it relates Force, Space and Time and provides us with the formal description of the incessant Creation of Reality at its most elementary level. Force represents the causal aspect of Creation, the spatial and temporal variations represent the variational aspect. This relation fully expresses the incessant manifestation of the Source of Reality, the inner interaction between the Fundamental Force (Force, Cause) and the Elementary Field (from its most elementary organization emerge what we call Space and Time) produces the Elementary Events (i.e. we can describe through stochastic processes), the inhomogeneities of which distributions represent the Elementary Action in its modes / components (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation), the "substance" from whose organization / aggregation everything that exists is made, the entire evolving Universe.

The other uncertainty relations, so relevant in quantum mechanics, such as that for position and momentum, can ultimately be traced back to that between Energy and Time, which in my opinion is the basic one, involving Force, Space and Time, the Fundamental Dimensions of Reality, covering the two basic Dimensionalities, Causality and Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality). In the relation of indetermination that involves Energy and Time (and therefore Force, Space and Time), the physical quantities that are subject to indetermination are the spatial distances and the temporal distances, or durations, assuming constant the Fundamental Force. Therefore, the uncertainty relating to the Energy of a system (a region / volume of the Elementary Field, a particle, an atom, etc.) is due to the uncertainty of the spatial component (in terms of extension and / or location) and not to the causal component (Force). To this uncertainty is added the uncertainty relating to the physical quantity Time (event duration, interval between events, etc.).

In particular, temporal uncertainty can affect all the different types of Time we can deal with: Proper or Intrinsic Time (e.g. the lifetime of a particle), External Time (the average time of the region of the Elementary Field in which the particle is present / moving), Observable Time (in the sense attributed by Quantum Mechanics, the temporal distribution of the observed events, e.g. decays). Hence, the areas of uncertainty in a measurement involving an elementary particle, e.g. an electron (a Vortex-type Structure of Information) moving in the Field (the Elementary Field, in all the views of the combinations of the components of Elementary Action that we call the Derived Physical Fields - the Gravitational, Kinetic, Electric, Magnetic, weak and strong nuclear, etc.) simultaneously concern the localization (Space), the Intrinsic Time of the particle, the External Time of the region of the Field in which we have the presence / propagation / interaction / etc. of the particle, and the Observable Time, the temporal distribution of the observation / measurement events. All these contributions produce a huge amount of uncertainty, the amount that we find in the Energy Time uncertainty relation.

The ubiquitous central role of Relation, of co-relation or, better, "(cor)relation" in the formation of Reality

A few notes on these terms:

  • Formation of Reality: the sum, the superposition of the two Formative sub-processes, Creation and Evolution, respectively the creation of new Events and the creation of new Relations, respectively the production / emergence of Existence and Essence / Form.
  • Relation: Relation is a broad concept. In this model, and in particular in the field of Formation of Reality, by Relation we mean every connection, association, influence, dependence between Events, or more generally, between Processes of Events (Structures, Forms). Relations give form to Action. Relations between Events, between Action, represent Information (In-Form-Action: Action that has a form). Relation is the root of Information, which is the object of Evolution toward complexity. Relation is the root of Interaction, of all the interaction that shape the world, that produce all the phenomena, Events organized by Relations.
  • Correlation: correlation or dependence is any relation between two or more Events. Events, their distributions can be described by a combination of stochastic and deterministic processes.

At the most elementary level of Reality, the incessant expression of the Source of Reality, through the interaction between its two aspects, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, produces the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations of the Field at the Planck-scale. Each point of the Field can be thought of as a source of Events (a point-event) with a characteristic distribution with a specific power spectrum. All the distribution tend to be similar, but, as stated by the Principle of Uncertainty, interactions between the adjacent point-events produce inhomogeneities, which represent Elementary Action. If those distributions are stochastically independent, we can say that in the Field there are no Structures of Information and there are no physical quantities (or rather, we can say that physical quantities like Mass are zero). If the distributions are dependent, we can say that in the Field there is Information, there are Structures of Information and some physical quantity associated to them (such as Mass, Motion, Charge and/or Spin) with a value other than zero.

At the level of the Structures of Information (Waves, Particles, Interactions) and their Fundamental Physical Quantities Mass / Space-time curvature, Motion, Charge and Spin, the key is (cor)relation, Organization, Information. All the Formation of Reality is determined by the correlations between Elementary Action. More generally, at the most complex levels of Reality, Formation, the existence and form of the Universe, and its ever-changing content, is determined by the central role of Relation.

Everything we see in Reality, in the Universe in Evolution, comes from the Relation (correlation) between Events produced by Entities (Sources). Everything has a relative, a relational root. Nothing exists like in the classical interpretation of the world. Everything happens and takes its shape, its Essence / Form, from the Relations between the Events that participate to its Existence. Hence, Space itself, like Time, the structure that we call Space-time, and again, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin and all the more complex Physical Quantities, come from Relation. They have a relational nature and dynamics.

Both the two sub-processes of Formation, Creation and Evolution find their expression from Relation (one of the two fundamental Operators of Reality). In the sub-process of Creation is Relation (the inner interaction) between the two complementary aspects of the Primary Source, Fundamental Force and Elementary Field, which realizes the most elementary form of Existence, the production of Elementary Events, of Elementary Action. In the sub-process of Evolution is Relation, "the interactions between the Events" which realizes the more and more complex forms of Existence, the Organization, Transformation and Selection of Information in Structures, which make up the Forms that populate our Universe.

Patterns everywhere...

Wherever we look in the cosmos or in the microcosm we see more or less ordered patterns. Inhomogeneities, diversities, organize themselves to produce something different, more Complex Events than those that participate in that organization. It is a hierarchical escalation of nested networks of Events organized in more Complex Events, Processes organized in more complex Processes, networks that make up the Reality in which we live.

Events, Action, everything that makes Reality "exist" happens incessantly. And then, if everything happens incessantly, nothing is and remains what it was, what is conserved? Why, in a constantly recreated and ever-changing Reality, do things seem to be conserving and, at the same time, evolving?

Because of Relations and the patterns of their organization: what we call Information (and its most basic form, Energy). Only Relations can be objects of conservation in Nature, and the Processes formed by them. Those Relations that our Cognitive Systems recognize and represent as patterns of organization, networks of Relations that constitute Information, which is both a conservative and dynamic element of the evolution towards complexity. Conservative because it spreads into the future, it gives permanence to what happened. Dynamic as it projects new opportunities for organization into the future, for the creation of new relations between the new Events that constantly happen. Potential that becomes actual. Process of Formation of Reality. Process of realization.

Patterns are not in nature, they are in us. Representations constructed by our Cognitive Systems, which are specialized in recognizing Relations between Events, between Processes, between things... We are relative beings. We have no tools to see and understand the absolute directly, but evolution has specialized us for the observation and understanding of what, like us, exists in the relative dimension of existence. Translated into the terms of this model, we cannot directly observe Entities and Events, but we can see and understand Relations and the relational elements of Processes. Our knowledge of Nature is ontologically and phenomenologically relational, relative, we cannot grasp the Action in its occurrence, we incessantly take snapshots of Nature, we obtain Information, we measure Energy, then from it we infer the Action, the Events that produced it.

Discreteness and quantum are different things: from Particles to Structures of Information within Fields

For discreteness we intend the state or quality of being discrete, separated or distinct. For quantum, we intend the minimum amount of any physical entity or physical property, involved in an interaction. And that the magnitude of the quantized physical property can take on only discrete values consisting of integer multiples of one quantum. Two very different concept. The first is considered as opposite of continuity. The second as an alternative to the classical vision of entities and their properties.

Simplifying somewhat, we could say that the association of discreteness with quantum is very superficial. In spite of both classical and quantum physics, the world appears to be both continuous "and" discrete, both classical "and" quantum. We should deal with this evidence and stop "opposing opposites". Accept the thankless task of having to integrate continuous and discreet, classical and quantum aspects, both correct, both true.

The mathematical inconsistency can be overcome if we identify the areas well, if we clearly state some fundamental conceptual points:

  • Nature, at its most elementary level, is fundamentally continuous, but it already contains the seeds of discreteness that will emerge evident at levels of greater organization, of greater complexity (the Elementary Field is continuous and so are all derived fields, e.g. space-time / gravitational, electromagnetic, but the Elementary Events, even if continuous fluctuations of / in a continuous field, manifest the first expression of the Principle of Individuation, which leads to the discrete),
  • ourselves and everything we directly experience is composed of Structures of Information (Waves, Particles, Interactions, etc.), only indirectly do we have to deal with the underlying continuous fields, through those same Structures, which represent organizations of the continuous,
  • in an interaction between particles, not only excited quantum fields are involved: the Information / Energy of the particle (e.g. an electron), its dynamics and its strange behavior can be well described by a quantum field, but the electromagnetic field that allows, for example, the interaction of electric charges is continuous in every point of the electromagnetic field (a derived field, a particular view of the Elementary Field).
  • no point particles: if we leave behind the comfortable illusion that particles are point-like, we avoid the infinitives that lead to the need for an embarrassing renormalization, and we obtain a more truthful and accurate, even if more complex to treat mathematically, representation of particles, of the interactions between them and the continuous fields that support their mass, motion, charge and spin
  • Planck's constant is not a sign of a quantization at the most elementary level of Nature: it tells us that at the most elementary level, where Reality is created and incessantly re-created through the production of Elementary Events, the quantity of Action produced and available as a substrate, substance, for the existence and dynamics of waves and particles, is on average the same in any point of the Elementary Field. We refer in particular to the Modes of Elementary Action that we call Translation and Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, respectively the roots of what we commonly call Motion, Charge and Spin, which represent the Fundamental Physical Quantities of photons or quanta of light (movement of propagation at the maximum speed allowed in each point of the Field / Motion, fluctuation of the component of the electric field / Charge and of the magnetic one / Spin).

All this can help us to integrate gravity and quantum fields into a broader framework that allows us to correctly represent the two components of nature: continuous fields (fields derived from the unitary Elementary Field) and discrete / quantized structures (Structures of Information: Waves, Particles) interacting within and with the aforementioned continuous fields that support their existence. Gravity appears difficult to quantify as for Mass and gravitational phenomena, in the world of the infinitely small, for the dynamics and interactions of elementary particles, the relevance of the Field component with respect to the Structure component is extremely smaller than, for example, the force / field electromagnetic (Charge and Spin). This fact decisively masks the quantum aspects of gravity, which emerge only at immensely larger scales (large mass concentrations, extreme densities, for example, in black holes). Another fundamental obstacle, the wrong representation of particles as point-like entities, which not only leads to infinities that are difficult to treat, but in the case of gravity inevitably leads to having to deal with singularities. Mass and gravity are based on the deformations of Space-time. Hypothesizing particles without spatial extension basically undermines the possibility of understanding their space-time dimension, and therefore their mass and gravity.

God doesn't play dice with the world

"God doesn't play dice with the world." is Albert Einstein's most famous statement on quantum physics. My esteem and consideration for Einstein and his work is boundless, but I cannot completely agree with this belief of him. God, or rather, the Source of Reality, the couple Fundamental Force and Elementary Field, in its foundations, at the most elementary level, manifests itself in a chaotic, uncertain, indeterminate form. The most basic form of Action is well described by the Principle of Uncertainty.

Does this mean that all natural phenomena are random and that nothing can be predicted with a given accuracy? No, it's not like that. The emergence of deterministic certainties is the result of a profound evolutionary process. The whole Process of Formation of Reality is an incessant tension towards order, a progressive emergence of organization from chaos / chance. Chaos-order processes, where the organization builds more and more complex Information starting from more or less chaotic Action. The same evolution of the causal dimension of Reality starts from Uncertainty, from indeterminacy, which we find in quantum dynamics and represent through probabilities, to arrive at Certainty, determination, as represented by the laws of classical dynamics, to evolve further towards Purposiveness, sense, which we find in the dynamics of Cognitive Reality, where Cognitive Processes emerge and are expressed.

Therefore Reality is the result of the interacting dynamics of these superimposed levels, partly dominated by uncertainty, partly by certainty and partly, as regards the complex dynamics of the cognitive systems of living beings, by purpose and meaning. Nothing is exclusively uncertain, just as nothing is completely certain or purpose‑oriented. Even the orbit of a planet, which can be predicted highly precisely based on the classical relativistic laws of motion and gravitation, if observed in infinite detail, measured with infinite precision, would show the infinitesimal influence of quantum fluctuations, which regulate the matter, of which the celestial bodies involved are formed, and the space-time in which they move. What changes is the relevance.

Observing a single electron of any atom, of any grain of dust on that planet, the uncertain / indeterminate dynamics, dear to quantum mechanics, would dominate the scene, overcoming the few deterministic aspects. By observing the entire planet in its orbital motion and its revolving around its star, the deterministic aspects would vastly outweigh the incredibly small quantum effects, which substantially offset each other. Processes of Events, always processes, which we can mathematically describe as integrated stochastic and deterministic processes, where the two components of uncertainty and certainty, indeterminacy and determination, intertwine, prevailing in turn in the various domains of Reality, at the different dimensional scales and levels of Complexity.

The measurement problem: the weirdness of quantum world

There are a lot of weird aspects to quantum mechanics. Among the weirdest and most relevant for the understanding of the nature of Reality and for the interpretation of quantum mechanics itself we find the problem of measurement.

This problem considers how, or whether, wave function collapse occurs. We cannot directly observe this collapse. This fact has led to several different interpretations of quantum mechanics.

Some keywords in measurement problem (with exemplary references to the Spin, the spatial orientation of intrinsic angular momentum, in the Stern-Gerlach experiment):

  • System: a physical system, i.e. a particle, an electron
  • State: a state, a condition of a property of a physical system, i.e. the spin of an electron. "States" does not exist. Time cannot be stopped. We can take a snapshot, and call that a state. But it is an abstraction. Systems incessantly evolve, even when they appear static and stable
  • Wave function: it is not the quantum system that we are measuring, it is a mathematical object with which quantum mechanics represents the states of physical systems
  • Superposition: two (or more) quantum states can be added together ("superposed") and the result will be another valid quantum state
  • Collapse: the result of an observation, when a wave function, in a superposition of several states, reduces to a single state due to interaction with the external world
  • Measurement: an interaction between observed (a physical system) and observer (a measurement apparatus)
  • Interaction: exchange / transfer of Action / Information between two systems. Interaction, and so measurements, always modify the observed and the observer.

The measurement problem more in detail:

  • the wave function evolves deterministically as described by the Schrödinger equation as a linear superposition of different states (i.e. spin up and spin down)
  • actual measurements shows the physical system in a definite state (i.e. spin up)
  • future evolutions of the wave function are based on the state detected by the measurement process,

This means that the measurement "acted" on the system, not as a consequence of Schrödinger evolution. The measurement problem try to describe what is happening to the system, "how a superposition of many possible values becomes a single measured value". The Schrödinger equation determines the evolution of the wave function. If everything involved (the observer and its apparatus) can be described as well with a deterministic wave function, we should be able to predict single measurement outcomes with arbitrary precision. Why only probabilities of a large number of measuring events? Why quantum mechanics is unable to account for single outcomes of experiments, but only probabilistic predictions.

