TFNR - A brief history of the Universe

Think different!

Here, after all these premises, it is clear that this approach provides a different (alternative) image of Physical Reality and the Universe.

We have been led to envision the Universe as the result of the Big Bang, with the CMB considered its fossil remnant and cosmic expansion cited as key evidence supporting that model and the presumed age of the Universe.

Over time, other alternative models have been proposed, yet none achieved comparable acceptance.

But many things don't add up. One example? Most of what is presumed to exist appears to be dark, unobservable directly—perceived only through indirect phenomena such as gravity and the Universe’s expansion.

And so, following recent observational data, it is now clear to many that something doesn’t quite align...

We must radically reconsider how we represent the origin and the evolution of the world—the very world we inhabit and of which we are a part.

Can we dare to imagine telling a different story of Creation and Evolution of the Universe?

A different story

And what might this different story be?

"Long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away..."

No, no, stop... just joking...

Not an instant in time, not a point in space. Not an initiating causal event. This alternative narrative begins in a far less conventional way.

It begins outside Causality, beyond Space and beyond Time—since Causality and Variationality (i.e. Space and Time) are emergent properties, manifestations of the Source of Reality. "Outside" or perhaps more aptly "before" Space and Time—not in a strictly temporal sense, but in a causal one. It’s difficult to pin down the right terminology. "Before" in causal sense and not strictly in temporal sense, yet without a single initiating cause. Perhaps "outside" is the term that best captures this condition.

Different, in what sense?

Different in the sense that we assume nothing as certain, nothing as taken for granted. The "truths" proclaimed by conventional / mainstream science are not fixed knowledge, but rather hypotheses and proposals in response to unresolved scientific questions. There’s a key distinction between what we know (we know that) and what we hope to know (we wonder if).

Despite being built upon a network of theories, concepts, models—seemingly reinforced by observational or experimental data—these "truths" become accepted as "acquired scientific knowledge" via a process called "consensus": if most agree a statement is true, it is treated as true, until proven otherwise. Of course, science must move forward. A measure of certainty is needed to construct a coherent worldview.

The issue arises when this "certainty"—which is truly only a hypothesis—is presented as "truth", even if provisional. It makes me smile when I read that an electron "is" like this, the Universe "began" like that, quanta behave this way or that, spacetime curves due to mass and energy, black holes evaporate—and many other oddities.

Everyone believes their idea is correct. And that’s fine. It reflects belief in one’s work, advancing ideas with passion and conviction. The problem is: many speak as if theirs is the definitive truth. It might be, but we’re not certain. And that’s why we pursue science and research—to build better ideas, improved models, refined theories. Always remembering that these are hypotheses, not certainties.

I place myself in the shoes of those who are not scientists or researchers, but who sincerely wish to understand how the world is structured and functions, where we come from, what our place is, and what the origin and purpose of the existence and evolution of Physical Reality might be.

From extensive reading—popular science and more advanced scientific literature (articles, papers, preprints, etc.)—I sense a prevailing feeling of bewilderment. Not due to conceptual or mathematical difficulty. Not because of the dizzying scales—from the infinitesimal to the cosmic. But because of the fragmentation, contradictions, tentativeness, fragility, and overconfidence in what’s presented as scientific knowledge—as "truth".

The problem isn't fragmentation, contradictions, tentativeness, or fragility, which are common characteristics of every search for new knowledge. The problem is the proclamation of scientific truth over what isn't, over what is merely a hypothesis, even when supported by supposed evidence and tons of math.

Have I achieved something better in this work? No. But here, I have clearly stated and repeatedly emphasized that these are hypotheses, proposals, ideas crafted to provoke thought and encourage research—guiding us toward new paths that may help us build a wider and deeper understanding of Reality.

I am not criticizing anyone. I am emphasizing the idea that what many accept as true is not necessarily true.

With that said, what are the most significant and distinctive aspects of this story? What is its deeper essence?

Let’s examine the fundamental dimensions of Reality:

• Cause: No boundaries in Causality—neither in input (no first cause, no prime mover) nor in output (no upper limit on Complexity achievable by the Universe). No initial Cause (in the Big Bang sense), no causal singularity, no external force (no creation by a supernatural agent). The Primary Source is simultaneously external (its active, causal aspect—Force—is transcendent) and internal (its passive, variational aspect—Field—is immanent) to the process itself. Its Existence, its unfolding, is the Process of Formation of Reality. Its Essence is the Form of the evolving Universe.
• Space: No constraints in Space, no edges, no privileged points (no center, no singularity). Space arises within the Process itself—and is continuously regenerated and evolved.
• Time: No boundaries in Time, no beginning, no end, no singularity. Time emerges within the same formative Process.

And finally, regarding Creation (origin) "and" Evolution (development)—in a single concept: Formation:

• Existence: The outcome of the sub-process of Creation (Events -> Action)
• Essence / Form: The product of the sub-process of Evolution (Relations -> Information, the Form of Action)

Formation of Reality

The history of the Universe—Universe as the temporal section of Reality that we call "present"—is a history of Formation. It is the continuous Creation of Elementary Action, its organization into Information / Energy (with Energy understood as an elementary form of Physical Information), and the evolutionary construction of Structures of Information. These structures include those of Dark Matter / Dark Energy (Dark Halos, Gravitational Waves, and the dark interactions) and those of Ordinary Matter (Particles, Waves, and Interactions), culminating in the evolving Forms we observe: the Cosmic Web, with galaxies, clusters, giant voids, and so on.

Reality emerges from an uninterrupted Process of Formation, which comprises both Creation—the genesis of Existence through a spontaneous transition enacted by the Source (the Force–Field pair) from Nothing to Action, from Nothing to the vacuum, from Nothingness to Emptiness, unorganized Elementary Events—and Evolution—the shaping of Essence / Form of Reality, the unfolding from Action to Information / Energy, from which the Universe's Structures and Forms arise.

"Entities that create Events organized by Relations in evolving Processes".

Accordingly, the entirety of Reality—the evolving Universe—is a super-Process encompassing infinite nested Processes, and simultaneously a super-System of infinite interacting Systems, entangled in continuous interplay across multiple existential layers.

The Process of Formation of Reality constitutes the super-Process underlying all Processes—the persistent architecture of Existence—that incessantly build Reality. From the largest scales, encompassing cosmological levels, to the closest and most familiar—starting a car, synthesizing a protein inside one of the billions of human cells—and down to the infinitesimal: the interactions of Particles and Waves, the internal dynamics of composite Particles, and the mechanisms that make their Existence possible and define their properties and behaviors, the domain of QM and QFT.

And the Universe—this wondrous, dynamic expanse saturated with Action and Energy, filled with Structures and changing Forms, infinite in spatial and temporal scope, perpetually evolving and without limit or end—is the super-System shaped by the Process of Formation, the unceasing forge of Reality.

Creation (of the most elementary form) of Existence

Things don't exist in the conventional classical sense—things happen, everything happens. The true fundamental "substance" that makes up things—atoms, molecules, objects, stars, galaxies, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, everything—is not Particles and Waves. The real "substance" is Events—Elementary Events, spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale of the Elementary Field, produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force (Force and Field being the two aspects of the Source of Reality).

Elementary Events organized by Relations in Processes—vast and intricate networks of Elementary Events and Relations—incessantly evolving toward increasingly complex Complex Events, forming higher-order Processes which collectively compose the entire Process of Formation of Reality.

Or rather, what truly matters are the "temporal distributions of Elementary Events" that underpin Information: the correlations within these distributions—patterns that organize Relations among Events in Processes—which we can describe mathematically through mixed (stochastic–and–deterministic) processes corresponding to the creative and evolving chaos/order dynamics that form Reality. Correlations among inhomogeneities in the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale, the Elementary Events, are the key element that sustains everything that exists: Metric (Space and Time, Space-time), Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin, and more.

Everything—absolutely everything—at its most elementary level depends on the temporal distributions of Elementary Events, produced by interactions among fundamental/elementary Entities, and on Relations or "correlations" that organize Events into coherent Processes. Everything is relative, as it emerges from Relations among Events.

Thus, the most fundamental physical aspects/quantities—Space, Time, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin—and so on, up to the more complex Forms of Existence are relative too. Nothing is absolute, except for the Source—the fundamental entity, the Primary Source of Existence and Essence/Form of Reality.

This Source, with its two aspects—Force and Field—is not directly knowable, observable, or measurable. We can only know, observe, and measure the effects it produces (Phenomena) and the manner in which those effects arise (Dynamics). We cannot see forces or fields—but we can observe Events and the Relations that organize them into increasingly complex Events, into webs of Events and Relations, into emergent Processes.

Evolution (of the more complex forms) of Existence

Evolution is differentiation, departure from homogeneity, organization, transformation, and selection of inhomogeneities, anisotropies—spanning from the most elementary to the most complex. It may seem odd to view a star, an apple, or even our own body as an inhomogeneity—an evolving anisotropy. Yet this is precisely the case: our body, a cell, a molecule, an atom, or each of the countless particles that make up our body in any given instant, is the result of dynamically organized inhomogeneities. At every level of complexity, these inhomogeneities continuously create newer, larger, and more elaborate structures.

From the correlation among distributions of Elementary Events arises the profoundly uncertain, quantum, probabilistic nature of Reality at its most foundational levels. As complexity increases—extending across broader spatial and temporal dimensions—this uncertainty compensates and mediates, giving rise to emergent certainty. This leads us toward the classical–deterministic framework that marked the early development of physics.

Reality is not uncertain or certain or finalistic. Reality is uncertain and certain and finalistic. Causality, too, evolves—like any other facet of Reality, like Reality in its entirety. These three steps in the evolution of Causality coexist, overlapping across various dimensional and Complexity layers of Reality. Through their interactions, they produce the staggering diversity of existing forms and their richly varied dynamics.

Likewise, our models for describing Reality cannot be purely probabilistic–quantum, or purely classical–deterministic, or strictly finalistic. They must reconcile these aspects within a deeper and more expansive framework.

Science must not seek simplicity of parts at the cost of the Complexity of the whole. Instead, it must strive to embrace the Complexity of totality, while identifying the underlying principles that allow Creation of Existence and Evolution of the Essence / Form to unfold.

A brief history of the Universe - Glyph -Draft

Let'start from... "Nothing"

Let'start from... "Nothing". Or rather, from the transition from Nothingness to Emptiness—from "Non-Existence, non-being" to the "absolute vacuum", the most elementary manifestation of Existence.

We cannot claim that Nothingness exists—that would be contradictory. Nothingness, by definition, possesses no property: neither Existence nor Essence / Form. It is the non-existent threshold in the phase transition referred to as the "Creation of Existence" in its most basic state—pure emptiness.

"Spontaneous" Creation from Nothing does not imply absence of Causality. This transition is incessantly "caused"—enacted, operated by the internal interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field pair. The transcendent attribute of the Source—its causal "agent" represented by the Force—and its immanent attribute—the variational (spatial and temporal) "acted" represented by the Field—together constitute Agency, the fundamental property of the Source and its outward manifestation, Action (the occurrence, or the production of Events).

At first glance, this may seem a philosophical riddle—a metaphysical indulgence. Yet it constitutes a central problem in physics, pivotal for understanding the causally inaugural phase we designate as Creation: the incessant production of Elementary Events by the Action of Fundamental Force upon Elementary Field. It may resemble a mystical outlook that appeals to a supernatural agent external to Physical Reality, positing it as the reason for the Existence of something rather than nothing. However, here the Source is conceived as a simultaneously transcendent and immanent entity—via its two synergistic components, Force and Field, the causal and variational components—origin of Physical Existence and Essence / Form of Reality. Creation (not as a singular moment but as ongoing action) is thus characterized as a perturbative influence of a force upon a (quantum?) state of a field.

Force and Field—cornerstones of physics—underlie all natural phenomena. Admittedly, this roots the cause of Reality’s Existence in an entity we call the Primary Source. Why the Source exists remains an unfathomable mystery—one, I suspect, forever beyond resolution. Yet, assuming the Existence of the Source, we must endeavor to construct a comprehensive knowledge system that encompasses everything observed in the Universe—both Physical and Cognitive—not merely to forecast outcomes of experiments (a result that is certainly not to be despised, but for me it is not sufficient), but to describe and plausibly explain what exists (Ontology), what occurs and how it occurs (Phenomenology), and how what exists produces what occurs in the way it occurs (Dynamics).