Why are we unable to observe the collapse of a wave function? Because there is no superposition as it is intended in quantum mechanics. The erroneous concept of superposition, from which the problem of measurement and the whole theme of the interpretation of quantum mechanics derives, which has led to such unrealistic and sometimes frankly absurd theories in my opinion, arises from these fundamental aspects:

  • a wave function is not the quantum object that we are measuring; wave function is a mathematical object with which quantum mechanics represents the states of physical systems
  • ignorance about the true nature and the form of quantum systems and their states
  • ignorance about evolution and dynamics of those systems and states

Particles are not point entities, nor monolithic objects (i.e. tiny marble balls). Even the most elementary particles are complex structures, with a relevant spatial extension in terms of Planck length (1.6 x 10-35), their existence and evolution resulting from the interacting dynamics of an immense number of Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale (i.e. an electron, assumed a classical radius of about 2.8 x 10-15 exists and continue to exist because of the incessant correlated dynamics of at least 5 x 1060 point events in / of the Field. A huge amount of Elementary Action! For a simple, common electron, one of the billions of billions of billions ... of electrons in the Universe, so complex, so sensitive to forces, to interactions, to everything around it. How can we think that all this complexity can be reduced to a linear, deterministic behavior, predictable with infinite precision. We are in the field of ignorance, and the result of our measurements is still ignorance. On a collective level, only on a large number of measurements, of systems, can we obtain a certain probabilistic "certainty" on the outcome of our measurements.

Let's try to measure the equivalent of the particle spin of a flock composed of about 1060 birds, each characterized by a behavior that is partly autonomous / independent and partly dependent / correlated to that of the other birds in the flock, with greater influence to and from the nearest birds. Not an easy job! Would we be surprised not to be able to determine with infinite precision the outcome of single observations on a single flock so composed? I do not believe. All we could do would be to repeat numerous measurements and then probabilistically express the result of what we observe. I don't know if the dynamics of each bird in the flock can be fully described in a deterministic way. There is always a random component. But, in any case, I don't think it is possible to describe in a deterministic way the collective behavior of such a complex entity as a whole flock of 1060 birds.

Structures of Information: Matter Vortices/Halos/Particles and/or Waves (Processes)

Matter is not fundamental, or, better, is not so fundamental...

It is natural that we are searching the basic constituents of matter, that we hope to find a fundamental particle, the most elementary particle, the "first" particle, that we try to find the origin of all that we can observe in Nature, digging in the deep of matter. It is natural because we are made of matter, we are matter. Even the cognitive aspect of living beings and humanity, in an evolutionary perspective, seem to raise from the emerging complexity produced by the evolution of matter. And even religions focus on the act of creating matter by god (s).

But I think there must something else. Or better, maybe matter is a particular form, state, of something else, something more fundamental, hiding in the deep processes in the true factory of Reality. Philosophy, science, physics, in their histories, have given us various representations of matter and what we think matter is. The evolution of those representations toward covariant fields, and then, quantum fields, the current attempts to go even beyond, to get a quantum theory of gravity (through the synthesis of quantum covariant fields) and to grasp the grand unification, in my opinion is always too much focused-on matter as we know it.

I think that we must do one more step beyond, to forget matter and atomism for a while, and to focus on something that in the evolutionary perspective proposed by this research project, by this new coming system of knowledge, appear more fundamental: Action (Events) and Information (Relations among Events). Action is the emerging product of Creation, while Information is the emerging product of Evolution. Everything (even matter!) is made of that.

Radiation and particles are not the main part of what exists (or rather, “happens”) in Nature

Waves and Particles, Radiation and Matter, their interactions and their dynamics are very important parts of Reality (we and almost all that we can observe and measure in the Universe are made of these two classes of structures). But we need to stop thinking that everything that exist is made of these stuffs. To understand the dark side of Nature and the most elementary levels of Reality, in the study of natural phenomena we have to go far beyond the atomistic vision.

It is like to watch the surface of a volcanic lake. We observe vapor, bubbles, whirls, the mineral composts floating in and above water, potent geysers rising high. But it seems like we are not able to look under the surface, to look at the water, that transfers the heat and the motion from the deep of the earth to the surface and to the structures that catch our attention.

It is as if, unable to see below the surface, we focus on all the phenomena above the surface, trying to explain them only in terms of what we can see directly, even if we do not fully understand them. I think we are forgetting the main part of what is happening! Our cognitive system is specialized in recognizing structures, patterns and changes in them. So, it is natural that we focus on particles, waves and their interactions, ignoring what hosts them, what supports them.

Looking at the sky, we don't have to just watch the clouds move. We have to look at the ("apparently") calm blue sky that is the background of everything that happens there and that catches our curious attention. Observing and measuring the clouds, without studying the blue of the sky which, like the void, apparently lies between them, does not allow us to fully understand what clouds are, why they exist and how they behave and interact, producing all meteorological phenomena that affect our lives.

I wrote that the blue sky "apparently lies between the clouds", "apparently" because the background, the sky in our metaphor, and the structures, the clouds, are not different kind of things. They are always atoms, molecules, only differently organized, combined, structured. The same with space-time and the structures we call waves and particles. They are not really "in" the space-time field, they "are" the space-time field, or better, the Elementary Field differently organized. Different "Information", In-Form-Action, what gives a different form to the Elementary Action.

The "inconstancy" of natural constants and a deeper vision of an amazing equivalence

Speed of light in the vacuum, quantum of action, etc. are no longer to be considered as constant. Although they always can be considered basic reference quantities, their values, their intensities are strongly dependent on the (universal and local) state of the "void" and on our comprehension of its true nature and dynamics.

Void is not "empty", is not like nothingness. Void, as Quantum Mechanics suggests, is full of incessant fluctuations, full of energy. It is animated by "something", in the way stated by the uncertainty principle. Space-time, and, more in deep, the Elementary Field is full of what we call Elementary Action, the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations at the Planck scale, the most elementary form of Existence.

Natural constants are dependent on the (universal and local) distributions (in form and intensity) of those fluctuations. In the case of "c", the speed of light, its intensity is determined by the distributions of the intensities of those fluctuations. It is a measure of the stress of Space-Time, its curvature. Light does not speed off due to space-time curvature produced by the presence of a massive object. The curvature "is" the Mass. Mass, the curvature of space-time and the (local) speed at which light travels are all effects of a particular form of the organization of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations in/of the Elementary Field.

These physical quantities are the same thing, the expression of the nature and dynamics of something more fundamental. This is an amazing equivalence: mass density, speed of light (velocity of propagation of information), curvature of space-time, temperature of the Field = distribution of the intensities of the elementary fluctuations in the Field (we call this "Perturbation", a fundamental form of Elementary Action, the fundament of metrics, mass and gravitation).

So, the relevant question is: why these distributions are not homogeneous in space and time dimensions? This question is very important because all that exists emerges and evolves from the organization of these fluctuations. In short, it is true that everything is made of void, but the central matter is: "why the void is not really void and how it behaves in the particular ways that allows/forces Reality to organize and evolve the way we see?"

The shape of particles and atoms is different from what we think and ever changing

We often think of Particles as solid objects, in the sense that we give macro objects (iron balls, for example), or as point-like entities, without spatial extension, or more as abstract entities, which can only be described through probability and complex math equations, which exist and do not exist at the same time, which are here and there, and so on.

When we think to a particle (even if, we know, it is a very tiny piece of matter), we have to imagine something distributed in space (a huge amount of correlated Elementary Events). In facts, even the imagine of something distributed in space is not correct. We should say "a part of space (even space is made of events, space incessantly happens as everything else) organized in a form that we can recognize as a particle" (in the form of a 3D vortex, characterized by properties that we call Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin, and many other physical quantities related to the type of particle we are dealing with). Or better, we have to say: “a part of the Elementary Field where the distributions of the tiny fluctuations (Elementary Events) that we call Elementary Action are correlated in a form that we can recognize as a particle of matter”.

Even this short definition is not completely true. But I'm trying to move from a more or less familiar image (something distributed in space) to a completely new and strange image where is something more elementary than Mass, Matter, Particle, some more elementary than Space, Time, that is organized by something else (Information) in a particular form. A particle of matter, moving in the Elementary Field (organized in a Space), with its Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin, due to the organization (Information) of the basic components of Elementary Action, its spatial modes (correlations in the intensities of the distributions of the point events that host that particle Mass, in their point directions in space Motion, in their point Rotation:Chirality Charge and in their point Rotation:AxisOrientation, the direction of the axis of rotation in space Spin).

These are the ways in which the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at Planck scale, express themselves in the incessantly emerging space-time that supports the Structures of Information (Waves and Vortices, the massive particles, and their interactions). Structures of Information are what organize, give a form to the Field in its fluctuating essence that we call Elementary Action, and, at same time, the manifest result of the coherence/correlation among the tiny fluctuations (in their intensities and modes of expression) of the Field, the Elementary Events, the unmanifest (directly non-observable).

This is result of the process of Formation that we can think as ideally composed by two sub-processes: Creation (the formation of the unmanifest) and Evolution (the formation of the manifestation through the incessant Organization, Transformation and Selection of the unmanifest).

Events organized by Relations that give a Form to the Field perturbed by the Force. So, like anything else in the Universe, a particle:

  • exists ("is") because it happens (events),
  • has a form determined by the relations that organize those events,
  • behaves like the principles of dynamics allow it, through the interactions with the structured Field (Dark Matter and Dark Energy, Ordinary Matter/other particles and Radiation).

A particle is not a point, is not a sphere, has not an immutable form, has not a fixed and definite limit in space, does not exist as we commonly think to objects and even our bodies. A particle is something that happens, an organized set, a net of Events. Its form in space depends on the correlations among the modes of expression of the Elementary Action of the point events that host the Information that represents its form/essence and its happening/existence. And more, it depends on the interactions among the correlated elementary fluctuations that support the particle and the elementary fluctuations of the Field both casual and correlated (sign of the presence of derived forces/fields), the interactions with the environment, the other Structures that, for their existence and dynamics, influence the local states of the Field, the Forms that exist, that interact in the surrounding.

The greater the Mass of a Particle, the higher its mass density, the smaller its wavelength (the spatial extension in the direction of the motion of the particle), and the smaller the front area of the particle (the spatial extension in the direction orthogonal to that of the motion of the particle, the "width" of the particle, its impact area extension).

The shape of particles and atoms is different and ever changing. The greater the speed of motion of the particle, the greater its mass, then its density, the smaller the particle (both its wavelength and its front area). As in the macrocosm, even in microcosm, the spatial dimensions of a junk of matter are inversely proportional to the its mass. The same for the other variational dimension, time. The greater the mass, the smaller its spatial dimension, the slower the "flow of time" (intended as the density of the Elementary Events, from which descends the quantitative representation of the phenomenon that we call Time, interval, duration, extension in the temporal dimension, or using a common, even if erroneous expression, "flow of time". Erroneous because it pushes us to think at Time as it were an absolute dimension, as an absolute time would exist, absolute because external to Reality, independent from the dynamics of the Primary Source, of the incessant inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field).

When mass rises, volume (space extension) lowers

When a Particle acquires Mass, its space dimension (volume) diminishes... The more massive/denser a particle is, the more compact it is. Its space extension is smaller than that of a less massive/dense particle.

The same if a particle acquires more Motion (for example it is accelerated in a collider), when its velocity rises it becomes more massive, denser, as its Space extension becomes smaller.

The shape in space of a particle (i.e. an electron) incessantly changes due to the various forces acting on the portion of the Elementary Field that we identify with that particle, due to its continuous interaction with its environment (the rest of the Field non occupied by the particle, all the Information that gives form to the rest of the Field) and due to its motion, its acceleration, its velocity.

The same happens to the charge of a particle. As the particle becomes more compact from a space extension point of view, because of the rise of its mass and density, its charge density (due to the Mode of Action Rotation in its form that we call "Rotation:Chirality") becomes more intense. Due to the fact that its space extension is smaller, the total charge of the particle remains constant.

The same again for the spin of the particle. The component of Rotation on the orientation the "Rotation:AxisOrientation" becomes more intense, but, due to the smaller space extension, the total spin (the intensity of the correlation of the orientation of the Rotation:AxisOrientation of all the point events in the Field that take part to the existence of that particle) remains constant.

Therefore, in the terms of the components of Action, the Modes of Action, (in curly brackets), when we accelerate a particle, according to General Relativity:

Where is the electron? No point particles. No "solid", unchangeable particles

One of the strangest issues in the quantum world is the existence of a fundamental limit to the accuracy with which the values for certain pairs of physical quantities of a Particle (complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables), such as position, x, and momentum, p, can be predicted from initial conditions. The same principle implies that it is in general not possible to predict the value of a quantity as the position of a particle with arbitrary precision/certainty.

I think that at least a significant part of quantum weirdness comes from a misunderstanding about what really is a particle, or, more in general, a quantum object. If we think that a particle is a solid object in the sense that we give to a macro object (an iron ball, for instance), all the "descriptions" of the world made by Quantum Mechanics are obviously absurd, even if all the "predictions" of the behaviors of quantum objects are completely correct. The same if we think that a particle is only a cloud of probabilities. Or if we think that a particle is an immaterial point like object.

An electron is not a solid body as we intend objects in our everyday life. Is not a rigid, intangible, immutable sphere, or cube, or egg, or whatever form you prefer. It is not made of matter as we normally intend it, like a marble ball, or a drop of oil, or a gas bubble... It is a pattern of organization of a huge number of Elementary Events that locally deform the Elementary Field (the Events representing the actions of deforming the Field). In other words, it is a particular configuration of Elementary Action.

Like everything else in the Universe, an electron is a Process of Events, a Structure of Information that gives a local form to the Elementary Field. It is a pattern of correlations of the dynamic and conservative states of the point events in the Field. It derives from the organization of the dynamics of the microstates associated to those point events. A pattern of correlation of the distributions of the Elementary Events, of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale.

So, where is the electron? Where is it when we "observe" it, when we "measure" its position? What is an observation, a measure? And when we don't observe it, when no interactions are occurring? Is it really a set of possibility, a quantum wave function that express probabilities of existence in different places? Or can we say that the electron exists, or better, happens even if no one observe, no one get a measure, no interactions with something else occur?

I think that also quantum objects (in this System of Knowledge we call them as Structures of Information) continue to exist, or better, to happen, even if no one observe them. All the Elementary Events of / in the Field, which participate to the existence the electron, or other elementary particles, that support the Information that gives it a form in causal, Space and Time sense, that give it its Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin, that make it interact with the causal fluctuations of the Field, the other Elementary Events that represent the environment with which that particle incessantly interacts, that make it interact with other particles, with waves, with the whole Universe.

We can't reach a perfect measure of position and momentum of quantum objects, according to the Uncertainty Principle. There is something even more uncertain in the way we can get precise measures of the position of a particle. This further uncertainty is due to the intrinsic nature of these objects, and, more in general, of the most elementary levels of Reality. Their forms are ever changing, fluctuating around a “mean” shape, a complex attractor, in incessant interaction with the Field itself, all the Information propagating in the Field, all the Structures moving around, the influence of the measurement equipment, our presence, everything...

The elementary levels of Reality are characterized by a high level of instability, in the sense of lack of stability, of incessant mutability. This prevents the possibility to know positions, velocity, etc. with perfect precision, but this is the sign of the wonderful creativity and evolutive potential of Reality. That is the reason why we exist, the reason why the whole Universe exists and evolve.


Snapshot of a 2D section of the Field through an atom's nucleus and an electron (proportions are not real


So, at the end, where is the electron? I think we can say that the electron is "in" the Field. It is a configuration "of" the Field. It is a pattern of organization of the Elementary Events, a pattern of correlation among the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the Field itself. The electron, like any other structure in / of the Field, is distributed in Space. Its shape, position, velocity, mass, etc. incessantly changes due to the interactions with everything else locally around it. So, it is true that its position is not certain, not perfectly certain, not only for what the Uncertainty Principle states, not only because its shape is everchanging, but this is also due to the different modes in which we observe, we measure it. Due to the quantum uncertainty, every measure is different from everyone else. We cannot really completely control the photons, or thee forces and the fields we use to measure, and more, they influence particles, in the microcosm everything is so fast moving, variables involved are so many, etc.

In the case of the electrons located in an atom, the only thing that I can say is that atomic orbitals are not only mere mathematical functions that describes them as wave-like entities, functions that can be used to calculate the probability of finding electrons in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. I think that orbitals are the real causal-space-time form that electrons assume when they are in the atomic structures. Thus, an orbital is not expressing the probability of an electron being in any particular volume of space. An atomic orbital is, it expresses, the measure of what part of an electron is in any part of space around the nucleus. The same electrons, when they escape the positive electric force of the nucleus, when they move free in space, they change their shape to adapt to the new conditions of the region of the Field in which they are moving, to conform to their velocity, acceleration, to the attraction or repulsion that they are detecting in every instant of their physical lives, so to say.

And more... As Particles, everything in the Physical Reality has a spatial ("physical extension") and a temporal extension ("lifetime, life duration"), we can't ever think to point-like entities. An example for all... and electron in an atom.

Electromagnetic radiation / light: waves or particles (photons), or both?

There is some confusion in the way we look at light and more generally at electromagnetic radiation, both in the classical and quantum fields. Basic confusion which in my opinion determines an incorrect understanding of fundamental properties and phenomena such as, among others, the emission and absorption of photons by atoms and particles, the propagation of light in vacuum and in matter, the structure of atoms, interference (e.g. two slits experiment), quantum entanglement. Let's try to shed some light on it... One of the fundamental problems lies in the erroneous visual representation that is currently given of the electromagnetic radiation and the relative particle, the photon, the quantum of light. It is well known that light has a dual, undulatory and corpuscular nature and / or behavior. But what doesn't work is how we imagine the shape of it all.

Light, and in general, electromagnetic radiation is composed of Processes of organized Elementary Events. In other words, it is composed of Structures of Information. It carries Information, as it is Information, In-Form-Action. In this model of description of Reality, everything we observe in Nature is made up of Structures of Information, and therefore: Processes of Events. Everything happens. The same goes for light, whether we think of it as a wave in a classical field, or whether we think of it as a particle, an excitation in a quantum field.

Why and where did the great misunderstanding arise? In my opinion, it comes from the fact that we represent photons as packets of waves (a concept borrowed from the quantum wave function) and waves as wave trains, made up of multiple (infinite?) cycles! There is no such thing in nature. Or rather, the normal light that the sun sends us incessantly or the one that illuminates or computer screens is not like that. So, how should we think of a quantum of light generated by my bulb and absorbed by my retina? A Structure of Information, shaped like a Wave, single cycle. A single cycle! This is crucial. This single cycle of a wave is the photon, localized, with a precise (within the bounds of the omnipresent uncertainty) length, its wavelength, and a quantity of action commensurate with its length and Planck's constant. At the same time, therefore, this structure, which for convenience and comprehensibility we call a photon, is a wave with an extension in space, and can appear as a particle, as it has its own precise (always within the limits of uncertainty) position and action, and therefore Energy / Information (we call Energy the most elementary form of Information).

And why just a cycle? We must try to imagine the emission of a wave / photon from an excited atom. An atom is hit by a photon of such wavelength that its energy can be absorbed by an electron. This electron (the impulse received by the photon implies more energy, more mass, less volume occupied) is pushed towards the inner part of the atom. All electrons move to some extent, their spatial distribution around the nucleus reorganizes, their orbitals are deformed by elastically accumulating the energy received by the photon that hit the first electron. The atom is excited, it has more energy than that specific of its unexcited ground state.

The whole electronic configuration of this atom, in an elastic way, will contribute to bring back an electron (the electron hit by the photon, or another electron of the atom, depends on the number, on the configuration of the electronic orbitals, on the energy transferred by the photon, on the direction of impact, etc.), which will bounce in such a position as to return the atom to a non-excited state. The leap made by the moving electron (as ejected by the elastic force of the compressed electronic configuration) will result in an acceleration (due to the elastic energy transferred to it by the entire compressed electronic configuration) and an almost immediate deceleration due to the exhaustion of the boost and the return to the prevalence of the charge attraction on the boost received.

Acceleration / deceleration involves a loss of energy that will be emitted as a wave / photon, in the form of a single cycle of a wave. A complete cycle of a sine wave exactly corresponding to the acceleration / deceleration profile of an elementary (massive) vortex structure, an electron, moving at a slower speed than the light being emitted.

The absorption of a photon by an electron of an atom and the consequent compression of the electronic configuration of the atom (energetic reorganization of the electronic orbitals) produces the non-uniform movement (acceleration / deceleration) of an Information Structure (of the Vortex type: an electron), which generates another Structure of Information (of the Wave type: a photon) which propagates towards the outside of the atom at the maximum permitted speed, the limit of the velocity of propagation of Information in the Elementary Field, that we commonly call the "speed of light". Action and Reaction.

A Process of Events (the electron, with non-zero Perturbation, a structure with mass, motion, charge and spin), a dynamic configuration of correlations (Information) between inhomogeneous distributions (Elementary Action: Perturbation / Mass, Translation / Motion, Rotation:Chirality / Charge, Rotation:AxisOrientation / Spin) of elementary fluctuations, of Elementary Events, produces another Process of Events (the photon, with zero Perturbation, no mass, only motion, charge and spin), a dynamic configuration of correlations (Information) between inhomogeneous distributions (Elementary Action: Translation / Motion, Rotation:Chirality / Charge, Rotation:AxisOrientation / Spin) of elementary fluctuations, of Elementary Events.

In short, a quantum of light can be represented as a single cycle of a wave propagating in the Elementary Field. It therefore shows:

  • wave aspects / behaviors, determined by the fact that it is a wave (interference, diffraction, etc.), with a precise, within the limits of indetermination, spatial extension, quantity of action, energy,
  • corpuscular aspects / behaviors, determined by the fact that it is a single cycle of a wave, with a precise, within the limits of indetermination, localization.

The problems of localization of the waves and of the spatial extension of the particles (no point particle) are therefore overcome. This type of structure can account for both undulatory and corpuscular behaviors and phenomena.

But, where can we see the trains of waves? Not in the case of the emission of photons by excited atoms, as we have seen. We find trains of waves where there are repeated periodic oscillations of electrical charges (or magnetic equivalents). Essentially in the case of radio waves, where oscillators produce movements of electrons in antennas made of conductive materials, generally metal. This oscillatory movement, back and forth, which involves charge carriers, electrons (and holes, like in semiconductors), with repeated periodic accelerations and decelerations, produces the emission of electromagnetic waves composed of multiple cycles, in fact, of wave trains.

Double Slit

Double Slit and Quantum Entanglement are two crucial issues for a broader and deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of Physical Reality. I believe that we can learn more about Reality by studying these two phenomena than by collecting and analyzing events produced by the largest colliders, in search of yet another new particle. By repeating these two crucial experiments endlessly, under all possible conditions, in my opinion we will be able to learn a lot not only about quanta, but about Space-time, about the forms of its organization, about Action and Information, about the dynamics of Waves and Particles and their Interactions, the Structures of Information that compose us and the world we observe around us.

We must carry out this crucial experiment in infinite different ways to find something deeper that allows us to better understand the weirdness of the quantum world, its interaction / compatibility with Special Relativity, and with the theory of Space-time, General Relativity. Not in search of absolutely deterministic explanations, but without passively renouncing an acceptable realism, albeit revised and corrected to incorporate the uncertainty of quanta. No to the violation of the principle of locality, no to light as photons/particles that sometimes appear as waves and vice versa, no to waves that in the double slit experiment pass through both slits interacting with themselves... We need more realism without giving up indeterminacy, which is the foundation of Reality and dominates at its most elementary levels.

We do not understand double slit and entanglement because we don't understand Radiation and Matter, particles and waves, we do not understand atoms, the emission and absorption of radiation by the structures of matter, and so on. We can "only" (a truly extraordinary result!) make accurate predictions about the results of experiments. But our understanding is too superficial and somehow erroneous, our ability to describe reality is insufficient. We imagine point-like particles wandering in probability spaces that we call orbitals, light quanta localized as particles and at the same time delocalized as waves, light as continuous oscillations formed by trains of cycles of waves and at the same time as point-like particles.

Let's reformulate and rerun these experiments with single photons, at a temperature close to absolute zero, or by heating the barrier in which the two slits are present. In the deepest vacuum, or, again, two photons that cross in the slit coming from opposite directions, at different angles, at different wavelengths. Let's collect the data and analyze them carefully as if they were collisions between particles. Let's imagine photons as a single cycle of an electromagnetic wave, let's try to understand how the Elementary Field is organized inside a slit and how this structure can influence the outcome of the double slit experiment. Let's try to understand how to verify the diffraction phenomena of a sharp edge, such as the diffraction of a single slit, and perhaps we will better understand what happens in the case of two slits. It takes new ideas, an open mind and an infinite number of experiments to try to understand what is the nature and role of each of the components involved.

In my opinion, the key to the double slit experiment lies in the structure of organization of the Elementary field that forms between the edges of the slits and in the nature and organization of the Structures of Information that form light (photons) in terms of the Elementary Action (Perturbation -> space -time and mass, Translation -> motion, vibration, Rotation -> electric charge and magnetic spin). From here I would start for a research that will lead us to a better understanding of this phenomenon and of the functioning of fundamental aspects of Reality.

Quantum entanglement and the spooky action at a distance

"Action at a distance", the non-local interaction of separate objects in space, represented a failure of atomistic and mechanistic theories, and could represent the failure of Quantum Mechanics to describe the fundamental nature of Physical Reality, a theory which instead represents an immense success in the probabilistic prediction of the results of observations / interactions / experiments concerning quantum objects (particles and waves, atoms, molecules).

The attempt to fix the problem of (apparent) action at a distance, in mechanics, gravitation, electromagnetism, etc. was overcome with the introduction of the concept of "Field". Even in quantum mechanics, the introduction of fields led to the new modern formulation called Quantum Field Theory. But despite this very important advance, there are aspects of quantum reality (phenomena such as quantum entanglement, etc.) where the introduction of the fields could not avoid the persistence of explanations that involve the violation of the Principle of Locality and very heavy impacts on the concepts of Reality and Realism.

In my opinion, in this Universe there is no room for action at a distance, for non-locality, for anti-realism. I believe it is necessary to revise the concepts of Action, Reality, Causality and Realism. We must abandon the opposing positions that, for almost a century, have faced each other with hostility: on the one hand the rigorous deterministic realism, on the other the quantum anti-realism, in all their nuances flowering both in the relativistic front, and above all in the quantum one, with all the various interpretations of the quantum world, from the most consolidated to the most imaginative.

We don't have to look for deterministic descriptions of quantum mechanics (for example through theories of hidden variables that imply hypothetical unobservable entities), just as we must not think that reality is all characterized by quantum vagueness and weirdness. Indetermination and determinism, continuity and discretization, are different aspects of the same reality. They represent different stages of the causal evolution of Reality. To overcome the problem of action at a distance in quantum mechanics as well, we must better understand the fundamental nature of Reality, of quantum objects, of the Structures of Information we call Waves and Particles and their Interactions, of the Forces and Fields that allow them to exist, of the Dynamics of Elementary Action which represents its constituent "substance".

At the most elementary level of Reality, in the immense abyss between the Planck scale and the dimensions of waves and particles that we observe, which make up our bodies (about 18 - 20 orders of magnitude), uncertainty reigns over quanta, a strange and complex dynamic that we can only describe with stochastic processes, and at a higher level with the complex mathematics of Quantum Field Theory. As we approach the size of the Structures of Information, waves and particles and their interactions, new phenomena of the quantum world (again uncertainty, wave-particle duality, the problem of measurement, etc.) emerge, requiring to gradually integrate stochastic processes with deterministic ones. Up to the size of the objects of our daily reality, up to the cosmic structures, to the entire universe where determinism appears gradually more and more pervasive and the quantum aspects seem to gradually diminish. It is a causal evolution, which joins the space-time (variational) evolution, which takes us from the almost complete indeterminacy at Planck scale to the almost complete determination at the universal scale.

Entanglement is one of the quantum phenomena where it seems to be more evident the need to resort to an explanation that implies the concept of action at a distance, to a violation of the principle of locality, even if it is clear to everyone that we are not in the presence of a violation of Special Relativity as we do not witness a transmission of force, work, information at a speed greater than that of light in the vacuum, the limiting speed of causality in Reality.

But are we sure that a measurement on one particle "determines" the corresponding result of a measurement on the other? Why then do we speak of "action at a distance"? Action is the direct expression of a Force that causes a change in a Field. This is Action, in all physical contexts, and also in the quantum one. Therefore, if we want to talk about action at a distance in quantum mechanics, it cannot be Physical Action, because otherwise we would be in the presence of a violation of the causal constraints posed by Special Relativity. If we really want to believe that an action at a distance is produced in quantum entanglement, this must be a non-physical action, in the sense to which we attribute to this term, an action produced by "the physical action, in fact, of a physical force on a physical field". We could call this new, and weird, kind of action as "logical action", or, with a more picturesque and historically relevant term, "spooky action".