In summary, the reason something exists rather than nothing is that the Source, by its very existence, ceaselessly enacts a phase transition from Non-Existence to Existence—from Nothingness to absolute void—through the inner interaction of its two aspects: Force and Field. This transition manifests itself as the incessant emergence of spatial fluctuations in the Elementary Field caused by the Fundamental Force—primary (in a causal sense) and fundamental expression of the Source of Reality. Each point-event of the Elementary Field may be regarded as a quantum (harmonic?) oscillator, whose fluctuations embody the Elementary Events.

Emptiness: the absolute vacuum

There are so many words to refer to Emptiness, to define a condition of Existence without forms—absence of objects, things, occurrences. And where words abound, confusion often follows...

Confusion between "Nothing" and "Emptiness", void and vacuum arises from a deeper uncertainty surrounding the constitution of Energy and Matter, the role of quantum fields, and the classical/relativistic structure of Space–time—its curvature and dynamics—as well as the hypothetical, unobserved entities like Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

To define these concepts clearly and appropriately, we must turn to the hypotheses proposed in this research project, regarding the nature of primary Entities, Events, and Relations—the Processes underlying the most elementary forms of Existence contributing to the formation of Physical Reality.

We are all unsettled by the term "absolute", as the entire trajectory of modern science has revolved around extending the concept of relativity to broader and broader domains of the physical (and not only physical) world—even to Space–time itself.

But I invite you to suspend judgment and follow me on a journey into the infinitesimal—a causal dimension beyond what we already call elementary, beyond Particles, preceding Space and Time, reaching toward the infinitesimal realm of the Planck scale, and beyond. Please also refrain from invoking quantum gravity hypotheses, which have led us to view a dimensional limit both in Space and in Time, a discrete organization of these basic entities.

It is at this extreme scale, in the descent toward minus infinity, that we find significant resonances—determined by the intrinsic properties of the Primary Source, the causal pressure exerted by the Fundamental Force, and the Field’s resistance against such variations—which quantum physics identifies as quantum vacuum, quantum fluctuations, vacuum energy, etc.

In this System of Knowledge, I hypothesize that these resonances—infinitesimal spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field around the Planck scale, variations in spatial intervals described by the Uncertainty Principle—constitute the Elementary Events from which everything originates.

The dynamics of each point-event in the Elementary Field constitutes an elementary physical Process, formally describable as a stochastic process.

In this hypothesis, absolute vacuum refers to a condition of the Elementary Field in which all Elementary Events are stochastically independent—no spatial correlations exist among the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations in each point event of the continuous Elementary Field in the dimensional scale around the Planck scale. We encounter a state of perfect homogeneity in those spatial fluctuations and in their temporal distributions. In this sense, absolute vacuum can be understood as "perfect chaos".

In this context, Space and Time are emergent aspects arising from the progressive and dynamic, ever-changing, organization of the dynamics of the Field's event points. They can also be seen as peculiar viewpoints on the dynamics of the Elementary Field, from the perspective of the component of Elementary Action that I call here Perturbation, the root of Metrics and Mass.

The structure of Space—distances, areas, and volumes—is determined by the average intensity of elementary spatial fluctuations (the result of the balance between the pressure exerted by the Force upon the Field—the Action—and the resistance offered by the Field—the re–Action). Space is dynamically curved at the level of individual point-events around Planck scale, but appears flat when aggregating over multiple point-events (emergent flatness), already a few orders of magnitude above the Planck scale. These small scale indeterminate fluctuations result in the absolute flatness we observe at macroscopic scales—indeed, the entire cosmos. In such a condition, Space—or what I consider its precursor—can be regarded as absolute (given the total absence of inhomogeneities in the Elementary Field). This implies the absolute flatness of Space as a whole.

The structure of Time—temporal intervals, the "rhythm or rate of flow of Time"—is locally determined by the density of Elementary Events (by the temporal distributions of the—around Planck scale—Spatial fluctuations of the Field under the Action of the Force). In periodic processes, one might speak of fluctuation frequency. But here, we dwell within a domain dominated by indeterminacy, where a sort of periodicity—or rather, "a resonance of periodicity"—may be seen as an emergent property only at scales larger than the Planck scale. Unlike what was previously stated for Space, under these conditions, "Time – or its precursor – can be considered absolute" and "absolutely flat" only in the case of a completely unstructured Field, i.e., in the case of absolute vacuum as defined here, statistical homogeneity in the elementary dynamics of the Field. The massive InfoStructures, which constitute Dark and Ordinary Matter, being characterized by non-zero Perturbation values, represent inhomogeneities (local and more or less extensive) in the spatial geometry of the temporal flow rate. Therefore, in other words and to summarize, we can say that, unlike Space, which is naturally curved only at scales around the Planck scale, while at higher scales it is absolutely flat, Time can be absolute and absolutely flat only at scales higher than the Planck scale and only in the absence of massive Structures which are precisely constituted by inhomogeneities in the temporal flow rate. At scales larger than that of Planck, in a Universe as structured as the one we observe, where absolute vacuum is completely absent, or scarcely present and confined to the smallest scales, and where Dark Matter and Dark Energy are omnipresent to varying degrees, the curvature of Space-time, and therefore the overall inhomogeneity of the Metric, is entirely constituted by the curvature of Time, and therefore by the inhomogeneity of the rate of flow of time.

Absolute Space and Time—real but inaccessible—remain unobservable, immeasurable, due to the absence, within a completely homogeneous Field, of Space–time reference points, as well as observers, and instruments of observation. The existence of absolute reference points would imply a breakdown of the homogeneity, of the stochastic independence among Elementary Events, the emergence of correlations among their distributions, and an organized structure of such correlations into complex processes we call "observables", "observers",measuring instruments, etc.

Thus, when referring to absolute emptiness, absolute vacuum (and therefore to absolute Space and Time), we mean absolute homogeneity and statistical independence, the complete absence of correlations within the spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field and their temporal distributions, across the dynamics of its infinite event–points, the Elementary Events representing the most elementary form of Existence, whose existence distinguishes Nothingness from absolute vacuum.

This absoluteness can be expressed in several equivalent ways, depending on the observational perspective—or rather, imagined observational vantage—on the Elementary Field, its structure and dynamics:

• observing Space: absolute space, absolute space flatness (the cumulative dynamics of Space at Planck scale average out into absolute flatness at macroscopic scale)
• observing Time: absolute time, absolute time flatness (associated with the homogeneity of the temporal distributions of Elementary Events, of the spatial fluctuations around Planck scale)
• observing Space–time and metric phenomena: absolute Space–time, absolute Space–time flatness, no curvature even at scales a few orders of magnitude above the Planck scale, no inhomogeneity in the Perturbation Component of Elementary Action
• observing Mass and gravitational phenomena: no presence of Mass (neither positive nor negative) in the Field—thus, no gravitational attraction (Dark or Ordinary Matter: negative Mass) or repulsion (Dark Energy: positive Mass), no inhomogeneity in the Perturbation Component of Elementary Action
• observing Motion and kinetic phenomena: the velocity of propagation of causality, Action and Information in the Field remains uniform across positions and observers (if any existed)
• observing Temperature: via a thermodynamic analogy—a (obviously improper) parallelism between elementary spatial fluctuations in the Field and molecular motion in solids/liquids/gases/plasmas. In the case of the Elementary Field each point–event of the Field, owing to its unique dynamics, shows a specific temperature. Averaging over a more or less extensive volume, we obtain the average temperature of that region of the Field. Naturally, this analogy is inappropriate, as the temperature of Matter is a statistical data that summarizes the dynamics, the motion, of its components (molecules, atoms). While in the case of the Elementary Field, nothing is in motion; it is the spatial distances themselves that fluctuate, while the temporal distribution of these fluctuations remains constant. In the case of absolute Space and Time, we could say that the temperature of the Elementary Field is absolutely homogeneous and constant (absolute flatness). No correlations of the Translation Component of Elementary Action
• observing Charge and electric phenomena: no structured electric charges, no electric potential. No correlations of the Rotation:Chirality Component of Elementary Action
• observing Spin and magnetic phenomena: no structured magnetic poles, no magnetic potential. No correlations of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component of Elementary Action

From absolute to relative vacuum

From this "primordial soup" so to speak, from a condition of absolute emptiness, absolute vacuum, due to the effect of the spontaneous formative activity of the Source, in the Action that incessantly springs from the creative inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, in the forms described by the three Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics, the Uncertainty Principle, that of Action and Reaction, and that of Least Action, correlations (Relations) begin to emerge between the Elementary Events, between distributions of the fluctuation of / in the Field at the Planck scale.

From this "primordial soup", from a state of absolute emptiness—absolute vacuum—generated by the spontaneous formative activity of the Source, through the Action continuously arising from the creative inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, and expressed via the three Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics—the Uncertainty Principle, the Principle of Action and Reaction, and the Principle of Least Action—correlations (Relations) begin to emerge between the Elementary Events—that is, between distributions of fluctuations of/in the Field at the Planck scale.

These correlations can manifest themselves in the different forms of the Dynamics of the Elementary Action, in what we call the three Modes of Elementary Action:

• Perturbation (gradient: correlations in the distributions of the intensities of the elementary fluctuations of the event-points of / in the Field, of the Elementary Events)
• Translation (divergence: correlations in the distributions of the spatial direction of the elementary fluctuations)
• Rotation, in the two components we call Rotation Chirality (correlations in the distributions of the chirality of the intrinsic point rotation of the elementary fluctuations) and Orientation of the Rotation Axis (correlations in the distributions of the spatial direction of the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic point rotation of the elementary fluctuations of the event-points).

These correlations may manifest through different forms of Elementary Action Dynamics, referred to as the three Modes of Elementary Action: *Perturbation (gradient: correlations in the distributions of intensities of the elementary fluctuations of the event-points of/in the Field—the Elementary Events) *Translation (divergence: correlations in the distributions of the spatial directions of the elementary fluctuations) *Rotation, in its two subcomponents:  – Rotation Chirality (correlations in the distributions of the chirality of the intrinsic point–rotation of the elementary fluctuations)  – Orientation of the Rotation Axis (correlations in the distributions of the spatial orientation of the axes of intrinsic point–rotation within the elementary fluctuations of the event-points)

The spatial and temporal density of the elementary fluctuations (an approximate average density of 10^35 to the third power in a cubic meter for 10^44 fluctuations per second, an enormous density, immense compared to the infinitesimal spatial and temporal dimensions we are used to thinking of in reference to what are considered and called elementary particles), produced by the intrinsic properties of the Force and the Field, and of their incessant dynamics, leads to the emergence, from the absolute homogeneity and indeterminacy, of very slight and unstable patterns of correlation, which gradually evolve into more stable patterns.

The spatial and temporal density of these elementary fluctuations—approximately 10^35 cubed per cubic meter with up to 10^44 fluctuations per second—is staggering, far exceeding our intuitive grasp based on the infinitesimal dimensions attributed to so-called elementary particles. This enormous density, driven by the intrinsic properties and perpetual dynamics of the Force and the Field, results in the emergence, from a condition of absolute homogeneity and indeterminacy, of subtle and unstable patterns of correlation, which gradually evolve into more stable configurations.

We are referring here to patterns that we can identify as volumes (spatial domains of the Elementary Field) with a greater incidence of correlation, in translation and rotation in the Space-time in formation. It is the emergence (the evolution) of the relative from the absolute. Stochastically independent Elementary Events that gradually begin to manifest patterns of correlation that begin to evolve. They are the first Processes: Events (variations, fluctuations) produced by entities (Primary Source, the Force-Field couple), organized by Relations (correlations between the distributions of the Elementary Events, of the fluctuations / variations) in Processes, the objects of Evolution (Organization, Transformation and Selection) which determines an increasing causal permanence.

These patterns, identifiable as spatial domains (volumes of the Elementary Field) with heightened correlation densities—particularly in translation and rotation within forming Space–time—represent the emergence (the evolution) of the relative from the absolute. Initially stochastically independent Elementary Events begin to manifest correlation patterns, evolving into Processes: variations or fluctuations initiated by entities (the Primary Source—the Force–Field couple), organized by Relations (correlations among distributions of Elementary Events and fluctuations), within Processes—objects of Evolution (Organization, Transformation, and Selection), which foster increasing causal coherence.