In entanglement, a measurement on one entangled particle gives a random outcome, then a later measurement on another particle in a correlated entangled quantum state must always give a value correlated with the first measurement. It is this correlation between the quantum states of two quantum objects, which re-emerges as a correlation between the results of related measurements. The key is "correlation", not just "action". Correlation is Information, but we have declared that in this phenomenon we do not have the propagation of Information in violation of the causal constraints imposed by the S.R. The distinction seems subtle, but it is fundamental, not just a distinction of terms, and leads to a logical absurdity, which can only lead us to fidelistic explanations towards the supernatural. Explanations that we cannot accept because they sanction the unknowability of an important part of Reality which is made up of Information, and which we should be able to know, even if only in probabilistic form.

We do not have to look for deterministic explanations (it is clear that the most elementary levels of Reality are dominated by indetermination, chaos, chance), but we cannot accept explanations that draw the eye to superstition, to the supernatural. In my opinion, the problem is not solved by developing local hidden variables theories, not seeking an improbable determinism, not passively accepting the violation of the principle of locality, but by seeking a deeper understanding of the nature of quanta and their dynamics. If the result of measurements performed on entangled, correlated quantum objects is correlation, and we cannot admit that the correlation can propagate in the Universe at speeds exceeding the limit imposed by the S.R., then the correlation of the measurement results must causally derive from the correlation of the states and the nature of quantum objects, whether they are waves or particles or their interactions, from their dynamics in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, Perturbation, Translation and Rotation.

We need to go deeper into the causal and variational (spatial and temporal) structure of quantum objects and what we call their states. More in depth, to understand how two objects, two Structures of Information, organization patterns of the Elementary Field, both formed by an immense number of correlated Elementary Events in a complex dynamic, if not influenced by external forces (no action on either to decoherence) evolve in a similar / symmetrical way. But that's not enough. It is necessary to go deeper also and above all to fully describe the nature of what we understand as "quantum states" (spin of a particle, polarization of a photon / wave, position of a particle or wave, and so on ). It is in the comparison between a deeper description of the nature of quantum objects and the nature of their states that a more coherent and acceptable explanation of the apparent non-locality can arise that does not involve the terrible spooky action at a distance. Quantum Field Theory is no longer enough, we have to go further, deeper. And to do this it is not enough to increase the power of our colliders. More effective ideas, experiments and mathematical tools are needed.

Evolution at work in colliders

Evolution is everywhere. Even in the strangest places in the Universe. Even in the focus of a collider, where the beams head-on collide producing powerful bursts of energy and matter that reach detectors. There, in those energetic events, matter and energy undergo extraordinary transmutations. Everything can turn into something else, in a mix of casuality and causality, following the strangest laws of the quantum world. In a nutshell, transmutation, in following those weird laws, operates through evolutionary processes that occur at the speed of light, processes that favor some results, instead of others less likely.

All the physical laws, all the Forces and Fields involved, all the quantum operators at work, in a flash, to realize the rarest events in the Universe, in the incessant search for a more stable dynamic equilibrium. The most suitable, fitting (in the sense of the evolutive adaptation) configurations of Forces, Fields, Action, Information / Energy, Matter, Particles / Waves will survive, in search of a causal permanence that can produce a chain of new events and new balances between least action and incessant further Evolution.

Macrocosm - Cosmology

Origin and Evolution of the Universe

No Big Bang! No inflation! We don't really need these things...

No static Universe, no Big Bang. These "theories" (Static Universe/Steady State theory, Big Bang + Inflation) do not really explain what we observe in the Universe. They were the best possible explanations at the time they were conceived and developed. But, after many decades, despite the many patches created to explain the increasingly accurate and divergent observations made and despite the understandable defense of all the people who based their research and their scientific identity on them, now they appear very aged, tired, unable to support the theoretical and observational effort necessary to reach a deeper understanding of the Universe, its birth and evolution, its past, present and future dynamics.

The main evidences for the Big Bang theory are:

  • Hubble's law and the expansion of space (the redshift of galaxies that suggests the expansion of the cosmos)
  • Cosmic microwave background radiation (that suggests that the Universe comes from a point of infinite density and temperature)
  • Abundance of primordial elements
  • Galactic evolution and distribution (the large-scale structure of the cosmos and the Cosmological Principle, which states that, on the largest cosmic scales, the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic)

In my opinion, these are not real evidences:

  • Redshift of galaxies can be produces by different phenomena, like a progressive decreasing of the speed of light, or a dissipation of the energy of photos in the background field that supports the Universe, etc. The expansion of the Universe, given the evidence that is increasingly emerging from the new astronomical observations, seems more likely due to the nature and the dynamics of the structures (especially the dark structures) that incessantly evolve in the cosmos, than to the nature and dynamics of the birth of the Universe (Big Bang).
  • CMB, instead of being considered as a relic of the Big Bang, can be seen as the temperature of the cosmos, of the space-time, result of the incessant creation of Elementary Events/Elementary Action by the Primary Source, a sort of black body (the Elementary Field perturbed by the Fundamental Force) radiation (the perturbations) that "resonate" slightly around the CMB detected temperature. "Cold" spots and "hot" regions corresponding to the radiation coming respectively from the great voids and from the most denser areas of the cosmic web, that we observe in the cosmos.
  • The abundance of light chemical elements can be explained in a different way, with a process of (more or less) continuous creation of new matter as a product of the dynamics of the huge dark structures that give shape to the cosmos, where the most plausible objects of the formation of new ordinary matter are elementary particles, like electrons and the more complex protons.
  • The large-scale structure of the cosmos and the Cosmological Principle are today put in doubt by the tension in the various measures of the Hubble's expansion rate. It seems not constant in time, and now even in space.

It is quite evident that the Universe cannot be the result of a single initial event, albeit of infinite power. To explain the origin of such a concentration of energy, necessary to initiate such an immense process as the creation and evolution of the Universe, the most imaginative and improbable hypotheses have been produced.

Let's think about the source of all this action and energy at work at the same time in the macrocosm as in the microcosm, all this movement that we see in the skies, all the power that incessantly works to ensure that the Universe continues to exist and evolve. In my opinion is more natural to hypothesize an infinite slow evolution from a state of minimum organization of something smooth and cold, instead of a concentrated and fast hot burst of infinite action and energy.

And again, for me, as for space, it is absurd to think of a time before the Big Bang. It seems more natural to think that Time, as Space, has emerged and incessantly emerges with the organization of the most elementary level of Existence, through the process that we call the Process of Formation of Reality. As Causality and Spatiality, also Temporality can be seen as the result of the incessant manifestation of the Primary Source, depending on that Elementary Action composed by all the Elementary Events coming from the incessant interaction of the two aspects of the Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field.

To explain what we see in the Universe, a third way is needed. Let's call it: the Evolutionary Cosmological Model (ECM). In this model, we can "easily" accommodate phenomena like the expansion of the cosmos and its acceleration in time (whatever they represent), the inconstancy of Hubble's Constant in space, as well as in time, the strange super homogeneity of CMB, the existence of well formed cosmic structures in the early Universe, just a few hundred millions years from the supposed birth date of the Universe. And it is not enough. There are rooms for a dark matter not made of particles, that does not need to reject or modify gravity, and the strange stuff we call dark energy, theoretically required to account for the acceleration of the cosmic expansion.

The fundamental milestones of the Evolutionary Cosmological Model are:

  • The Universe is the section of Reality we call the present
  • The Universe is older, larger and more complex than we think
  • The Universe is unlimited: no limits in cause, space and time. No limits at all
  • Only one Universe is needed, not many or an infinite number
  • The Universe as a whole is inherently flat
  • No singularities: neither in the case of the Big Bang, nor in Black Holes
  • At the largest scales, the cosmos is substantially homogeneous
  • Inhomogeneity and anisotropies "are" the cosmic structures (especially dark structures) that give shape to the Universe and determine its evolution
  • The dark side of the Universe is a causal and variational (spatial and temporal) precursor of the visible side
  • Dark matter is not made of particles
  • Dark energy as anti-mass (or positive mass density)
  • Mass can be positive and negative (dark/ordinary matter and dark energy create an attraction and repulsion gravitational cosmic dance)
  • Ordinary matter (and antimatter) forms from the dynamics of dark matter/dark energy structures (galaxies and clusters/super clusters dark halos)
  • The cosmos has a gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic structure (hardly visible, if not completely invisible)
  • The Cosmic Web is the 3D structure of the Universe
  • Cosmic expansion as an effect of the rising complexity of Reality
  • The Hubble constant is not constant, neither in space nor in time

The Universe is the "present" section of Reality

What do we mean by Universe in this knowledge system? Universe is essentially everything that exists. "That exists!". Present. Present in the sense of Special Relativity, where it is impossible to say in an absolute sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. No absolute time reference system. If events are not causally connected, precedence order is not preserved in all frames of reference.

So, with the word Universe we intend the present section of Reality(in the sense and with the limitations above cited). Reality is everything that existed, exists and will exist. It is the product of an incessant Process of Formation. New Reality is incessantly constructed through the transition of potential in actual.

Reality and its present section, the Universe, comprehend a physical domain (the cosmos and the cosmic structures, all (dark and ordinary) matter, all Information/Energy, the physical substrate of living beings, etc.) and a cognitive domain (Metareality, or Cognitive Reality, formed by all the cognitive activity, dynamics, structures, etc. produced by living being in their lives). Everything.

The Universe is older, larger and more complex than we think

A Universe without beginning and end. A Universe without spatial boundaries (no explosion of space time, but incessant organization/formation). A Universe without limits in the level of complexity from which it comes and which it can reach, because infinite, eternal, and expression of an infinitely powerful causal and variational Source.

In this model of description of Physical Reality, the Universe is seen as infinitely old. No beginning in a classical sense. Not a start point, as in the Big Bang model. This evolutionary model implies an incessant creation "and" evolution, where even space and time emerge as manifestations of the Source.

A beginning and an end are so unrealistic in a process of events where time is not something a priori, external, absolute, but something emerging as part of that same process, whose existence is ontologically related to the Elementary Events that are the more elementary "substance" of the Universe. Only if we consider time as an external entity, we can think to a beginning in the time dimension.

So, even if this can appear absolutely absurd to our mind, we that are finite beings, we that born and die, we that live from a beginning to an end, I think that we have to accept the fact that Reality have no start and will have no end. That the Universe has evolved from a dynamical state of infinite elementary homogeneity without time to a dynamical state of infinite complex inhomogeneity in future that will never stop, where new space and new time incessantly are and will be created, in a complex feedback mechanism that ensures the continuous existence of a constantly near to equilibrium creative and evolutive dynamical process that will never stop.

Therefore, better to try to understand what could have happened in the very long start of the very ancient Universe like the one proposed in the Evolutionary Knowledge System, than to try to understand what could have happened in the first fractions of a second of an unlikely Big Bang.

An unlimited Universe: no limits in cause, space and time. No limits at all

We are limited beings, limited in Space (we perceive our physical boundaries, as foundations of our physical identity) and in Time (birth and death are the two fundamental ontological events that limit our existence as physical beings). Thus, we cannot really conceive of a condition without limits.

But we are complex Forms, made of complex nets of complex Processes of Events. What we are is Information, relations that give a form to the Action, events... at the end. Information (Organization of Relations among events) is inherently relative. We are relative beings, living at a relative level of Reality, dominated by Information. We, as everything else in the Universe, are incessantly emerging from the absolute level of Reality, from the Primary Source, the couple Fundamental Force and Elementary Field, and its product the Elementary Action, that, so to say, supports our Existence, while Information supports our Essence, our form.

In this absolute level of Reality, limits are absurd. Limits are intrinsically relative.

Reality cannot have physical limits in the fundamental dimensions. Even if it can sound mystical, this model of description of Reality postulates a cosmos with no limits in all the three dimensions of Reality: Causality, Spatiality and Temporality:

  • no limits in Causality: Reality, the Universe began from an elementary state of maximum chaotic homogeneity and has evolved till the today state of maximum inhomogeneity and (incessantly growing) complexity.
  • no limits in Spatiality: no limits in the 3D space extension of the cosmos. Space emerges from the primary organization of the Field, in the interaction with the Force. Space extension depends on the (local / universal) distribution of the Elementary Events. We are living in an infinite Universe.
  • no limits in Temporality: no limit in the 1D time extension of the cosmos. Time emerges from the primary organization of the Field, in the interaction with the Force. Also the time extension depends on the (local / universal) distribution of the Elementary Events. For this co-dependence, Space and Time are linked together in a structure that we call space-time. We live in an eternal Universe, with no begin, no end.

Limits in the dimensions of Reality are not natural. Limits are not compatible with this vision of Reality.

In the Universe, there are no evidences about the presence of spatial boundaries. The cosmos extend itself so far as we can observe it. The farther we observe it, the same large scale homogeneity we see. A Big Bang with creation and expansion of the same space is not geometrically compatible with this great large scale homogeneity independent from the observation direction.

And also, no evidences of temporal boundaries (a begin of time in classical sense, a start as that postulated by the inflationary Big Bang theory). Looking far in space, in the "supposed" early ages of the Universe, a few hundreds of millions years after the "supposed" Big Bang, we can see well formed huge and complex galaxies in a number compatible with the successive cosmic evolution. I believe that, if we were able to look more far in space-time, we will observe well formed cosmic structures even in epoch older than the age of the Universe as "supposed" by the Big Bang theory.

Only one universe is needed, not many or an infinite number

Only a deviant and unrealistic interpretation of some aspects of quantum theories seems to imply the need for more than one Universe. It is the hypothesis of multiverses. Personally I think that we don't need to build such a complicate landscape, where multiples / infinite unrealistic worlds have to interact to ensure a minimum credibility to a misleading vision of the (admittedly weird) quantum world.

So, why complicate the already complex description of Reality with unrealistic hypothesis that we will hardly be able to test? Simplicity is not always and not everywhere a good virtue, especially when we have to represent and describe complex systems and processes. But building increasingly complicated and unrealistic hypotheses, one on top of the other, does not seem to me a good way to go to reach a deeper and broader understanding of Nature. Rather, let's focus on better understanding and simplifying our representation of the fundamentals of Reality. So, "let's be satisfied with only one universe", that the road is already so difficult.

Telling a different story about the birth and evolution of the Universe

It is clear that, from what has been hypothesized in these points, we are telling a different story of the creation and evolution of the Universe. But what are the most important and peculiar aspects of this story? What is the deeper essence of what we are trying to outline?

No beginning. Endless. Time was born within the Process of Formation.

No borders. No special points. Space was born within the same process.

No first Cause. No external force. The Source is internal to the process itself. Its existence, its manifestation is the Process of Formation of Reality. Its essence is the Form of the evolving Universe.

Things don't exist in the conventional classical sense. Things, everything, happens. The true fundamental "substance" that composes things, atoms, molecules, objects, stars, galaxies, dark matter, dark energy, everything, are not particles and waves, the real "substance" are the Events, Elementary Events, fluctuations at the Planck scale of / in the Elementary Field produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force (Force and Field are the two aspects of the Source of Reality). Elementary Events organized in Processes, huge and complex networks of Elementary Events, that evolve incessantly toward more and more Complex Events, forming increasingly complex Processes, which together make up the entire Process of Formation of Reality.

Or rather, what really matters are the "distributions of Elementary Events" that support Information, those patterns that organize their Relations in Processes, which we can mathematically described through stochastic / deterministic processes, which correspond to the creative and evolving chaos / order processes that form Reality.

Everything, absolutely everything, in its most elementary foundation depends on the distributions of the Elementary Events produced by the interaction of the fundamental / elementary Entities, by the Relations, or correlations, which organize the Events into Processes. All. Everything is relative, as it arises from the Relations between Events. Space, Time, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin and so on up to the more complex Forms of Existence.

From the correlation between the distributions of Elementary Events springs the profoundly uncertain, quantum, probabilistic nature of Reality at the most elementary levels, which in the evolution towards greater complexity, towards greater spatial and temporal extensions, compensate, mediate, giving rise to an emergent determinism that brings us to the classical view that characterized the early development of physics.

It is, again, from the organization of Elementary Events, Relations and Processes that the first Structures of Information arise. The first Vortices, the first convective structures in Space-time (a Space-time in very slow heating, now at the mean temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin degrees), characterized by a minimal but increasing inhomogeneity, an emerging organization of the Elementary Field, which in a very slow evolution leads to the formation of the first Dark Structures. These, growing and interacting in successive processes of aggregation, merger and annihilation, filled all the available space, creating what we now understand to be the dark structure of the cosmic web.

From the incessant and changing interaction of Dark Structures, which we observe as giant voids, Dark Halos of various sizes, walls and strings between them, Ordinary Matter arose and continues to arise, from the interaction of the boundaries of those bubbles, Halos, from boundaries formed by what we assume is Dark Energy generating a swirling dynamic in Space-time. A foam of correlations between the distributions of Elementary Events, which generates micro Vortices and Waves, which immediately evolve into Particles, accelerated by immense and intense magnetic fields.

A rarefied but incessant process, at times or locally more intense, extended episodes of formation of ordinary matter, which alternate with periods of scarce production, in an expansion and contraction of the great dark structures, which in an incessant, very slow breath, produce foam, like the sea through its waves. From the consequent collisions between the elementary particles thus produced and accelerated, more complex particles are formed and begin to collapse into the less extensive but more dense, massive dark halos.

Just as from this dark cosmic dynamic, which involves immense and invisible structures, the ever more complex dynamics of visible matter arose and continues to arise, the dance that involves every structure, every form in this unlimited, infinite and eternal Universe that hosts us and of which, like the whole planet we inhabit, we represent a highly complex and constantly evolving part.

The first gas clouds, then the first stars, the clusters of stars, the first galaxies. And so on, ordinary matter, which, like a flowering, gradually colonizes the immense expanses of dark structures. And the dark dance is enriched with light, Radiant Energy, infinite local dynamics, which together create the immense complexity of the Universe in evolution.

The fate of the Universe

It is so difficult to predict the ultimate fate of the Universe. I do not think it is enough to look at the curvature of space-time and the equations of General Relativity to have a precise idea of how the Universe will evolve. Based on what the Evolutionary Cosmological Model suggests and on the basis of the observations collected so far, it is likely that the Universe will tend towards a progressive increase in the level of organization, greater complexity, with more structures and a greater amount of matter, even ordinary / visible, greater interaction between the structures, especially those formed by dark matter, and more evident effects of the phenomenon that we call cosmic expansion.

The Shape of the Universe

The (inner) shape of the Universe

A few words about the shape of the Universe. Why "inner", or "internal" shape? Because we cannot observe the Universe, the cosmos, from the outside. We can only observe the Universe and its "content", its shape, its structures from within, as part of the of whole. Our vision is affected by the shape, structure and dynamics of the entire Universe and the structures (invisible and visible, dark and ordinary) that populate it. We cannot have a special point of view. We build our representations of the universal reality by collecting the information that is generated and received / interpreted within the Universe, by parts of the Universe (the emitting structured and us as receiving structures). In fact, there is no outside, something outside the Universe.

The Universe is the manifestation of the Elementary Field and its complex dynamics produced by its interaction with the Fundamental Force, both as unitary expressions of the Primary Source, the Source of Reality. All the Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics at work together, incessantly in the Formation of Reality, at its various levels, from the most elementary to the most complex, to the whole Universe. An incessant process of construction, of co-evolution, infinite in Cause, Space and Time, that give shape to the Universe, its structure, its dynamics.

One fact that seems more and more evident by the day is that things are not what they seem. The shape of what we observe is not what we see. Everything, every cosmological and astrophysical object, appears (slightly or heavily) deformed, its apparent shape different from what we can assume is its "real" shape. This is not (or not only) due to our instruments, our methods, our knowledge, the immense distances or the incredible span of time. This is mainly due to the nature and dynamics of the Field in which those objects and ourselves exist. Deformation (mainly produced by gravitational lensing) is the effect coming from the natural, ubiquitous, ontological, phenomenological and dynamic inhomogeneity of the cosmos, of the Field, where object and structures do not "produce" inhomogeneities, "they are" inhomogeneities. De-formation is a fundamental element of "Formation" of Reality. Formation is always an organization / transformation of something more elementary (the Elementary Events which constitute the Action in / of the Elementary Field). This is a fundamental point, a qualifying element of this model of description of Reality and its formation (Creation and Evolution). If we accept this hypothesis, nothing will be the same as before. Our view of the Universe and its shape changes completely.

Observing the Universe, its shape and dynamics, its infinite structures and forms, becomes a challenging journey through a multifaceted, changeable and cryptic reality, where everything appears different from what it should be. New methods, instruments, new eyes and new knowledge is needed to approach this challenging journey. In my opinion this is the time to set apart all our convictions, our certainties, to observe with minds open the unknown that knocks at our doors. Let us stop for a moment trying to insert in the old boxes everything new that arrives. Let's stop thinking for a moment in terms of Big Bag + Inflation, absolute homogeneity, isotropy, dark matter particles, cosmic expansion, etc.

The Universe as a whole is intrinsically flat

The cosmos is constitutionally, intrinsically, naturally flat. While curvature is a more or less local form that the Elementary Field can assume (that we associate to the presence of massive structures of dark and ordinary matter) the Universe at the largest scales or as whole cannot simply be curved. Because what we call space-time curvature is related to the gradient in the average intensities of the distributions of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck Scale.

The Fundamental Force, as described by the three Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action), interacting with the Field (as complementary manifestations of the unitary Primary Source of Reality), produce what we call Elementary Action (the sum of the Elementary Events in the Field). The simplest form or "component" of the Elementary Action is Perturbation, that represent a gradient in the distributions of the intensities of the Elementary Events in the Field. In a close system as the Universe, where energy is a conservative quantity (even if in General Relativity seem the opposite, due to the loosing of energy by the light caused by the expansion of the Universe, not a time translation invariant phenomenon), the total result of a gradient can only be zero (the positive and the negative contributions are exactly equal, even if the concentration/density in space of the gradient is not symmetrical).

Large scale (nearly) homogeneity of the cosmos

At any level of Reality, observing the details of the structures relating to that level, we see a more or less wide inhomogeneity, a more or less large diversity of structures and forms. At any level, if we look at the same landscape from a more distant point of view, the greater the distance, the less detail we see. The landscape tends to appear more and more uniform as we move away. The examples can be infinite. If we look closely at a sand dune, we will the singles grains of sand, different from each other. If we move away, we see less details. At a great distance, we will see only the dune. We will no longer see grains of sand, as if the dune were formed by a continuous homogeneous material. And again, if we move further away, we will see a desert, with an uninterrupted sequence of dunes, which will became more and more homogeneous with increasing distance, up to an indistinct area of uniform sand color. Is there something that changes in the Reality that we are observing during our step away process? No, nothing changes, but our visual distance and the consequent possibility of resolving the details.

That said, let's try to approach this question, very important for the comprehension of the structure and the Evolution of the Universe.

We observe large scale (nearly) homogeneity beside a great complexity at the medium/small cosmological scales. This topic is strictly connected to the cosmological principle. This principle states that "Viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe are the same for all observers." It implies two aspects / properties closely related: homogeneity (the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the Universe) and isotropy (the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the Universe).

A "Big Bang/Inflation cosmological model" struggles to explain this peculiar landscape, mostly why it is extremely sensitive to initial conditions and implies a singularity. Attempts to bypass the problem seems to come from the development of quantum gravity theories.

In my opinion, only diffused processes of formation can ensure such a structure where we have large scales (nearly) homogeneity and small scale increasing organization, structuration/diversity/complexity. And this means that we have to abandon the "Big Bang/Inflation" models, that involve the idea of a singularity to be explained with the development of daring theories, in favor of evolutionary models which does not imply such strange and challenging situations. The main consequence of a diffused creation and evolution of the Universe is the change in its spatial and temporal horizon. If the Universe is not born in an explosion and an inflationary expansion of energy and space time 13.7 billions years ago, it is not necessary to imagine unnatural spatial and temporal limits. A universe never born and without limits has had all the time and space to evolve from a state of almost absolute homogeneity to the current complex form.

So, we postulate an "initial" condition of complete homogeneity of the distribution of the fluctuations of the dimensions of Reality at Planck Scale. We call this state as absolute void, produced by the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Source of Reality, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. Their fundamental properties and this mechanism of creation of the Elementary Events determines the Process of Formation of Reality and the Evolution of the Universe. Space-time is unlimited and infinite in all three space dimensions and in the time dimension. No singularities are needed, every point event of the Field can potentially have the same dynamics and evolution. Inhomogeneities are produces by Events. Inhomogeneities in those distributions, are always produces by that interaction between Force and Field. We call these, Elementary Action. Inhomogeneities can grow in structures, larger and larger. The wider the inhomogeneity, the higher the number of Events needed to produce it, the greater the reached Complexity. At the present age of the Universe, the so grown inhomogeneities have extended to the cosmological maximum scale, forming the large scale cosmic structures that we observe.

Thus, a unique Field, homogeneous by it nature, perturbed by the Force, allows an organization and evolution of those perturbations that leads to the structures that we see in the Universe. If we look the Universe at the largest scales, we will see the same unity and almost the same homogeneity that we recognize as a natural feature of the Field. From one to one, passing through the infinite complexity of an incessantly evolving Reality.

No gravitational singularities: neither in the case of the Big Bang, nor in Black Holes

By gravitational or space-time singularity we commonly intend a place/volume/point where Mass, the density of matter, the gravitational field and the curvature of the space-time field (the same thing) become infinite. It is assumed that in such a condition the laws of normal space-time break down. Both General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics fail in describing these extreme conditions.

In the context of the Evolutionary Cosmological Model proposed here, we hypothesize that such extreme conditions cannot occur.

The Big Bang + Inflation model is here completely rejected, in favor of a much more plausible model of continuing education, from which Reality emerges in a timeless beginning. Space and Time are considered emergent phenomena, as well as all the other phenomena to which the fundamental physical quantities correspond to space and time in the incessant formation (creation and evolution) of the Universe: Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin. Even if we wanted to consider a Big Bang + Inflation scenario, an initial gravitational singularity would be quite strange. A singularity requires infinite mass or energy to produce infinite density / curvature. Although such a singularity could form, it would take infinite energy concentrated at an infinitesimal point to initiate and push the expansion of such a singularity of infinite density. It seems like a very unrealistic scenario.

Even more, in the case of the degeneration of immense (but finite) aggregations of matter, as in the case of the collapse of dying stars with the formation of stellar-mass black holes (BH), or of the much larger cosmological black holes, as at the center of galaxies, such as "quiescent supermassive black holes" or "active galactic nuclei" (AGN), it is difficult to think that a finite amount, even if huge, of matter could produce an infinite density / curvature.

In fact, in the context of the Evolutionary Cosmological Model, not only the particles of matter involved in the collapse during the formation of a BH oppose a very strong resistance to compression, but it is the same Elementary Field that still opposes a greater resistance, with its reaction to the immense forces that are trying to profoundly modify its state, represented by what we call Perturbation, the distributions of the intensities of the Elementary Events, the fluctuations of the Field on the Planck scale. The value of Perturbation, or in other words, mass density and the curvature cannot become infinite because we would need an infinite amount of matter, an infinite Force to produce an infinite modification of the Field. The greater the modifying Force applied to the Field, the greater the reaction / resistance opposed by the Field. This cosmic tug-of-war finds a condition of equilibrium, where density and curvature are immense, but not infinite. The result is a formation of a BH, a sort of mega elementary particle, devoid of internal components, or at least in the central volume (due to the different amount of matter that forms the BH, the outer shells can be formed by semi-squeezed or compressed particles such as quark / gluon / electron soup.

Cosmic structures: the dark and the visible side of the Universe

The farther we look in the cosmos, the greater the selection effect on the sources we can observe

Why do very distant objects in the sky appear so huge and well formed, rather than small, faint and immature, defying our expectations?

Let's try to hypothesize:

  • first, because there was no Big Bang. The Universe is older than we suppose. Cosmic objects (superclusters, clusters, galaxies and their gas, dust and stars) have had plenty of time to evolve,
  • second, if we observe the Universe very far, we will see basically huge objects, which correspond to:
    • real large objects, such as monstrous mature galaxies and huge black holes / active nuclei, which seem to have appeared out of nowhere when the Universe was supposed to be too young,
    • faint objects, the faintest ones, because space-time and all the massive objects in the line of sight exert their power of magnification. We can only see the brightest parts of them. And where the hot spots are on the outer edges, those objects appear larger than they really are.

Thus, a selection process is at work in our observation of the distant Universe. We really observe, we can only observe objects that "are" or "appear to be" very bright and very large.

Perhaps the distant Universe is not that different from the neighboring one, even though many billions of years have passed. Perhaps, even if the Universe appears very dynamic and in constant evolution, thirteen billion years is a small thing compared to the almost infinite time in which cosmic evolution took place (if we abandon the odd idea of the Big Bang). Perhaps, if we could observe closely those times that today we consider as the dawn of the world, perhaps we would find ourselves in a Universe quite similar to the present one, with already mature structures, others very young and dynamic, areas of the cosmos in tumultuous evolution and others who seem to doze off after having experienced immense banquets.

Cosmic structures in an unlimited Universe

Although the Universe seems to appear substantially homogeneous to the widest scales that we can observe, it is evident that it is full of structures, of complex objects, large and small, which determine its nature and characteristics, dynamics, evolution. What do we mean by cosmic structures? Basically, those structures that have a more direct relevance for the dynamics of the cosmos, generally objects with large dimensions and huge masses, such as large clouds of gas and dust, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, super-clusters, the large-scale structures such as the giant voids, walls, etc., every structure that compose the cosmic web.

Cosmic structures, basically formed by a large and very large scale organization of the Elementary Field and all the derived fields, are made up of organized networks of smaller objects (stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, dust, gas, particles, etc. . .., up to the smallest structures, on the Planck scale). The existence of cosmic structures is the most evident proof of a fundamental characteristic of Reality, its constructive aspect, a fundamental capacity to form, shape, create and evolve. A property, a capacity that seems to be in contrast with the tendency to disorder, to the tendency of entropy to increase, as described by the second law of thermodynamics. But this law is not the only one to design the Universe. It is flanked by a principle, so to speak, constructive, formative, of which the structures we observe in the cosmos are the most evident and spectacular proof.