These patterns of organization of the correlation between the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of / in the Field represent the emergent Information and the Structures of Information that characterize the relative vacuum. For their nature, form and dynamics, we call them Dark Structures of Information, the building blocks of the dark side of the Universe.

These evolving organizational patterns—correlations within distributions of elementary fluctuations of/in the Field—give rise to emergent Information and Structures of Information, characterizing the relative vacuum. Given their properties, dynamics, and forms, we refer to them as Dark Structures of Information—the foundational elements of the dark sector of the Universe.

The emergence of the dark side of the Universe

Everything I said up to now and everything I illustrated later in this evolutionary overview that from the Nothing animated (perturbed) by the Source leads to the infinite multiplicity of the Universe can be observed and described in different ways, different planes / levels of Reality, different representations that in parallel make up the complete picture of the Formation of Reality.

Everything said so far—and everything illustrated later in this evolutionary overview that begins from the Nothing, animated (perturbed) by the Source and leading to the infinite multiplicity of the Universe—can be observed and described in different ways: different planes / levels of Reality, different representations that in parallel compose the complete picture of the Formation of Reality.

In this phase of the development of Reality, of the Evolution of the Universe, from the first and most elementary interactions of the Elementary Events, from the emerging correlations between their distributions, in an incessant swarming of Elementary Action, the first structures, so ephemeral and unstable, in an eternal evolutionary challenge they begin to compete to reach an even minimal causal permanence, capable of occupying Space and Time and producing other interactions, gradually more complex, even if still so elementary and confined in the dimensional abyss that float slightly above the Planck scale.

In this phase of the development of Reality, in the Evolution of the Universe, from the first and most elementary interactions of the Elementary Events and the emerging correlations between their distributions—in an incessant swarming of Elementary Action—the first structures, so ephemeral and unstable, in an eternal evolutionary challenge, begin to compete to reach even minimal causal permanence, capable of occupying Space and Time and producing other interactions, increasingly complex, albeit still elementary and confined in the dimensional abyss, floating slightly above the Planck scale.

No particles, no waves, none of the interactions we now consider fundamental... Only infinitesimal fluctuations of space (distances, areas, volumes) resonating at the Planck scale, with emerging very weak inhomogeneities in their temporal distributions, and very slight and unstable correlations between these distributions. This is what Reality is made of at the fundamental level, of Elementary Action produced by the interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source.

No particles, no waves, none of the interactions we now consider fundamental... Only infinitesimal fluctuations of space (distances, areas, volumes) resonating at the Planck scale, with emerging very weak inhomogeneities in their temporal distributions, and faint, unstable correlations among these distributions. This is what Reality is made of at the fundamental level: Elementary Action produced by the interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field—an internal interplay between the two aspects of the Primary Source.

Micro-gradients that produce micro-flows, from whose interactions micro-torsions arise. Inhomogeneities in the time distributions of the space fluctuations at Planck scale, which produce reactions in the sense of restoration of homogeneity, from whose interactions arise torsional combinations of flows in the sense of conservation of inhomogeneities..

Micro-gradients generate micro-flows, whose interactions give rise to micro-torsions. Inhomogeneities in the time distributions of space fluctuations at the Planck scale lead to reactions aimed at restoring homogeneity, whose interactions generate torsional combinations of flows directed toward the conservation of inhomogeneities.

Gradients, flows, torsions. Always, at all dimensional scales, from the infinitesimal ones to the entire Universe. Turbulence, everywhere... This is one of the fundamental reasons for the difficulty of describing and calculating the physics of the world. Turbulence, the most complex of things to describe... We look for simplicity, elementality, elegance, and in the depths of the factory of Reality we find complexity, turbulence, damned turbulence... from which everything springs. We look for objects, things. Particles, waves, strings, loops, networks, foams, ... and we find Events, Action, incessant mutation, a bubbling of action that takes your breath away.... As if we were trying to build a house not with solid and resistant bricks, but with vibrant gelation, fireworks in perennial explosion, unstoppable whirligigs.

Gradients, flows, torsions. Always—at all dimensional scales—from the infinitesimal to the cosmic. Turbulence, everywhere... This is one of the core reasons why describing and calculating the physics of the world is so difficult. Turbulence—the most complex of phenomena to model... We search for simplicity, elementality, elegance, and instead we discover complexity, turbulence—damned turbulence—from which everything originates. We seek objects, things: particles, waves, strings, loops, networks, foams... and we encounter Events, Action, incessant mutation, a bubbling of motion that leaves us breathless... As if trying to build a house not with solid, sturdy bricks, but with vibrant gelatin, fireworks in perpetual explosion, unstoppable whirligigs.

Gradients, flows, torsions. Gradient, divergence and curl. Perturbation, Translation, Rotation (the precursors of Mass, Motion, Charge'n'Spin respectively). Always this, at all dimensional scales, repeated more and more, and more, combined in infinite different ways, in the incessant construction of Reality. And in other words, Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action, the Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics and three of the main principles of Physics.

Gradients, flows, torsions. Gradient, divergence and curl. Perturbation, Translation, Rotation (the precursors of Mass, Motion, Charge'n'Spin respectively). Always this—at every scale—repeated, recombined, in infinite different ways, in the ceaseless assembly of Reality. And in other words: Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, Least Action—the Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics and three of the main principles of Physics.

And we, desperately trying to find stability within turbulence, order within chaos, simplicity within complexity.

And we, desperately trying to find stability within turbulence, order within chaos, simplicity within complexity.

Increasingly complex and large inhomogeneities, ever more durable in the incessant mutation, in the eternal swarming of the foundations of Realities, in an infinite field of gradients, flows and twists, spontaneously organize themselves creating the first variational structures (Space-time) with increasing permanence causal.

Increasingly complex and large inhomogeneities, ever more enduring within the incessant mutation, the eternal swarming of Reality's foundations—in an infinite field of gradients, flows and twists—spontaneously organize into the first variational structures (Space-time), exhibiting growing causal permanence.

And so on, in a crescendo of spatial and temporal dimensions. It is the Creation (production of Events) that supports, on which the Evolution (production of Relations) is inserted, for the construction of Physical Reality, and of all that composes it, including ourselves, in an infinite crescendo of complexity, of extension, of duration.

And so it continues, in a crescendo of spatial and temporal dimensions. It is the Creation (production of Events) that supports—and upon which Evolution (production of Relations) is layered, crafting Physical Reality and everything it comprises, including ourselves, in an infinite crescendo of complexity, expanse and duration.

In this ocean of turbulence and Complexity, all we can hope for, all we can attempt to describe the world and make predictions, is to use a multilevel, statistical-probabilistic approach, where the specific physical quantities that underlie the functioning of an object (e.g. particles and waves, quantum objects) emerge as statistical / probabilistic summaries of combined quasi-stochastic / quasi-deterministic Processes that represent the Complexity of the underlying, most elementary, most fundamental level (the correlations between the distributions of the Elementary Events). Impossible to punctually describe a particle in terms of the dynamics of the correlations between the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations of / in the Elementary Field produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force. Impossible due to indeterminacy, which is a fundamental property of Reality (and not lack of perfect knowledge of it), impossible due to the orders of magnitude involved, due to the complexity of the turbulence that constitutes its dynamics, impossible due to the incomputability of a problem of this size.

In this ocean of turbulence and Complexity, the only thing we can hope for—the only way to describe the world and make predictions—is a multilevel, statistical-probabilistic approach, in which specific physical quantities (e.g. particles and waves, quantum objects) emerge as statistical / probabilistic summaries of combined quasi-stochastic / quasi-deterministic Processes, reflecting the Complexity of the underlying, most elementary and fundamental level (the correlations between distributions of Elementary Events). It’s impossible to describe a particle in precise terms through the dynamics of the correlations between the temporal distributions of spatial fluctuations in the Elementary Field caused by the Action of the Fundamental Force. Impossible due to indeterminacy—a fundamental property of Reality, not merely a lack of perfect knowledge. Impossible due to orders of magnitude, the turbulence constituting its dynamics, and the incomputability of a problem of such scale.

So, it is, again, from the organization of Elementary Events (space fluctuations with their peculiar time distributions), Relations (correlations between distributions) and Processes (Entities /Sources / Forces and Fields couples that produce Events and Relations that organize them) that the first Information and Structures of Information arise.

So once again, it is through the organization of Elementary Events (space fluctuations with their peculiar time distributions), Relations (correlations among distributions), and Processes (Entities / Sources / Forces and Fields pairs that produce Events and Relations) that the first Information and Structures of Information arise.

The first Vortices, the first convective structures in Space-time (a Space-time in very slow heating, now at the mean temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin degrees), characterized by a minimal but increasing inhomogeneity, an emerging organization of the Elementary Field, which in a very slow evolution leads to the formation of the first Dark Structures. These, growing and interacting in successive processes of aggregation, merger and annihilation, filled all the available space, creating what we now understand to be the dark structure of the cosmic web.

The first Vortices—the first convective structures in Space-time (which is gradually heating, now at a mean temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin)—characterized by minimal but increasing inhomogeneity, an emerging organization of the Elementary Field, in a very slow evolution that leads to the formation of the first Dark Structures. These, through ongoing aggregation, merging and annihilation processes, fill all available space—forming what we now understand as the dark structure of the cosmic web.

Why "Dark"? Because in this initial stage of Formation, of the construction of Reality, the structures that emerge, progressively occupy and expand in space, in the Field, are structures characterized by an impalpable density, gradually increasing in size, not endowed with precise boundaries, of a clear dynamic. Everything is nuanced, hazy, gradual. Soft gradients nested in other gradients, uncertain flows like the ripples of wind waves between clouds, turbulent eddies that twist and turn intertwining between gradient flows and other eddies. It is the inherently turbulent nature of Reality, the formless complexity at the basis of formed complexity. It is not gas, not ether, not substance in the sense that we attribute to this term. It is space itself, time itself that take shape, in their uncertain dynamics, Entities that produce Events and Relations that organize them into Processes. It is the dynamics of the Elementary Field, elementary fluctuations of / in the Elementary Field which little by little take the form of Space-time, then of mass, motion, charge, spin, and so on towards increasing levels of complexity.

Why "Dark"? Because in this initial Formation stage, Reality's structures emerge and gradually expand in the Field—marked by impalpable density, increasing scale, no sharp boundaries, and no clear dynamics. Everything is nuanced, hazy, gradual. Soft gradients nested within other gradients, uncertain flows like wind ripples between clouds, turbulent eddies twisting and turning, intertwining among gradient flows and other vortices. It is the intrinsic turbulence of Reality, the formless complexity that precedes formed complexity. Not gas, not ether, not matter in the conventional sense. It is space itself, time itself taking form—through their uncertain dynamics—as Entities that generate Events and Relations, which organize into Processes. It is the dynamics of the Elementary Field—elementary fluctuations of / in this Field—gradually forming Space-time, then mass, motion, charge, spin... and ascending through higher levels of complexity.

Why "Dark", I said? Because in this stage of the evolution of the Field, of Space-time, of causality, there are no particles and waves, from whose interactions light arises and everything that allows us to observe "ordinary" visible matter and energy, observable indeed. In this phase we are in the "dark", only dark structures are formed, organized, transformed and selected by evolution. They expand, they grow in extent and duration, they occupy all space and all time. They are the only actors on the universal stage.

Why "Dark", I asked? Because in this phase of the evolution of the Field, of Space-time, of causality, there are no particles or waves, whose interactions produce light and enable the observation of "ordinary" visible matter and energy. In this phase, we are in the "dark"—only dark structures form, organize, transform, and are selected by evolution. They expand, grow in scope and duration, occupying all space and all time. They are the sole performers on the universal stage.

The first (Dark) Structures and their evolution

"Soft gradients nested in other gradients, uncertain flows, turbulent eddies" in a very slow evolution lead to the formation of the first Dark Structures.

"Soft gradients nested in other gradients, uncertain flows, turbulent eddies"—in a very slow evolution—lead to the formation of the first Dark Structures.

More and more extensive vortices, always extremely thin, gradually evolve conquering the infinite space. Up to interacting, merging, annihilating. Vortices that increasingly extend and slower rotate on themselves, permeated by the nascent form, vortices of currents of Elementary Events, of Relations, stochastic Processes that little by little, in the spatial and temporal dimensional expansion, acquire more and more deterministic flavor and consistency.