Two principles apparently in contrast, but which, if observed in an evolutionary perspective, appear cooperative. An anti-entropic, organizational / constructive principle (which creates new existence, new information, favoring an increase in the complexity of Reality or parts of it) and an entropic, transformative / destructive principle (which destroys existence, information, favoring a reduction in the complexity of reality or parts of it). It is in the interaction of these two evolutionary principles / operators that the formation of Reality takes place at all levels of existence at which we can observe it, therefore also at the cosmic level.

The Universe is an infinite but substantially closed system, which has an input in itself, the Primary Source, and produces an output in itself, the growing complexity of the Forms. Cosmic structures represent the largest part of that output, the part that most affects life, the dynamics of the Universe. The cosmic web represents a form of distributed, immense complexity, a product of organization and in turn a source of organization. From the unexpected rotation of galaxies, to the puzzling cosmic dynamics, to dark matter and dark energy, to the various and surprising powerful phenomena and objects that we can observe in the cosmos, everything speaks to us of an interconnected system, of different parts in incessant interaction, where matter, radiation, energy, forces and fields combine to give shape to an evolving whole, which we call the Universe. The cosmic engine of the formation of Reality.

And then came the light... The dark side: the causal and variational precursor of the visible side

Trying to understand how dark matter came out of the Big Bang is a bit like trying to pull the white rabbit out of its hole. We don't know what the rabbit is, and (logically) don't understand how the Big Bang could have produced this mysterious stuff.

A mystery in an even greater mystery. In short, we don't know anything about it. How can we assume that our conjectures about the Big Bang and the production of energy and matter that we see evolving in the Universe are correct? This too is a mystery. Better to make a clean sweep and start from the beginning.

In the cosmological model that we propose here, we hypothesize that:

  • a slow and spontaneous evolution of the Elementary Field that produced Dark Structures, made of what we commonly call Dark Matter and Dark Energy, the Halos that host galaxies, clusters of galaxies and super clusters,
  • the friction between the boundaries of these enormous Dark Structures incessantly and variably produced and produces a more or less intense process of formation of particles, that we expect to find especially in the filaments of the cosmic web. Electrons and other elementary particles that we call leptons, and, as a result of their collisions and interactions, other more massive particles like the quarks of various masses go to form (nuclei of) atoms of (ionized) gas, moving fast, with high temperature, in the intergalactic medium,
  • the gravitational collapse of these gas atoms in clouds formed the visible part of the galaxies that we see in the Universe.

In a crescendo of dynamic complexity, of structuring of the Elementary Field, of Space-time, the already evolved dark structure of the cosmos became the causal and variational (spatial and temporal) precursor of the formation of the visible side of the Universe, Ordinary Matter and Radiation (electromagnetic and gravitational), produced by the increasingly large and complex bodies formed by the aggregation and dynamics of those tiny particles, by the gases and dust that they gradually formed.

Ordinary matter (and antimatter) incessant formation from dark matter/energy structure dynamics (galaxies and clusters/super clusters)

Since stars are the building blocks of galaxies, galaxies in turn are the building blocks of clusters and superclusters and all large and complex structures that populate the Universe. But stars are not all the things that make up galaxies. Unexpectedly, in all their evolving forms such as neutron stars and black holes, they represent a modest fraction of the total mass of a galaxy. Most of it is represented, in addition to a large amount of the puzzling dark matter, by gas, dust, moving particles, magnetic fields, gravitational waves produced by the dynamics of the galaxy itself.

Let's focus on gas which, together with dust, represents the raw material for the formation of new stars. New researches about galaxies show that a surplus of incoming gas, which appears to add to the gas blown out from the galactic disk from exploding stars, falls back onto the galaxy to form new stars. In any hidden corner of the Universe we look, we find gas. At the most variable densities and temperatures, but gas everywhere. It is clear that this gas cannot be produced by the visible structures of galaxies, which instead feed on gas for their own generation and evolution.

Gas present in intergalactic regions? Thickened in clusters and superclusters? Gas generated during the Big Bang? Like the energy driving cosmic dynamics, gas never seems to run out. It seems that a phenomenon is at work, a mechanism that incessantly produces new gas, not inside galaxies, but in the regions that we find among the galactic bubbles, and even more among the immense bubbles of dark matter that host clusters, superclusters and all the immense structures that we are discovering (giant voids, walls, filaments, the cosmic web).

In the cosmological model that we propose here, we hypothesize that the slow and spontaneous evolution (supported by the expression of the active part of the Primary Source, the Fundamental Force) of the Elementary Field has produced Structures of Information, patterns of organization of Elementary Events, increasingly larger and complex. We can classify these Dark Structures as:

  • elementary: ideal halos (do they exist?)
  • complex: real halos that host galaxies, clusters of galaxies and super clusters. We can think about clusters of halos and nested halos, or mixed halos (with a multi density internal structure and dynamics). Networks of halos, strings and walls of halos, complex convective, dynamic dark structures, etc.

The friction between the boundaries of these enormous dark structures incessantly and variably produced and produces a more or less intense process of formation of particles, that we expect to find especially in the filaments of the cosmic web. Electrons and other elementary particles that we call leptons, and, as a result of their collisions and interactions, other more massive particles like the quarks of various masses go to form (nuclei of) atoms of (ionized) gas, moving fast, with high temperature, in the intergalactic medium.

These enormous structures, these large bubbles, that now we call "giant voids", are Dark Matter + Dark Energy halos with a very light profile of positive mass density in the their inner part (the kind of mass that exert attraction) and a slight profile of negative mass density in the their boundaries (the kind of mass/energy that exert repulsion, that can be seen as "anti-mass", nothing to do with anti-matter). When this overgrown structures completely filled the whole Universe, the entire space-time, they started to strongly interact, pushing the medium and small size bubbles in the interstitial spaces between them, building the dark part of the Cosmic Web we now observe in the sky surveys. This strong interaction, a sort of friction, among the large, medium and small bubbles produces a more or less intense process of formation of the very tiny Structures of Information that we call particles, like a stirred foam produces finer bubbles which occupy the spaces between the larger bubbles.

Particles, represented by the kind of Structures of Information that we call Vortices, and, produced by the dynamics of that particles, Radiation, formed by the kind of Structures of Information that we call Waves. Electrons and the elementary particles that we call leptons, and, in the more intense processes of formation of matter, other more massive particles like the quarks of the various masses, that at the end of their decaying that leads to their stabilization at the lowest level of energy of the Elementary Field, go to form the nuclei of atoms. And all the Interactions produced by the (occurring) collisions of that particles. And all the waves (we call them electromagnetic waves) produced by their dynamics and the interaction between those particles. Finally, Ordinary Matter and Radiation, produced by the increasingly large and complex bodies formed by the aggregation and dynamics of those tiny particles, by the gas that they gradually formed, incessantly feeds the visible part of the galaxies we see in the Universe.

This complex and vast process of formation of matter did not occur exclusively in a remote period of the life of the Universe, but, to varying degrees both in a spatial and temporal sense, continues in the Universe today. Regions that host large expanding bubbles that interact intensely, are still characterized by intense processes of formation of ordinary matter, as well as other regions, where the interaction has been reduced due to the compaction of bubbles, large, medium and small , which follows the phases of intense production of ordinary matter, denser, more compact bubbles, where the boundaries of dark energy temporarily recede.

Dark matter is not made of particles

Observations, experiments fail to find answers to the questions "Does dark matter exist?" and if it exists, "what is it made of?". It is estimated that about 85% of the Matter in the Universe is invisible, the so-called Dark matter. How can it be possible that such a large amount of matter, which influences in a decisive way the dynamics of cosmic structures, of the entire Universe, escapes all attempts to reveal its nature. Maybe we are searching in the wrong direction, or better we are searching something wrong. Perhaps we are guided by a fundamentally wrong idea: that all matter must be made up of particles. Perhaps it is the ancient atomistic vision, in its increasingly accurate and spectacular versions, such as the Standard Model of Particles, that conditions our observations, our experiments.

The only evidence we should consider in this strange and difficult research is that dark matter appears to be low-density stuff distributed in large clumps over vast regions of space. We see the effects of the presence of such a strange and invisible stuff, we presume it exists, but no one is able to reveal its nature and composition. Just a large number of hypotheses about more or less strange particles or changes to the laws that we think regulate gravitational phenomena, hypotheses that become less and less plausible every day, as observations and experiments place ever more stringent constraints. We see the effects of the presence of such a strange and invisible stuff, we assume that it exists, but no one is able to reveal its nature and composition.

What can we do to get out of this impasse? My opinion is that we should stop looking for "particles". Instead, we should look for something very large, with a very low density. Nothing that is now present in the Standard Model of Particles can help us. We need to try to better understand the infinitely small, what particles are in terms of what is most fundamental. We hypothesize that the same "substance" of which elementary particles are made, beyond quarks and leptons, bosons, is something that can be structured with various intensities of organization of various forms and densities. Not by chance. But following the laws that govern the dynamics of that hypothetical "substance", dynamics that rules the conditions of equilibrium that permit the existence of structures characterized by masses, charges, spins, dynamics like those collected in the Standard Model. But not only. Also other structures, low density large extension structures precisely. And as in the case of ordinary matter particles (where it is present in a absolutely hidden, undetectable way), for those large cosmic structures made of Dark Matter, Dark Energy represents an inseparable element. These two dark stuffs being two complementary manifestations of that same hypothetical substance.

That "substance" is not "strings", nor "spin networks", nor "ether", nor "modified gravity", etc. That "substance" is the Elementary Action, relation among distributions of Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale. In particular, speaking of Mass and gravitational phenomena, the first mode of Elementary Action, that we call Perturbation. Its dynamics is the Dynamics of Physical Action.

Why cannot we find dark matter? Basically, because we are looking in the wrong direction! Or rather, we are looking for the wrong thing. We are looking for particles ... Elusive, strange, exotic, light, heavy, warm, cold ... but always "particles" ... Someone thinks to change the laws of dynamics, to overcome Relativity, to reform gravity ... Let's change! Let's try something different ...

Particles are only a part of Reality. They are the protagonists of the level of Reality where granularity prevails and the building blocks of matter and radiation form, interact and organize in the object that we observe in the Universe.

Under this level, another layer hosts the processes that organize the Elementary Action and its components / modes that incessantly emerge in the Elementary Field. This is a world of continuity.

Between these two layers of Reality, we can find an entire continuum of intermediate levels in which the first seeds of granularity emerge, organize and evolve towards the huge structures of dark matter that we indirectly observe through their gravitational effects on the ordinary visible matter and the radiation that crosses them. These large structures are characterized by a weak density and the vast spatial extension that we can observe in the galactic structures, in the clusters and the even more large-scale cosmic objects.

Ordinary matter particles and dark matter halos are made of the same "substance" (what we call Perturbation, the component of the Elementary Action that represents gradients in the intensities of the distributions of the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuation of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale. What matters are "mass densities" and "spatial extensions". Finally, the forms of these structures.

Dark energy as anti-mass (or positive mass density)

In this vision of Physical Reality, Mass is described as an inhomogeneity in the Elementary Field:

  • if the average intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events at a point-event in the Field is lower than that in its neighborhood, we can call this a negative density inhomogeneity, which corresponds to a negative value of Perturbation, or negative mass density in the more complex level of Reality, where the Structures of Information, dark and ordinary massive structures, halos and particles, with their attractive gravitational effects, emerge,
  • if the point average intensity is greater than that in its neighborhood, we find a positive density inhomogeneity, in other words a positive Perturbation value, that we call dark energy (positive mass density), with its repulsive gravitational effects.

Only in presence of Vortices, a type of Structures of Information, which we can find at various levels of Reality, either in the microcosm as the elementary massive particles, like electrons or quarks, and in the macrocosms, as the large-scale low-density massive halos, that host galaxies, as well as clusters of galaxies and super-clusters, we will find the inhomogeneities, as above described, in a more or less stable form.


Table of correspondences: energy, mass, curvature, speed of light, Perturbation, Structures of Information


Vortex structures, together with waves, are the only structures that can conserve inhomogeneities in a dynamic field. The vortex one, in particular, is the only kind of structure that can conserve an inhomogeneity in a dynamical equilibrium where a central region is characterized by, so to speak, a negative pressure (negative values of Perturbation), that we call "Mass", while its boundaries are characterized by a positive pressure(positive values of Perturbation), that we call "Dark energy".

Dark energy, for its repulsive effects that we see as a cosmic expansion, can be seen as "anti-mass". It has nothing to do with anti-matter. In facts, if we were able to map in 3D the structure of an elementary particle as an electron, we will find a central region, a volume characterized by negative inhomogeneity and a surrounding region with a positive inhomogeneity in the intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events. The same result we will find mapping an anti-particle, as a positron, whose mass correspond exactly to that of the coupled matter particle (in this example, an electron).

The same structure of central negative and outer positive inhomogeneities in the intensity of the distributions of the Elementary Events characterize the structure of dark matter cosmic halos, where we will find dark matter in the central regions and dark energy in the outer regions. The basic difference is the level of concentration in space of these inhomogeneities, the levels of Perturbation, very high in the case of the elementary particles, electrons, quarks, and very low in the case of the so-called dark matter halos.

Positive and negative mass - Dark/ordinary matter and dark energy - Attraction and repulsion

Mass, matter, energy, attraction, repulsion... Common terms, especially in the theory of General Relativity, which we must redefine here to try to describe Mass and gravitational phenomena in terms of the dynamics of something more fundamental: the dynamics of the Elementary Action and its first mode / component that we call Perturbation.

Let's try to briefly summarize what we mean by each of these terms. To better highlight the relationships between these concepts within this model, the Evolutionary Knowledge System, we will try to observe them at the fundamental Levels of Reality:

  • Level of the Elementary Action -> Perturbation

Elementary Action is any inhomogeneity in the distributions of the intensities, directions, chirality / vorticity and orientation of the axis of vorticity of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale. In other words, any (more or less local) inhomogeneity in the distributions of the Elementary Events. A concept near to that of the quantum foam, or the energy of vacuum. Considering only the distributions of the "intensities" of those tiny fluctuations, to express their existence and intensity, we say that, in a point or a more or less extended region of the Field, Elementary Action in the mode / component that we call Perturbation has a non-zero value. Perturbation can be zero, positive or negative, due to the relation between the local distribution and that of its neighborhood or the universal mean distribution.

  • Level of Information -> Mass

And indeed, Mass can be described as a non-zero value of Perturbation, an inhomogeneity in the distributions of the intensities of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field. This means that Elementary Action has taken on a form (a more or less complex inhomogeneity has / represents a form, absolute homogeneity shows no form). So we can say that the Elementary Action has taken a form, it has become Information (In-Form-Action = Information), at its most elementary level.

Following the value of Perturbation, Mass density can be:

  • null (no inhomogeneity, no Elementary Action as Perturbation, no attraction / repulsion, no gravitational effects),
  • negative: if the mean intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events at a point-event, or in a region, in the Field is lower than that in its neighborhood, we can call this a negative density inhomogeneity, which corresponds to a negative value of Perturbation, or negative mass density in the more complex level of Reality. We call this "Matter" (positive mass density), with its repulsive gravitational effects. Dark matter, looking at the inner regions of "low density - large extension" structures, such as the DM galactic halos, and Ordinary matter, looking at the inner regions of "high density - compact extension" structures, such as elementary particles (hadrons, leptons, etc.),
  • positive: if the point or region mean intensity is greater than that in its neighborhood, we find a positive density inhomogeneity, in other words a positive Perturbation value. We call this "dark energy" (positive mass density), with its repulsive gravitational effects.

  • Level of the Structures of Information -> Waves and Particles

Action with a Form, Information, can create Structures in/of the Field. Structures, which can evolve from the organization, transformation and selection of Information, can be of three fundamental kinds: Waves (radiation, or Radiant energy), Vortices (Elementary Particles, es. leptons, electrons, neutrinos) and Mixed Structures (composed particles, es. hadrons, protons, neutrons, etc.).

Vortices, alone or as components of mixed structures, both as macro structures, dark matter and dark energy structures (es. galactic halos) and as micro structures, elementary particles, are formed by:

  • an inner region, with negative values of Perturbation, negative mass density, that in the case of the dark matter halos is the region responsible of the gravitational pull that ties the stars together in the galaxy and make them to rotate as observed. In the case of elementary particles like electrons, this region represent the true mass core of the particle,
  • a quasi-spherical limit, that interfaces the inner and the outer regions. Quasi-spherical because of the incessantly changing form of particles (mutable under the infinite forces that incessantly act on them, for example, the photons of heat, those of light, all the nuclear, kinetic, gravitational forces, etc.),
  • an outer region, with positive values of Perturbation, positive mass density, that in the case of the dark matter halos is the region responsible of the (relative) intangibility of the structure and the gravitational repulsion of the other surrounding halos. Even in the case of elementary particles like electrons, this is the region responsible for the (relative) intangibility of the particle, one of the reasons why energy is produced when particles fuse.

  • Level of the Forms -> Atoms, Molecules, Rocks, Planets, Stars, Galaxies and so on...

When we observe the world in which we live, the Material Forms that surround us, the objects that fill our planet and the cosmos, even our body, stimulate our senses, generating perceptions in our cognitive systems, of which an important part is generated by the gravitational effects of their, of our, mass.

A few more words about attraction and repulsion.

If we push two vortex structures, two massive structures, both with high mass density (two elementary particles) or, respectively, with low density (two "dark elementary structures" as "dark halos"), one against the other, if we only consider the gravitational aspects, linked to the dynamics of the Elementary Action in the mode we call Perturbation, first, when the distance is proportionally greater than a limit that characterizes a condition of equilibrium, we will see attraction between the two structures. Then, as we approach them, we will begin to see an increasingly marked decrease in attraction and, if we approach them beyond the limit of equilibrium, we will begin to see repulsion, which will increase gradually. The force necessary to bring these two structures closer together will have to be increasingly intense. And so, until the distance will be so small as to trigger the merger of the two structures, an event that will produce the release of a considerable amount of energy (as we commonly call the elementary form of Information, that we find at the level of elementary particles). After the merger, only one structure will remain, tending to have a mass lower than the sum of the masses of the two merged structures.

Black Holes as super particles

Black Holes(BH) result from the degeneration of immense (but finite) aggregations of matter, as in the case of the collapse of dying stars with the formation of stellar-mass black holes , or from the merging of existing BHs, as in the case of the larger cosmological BHs, which we can find at the center of galaxies. A black hole is usually understood as a region of space-time of infinite density, enclosing a gravitational singularity. The BH can be thought of as surrounded by an event horizon, although it has also been speculated that naked singularities (hypothetical gravitational singularity without an event horizon) may exist.

It is difficult to think that a finite, even if enormous, amount of matter could produce the infinite density / curvature we call "singularity".

The particles of matter involved in the collapse during the formation of a BH oppose a very strong resistance to compression, and even greater the resistance to curvature opposed by the Elementary Field, with its reaction to the immense forces that is trying to profoundly modify its state, represented by what we call Perturbation, the distributions of the intensities of the Elementary Events, the fluctuations of the Field at the Planck scale.

So, in my opinion, no infinite density, no singularities, censored by event horizons or naked.

In its essence, we can think a BH as a giant, super massive particle, like an enormous electron, with a small spatial extension (small in relation to the extension of a star with a comparable mass), with a huge mass, an enormous mass density (enormous but not infinite), especially in the central region of the BH, an electric charge, an important spin that produces a very intense magnetic field. A kind of mega elementary particle, devoid of internal components, or at least in the central volume (due to the different amount of matter that forms the BH, the outer shells can be formed by semi-squeezed or compressed particles such as a soup of quarks / gluons / electrons.

The space-time metric, gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic structure of the Cosmos

All the basic aspects of Reality, all the main derived forces and fields of Nature, all the Fundamental Physical Quantities and the Modes of Elementary Action, which are their roots, are at work in the Formation and the Evolution of the Universe:

What we observe in the world, on earth, in our solar system, in our galaxy, in the cosmic web, in the whole Universe, comes from something (the Elementary Action) that can be described as the dynamics of the "union" of those fundamental physical quantities and phenomena, and all the derived, more complex phenomena, like the weak and strong nuclear phenomena, and all the complex phenomena that make possible the existence of all the Structures, the Forms, the objects that compose the Universe. The "union", I said. Because they are one, in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, in incessant interaction with the Fundamental Force, the two aspects of the unitary Source of Reality. We split them to describe, to understand, to search for a correspondence with our fragmented experience of physical phenomena, fragmented due to our lack of knowledge, our incomplete ability to integrate the different levels of physical experience of the world.

In this period, with increasing insistence we hear about the magnetic dimension of the Universe. A dimension that joins the most observed and studied so far, the gravitational and kinetic aspects, made up of masses in motion and in reciprocal interaction. It seems that awareness is growing that magnetic phenomena were and are fundamental for the formation and evolution of the Universe and the structures that populate it.

Not a surprise to me. In this model of description of Reality and the Universe in evolution, all those five fundamental phenomenological aspects, as listed above, which correspond to the five physical quantities, referable to the aforementioned Modes of Elementary Action and their combinations, are involved. The entire Universe and all the structures within exist with all those aspects. Therefore, everything is and has a space-time metric, gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic dynamics. Everything is a space-time metric, gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic phenomenon. Everything.

The temperature of the cosmos and the CMB radiation

In my opinion, there is some confusion about a central issue in cosmology: the temperature of the cosmos. Or rather, the temperature of the Elementary Field. By temperature of the Field we mean two distinct concepts: the temperature of the elemental fluctuations on the Planck scale that represent the Elementary Events and the temperature of the structures of / in the Field.

The first concept (the temperature of the elemental fluctuations on the Planck scale) is related to the power spectrum of black body radiation associated with the background dynamics of the field itself. The whole dynamics of Reality and the Universe depend on this power spectrum, which is determined by the intensity of the expression of the Fundamental Force and the resistance to deformation (stress and torsion) of the Elementary Field.

The second concept (the temperature of the structures of / in the Field), which is obviously a function of the first, is equally relevant, as the nature and dynamics of the structures and the forms that populate the Universe depend on it. In this concept we include the extremely low temperature of the giant voids around which the cosmic web is organized (like huge icebergs in an icy ocean, surrounded by constellations of warmer and more lush islands), the temperature of the dark matter halos, ever smaller, dense and hot (we always speak of a very low temperature, but not so extremely cold such as that of the giant voids), and populated by an ever greater quantity of ordinary matter (clusters and galaxies). And again, the (average) temperature of such ordinary matter (gas, dust, stars, planets, black holes, neutron stars, etc.), which constitutes the visible part (or that we assimilate to visible matter, such as, for example, black holes) of cosmic structures.

When we talk about the temperature of the cosmos, we are referring to part of the existing structures mentioned in the second concept, everything that makes up the dark side of the Universe, of the cosmic web: giant voids, halos of various extensions, every structure formed by dark matter and dark energy. What we normally call the void between visible structures. That void, which until the hypothesis of the existence of what we now call dark matter and dark energy was formulated, was regarded as a vacuum, with an extremely low density of matter (a few atoms per square meter) and nothing else.

So, having said that, what does CMB have to do with the temperature of the cosmos? CMB is thought of as fossil radiation, which was emitted during the Big Bang + Inflation initial formation of the Universe and permeated all the space that expanded during the evolution of the cosmos and the structures it hosts. It is thought as the current (low) temperature of that radiation, emitted when the Universe was very hot. We refer to this concept when we talk about the temperature of the cosmos in the context to the Standard Cosmological Model. And we look at its tiny variations, anisotropies represented by small temperature fluctuations in the blackbody radiation, relics of that Big Bang, as the seeds of the structures we observe as the components o the cosmic web.

With the alternative model that we call the Evolutionary Cosmological Model, we propose to overcome the Big Bang + Inflation hypotheses. If this were true,what would be the role and nature of CMB? No longer the relics of the early life of the Universe.

A new role and a completely different nature must be hypothesized. The most natural and compatible with the model here proposed is to think to a black body incessant and continuous emission determined by the dynamics of the Elementary Field, under the pressure of the Fundamental Force, producing Elementary Events, whose inhomogeneities in their distributions represent the Elementary Action. Let's assume it is the dynamics of the Elementary Action that produces what we can imagine as the incessant "heating up" of the cosmos to an average temperature we observe as the CMB (as the Field, or better the Elementary Action that represent its dynamics, were "boiling" at a very low temperature (maybe emitting a black body radiation at about 2.725 K?). And the anisotropies, the inhomogeneities in it, representing the different temperatures of the various (dark) structures that organize the cosmos.

We should assume a new role and a completely different nature. The most natural and compatible thing with the model proposed here is to think of an incessant and continuous emission of black body determined by the dynamics of the Elementary Field, under the pressure of the Fundamental Force, producing Elementary Events, the inhomogeneities in whose distributions represent the Elementary Action. We hypothesize that it is the dynamics of the Elementary Action that produces what we can imagine as the incessant "warming" of the cosmos to an average temperature that we observe as CMB. To use an image, it is as if the Field, or rather the Elementary Action that represent its dynamics, "boiled" at a very low temperature (perhaps emitting black body radiation at about 2,725 K?). And the anisotropies, the inhomogeneities in it, represent the different temperatures of the various (dark) structures that fill the cosmos.

The Cosmic Web: the 3D structure of the Universe

Observations and models from astronomers and cosmologists substantially agree that the structure of the Universe is like a sponge made up of clusters of galaxies closely connected by filaments of galaxies. Not a Universe where galaxies reside in isolated clusters, not a pattern of galaxies punctuated by gigantic isolated voids. What is called the Cosmic Web is intended essentially as the visible part of the structure of the Universe, whose dynamics is seen as influenced by Dark matter and Dark energy, two very important stuffs, preponderant but unknown.

In the Evolutionary Cosmological Model, we pay more attention to the dark part of the Structures that compose the Cosmic Web. Both from the point of view of the origin, dynamics and evolution, and from that of the physical nature of the fields, Space-time, matter and the physical quantities involved (Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin). Here, the Cosmic Web is essentially intended as constituted by a preponderant dark part, consisting of halos of various extensions, which host the visible part of the structure of the cosmos.

For the Cosmic Web we assume a structure formed by:

  • giant voids interacting (pushing against each other): immense dark halos, with a very small mass density and dark energy boundaries (responsible for the phenomenon we recognize as cosmic expansion),
  • super clusters (clusters of galaxy clusters): medium-large dark structured halos, with medium-mass density and stronger dark energy boundaries, which house the super clusters,
  • galaxy clusters: medium-sized dark structured halos, with medium mass density and stronger dark energy boundaries, which house galaxy clusters,
  • galaxies (or rather "galactic structures"): small (relatively small, of course) dark structures, halos, with higher mass density and stronger dark energy boundaries, which host the visible part of galaxies composed of ordinary matter

Stars appear organized into galaxies, which collect in groups, galaxy clusters, superclusters, sheets, walls and filaments, separated by immense voids, creating a vast sponge / foam / bubble like structure. All this structural hierarchy manifests itself in a complex interaction of a variety of different forms, such as:

  • walls: walls and sheets are cosmic structure formed by a giant walls of galaxies, galaxy filaments with a certain thickness,
  • filaments: the large filaments of gravitationally bound galaxies we observe are largely made up of galactic structures (Halos of Dark Matter + galaxies of visible / Ordinary Matter) located in the interstitial space between the Halos of giant voids, super clusters, clusters, they form the boundaries between large voids in the Universe,
  • nodes: they are the regions in which more than two giant halos (giant voids) border leaving ample space for medium-large halos containing super clusters and / or medium containing clusters of galaxies,
  • voids: extremely large regions of space with a small density of galaxies.

In the standard cosmological model, galactic filaments follow dark matter web-like strings. Nothing certain is said about the nature and formation of dark matter and those string which aggregate visible / ordinary / baryonic matter. The Evolutionary Cosmological Model poses some hypotheses about these mysterious questions. Imagine an immense/infinite field (the Elementary Field). Imagine an emerging space-time metrics (relative, dynamical and conservative). Imagine this Field, the Field of the Elementary Events, which form the Elementary Action, the most basic form of Existence, the "substance" of which everything in composed, from which everything evolves. Imagine that a Force interacting with that Field "heats it up" incessantly. Imagine that the field "boils" at a very low temperature (maybe it emits black body radiation at about 2.725 K?). And it forms bigger and bigger bubbles. Imagine that that enormous bubbles fill all the cosmos. Imagine those huge bubbles filling the entire cosmos and coming into contact with each other and interacting like enormous particles. Imagine that their interaction produces and/or evolves new smaller bubbles, which fill the space between the boundaries of those giant (seemingly empty) bubbles (Dark Matter bubbles / Halos, in fact). And again, imagine that the boundaries of all the large, medium, small bubbles that compose that sponge structure, interacting (through the "friction" of their dark energy boundaries), produces small particles of ordinary matter, which begin to collapse in the smallest / densest bubbles, the galactic dark matter halos. Imagine that matter progressively forms galactic disks, and then the visible parts of the galaxies that we normally observe in the sky... And, voila.. The Universe is served...

The dynamics of the dark structures of the Universe, with the halos hosting clusters and galaxies, which we call Cosmic Web, manifest a complex interaction of flows that realize the motion of the galaxies that we can observe in the cosmos, with repellers and attractors, a global organization of bubbles of different sizes, the formation and evolution of immense structures such as walls or filaments of galaxies, which can extend for billions of light years in length.