Ever-larger vortices, always extremely thin, gradually evolve, conquering infinite space. Until they begin to interact, merge, and annihilate. Vortices that extend more and more, rotating increasingly slowly on themselves, permeated by the nascent form—vortices of currents of Elementary Events, of Relations, of stochastic Processes that, little by little, through spatial and temporal dimensional expansion, acquire growing determinism and consistency.

Vortices that will evolve towards the gigantic voids that draw the profile of the cosmic web in the cosmos, and smaller bubbles than in the nodes of the web will be the cradles of the superclusters, and inside smaller bubbles that will welcome clusters of galaxies, even smaller bubbles that of galaxies will form the halos that make up the dark matter part, even smaller bubbles within the halos, bubbles that will lead to the formation of clusters of stars in formation, and so on in an endlessly nested structure.

Vortices that will evolve into the immense voids that sculpt the outline of the cosmic web—while smaller bubbles at the nodes of that web become the cradles of superclusters. Within those bubbles, smaller ones will host clusters of galaxies; and within those, even smaller bubbles will form the halos of galaxies, composing the dark matter component. Nested further, bubbles within halos will give birth to stellar clusters in formation—and so on, unfolding into an endlessly nested structure.

Vortices, bubbles, halos, with approximate, intertwined, nested shapes, which interact in an endless dance, which occupies all the space and all the time that the Elementary Events, the correlations between their distributions, draw in the dynamics of the Field under the ceaseless action of the Force.

Vortices, bubbles, halos—with approximate, intertwined, nested shapes that interact in an endless dance, occupying all the space and all the time that the Elementary Events, through the correlations between their distributions, trace within the dynamics of the Field, under the incessant Action of the Force.

To understand the shape, the dynamics, the evolution of these first dark structures we must refer to the Modes of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation Chirality and Rotation Axis orientation) and observe their characteristic profiles:

To understand the shape, dynamics, and evolution of these first dark structures, we must refer to the Modes of Elementary Action—Perturbation, Translation, Rotation Chirality, and Rotation Axis orientation—and observe their characteristic profiles:

Profile of Perturbation

Each vortex, like a mega particle of matter, more or less extended in space, with its profile of Perturbation, a quasi spherical, bubble like gradient, an immense scheme of organization of the correlations between the intensity distributions (power spectrum, relation spatial variation in time) of elementary fluctuations, which draws the temporal profile of the halo. The more intense, rapid, the spatial fluctuations in time, the faster the flow of local time. Less intense, slower, the slower the passage of time.

Each vortex—like a mega-particle of matter, more or less extended in space—with its Perturbation profile, is a quasi-spherical, bubble-like gradient: an immense scheme organizing the correlations between the intensity distributions (power spectrum, spatial variation in time) of elementary fluctuations, which shapes the temporal profile of the halo. The more intense and rapid the spatial fluctuations in time, the faster the flow of local time. The less intense and slower they are, the slower the passage of time.

It is the time profile of these bubbles (flat space and curved time, which forms the curved Space-time that we observe in the structure of the visible cosmos). And, as illustrated by the Principle of General Equivalence, curved time (positively and negatively, time faster than the universal mean, or the largest volume the bubble contains) can be expressed as:

• non-zero mass density (positive, what we call dark energy, if time faster than the average, negative, the dark and visible mass that we observe of the cosmos, if time less abrupt than the average),
• temperature of the Elementary Field, or of Space-time if we like (higher or lower temperature than the average, the very light variations that we see in the CMB, which we mistakenly attribute to the outcome of the Big Bang and Inflation),
• velocity of propagation in the Field (or in Space-time if we want) of Causality (Force-Forces), of Action, of Information, speed of light in a vacuum therefore, c zero which is no longer a constant, but a limit value, different in space and time, which tells us at each point-event of the Universe at what speed the perturbations can propagate at that point.

This is the time profile of these bubbles—flat space and curved time—which together form the curved Space-time we observe in the visible cosmos. And as expressed by the Principle of General Equivalence, curved time—positively or negatively (i.e. faster or slower than the universal mean, depending on the bubble’s volume)—can be interpreted as: *non-zero mass density (positive: dark energy, where time is faster than average; negative: dark or visible mass, where time flows more slowly), *temperature of the Elementary Field (or Space-time, if preferred)—higher or lower than average, corresponding to the subtle variations we observe in the CMB, which we mistakenly attribute solely to the Big Bang and Inflation, *velocity of propagation in the Field (or Space-time)—the speed of causality, of Force-Forces, of Action, of Information: the speed of light in vacuum, c-zero, which is no longer a universal constant, but a limit value that varies through space and time, indicating at each point-event in the Universe the maximum speed at which perturbations can propagate.

And together with the Vortices, in their peripheral regions, in the interaction between different bubbles, and inside the Halos, in the interactions between the internal Vortices, flows of correlations propagate gradients, contributing to the conservation of inhomogeneities, their destruction, transformation, into a chaotic dance that incessantly (re-)shapes the structure of the Universe.

Alongside the Vortices—in their peripheral regions, in the interactions between different bubbles, and inside the Halos through internal Vortices—correlation flows propagate gradients, contributing to the conservation of inhomogeneities, to their disruption or transformation—within a chaotic dance that incessantly (re-)sculpts the architecture of the Universe.

Vortices and flows, cosmic turbulence of Space-time, of the Elementary Field which, in the swarming of Elementary Events, incessantly evolves towards the Space-time which we observe, measure, with rulers and clocks, which we see bending in the dynamics of the Masses of Dark (invisible) and Ordinary (visible) Matter.

Vortices and flows: a cosmic turbulence of Space-time, of the Elementary Field, which—through the swarming of Elementary Events—incessantly evolves into the Space-time we observe and measure with rulers and clocks, whose curvature we witness in the dynamics of Masses—both Dark (invisible) and Ordinary (visible).

Perturbation is the precursor, the source of Mass. Therefore, the profile of Perturbation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Mass, which forms, which gives shape to the structure. Attention: not distribution of Matter, but of Mass. This clarification is not trivial. In fact we are looking at a structure that is not "made of dark matter", but "is a unit, a structure of dark matter", as a particle is a structure of ordinary, visible matter. The Mass possessed by a particle of ordinary matter and that possessed by a structure of dark matter (a tenuous galactic halo for example, but also the structure of dark matter with very low density that hosts the solar system, or other whirling and undulating structures still less dense that make up the impalpable turbulence that shapes the space that we incessantly traverse in the cosmic dance of our body that revolves around the earth, that revolves around the sun, in the galaxy, in the local group, in the cluster of which the milky way is part, in the supercluster that collects it, and so on up to the entire Universe).

Perturbation is the precursor—the origin—of Mass. Therefore, the profile of Perturbation can be viewed and interpreted as a distribution of Mass—giving structure its form. Take care: this is not a distribution of Matter, but of Mass. A distinction that is far from trivial. We are not observing a structure "made of dark matter", but rather a structure of dark matter itself, just as a particle is a structured unit of ordinary, visible matter. The Mass possessed by a particle of ordinary matter, and that held by a dark matter structure (such as a tenuous galactic halo, or the low-density dark matter structure hosting the solar system, or even fainter whirling and undulating formations that comprise the impalpable turbulence shaping the space we perpetually traverse in the cosmic dance of our body orbiting the Earth, which orbits the Sun, within the galaxy, the local group, the cluster containing the Milky Way, the supercluster that collects it, and so on—up to the entire Universe).

Profile of Translation

To time profile/mass density/field temperature/etc. the profile of Translation is accompanied, an almost spherical gradient, correlated to the Pertubation profile, an immense scheme of organization of the correlations between the spatial direction of the distributions of elementary fluctuations, which draw the gravitational profile of the halo, which we can also call acceleration, negative divergence, towards the center of mass. At any point of the halo and outside it (in the absence of gravitational contributions from other structures, other bubbles, halos), no zero amount of Translation towards the center of mass, or time center (the spatial point of the halo where time flows is slower), than the halo. Responsible for what we observe as attraction between masses (dark or visible), or repulsion between structural components of Dark Energy (positive mass).

Alongside the time profile—mass density—field temperature—and so on, arises the profile of Translation: an almost spherical gradient, correlated with the Perturbation profile. It is an immense scheme of organization of the correlations between the spatial directions of the distributions of elementary fluctuations—mapping the gravitational profile of the halo. This profile can also be interpreted as acceleration, as negative divergence toward the center of mass.

At every point within the halo—and even outside it (in the absence of gravitational contributions from other structures, bubbles or halos)—there is a non-zero amount of Translation directed toward the center of mass, or time center (the spatial point of the halo where time flows most slowly). This Translation is responsible for what we observe as attraction between masses (dark or visible), or repulsion between structural components of Dark Energy (positive mass).

And more, Translation (motion) of the structure as a whole, as an object in space and time...

Moreover, it encompasses the Translation (motion) of the entire structure—as an object in space and time...

Translation is the precursor, the source of Motion. Therefore, the profile of Translation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Acceleration, which forms, which gives shape to the gravitational and kinetic aspects of the structure.

Translation is the precursor, the source of Motion. Therefore, the profile of Translation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Acceleration, which forms and gives shape to the gravitational and kinetic aspects of the structure.

Profiles of Rotation

And again, the Perturbation and Translation profiles are accompanied by the profiles of Rotation, in the two sub-modes Chirality and Axis Orientation, respectively precursors of the physical quantities Charge and Spin. Yes, even dark mega structures, in addition to having mass/gravity and motion, have charge and spin

Further complementing the Perturbation and Translation profiles are the profiles of Rotation, expressed in the two sub-modes: Chirality and Axis Orientation—respective precursors of the physical quantities Charge and Spin. Yes, even dark mega-structures, besides having mass/gravity and motion, possess charge and spin.

Rotation is the precursor, the source of Charge and Spin. Therefore, the profile of Rotation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Charge (Rotation Chirality) and Spin (Rotation Axis Orientation), which forms, which gives shape to the Electric and Magnetic aspects of the structure.

Rotation is the precursor, the source of Charge and Spin. Therefore, the profile of Rotation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Charge (Rotation Chirality) and Spin (Rotation Axis Orientation), which forms and gives shape to the Electric and Magnetic aspects of the structure.

Rotation at the level of the event-points of the Field and correlation between them, translate into intense magnetic fields and complex phenomena in the structures that host galaxies, clusters, the entire cosmic web.

Rotation at the level of the Field’s event-points—and the correlations among them—translates into intense magnetic fields and complex phenomena within the structures that host galaxies, clusters, and the entire cosmic web.

All together

Each dark vortex structure, therefore, has its own spatial extent, its own temporal profile, its mass and a peculiar mass distribution that derive from its time / mass density profile, an internal and external gravitational profile / acceleration profile (motion in the Field) and an inertia profile (motion of the Structure), a chirality / electric charge profile, a spin / magnetic charge profile which results in the immense and structured magnetic fields which, together with gravity, determine the development, the evolution and dynamics of the forms of cosmic structures.

Each dark vortex structure thus possesses its own spatial extent, its own temporal profile, its mass and a peculiar mass distribution—arising from its time/mass density profile—an internal and external gravitational/acceleration profile (motion within the Field), an inertia profile (motion of the structure itself), a chirality/electric charge profile, and a spin/magnetic charge profile. These culminate in immense and structured magnetic fields that, together with gravity, govern the development, evolution, and dynamics of cosmic forms.

Focusing in particular on the mass, we can imagine these large dark structures that host galaxies, clusters, superclusters, giant voids, etc. like bubbles, or rather shaded halos in more or less regular rotation, formed by an extensive central region characterized by a negative mass (the mass we are used to, which has an attractive power over other massive structures), the one which forms Dark Matter and by a surrounding region characterized by positive mass (with repulsive power on other massive structures), which we call Dark Energy.

Focusing particularly on mass, we can envision these large dark structures—which host galaxies, clusters, superclusters, giant voids, etc.—as bubbles, or shaded halos in quasi-regular rotation, comprising an extensive central region characterized by negative mass (the familiar kind, with attractive power over other massive structures)—the mass that forms Dark Matter—and a surrounding region characterized by positive mass (repulsive toward other massive structures)—what we call Dark Energy.

The Dark Energy region gradually becomes more evident and energetic in the interaction (compression) with other dark structures, and more and more repulsive, as it is easy to imagine in the dynamics of fuzzy objects which, in compression in a finite volume, tend to have collisions (or better frictions) more frequent and energetic. These external regions, in the compression of the interaction, gradually become thinner, compressed and turbulent, triggering massive processes of formation of smaller and denser structures. A real foam of dark bubbles, which forms mainly in the areas of greatest friction between the large structures, and tends to migrate and accumulate in the more spacious and less dynamic interstitial areas.

The Dark Energy region gradually becomes more evident and energetic through interaction (compression) with other dark structures, and increasingly repulsive—as expected in the dynamics of fuzzy entities which, when compressed within a finite volume, experience more frequent and energetic collisions (or more accurately, frictions). These external regions, under compression during interaction, become increasingly thin, turbulent, and compressed—triggering large-scale processes that form smaller and denser structures. A true foam of dark bubbles emerges—primarily within regions of highest friction among vast structures—and tends to migrate and accumulate within more spacious and less dynamic interstitial zones.

This is the first real evolution that from the continuum leads to the emergence of the discrete, after the hint we had seen with the resonances on the Planck scale which represent a preview of this fundamental evolution.

This is the first real evolution that—from the continuum—leads to the emergence of the discrete, following the early indication observed in the Planck-scale resonances, which presage this fundamental shift.

Immense discrete structures, with spherical-like but irregular shapes, not precisely or clearly delimited, partly overlapping and nested, changing and interacting. These dark structures will be crucial for the formation of the, proportionally very small, visible structures, particles, waves and interactions, which constitute the bricks with which Reality has built the forms, objects, visible structures that we observe in the Universe. Including ourselves, our bodies and everything physical and "visible" that we see around us (made up of "ordinary" matter, the stuff of the Standard Model of Particles, so to speak). And as we will see later, dark and visible structures, gradually intertwined together, conquer all space and time, in the incessant construction of the evolving Universe.

Immense discrete structures, with spherical-like yet irregular shapes—imprecise, partially overlapping, nested, mutable and interactive. These dark structures will be pivotal in enabling the formation of the proportionally minuscule visible structures: particles, waves, and interactions—the elemental bricks with which Reality constructs the forms, objects, and observable structures of the Universe. Including ourselves—our bodies—and all that is physical and "visible" in our surroundings (composed of "ordinary" matter, the very substance of the Standard Model of Particles, so to speak). And as we shall see, dark and visible structures, increasingly intertwined, will conquer all space and time—in the ceaseless unfolding of the evolving Universe.

The evolution of Action

We have seen how the first dark structures manifested themselves and little by little, in an abyss of time, occupied all the available Space, in a dynamic evolution where Time and Mass, which is its direct derivation, and the structures that arise from their organization, have played a fundamental role, accompanied by other manifestations that represent Motion, Charge and Spin. All fundamental physical aspects, and related physical quantities.

We have seen how the first dark structures manifested and gradually—across an abyss of time—came to occupy all available Space, in a dynamic evolution where Time and Mass, the latter being a direct consequence of the former, and the structures arising from their organization, played a fundamental role. They were accompanied by other manifestations representing Motion, Charge and Spin—fundamental physical aspects and their corresponding physical quantities.

And all this is nothing but the fruit of an absolutely primitive, primary form of Evolution: the Evolution of Action, of Elementary Action in particular. And the emergence of the Modes, of the Components of the Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation in the two sub-modes Chirality and Axis Orientation), and further evolution towards derived forms of Action that correspond to the Modes (gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic), which will still evolve towards even more complex forms (weak and strong nuclear power), and away towards all the even more complex forms that manifest themselves in the Universe.

And all of this is nothing but the product of an absolutely primitive, foundational form of Evolution: the Evolution of Action—specifically, of Elementary Action. This includes the emergence of the Modes and Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation in its two sub-modes: Chirality and Axis Orientation), and their subsequent evolution into derived forms of Action aligned with these Modes (gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic), which in turn evolve into even more complex manifestations (such as weak and strong nuclear interactions), and extend outward into the myriad intricate forms that populate the Universe.

Action, Events, the real substance of which Reality is made, together with Relations that organize them into more complex Events, into Processes, which incessantly construct the Reality.

Action, Events—the true substance from which Reality is made, along with the Relations that organize them into more complex Events, into Processes—are the dynamic fabric from which Reality is incessantly constructed.

The emergence of the visible side of the Universe

All those dark structures, so far from light, and from any electromagnetic radiation, at any wavelength or frequency we wish to observe (from radio waves to the most extreme gamma rays), are however the causal sources of the emergence of the spectacular side visible in the Universe.

All those dark structures, distant from light and from any form of electromagnetic radiation—across the entire spectrum of observable wavelengths and frequencies, from radio waves to the most extreme gamma rays—are nonetheless the causal sources of the emergence of the spectacular visible side of the Universe.

From the incessant and changing dark interactions and dynamics of these dark structures, which we can observe as giant voids, dark halos of various sizes, walls and strings between them, which make up the Dark Cosmic Web, ordinary matter arose and continues to arise, from the interaction of the boundaries of those bubbles, halos, from boundaries formed by what we assume is Dark Energy generating a swirling dynamic in Space-time. A foam of correlations between the distributions of Elementary Events, which generates micro Vortices (Micro-torsions) and Waves (Micro-flows), which immediately evolve into Particles, accelerated by immense and intense magnetic fields (corresponding to a locally weak but very widespread correlation between the axis of rotation of all the point events in the volume of space hosting the considered dark structure).

From the incessant and ever-changing interactions and dynamics of these dark structures, observable as giant voids, halos of varying sizes, walls and filaments between them—forming what we recognize as the Dark Cosmic Web—ordinary matter arose and continues to arise. This emergence originates at the boundaries of these bubbles and halos, formed by what we hypothesize as Dark Energy generating a swirling dynamic in Space-time. A foam of correlations among the distributions of Elementary Events gives rise to micro Vortices (Micro-torsions) and Waves (Micro-flows) that immediately evolve into Particles, accelerated by immense and intense magnetic fields (linked to a locally weak yet widespread correlation in the rotation axes of all point events within the spatial volume of the dark structure under consideration).

Imagine these mega cosmic structures, halos, bubbles of an impalpable, very light Space-time foam, or rather of Elementary Field animated by infinitesimal space fluctuations, Elementary Events, in the spatial organization of their distributions over time, correlation schemes that build growing complexities.

Imagine these colossal cosmic entities—halos, bubbles composed of an impalpable, ultra-light Space-time foam, or more precisely, of Elementary Field animated by infinitesimal spatial fluctuations and Elementary Events. Through their temporal and spatial distributions and correlation schemes, increasingly complex structures are born.

Bubbles, which rotate and interact in the incessant dynamics of the cosmic foam. Friction between the increasingly compressed peripheral areas due to the growing crowding of Space-time pushed by the Force that incessantly acts on the Field, always producing new Events. That part which, in the structure that we hypothesize for these immense halos, we identify as Positive Mass, Dark Energy, impalpable but extremely energetic turbulence that collides, creates friction with other turbulence in the opposite direction in a counter-rotation of structures with equal chirality.

These bubbles rotate and interact in the ceaseless dynamics of the cosmic foam. Friction emerges in the increasingly compressed peripheral regions, caused by the crowding of Space-time under the action of a Force that perpetually operates on the Field, continuously generating new Events. This portion, within the hypothetical structure of these immense halos, is identified as Positive Mass, Dark Energy—an impalpable but extremely energetic turbulence that collides and interacts with counter-turbulence moving in opposite directions, in structures that share the same chirality but rotate in opposition.

Micro-gradients, micro-flows and micro-vortices are produced incessantly, splashing all around, and above all in tangent directions to the interacting bubbles, accelerated by the very powerful magnetic fields produced by the correlation of the distributions of the spatial orientations of the rotation axes of the event-points ( Rotation Axis Orientation) that support bubbles.

Micro-gradients, micro-flows and micro-vortices are incessantly produced, splashing outward, particularly along tangential directions to the interacting bubbles, accelerated by the powerful magnetic fields generated by the correlated spatial orientation of the rotation axes of event-points (Rotation Axis Orientation) that sustain these bubbles.

Turbulences within turbulences, micro-turbulences within macro-turbulences, so to speak, which we hypothesize, even after numerous decays, stabilize in the most elementary types of particles, the leptons, ultimately electrons and positrons, characterized by very high energies, and therefore masses.

Turbulences within turbulences, micro-turbulences nested within macro-turbulences, so to speak, which we hypothesize—following numerous decay phases—stabilize into the most elementary types of particles: the leptons, ultimately the electrons and positrons, characterized by extremely high energies and, consequently, significant masses.

A rarefied but incessant process, at times or locally more intense, extended episodes of formation of ordinary matter, which alternate with periods of scarce production, in an expansion and contraction of the great dark structures, which in an incessant, very slow breath, produce foam, like the sea through its waves. From the consequent collisions between the elementary particles thus produced and accelerated, more complex particles are formed and begin to collapse into the less extensive but more dense, massive dark halos.

A rarefied but incessant process, at times locally more intense, consisting of extended episodes in which ordinary matter forms. These episodes alternate with phases of low production, within an ongoing expansion and contraction of immense dark structures, which—like the breath of a sleeping giant—generate foam, as the sea does with its waves. Through the resulting collisions of these accelerated elementary particles, more complex particles emerge and begin to condense within the less extensive yet denser and more massive dark halos.

Light from the dark. The world of visible structures

The peripheral areas of friction of the mega-Halos, in the compression of the structures in the cosmic foam, in a cosmos that progressively heats up and is increasingly structured by the incessant Action of the Source, thus become forges of microscopic turbulence, very energetic, which decays into charged particles and mega particle accelerators that direct them towards collisions capable of converting their immense energy and mass into more complex structures, capable of decaying into nucleons of quarks and leptons, protons and neutrons.

The peripheral friction zones of the mega-Halos—arising from compression within the cosmic foam, in a cosmos that progressively heats up and becomes increasingly structured by the incessant Action of the Source—thus become forges of microscopic, highly energetic turbulence that decays into charged particles. These regions act as mega particle accelerators, channeling particles toward collisions capable of converting their immense energy and mass into more complex structures, which may decay into nucleons: quarks and leptons, protons and neutrons.

These vortex structures, particles, are the bricks of the first ionized atoms, hydrogen, which, by collecting further protons and neutrons, will partly be transmuted into helium, and other light atoms.

These vortex-like entities, particles, are the building blocks of the first ionized atoms: hydrogen. As they gather additional protons and neutrons, some will transmute into helium and other light atomic nuclei.

The gradual irruption of visible (ordinary) matter, produced, collected and shaped by the dynamics of the immense dark structures, drastically increases the complexity of the cosmos, pushes the evolution of the Universe towards ever new levels of organization.

The gradual emergence of visible (ordinary) matter—produced, collected, and shaped by the dynamics of these immense dark structures—radically increases the complexity of the cosmos, propelling the evolution of the Universe toward ever more intricate levels of organization.

The infinitely large, produced by the organization of the formless infinitely small, which produces structures and forms in the medium small. Worlds so united and causally linked, yet separated by immense orders of magnitude. It's a matter of size... Nothingness -> the super small (Planck scale fluctuations, emptiness) -> giant (cosmic dark bubbles / halos that will host galaxies, clusters, superclusters, ..., somethingness) -> small (particles of visible matter and radiation, the Standard Model) -> medium sized (the objects ) -> large -> huge (the cosmic web, with its giant voids and the filament and nodes that host galaxies, clusters, superclusters, ... ) -> the whole immense Universe (everything).

The infinitely large, born from the organization of the formless, infinitely small, which gives rise to structures and forms in the medium-small scale. Worlds deeply unified and causally intertwined, yet separated by staggering orders of magnitude. It’s a question of scale... Nothingness -> the super small (Planck-scale fluctuations, emptiness) -> giant (cosmic dark bubbles / halos that will host galaxies, clusters, superclusters, ..., somethingness) -> small (particles of visible matter and radiation, the Standard Model) -> medium-sized (the objects) -> large -> huge (the cosmic web, with its giant voids and the filaments and nodes that host galaxies, clusters, superclusters, ...) -> the whole immense Universe (everything).

From this dynamic between dark structures, then between dark and visible structures, and then between visible structures in the fabric of the Universe, in an immense dimensional scale, interaction, friction, conversion, motion, acceleration, collision, transformation, dark, visible, dark, and again , and again...

From the dynamics within dark structures, then between dark and visible structures, and further among visible structures within the cosmic fabric—across a vast dimensional spectrum—there emerges a continuous interplay: interaction, friction, conversion, motion, acceleration, collision, transformation, dark, visible, dark, and again, and again...