From the interaction of all those dark structures, ordinary matter forms and evolves, collapsing into the densest Dark Structures (the galactic Halos). Not to ignore that all those Dark Structures interact not only gravitationally due to their Mass (positive=dark and ordinary matter and negative=Dark energy), but with all their physical aspect, such as relative linear and rotational Motion (Translation), Charge (Rotation:Chirality) and Spin (Rotation:AxisOrientation).

The sky surveys are transforming our understanding of the cosmos, so, in my opinion, any investment in this direction in absolutely important and of very high value. 3D mapping of large portions of the sky, with all the possible information on position, motion, nature and type of the observed objects, gravitational (weak) lensing effects, polarization of the collected light, magnetic flows, etc. is really important for understanding the structure and dynamics of the cosmos.

Cosmic expansion as a (local) effect of the rising complexity of Reality

The latest news that seems to be circulating in this period regarding different rates of expansion in different areas of the cosmos, a substantial general anisotropy that contrasts with the consolidated theoretical framework of the Big Bang, encourage me to affirm more strongly one of the most important points, of the important aspects of the cosmological model proposed here, the Evolutionary Cosmological Model. This is a disruptive statement, which undermines one of the most relevant evidence in favor of the Big Bang: "the Universe, as a whole, is not expanding". Immense portions of the cosmos are expanding, as well as others (the halos that host / represent cosmic structures: super clusters, clusters, galaxies) are contracting as a result of their increasing level of organization / complexity, which implies greater Mass, greater density and concentration (both as regards the dark matter and for the ordinary / visible one).

I know. This hypothesis sounds very mystical, too much "systemic", maybe a new age slogan. I thought a lot about this aspect of cosmic reality before I matured this conviction. I have been trying to reproduce in my mind many and many times the evolutive steps that, through the expansion and the interaction of the first structures of dark matter, determine the formation of ordinary matter and lead to the formation of the complex cosmic web that we can observe in the Universe. Medium and small extension dark matter halos (like those hosting clusters and galaxies), incessantly capturing more and more ordinary matter, formed by self organization through interaction of their overlapping dark energy boundaries, acquire more mass and contract, reducing their space extension.

This rising of the quantity of the inhomogeneities in the Elementary Field, this extremization of the centrality of gradients in the structure of the Physical Reality, this increase in the intensity of the organization, of the structuration of the Field, gradually increases the level of Complexity of the Universe (a more and more complex organization, a more structured cosmos) through an increase of formation and separation of "positive mass density / negative pressure" structures (dark matter halos and ordinary matter concentrations) and "negative mass density / positive pressure" structures (dark energy boundaries surrounding and separating dark matter halos). It is in this process of complexification of the organization of the Field, in the fundamental phenomenon that we call mass (in its widest sense) that the cosmic expansion really manifests itself.

That said, some provocative questions:

  • are we sure that the observed expansion is a "real" expansion? Are the distances among the larger cosmic objects, like galaxy clusters and super clusters, "really" increasing? Is this a question which have a sense in a space time characterized by a variable metric both in space and in time dimensions?
  • are we sure that the observed expansion affects the entire Universe without distinction? Could the Universe, and therefore space-time as a whole, be isotropic? Now, as noted above, this assumption seems to be cracking.
  • whatever it is, this expansion is "really" accelerating?
  • why this accelerating expansion seems to act much more at the large cosmological scales (i.e. the repulsion among cluster of galaxies, and even more among super clusters (clusters of clusters), seems to be stronger than in its manifestation at smaller scales, i.e. at the scale of galaxies?
  • why the distribution of dark matter seems to be more diffused at the smaller scales, with smoother edges among the different structures we can directly or indirectly observe (i.e. galactic halos) and more concentrate, with sharper edges, at the larger cosmological scales?
  • what would happen to our vision of the Universe, to our cosmological models, if "c" (the speed of light) could vary in time and space?
  • and more, what do the words "real, really" mean? Can we say that a relative entity like space-time is real? What does it mean "real" about space-time positions, distances, velocities and accelerations?


Cosmic expansion - Two galaxies


Let's try to make some considerations:

  • if we do not really understand the fundamental nature of space, I think that, only through the observation of the cosmos, it will be impossible to be sure that the observed expansion is a "real" expansion (true increase of spatial distances among the cosmic objects), that space is "really" increasing its extension, as if, so to say, it was stretched by an immense force, what we call dark energy. Can space be "really" stretched and compressed, bent, curved?
  • and more, are we really sure that this expansion will increase over time? An answer to this question needs a good understanding of what time "really" is,
  • furthermore, if we want to investigate the seemingly different behavior at different cosmological scales of this supposed cosmic force, the dark energy, we have to clearly understand the nature of the cosmic structures that populate the Universe (super clusters, clusters, galaxies with their dark matter halos), in the terms of what is "really" fundamental (in this theoretical model, the Elementary Events that compose the Elementary Action, the basic "substance" of everything, the simplest form of existence, direct and incessant manifestation of the Source, the unitary couple Force and Field, in their fundamental creative expression, in other words, the dynamics of the Elementary Action).

And now, going back to the title of this section, in the light of the above questions and considerations, let's try to postulate some unconventional hypotheses:

  • the dynamics of the cosmos and the phenomenon that we call cosmic expansion and its apparent acceleration in time are caused, are deeply influenced by the rising of the level of organization of the Universe itself. The more diffused and stronger the inhomogeneities in space-time, the more extended and sharpen the gradients in the density of the Elementary Events (the elementary fluctuations of the Elementary Field, that we call Elementary Action, in the basic mode/component that we call Perturbation), the more evident the effect of the dynamics of the dark matter halos, of their dark energy boundaries and of the dynamics of the ordinary matter formed in the interactions of those dark matter/dark energy components of the cosmic structures. This dynamics produces a contraction in the dark matter halos, with an increase of their mass densities, and, at the same time, a decrease of the densities of their dark energy boundaries, that expand in the space areas released by the compression/concentration of the dark matter halos. This produces a general decrease of the mean distribution of the Elementary Evens, of the amount of Perturbation in space-time, or better in the Elementary Field, that we observe as the space-time field,
  • like per electric phenomena (whose root is the "charge") and the magnetic phenomena (whose root is the "spin"), even for gravitational phenomena, Mass comes in two opposite polarities: positive mass density (what we normally call mass in dark and ordinary matter objects) and negative mass density (what we call dark energy in the cosmic expansion phenomena). Positive density masses attract each other, while negative ones repel each other.
  • as per the fundamental Principle of Equivalence, the amount of Perturbation is equal to the ratio between the local mass density and the mass density of the surrounding areas :
    • negative amounts of Perturbation = positive mass density = negative energy pressure = (dark and ordinary) Mass = velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (i.e. "c" the speed of light in the vacuum) lower that the mean universal limit velocity,
    • positive amounts of Perturbation = negative mass density = positive energy pressure = Dark energy = velocity of propagation of Information in the Field (i.e. "c" the speed of light in the vacuum) greater that the mean universal limit velocity,
  • when the velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (speed of light) lowers in time and space, we see an apparent expansion of the cosmos,
  • due to the inhomogeneous dynamics of the dark and ordinary cosmic structures as above described, the expansion rate of cosmos and its variations in time (the observed acceleration) are naturally different in different places and in different phases of the evolution of the Universe,
  • we expect to observe more intense rates of expansion in the more organized, structured areas of the cosmos (like in the high populated link and nodes of the cosmic web, hosting the bigger super clusters), in the densest regions of the Universe,
  • we also expect to observe more intense accelerations in the rate of expansion during the phases of the evolution of the cosmos when, due to the peculiar configuration and distribution of the gradients in Perturbation, the interaction between dark matter structures and dark energy boundaries produces a more intense formation of ordinary matter (that falling and collapsing in the medium and small size halos, increases the mass concentration in the same halos) and an increase of the velocity of rotation of those structures. Consequently, the amount of the concentration of dark matter structures rises and their spatial extension contracts at a higher and higher rate till the intensity of the interactions of the same structures and their dark energy boundaries returns to a "normal" level, to an more or less stable equilibrium, till a new phase of acceleration and successive deceleration,
  • this is a cosmic feedback process that auto regulates the dynamics of the cosmos, and the dark and ordinary structures that compose the Universe, and controls its evolution in time and space,
  • at the end, on the basis of this hypotheses, we can say that the expansion of the cosmos is an apparent phenomena, due to the effective decrease of the limit in the velocity of propagation of Information in the Field (in the form of e.m. and g.w. radiation and matter), in other word of a general (but non uniform in space and time) decrease of the quantity that we call "speed of light in the vacuum".

A complex retroactive (with feedback) process / phenomenon that from red shift, to cosmic expansion, to dark energy lead us to a completely new vision of the Universe, its form and its evolution.

The Hubble constant is not constant, neither in space nor in time

Hubble constant does not seem to be so constant. New measurements of the rate of expansion of the universe give more different results. Discrepancies seem to become increasingly significant. Is there something wrong with the way we measure the Hubble's constant or is there something wrong with the way we conceive the Universe and the dynamics of the cosmos? Maybe both. But I think the second question is more true and more relevant to try to explain why the current measured values of this important natural constant are so far apart.

The Hubble's constant gives a measure of the expansion rate of the Universe (in kilometers per second per megaparsec) and give us the possibility to make hypotheses about the size and the age of the Universe, and to estimate distances between the objects in the cosmos.

That H.C. is not constant in time is a science fact since the observation of the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe. But I think that its (supposed) constancy in space is not a scientific fact, and it comes from a profound misconception about the true nature of the the (derived) field we call space-time, or, even more, from a incorrect comprehension of the nature of the entire Physical Reality.

Hubble's law tell us that the recessional velocity is proportional to the distance to distant bodies. As we can see in a medium subject to uniform expansion. This conception implies uniformity, homogeneity, isotropy, at least when viewed on a large enough scale. No special places, both for the parts of the cosmos that we see in expansion and for the part that include the observer. This is the Cosmological Principle. It implies that the forces act uniformly throughout the Universe. But, this its true only if we consider the Fundamental Force acting of the Elementary Field. All the derived forces (as gravity) don't act uniformly. They (always) relative intensities are determined by the shape of the organization of the Elementary Field itself, in other words, the derived fields associated to those derived forces.

In my opinion, Hubble constant is not constant also in space dimensions, so it cannot be considered a support to the Big Bang model. The polarization of the dispute on cosmological models between static and Big Bang, for me, is one of the most destructive errors in cosmology. It has addressed all the further researches in a theoretical cul de sac that has produced inflation, the standard cosmological model, and a full series of theories father and farther from the observation. I thing that even the observation, of better, the way we observe the Universe has been deeply influenced by that wrong ideas.

So, let's go. No static Universe, no Big Bang. To explain what we see in the Universe, a third way is needed. Let's call it: the Evolutionary Cosmological Model (ECM). In this model we can "easily" accommodate phenomena like the expansion of the cosmos and its acceleration in time, the inconstancy of Hubble's Constant in space, as well as in time, the strange super homogeneity of CMB, the existence of well formed cosmic structures in the early Universe, just a few hundred millions years from the supposed birth date on the Universe. And it is not enough. There are rooms for a dark matter not made of particles, that does not need to reject of modify gravity, and the strange stuff we call dark energy, theoretically required to account for the acceleration of the cosmic expansion.

In conclusion, even if - by definition - we postulate that it is absolutely flat as a whole in all its infinite extension, space-time is not uniform, homogeneous and isotropic. Universe does not have a uni-form, a unique form, the same shape in all places, even at the largest scales. It appears to us as it were absolutely uniform at the largest scales, because we can not span a sufficiently large portion of the (infinite) Universe. At medium and small scales, we clearly see that space-time is not uniform. We see immense cosmic structures, super-clusters, cluster, galaxies, stars and planets... At these scales, a lack of uniformity is the cause and, at the same time, the effect of the presence of those cosmic structures. At the larger scales, a more slight non-uniformity is the cause and the effect of the existence of extremely large structures and the entire dynamics of the (infinite and unlimited) Universe as a whole.

The observed expansion of the cosmos is not a property of the Universe, but an emerging phenomenon, or better a complex network of emerging phenomena, determined by the dynamics of the structures of organization that give shape to the Elementary Field, to the Universe itself. If the cosmos (or finally, the Elementary Field) were homogeneous and isotropic, nothing could/would exist... The existence of structures in the Universe is due to the organization of the Field, and indirectly of the space-time, organization produced by the Creation/Existence of Elementary Events and the Evolution/Essence / Form of the Elementary Field itself. In this model the cosmic structures formed by Structures of Information, at the same time, "are" and "determine" the distribution in Space and Time of the distribution of the Mass density (that we ordinary call space-time curvature), the kinetic energy distribution (motion / acceleration), the distribution of the density of charge and spin.

No absolute numbers

The absolute dimension of Reality, the Primary Source and its two aspects, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, is inaccessible to direct observation and measurement. No quantities, no numbers can express and represent their activity.

Everything else is relative, relative to that absolute dimension. Hence, no absolute quantities, no absolute numbers can be found to represent this relative dimension in an absolute way. Sorry for the pun.

Furthermore, if we accept that the Fundamental Dimensions of Reality, Causality, Spatiality and Temporality, in other words, Cause / Force, Space and Time are infinite, we cannot imagine obtaining absolute measurements of the world in the term of those dimensions.

A few examples... If we accept that we are part of an infinite Universe, unlimited in Space and Time, what is the point of trying to measure its age, make hypotheses on its future duration, on the absolute quantity of Matter, on the quantity of Energy, etc.

What we can expect to know, the very important information to understand the dynamics of the Universe as a whole and all the structures in it are relative quantities and measures, such as the universal average density of dark and ordinary matter, the local density of the same entities in a convenient volume of space-time. Keeping in mind that a "fixed" volume of space-time is not "fixed". Space and Time are relative phenomena, relative to the correlations between the distributions of the Elementary Events. The volume extensions of space-time vary incessantly due to the inherent nature of Space and Time, the dynamics of the Structures of Information (Dark matter / Dark energy halos, Ordinary matter structures such as the visible parts of galaxies, gas and the dust clouds that surround and connect them to other structures) that organize, that represent the organization of the region of the Elementary Field that we are observing, etc. And again, not the total electric and magnetic energy of the Universe, but average of Charge and Spin densities, and local measures of states and flows in selected volumes of the Universe.

In other words, the Elementary Field represents the absolute dimension, which we cannot observe directly, ever. Its dynamics, which we call Elementary Action, produced be the incessant creation of Elementary Events, is the fundamental "substance" from which everything is formed. The incessantly emerging derived field that we call "space-time" and "metric", which we can observe directly, is relative and its extension (the curvature) is variable in Space and Time, depending on the correlations of the distributions of the Elementary Events.

So, no absolute numbers, no absolute quantities on Reality and the Universe...


Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

  • Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"


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