This is not the beginning, nor the end... But we can consider it a fundamental step in the path towards our own existence. The transition between the dark side and the visible side of Physical Reality, radiation, the exchange of action / information between particles of matter is what allows us to perceive the world around us.

This is not the beginning, nor the end... But it can be seen as a pivotal step along the path to our own existence. This transition—from the dark side to the visible side of Physical Reality, through radiation and the exchange of Action / Information among particles of matter—is what allows us to perceive the world around us.

The same Information / Energy, which will give shape to increasingly complex objects, forms, systems.

The same Information / Energy will continue to shape increasingly complex objects, forms and systems.

Interactions, relations intensify and structure themselves in always new and varied ways.

Interactions and relationships intensify, structuring themselves in ever new and diverse configurations.

In a Universe essentially dominated by Mass and gravitational interactions, Charge and Spin, and the related electromagnetic interactions, are starting to emerge and become increasingly evident.

In a Universe fundamentally governed by Mass and gravitational interactions, Charge and Spin, and their related electromagnetic interactions, begin to emerge and grow increasingly prominent.

And, with the formation of composite particles (starting from "simple" elementary particles such as leptons) new types of interactions, not so fundamental as gravitational and electromagnetic, therefore derived interactions, more complex interactions, interactions of more complex structures, such as nucleons, protons and neutrons, the quarks that compose them and all the particles up to the most exotic, produced and destroyed in the super energetic collisions mentioned above. We speak of nuclei, and therefore of the weak nuclear interaction (which manifests itself in nuclear decays) and the strong nuclear interaction, which binds the nucleons in the atomic nuclei, and the quarks inside the nucleons.

With the formation of composite particles (starting from "simple" elementary particles such as leptons), new types of interactions arise—not as fundamental as gravitational or electromagnetic, but derived and more complex. These are the interactions of compound structures, such as nucleons, protons and neutrons, and the quarks that constitute them, alongside all the particles—up to the most exotic ones—created and annihilated in the high-energy collisions mentioned earlier. We speak of nuclei, and thereby of the weak nuclear interaction (manifesting in nuclear decays), and the strong nuclear interaction, which binds nucleons in atomic nuclei and quarks within nucleons.

It is the dance of fermions and bosons from whose incessant interaction all "visible" matter arises.

It is the dance of fermions and bosons, from whose relentless interaction all "visible" matter emerges.

And here is the domain of light and electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths. Elementary phenomena, emission and absorption, and a thousand other bizarre ones, the paradise of Quantum Mechanics.

And here, at last, is the domain of light and electromagnetic radiation across all wavelengths. Elementary phenomena—emission and absorption—and countless other curious processes; the playground of Quantum Mechanics.

"Let there be light, and there was light"...

"Let there be light, and there was light"...

Information / Energy everywhere

Sources. Forces acting on Fields. Action that acquires Form. Information. In-Form-Action.

Sources. Forces acting on Fields. Action that acquires Form. Information. In-Form-Action.

There is a powerful force operating in the Universe, which incessantly pushes towards aggregation, construction, complexity. An organizational operator, we will call him Organization.

There is a powerful force at work in the Universe—one that relentlessly drives aggregation, construction, and increasing complexity. An organizational operator, let us call it Organization.

In incessant competition / collaboration with another very powerful force, which pushes towards disintegration, destruction, simplicity. A transformative operator, we will call it Transformation. This is very familiar to science. They call it the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

This force operates in continuous competition—and collaboration—with another equally powerful force: one that drives disintegration, dissolution, and simplicity. A transformative operator, let us call it Transformation. This concept is familiar in science: they often refer to it as the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

But that's not all. Another operator completes this triad. We will call it Selection. It is the key to the evolutionary process, to adaptation, it is the force that incorporates the mechanism that ensures that only what can exist, exists and continues to exist, in an ocean of possibles that tends towards the actual, possibilities towards actuality, potential towards real.

But there is more. A third operator completes the triad. We shall call it Selection. It is the key to evolution and adaptation; the force that embeds the principle ensuring that only what is viable emerges and endures—across an ocean of possibles that trends toward the actual. Possibility converges toward actuality, potential unfolds into real.

This triad of operators realizes the Cycle of Information (or of Energy, as we call Information in the elementary levels of Reality), the true evolutionary engine of Reality.

Together, this triad—Organization, Transformation, Selection—realizes the Cycle of Information (or of Energy, as Information is often called at elementary levels of Reality), the true evolutionary engine of existence.

And what does Information look like in the Universe? Infinite aspects, infinite structures, infinite forms... From the most elementary, the basic forms of energy, radiant energy, matter, information conveyed by radiation, photons, energy and information that propagates, which preserves itself, which builds the infinite and growing complexity of the Universe.

And what does Information look like in the Universe? Infinite aspects. Infinite structures. Infinite forms. From the most elementary: the basic forms of energy—radiant energy, matter, information carried by radiation, photons, waves—energy and information that propagate, that preserve themselves, that build the ever-expanding complexity of the cosmos.

And what about "Complexity"? I like to think that this concept is linked to the causal dimension of Reality, to the expression of the Force, the active side of the Source, more in general to Forces expressed by Sources, to the amount of Action expressed by the Source needed to produce that Information / Energy / Structure or Form.

And what about "Complexity"? I like to associate this idea with the causal dimension of Reality—with the expression of Force, the active component of the Source; more broadly, with Forces emanating from Sources—linked to the amount of Action expressed by the Source in order to produce that Information / Energy / Structure or Form.

Infinite forms... With different levels of complexity and different Space-time extensions, different dimensions, configurations, organization, different shapes, functions, behaviors, phenomena.

Infinite forms... each with varying levels of complexity and differing Space-time extensions, dimensionalities, configurations, organizations. Distinct shapes, functions, behaviors, phenomena.

Any existing stuff in the Universe is Information, Action (Events) with a form (Relations between Events), in the end, different complex patterns of organizations of the correlations between the distributions in time of the elementary spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force, expression of the Primary Source:

• Particles
• Radiation
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Gas and Dust
• Stars, Planets and Rocks (any object... yes, even cars, toothpaste, your nose...)
• Black Holes
• Star Clusters
• Galaxies
• Clusters of Galaxies
• Super-clusters
• Cosmic giant structures
• Cosmic Web
• Universe

Everything we see in the Universe is Information—Action (Events) shaped through Form (Relations between Events). Ultimately, complex patterns of organization—correlations among distributions over time—of the elementary spatial fluctuations in the Elementary Field, driven by the relentless Action of the Fundamental Force, an expression of the Primary Source: *Particles *Radiation *Atoms *Molecules *Gas and Dust *Stars, Planets and Rocks (any object... yes, even cars, toothpaste, your nose...) *Black Holes *Star Clusters *Galaxies *Clusters of Galaxies *Super-clusters *Cosmic giant structures *Cosmic Web *Universe

Atoms and Molecules

Just as the collisions between the elementary particles produced and accelerated by the dynamics of the immense dark structures have produced and continue to produce composite particles, such as protons and neutrons, so from the collision of these same composite particles those aggregates that constitute the nuclei have formed and are formed of the lightest chemical elements: hydrogen, helium, etc.

Just as collisions between elementary particles—produced and accelerated by the dynamics of immense dark structures—have generated and continue to generate composite particles such as protons and neutrons, so too the collision of these same composite particles has formed and continues to form the aggregates that constitute the nuclei of the lightest chemical elements: hydrogen, maybe helium, etc.

These nuclei, following other collisions with elementary particles like electrons, become neutral atoms, the first atoms that form the gas clouds that gave birth to first generation stars (or third as it is usually called, with a truly unfortunate expression), which cannot but confuse the already confused current ideas about the origin and evolution of the Universe.

These nuclei, upon further collisions with elementary particles such as electrons, become neutral atoms—the first atoms that gave rise to the gas clouds from which the earliest generation of stars were born (or “third,” as it is often termed, in a truly unfortunate and misleading expression), an idea that only adds confusion to the already murky interpretations surrounding the origin and evolution of the Universe.

We have already illustrated the shape of the atom in the previous sections of this chapter. I don't want to dwell on it. What is of the utmost importance here is that there was no "magical" appearance of an immense mass of matter, which then took the shape of the Universe we observe (as proposed by the Big Bang / Inflation models). But, the formation of ordinary matter took place and continues to take place, albeit with different rhythms in various cosmological epochs, instant by instant, in absolutely dilated times, due to the effect of the complex dynamics of dark structures, in turn the result of the eternal dynamics of the Elementary Field.

We have previously illustrated the structure of the atom in earlier sections of this chapter. I won’t dwell on it here. What matters most in this context is that there was no "magical" appearance of an immense mass of matter, later unfolding into the Universe we observe today (as proposed by Big Bang / Inflation models). Rather, the formation of ordinary matter occurred—and continues to occur—albeit at different rhythms throughout cosmological epochs, moment by moment, across vastly dilated time spans, driven by the intricate dynamics of dark structures, themselves born from the eternal dynamics of the Elementary Field.

Just as we assume that the Universe is evolving and will continue to evolve in an infinite time in the past and in the future, therefore infinite time and space, so too Energy and Matter are infinite. To infinity, new Information is constantly added, in the form of Energy and Matter.

Just as we consider the Universe to be evolving endlessly across infinite time—both past and future, and therefore infinite in extent—so too Energy and Matter are infinite. Toward that infinity, new Information is perpetually added, manifesting as Energy and Matter.

Atoms which, through new collisions, establish bonds to form molecules (yes, always Relations, we could speak here of quantum correlations, entanglement, sharing of particles, exchange of bosons, waves, etc.).

Atoms that, through renewed collisions, establish bonds and form molecules (yes, always Relations—we might speak here of quantum correlations, entanglement, particle sharing, boson exchange, wave interactions, and more).

Gas, gas everywhere... light elements

Due to this mechanism of creation of visible (ordinary) matter, all available space is occupied by dark structures, and particles, atoms and small molecules, lighter chemical elements spread everywhere. With variable densities, but always very light, with lumps, flows and peculiar dynamics that make up the turbulent life of these fertile regions.

Due to the mechanism behind the creation of visible (ordinary) matter, all available space is filled with dark structures—and particles, atoms, and small molecules, lighter chemical elements—spread throughout the cosmos. Their densities vary, but they remain consistently light, forming lumps, streams, and peculiar dynamics that animate the turbulent life of these fertile regions.

Atoms and molecules, through new dynamics of dark structures, to which are added the new emerging dynamics of visible structures, begin to form rarefied clouds of gas, which as they grow, begin to collapse to form disks and protostars, then stars, clusters of stars, up to small galaxies, and so on.

Atoms and molecules, shaped by the evolving dynamics of dark structures—and now influenced by emerging dynamics of visible structures—begin to form rarefied clouds of gas. As these clouds expand, they gradually collapse, forming disks and protostars, then stars, stellar clusters, small galaxies, and so forth.

And then, in those stars, in their red-hot furnaces, in their explosions, larger and more complex atoms are born, forming more mature stars, which in successive generations produce heavier and more complex atoms and molecules. An incessant evolution that opens the door to new chemical dynamics.

And within those stars—in their incandescent furnaces and explosive deaths—larger and more complex atoms are forged. These processes lead to more mature stars, whose successive generations synthesize heavier and more intricate atoms and molecules. An unceasing evolution, opening the door to fresh chemical complexity.

Molecular clouds, essentially full of molecular hydrogen, can contain lumps of more dense gas, they become stellar nurseries, cradles of rapidly evolving protostars, which continue to grow due to the availability of gas which continues to cool and concentrate due to gravity.

Molecular clouds, primarily composed of molecular hydrogen, can contain pockets of denser gas. These become stellar nurseries—cradles for rapidly evolving protostars that continue to grow, thanks to the abundance of gas which cools and concentrates under the influence of gravity.

So, this gas, these clouds in the course of thickening, gradually collapsing towards the centers of mass of the smaller and denser bubbles, will form the first stars, forges of heavier chemical elements, which will go on to form the stars of successive generations, together to the dust produced by the explosions of the first stars.

Thus, as these clouds thicken and gradually collapse toward the centers of mass of smaller, denser bubbles, they give rise to the first stars—furnaces where heavier chemical elements are born. These elements then contribute to the stars of future generations, alongside the dust released by the explosive deaths of the earliest stars.

Then, gas, dust, stellar debris will gradually form more and more complex objects, stars of further generations, solar systems, planets, satellites, and so on up to the variety and complexity of shapes that we observe in the cosmos.

Eventually, gas, dust, and stellar debris progressively give rise to increasingly complex objects—stars of newer generations, solar systems, planets, satellites, and onward to the diverse and intricate forms we now observe across the cosmos.

Anywhere, at any distance, in any era, in an infinite space, in a time that has never begun and will never end.

Anywhere, at any distance, in any era, throughout an infinite space—within a time that neither began nor will ever end.

Protons and electrons... Hydrogen... Neutrons... Other atoms... Little molecules... Maybe some Helium atom... Gas everywhere... Light elements... Dust... Structure... Structures... More structures...

Protons and electrons... Hydrogen... Neutrons... Other atoms... Tiny molecules... Maybe a few helium atoms... Gas everywhere... Light elements... Dust... Structure... Structures... Still more structures...

The cosmos takes form

These are the dominant forms in the Universe: - dark structures -> the dark cosmic web - visible structures -> gas, dust, stars and other celestial objects, - dark and visible structures together -> group of stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, super-clusters, super-structures, the whole cosmos in evolution, the Universe

These are the dominant forms in the Universe:

dark structures → the dark cosmic web

visible structures → gas, dust, stars and other celestial objects

dark and visible structures together → groups of stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, super-clusters, super-structures—the entire evolving cosmos, the Universe

The dark dance is gradually enriched with light, radiant energy, infinite local dynamics, which together create the immense complexity of the evolving Universe.

The dark dance is gradually infused with light, radiant energy, and infinite local dynamics, all combining to generate the vast complexity of an ever-evolving Universe.

Just as from this dark cosmic dynamic, which involves immense and invisible structures, the ever more complex dynamics of visible matter arose and continues to arise, the dance that involves every structure, every form in this unlimited, infinite and eternal Universe that hosts us and of which, like the whole planet we inhabit, we represent a highly complex and constantly evolving part.

From this dark cosmic dynamic, which encompasses immense and invisible structures, the increasingly intricate dynamics of visible matter have emerged—and continue to emerge. It’s a grand dance involving every structure, every form, in this boundless, infinite, and eternal Universe that cradles us, of which—like our planet—we are a highly complex and constantly transforming part.

But the very dominant form of the cosmos, as in the dynamics of the Elementary Field at all spatial scales of magnitude, is turbulence, something that exist in the sense that happens, as the whole Reality. Processes, Events organized by Relations, or correlations between distributions of variations of / in the Field produced by the Action of the Force, expression of the Source of Reality.

Yet the truly dominant form of the cosmos, as within the dynamics of the Elementary Field across all spatial magnitudes, is turbulence—something that exists in the sense that it happens, as does all of Reality. Processes. Events. These are organized through Relations—correlations between distributions of variations within the Field, shaped by the Action of the Force, the expression of the Source of Reality.

This infinite and eternal turbulence, the churning of Space-time, very slight temperature differences, nested convective flows and vortices, is the source of the immense complexity of the cosmos.

This eternal and boundless turbulence—the roiling of Space-time, with its infinitesimal temperature variations, nested convective flows, and swirling vortices—is the fountainhead of the Universe’s staggering complexity.

The dynamic structure that emerges from this immense, albeit impalpable, turbulence is what we call the Cosmic Web (with its inseparable dark and visible components). A cosmic foam, with gigantic bubbles of very low density dark matter, in whose border areas, of friction with the other gigantic voids, collect and compress other smaller bubbles, albeit always immense, which host super clusters that collect randomly sometimes smaller clusters, thousands of galaxies in gravitational interaction, each composed of its dark halo and its visible part, composed of visible matter, gas, dust, stars and other celestial bodies, black holes, active or quiescent galactic centers.

From this vast yet intangible turbulence arises a dynamic structure known as the Cosmic Web—with its inseparable dark and visible elements. A cosmic foam composed of colossal bubbles of ultra-low-density dark matter. In the frictional boundary zones between these vast voids, smaller—yet still immense—bubbles condense and compress. These host super-clusters, which sometimes randomly gather smaller clusters—thousands of galaxies locked in gravitational dance, each comprising a dark halo and a visible part: luminous matter, gas, dust, stars, celestial bodies, black holes, and either active or dormant galactic cores.

And in the peripheral areas of each dark bubble, in the cosmic interstices, the friction of positive density areas, dark energy we call it, processes of formation of ordinary "visible" matter, elementary, composite particles, nuclei, atoms, molecules, gases, etc. An immense, infinite cosmic foam.

In the peripheral zones of each dark bubble—within the cosmic interstices—friction between regions of positive density, which we call dark energy, gives rise to the processes forming ordinary “visible” matter: elementary and composite particles, nuclei, atoms, molecules, gases, and more. An infinite, magnificent cosmic foam.

The bubbling of Space-time, of the Elementary Field, which takes shape, incessantly heated by the Action of the Force, the incessant manifestation of the Source.

This bubbling of Space-time, of the Elementary Field taking form, is ceaselessly heated by the Action of the Force—the unending expression of the Source.

The Form from the Formless, always, forever. Turbulence at all dimensional levels. Foam, halos, bubbles, matter, energy, radiation. Increasing organization, complexity. Everything that interacts with everything. The Whole that interacts with itself.

From Formlessness, Form emerges, always and forever. Turbulence across all dimensions—foam, halos, bubbles, matter, energy, radiation. Ever-deepening organization and complexity. Everything touches everything. The Whole interacts with itself.

An incessant explosion of Forms

Again... Atoms, Molecules, Gas, Dust, Stars and Planets, Star Clusters, Black Holes, Galaxies, Clusters of Galaxies, Super-clusters, Cosmic giant structures, Cosmic Web...

Again... Atoms, Molecules, Gas, Dust, Stars and Planets, Star Clusters, Black Holes, Galaxies, Clusters of Galaxies, Super-clusters, Cosmic giant structures, Cosmic Web...

What else can we say about this incessant explosion of Forms that go to give, or rather, that represent the ever greater structure of this turbulent Field, where Causality and Variationality, the two expressions of the Agency of the Primary Source, intertwine in an infinite and eternal dance, both creative and evolutionary? All that we observe directly or indirectly, that we intuit and deduce, is Information (which in its most basic and "physical" form we call Energy, but also Matter and Radiation).

What else can be said about this incessant explosion of Forms, which do not merely give rise to—but indeed embody—the ever-expanding structure of this turbulent Field, where Causality and Variationality, the twin expressions of the Agency of the Primary Source, intertwine in an infinite and eternal dance, at once creative and evolutionary? Everything we observe, whether directly or indirectly—whether intuited or deduced—is Information (which, in its most elementary and “physical” form, manifests as Energy, but also as Matter and Radiation).

In-Form-Action. Lastly, the Form of Action, Events linked by Relations, always Processes. Everywhere and always. Physical processes, which we represent with cognitive, mathematical mixed processes, stochastic and deterministic together, processes that from a domination of random aspects, of stochastic independence, through evolutionary, formative processes, give rise to a progressive emergence of tendencies, of determined aspects, deterministic. Chaos and order together, in a dynamic, creative and evolutionary disequilibrium, which finds precarious and local balances which propagate in Reality, which conserve in Reality, which incessantly form Reality, give Form to the Reality in its happening.

In-Form-Action. Ultimately, the Form of Action—Events woven together by Relations, always Processes. Ubiquitous and perpetual. Physical processes rendered through cognitive constructs, mathematical and conceptual blends—both stochastic and deterministic—processes that, from a dominance of random aspects and stochastic independence, evolve through formative dynamics, giving rise to emergent tendencies and increasingly determined characteristics. Chaos and order together, in a creative and evolutionary disequilibrium, finding precarious local balances that propagate through Reality, preserve Reality, and incessantly form Reality—giving Form to Reality in its unfolding.

If we look at Events, we see Action. If we look at the Relations (between the Events), we see Information. Two aspects of the same Reality. We observe the Reality which is incessantly forming before our eyes, but in observing its evolution we cannot grasp its Form, which is constantly changing (even if due to "slow" processes we are not aware of it, we immersed in the illusion of a static nature). To observe the Form we have to stop Time, like taking a snapshot. In a photograph we don't see the Reality that takes form, that takes a shape. We are not observing the present as it happens. We observe the past, which was formed but which is no longer. We do not witness events as they happen. We see the relations between the events that gave rise to that Form. The relations that organize the complexity we see.

If we look at Events, we see Action. If we examine the Relations between Events, we see Information. Two aspects of one and the same Reality. We observe Reality as it constantly forms before our eyes. Yet, while perceiving its evolution, we cannot grasp its Form—because that Form is always changing (even if due to “slow” processes we remain unaware, suspended in the illusion of permanence). To observe Form, we must freeze Time—capture a snapshot. In a photograph, we do not witness Reality taking shape—we see the outcome. Not the present in its happening, but the past, already formed and no longer active. We do not witness Events—we perceive the Relations between Events, the architecture of complexity.

What differentiates Action from Information is precisely Time. Information, Energy as "simple" Information, is Action blocked in Time, without Time... In fact, in physics, Action has the dimensions of F x s x t, Force times the spatial variation (deformation of the Field) times the temporal variations in the which the spatial variation is produced. And Energy is Action divided by Time, then Force by spatial variation (field deformation).

What separates Action from Information is precisely Time. Information—or Energy conceived as “simple” Information—is Action arrested in Time, devoid of Time. In physics, Action is defined as F × s × t—Force multiplied by spatial variation (Field deformation) and temporal variation. Energy, then, is Action divided by Time—Force times spatial deformation alone.

Here, exactly, how do we capture the Form, the shape of Reality? Let's stop time, let's take a snapshot, it doesn't matter if we do it with the camera of our mobile phone, with a spectrograph mounted on the most advanced space telescope, or with the most expensive particle collider. Let's stop time by capturing a snapshot. we see the fruit. The product of the Events, the deformation of the Field that took place before the shot. Either we experience Reality in the act of forming itself (Events) or we see Reality formed (Relations between Events), the Form of Reality.

So how do we truly capture the Form—the shape of Reality? We stop Time. We take a snapshot. It doesn't matter whether with a phone camera, a space telescope spectrograph, or a high-energy particle collider. The snapshot reveals the fruit—the product of the Events, the deformation of the Field prior to the capture. We either experience Reality in its formation (Events) or we observe Reality already formed (Relations between Events)—the Form of Reality.

We cannot experience Reality and observe its Form at the same time. Because the Form is constantly changing, even when we are not aware of it (illusion). This aspect of Reality (Physical Reality) and its representation (Cognitive Reality) makes use of the Principle of Indetermination: we cannot simultaneously observe / measure with infinite precision two so-called "conjugated" physical quantities. For example, a particle's position and momentum, or its Energy and Time. What distinguishes these physical quantities? Time, of course. It is always Time that distinguishes what happens from the form of what happens.

We cannot simultaneously experience Reality and observe its Form. Because the Form is continually transforming—even if we fail to perceive it (illusion). This interplay between Physical Reality and its representation (Cognitive Reality) resonates with the Principle of Indetermination: we cannot observe or measure two “conjugated” physical quantities with infinite precision—such as position and momentum, or Energy and Time. What distinguishes these pairs? Always Time. It is Time that separates occurrence from structure—Action from Form.

Creation and Evolution, Events and Relations, Action and Information/Energy. This is a fundamental key to the Knowledge of Reality.

Creation and Evolution, Events and Relations, Action and Information/Energy. This is a fundamental key to the Knowledge of Reality.

The Universe as a whole

The Universe as a whole, infinite, unlimited and eternal, is a very particular system, the system of all systems.

The Universe as a whole—infinite, unlimited, and eternal—is a very particular system: the system of all systems.

It is a system that is both open and closed, since the causal (Fundamental Force, the primary causal Agent) and variational (Elementary Field, the primary variational Acted) source, the Source of Reality therefore, in its expression, Agency, is both transcendent (Causality) and immanent (Variationality).

It is a system that is simultaneously open and closed, because the causal (Fundamental Force—the primary causal Agent) and variational (Elementary Field—the primary variational Acted) origin, the Source of Reality, in its expression as Agency, is both transcendent (Causality) and immanent (Variationality).

We can say that this system, the Universe, is an immense, infinite "transmuter", a changer of Form.

We may say that this system—the Universe—is an immense, infinite “transmuter”, a changer of Form.

Causality (Force) in input, Complexity (variational transformation, variation of the form of / in the Field) in output.

Causality (Force) as input, Complexity (variational transformation—variation in the form of / in the Field) as output.

The Universe, as the present section of the whole Reality, is formative (creative and evolutive at the same time), dynamic(al) and conservative.

The Universe, as the present section of the whole Reality, is at once formative (creative and evolutive), dynamic(al), and conservative.

It is a incessant flow of Existence and Essence / Form, both in the physical and cognitive domains of Nature, of which, as physical and cognitive creatures, we are a part.

It is an incessant flow of Existence and Essence / Form, spanning both the physical and cognitive domains of Nature, of which, as physical and cognitive creatures, we ourselves are an integral part.

Universe, Uni-verse, a multiplicity in evolution towards the One, the Unity, an infinity of directions that converge in a single overall direction.

Universe—Uni-verse, a multiplicity evolving toward the One—toward Unity, an infinity of vectors converging into a single overarching direction.

This is for the past and present of the Universe. And the future? What should we expect? In fact, it doesn't seem like a very relevant question for mortal creatures who, even at the species level, have a rather limited time horizon. But you know, the curiosity and thirst for knowledge have no limits.

That accounts for the past and present of the Universe. And the future? What should we expect? Admittedly, it may seem an irrelevant question for mortal beings who—even at the species level—possess a rather limited temporal horizon. But as you know, curiosity and the thirst for understanding know no bounds.

Given that, I don't believe that any of us will be able to verify whether the hypotheses and predictions we formulate will come true, what can we hypothesize for the future of the Universe?

Given that none of us will likely verify the outcome of the hypotheses and predictions we formulate, what might we tentatively propose for the future of the Universe?

Thermal end, vacuum decay, decay of all matter, relocation of all galaxies beyond the horizon, cyclic universe, big crunch, big rip, big bounce, big what? Well, I personally don't believe in any of these hypotheses. In my opinion they are based on incorrect assumptions, they do not take into account the fundamental nature of Reality, nor the cosmological dynamics that seem to emerge from ever more accurate observations.

Thermal death, vacuum decay, dissolution of all matter, relocation of galaxies beyond the observable horizon, cyclic universe, big crunch, big rip, big bounce, big what? Well, I personally place little faith in any of these hypotheses. I find them grounded in flawed assumptions that fail to account for the fundamental nature of Reality, and overlook the cosmological dynamics increasingly revealed by refined observations.

I don't believe that the Second Law of Thermodynamics (Transformation operator) prevails over the fundamental evolutionary tendency of Reality (Organization operator). Gravity vs. electromagnetism?

I do not believe the Second Law of Thermodynamics (Transformation operator) will prevail over the fundamental evolutionary tendency of Reality (Organization operator). Gravity vs. electromagnetism?

Cosmic expansion is not true expansion into space or of space. It is a phenomenon (slowing down of time with consequent decrease in the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information) due to the progressive structuring of the Elementary Field under the incessant creative / evolutionary pressure of the Force, expression of the Source of Reality.

Cosmic expansion is not truly the expansion of space or into space. It is a phenomenon—slowing of Time with a consequent decrease in the propagation speed of Causality, Action, and Information—arising from the progressive structuring of the Elementary Field under the incessant creative / evolutionary pressure of the Force, the very expression of the Source of Reality.

The formation of new matter (especially the visible one) follows local dynamics determined by the interaction between the immense dark structures, which, even with variable production rates, never stops.

The formation of new matter—especially visible matter—follows local dynamics, governed by the interactions among immense dark structures, whose production, even if variable in rate, never ceases.

My guess, given the fundamental nature of Reality as sketched in this paper, is that the Universe will continue to evolve for the eternity. Always new Time, always new organization, always new energy, matter, new structures and new forms, increasingly articulated interactions...

My hypothesis, based on the fundamental nature of Reality as outlined in this paper, is that the Universe will continue evolving for all eternity. Ever-new Time, ever-new organization. Ever-new Energy and Matter. Ever-new structures and forms. Increasingly articulated interactions...

At least as long as the Source continues to exert its pressure towards the Formation of Reality. Always new Force (Causality) will always produce new Action, always new variations in the Field (Variationality). Ever new Causality will produce new and greater Complexity. An endless Evolution.

At least so long as the Source continues to exert its formative pressure upon Reality. Ever-new Force (Causality) will unfailingly generate new Action, ever-new variations in the Field (Variationality). Ever-new Causality will give rise to ever-greater Complexity. An endless Evolution.

What did we expect to observe?

From recent observations and analyses, also through the new powerful tools available to the scientific community, and from the increasingly extensive and accurate simulations, a very different picture emerges from that predicted by the most accredited cosmological models. We talk about crises and every day we read comments that push towards a revision of the fundamental pillars of the current scientific vision.

From recent observations and analyses—enabled by powerful new tools now available to the scientific community, alongside increasingly comprehensive and accurate simulations—a very different picture emerges from the one predicted by the most widely accepted cosmological models. We hear talk of crises, and day after day we read commentaries urging a revision of the foundational pillars of contemporary scientific understanding.

The hypotheses and proposals formulated in this work, which form the basis of this section, of the "Brief history of the Universe" outlined here, seem to imply a vision of the cosmos and its dynamics that is very different from the one described up to now and essentially "defended" by academic science.

The hypotheses and proposals set forth in this work—the very foundation of this section, of the "Brief History of the Universe" outlined here—seem to imply a vision of the cosmos and its dynamics markedly distinct from that described until now, and largely “defended” by institutional science.

What could we expect to observe on the basis of the hypotheses and proposals expressed here? What would we expect to see based on this Evolutionary Cosmological Model, the different history that we hypothesized?

What should we expect to observe on the basis of the hypotheses and proposals expressed here? What might we anticipate, according to this Evolutionary Cosmological Model and the alternative cosmic history we’ve suggested?

Let's talk about the most relevant aspects...

Let’s address the most significant aspects...

The general view

A Universe much more complex than the one emerging from the prevailing model (Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM) and all its derivations. A much older Universe. And much broader. Thus, an enlargement of the Universe in all the fundamental three dimensions of Reality: causality (complexity), spatiality (extension / distances) and temporality (age / durations).

A Universe far more complex than the one described by the prevailing model (Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM) and all its derivatives. A much older Universe. And much wider. That is, an expanded Universe across all three foundational dimensions of Reality: causality (complexity), spatiality (extension / distances), and temporality (age / durations).

Based on our hypotheses, the farther we look in time and therefore in space, the more we would expect to see complex, large and ancient, well-formed objects similar to those we observe in the closer Universe.

According to our hypotheses, the farther we peer into time—and thus into space—the more we should expect to see complex, large, and ancient objects, well-formed and comparable to those observed in the nearby Universe.

We should see the same variability in shapes and age of the objects (galaxies and clusters) that we see in more recent epochs, but we believe that a selection effect due to luminosity weighs heavily (smaller objects, or objects in formation, or in any case of non-luminous may be too weak to be observed even with the aid of strong gravitational lenses). Deep field areas are so narrow that it may be difficult to see entire clusters with sufficiently representative galactic populations.

We should observe similar variability in shape and age among these objects (galaxies and clusters) as we do in more recent epochs. However, we believe that a luminosity-based selection effect plays a substantial role (smaller or formative objects—or generally non-luminous bodies—may be too faint to detect, even with the aid of powerful gravitational lenses). Deep-field regions are so narrow that it can be difficult to observe entire clusters with sufficiently representative galactic populations.

We could therefore see individual galaxies with very high redshift, characterized by great luminosity (forming galaxies with many low metallicity stars with very intense emissions and ancient and well-formed galactic monsters, very luminous for their immense size, probably with extremely active galactic nuclei that enhance their luminosity).

Therefore, we might observe individual galaxies with very high redshift, distinguished by intense luminosity—forming galaxies teeming with low-metallicity stars emitting strongly, and ancient, well-formed galactic giants—luminous due to their immense mass, likely fueled by extremely active galactic nuclei that amplify their brightness.

A characteristic foamy structure

A characteristic foamy structure, with immense voids and denser border regions, nodes and filaments filled with smaller size bubbles rich in visible matter, which host super-clusters, clusters and galaxies, with peculiar attractive and repulsive dynamics, sometimes due to the prevalence of the gravitational interaction, sometimes of the repulsion determined by the overlapping of the positive mass density regions (Dark Energy) resulting from the amount of compression of the bubbles / dark halos that make up the cosmic web.

A hallmark foamy structure, with immense voids bordered by denser regions, nodes and filaments populated with smaller bubbles rich in visible matter. These host super-clusters, clusters, and galaxies, exhibiting peculiar dynamics of attraction and repulsion—sometimes governed by prevailing gravitational interaction, other times by repulsion caused by the superposition of regions of positive mass density (Dark Energy), arising from the degree of compression in the bubbles / dark halos that comprise the cosmic web.

A peculiar CMB shape / anisotropies distribution

The structure of the anisotropy of the CMB determined not by the configuration and dynamics of the early stages of the development of the Universe, but by the current distribution ("current" in the relativistic sense) of Energy and Matter, and therefore of the "temperature of the structured Elementary Field" (essentially from the distribution of Matter and Dark energy). The distribution of anisotropies in the CMB should reflect the Space-time configuration of the "current" structure of the cosmos, of the cosmic web we observe and its dynamics.

The anisotropy pattern of the CMB appears not to originate from the configuration and dynamics of the early stages of the Universe’s development, but rather from the current distribution ("current" in a relativistic sense) of Energy and Matter—and therefore the "temperature of the structured Elementary Field" (essentially tied to the distribution of Matter and Dark Energy). Accordingly, the anisotropies in the CMB should reflect the Space-time configuration of the cosmos’s present structure—the observable cosmic web and its dynamics.

The distribution of anisotropy in Space-time can be represented by a power spectrum characterized by peaks and valleys which should correspond respectively to the areas with the lowest temperature of the Elemental Field (filaments and nodes of the cosmic web, where the concentration of bubbles is higher, halos of medium and small size that host clusters and galaxies) and less lower temperature areas (giant voids that occupy the spaces between the meshes of the cosmic web).

The anisotropy distribution across Space-time can be represented by a power spectrum marked by peaks and valleys, which should correspond respectively to the regions of lowest temperature in the Elementary Field (filaments and nodes of the cosmic web, areas with higher concentration of bubbles—halos of medium and small size hosting clusters and galaxies) and regions with relatively higher temperatures (gigantic voids occupying the gaps in the cosmic web mesh).

This image is counterintuitive as we would expect a higher temperature where we have a higher concentration of dark and visible matter. But it should be noted that the equivalence of Mass (positive -> repulsive Dark energy, negative -> attractive Dark and Visible matter) and temperature at the level of the Elementary Field associates a lower temperature to the regions of the Field where the Perturbation value is lower (the distributions of the intensities of the spatial fluctuations over time are lower -> lower density of Elementary Events, slower time flow, lower speed of propagation of perturbations/Causality/Action/Information, temperature of the Field lower than the universal mean /universal instantaneous mass density/, or of the surrounding regions /local instantaneous mass density/).

This picture is counterintuitive, as one might expect higher temperatures in zones where dark and visible matter concentrate most. But it’s worth noting that the equivalence between Mass (positive → repulsive Dark Energy, negative → attractive Dark and Visible Matter) and temperature at the level of the Elementary Field associates lower temperature with regions of lower Perturbation values (i.e., reduced intensities of spatial fluctuations over time → lower density of Elementary Events, slower time flow, diminished propagation speed of perturbations / Causality / Action / Information, temperature of the Field lower than the universal mean / universal instantaneous mass density / or relative to surrounding regions / local instantaneous mass density /).

The power spectrum of the CMB and its Space-time configuration contains important information on the physical properties of the cosmic regions that surround us, always remembering that the weight of the thermal emission of the disturbed field propagates in the field itself and its intensity decreases with the square of the distance.

The power spectrum of the CMB and its Space-time configuration contain significant insights into the physical properties of the cosmic regions that envelop us, while bearing in mind that the thermal emission of the disturbed Field propagates through the Field itself and its observed intensity decreases with the square of the distance.

Differences in the rates of expansion of the cosmos

The tension between the estimates of the Hubble constant deriving from different methods that observe different epochs in the history of the Universe has become increasingly greater and more worrying. It is obvious to everyone that there is something wrong.

The tension between Hubble constant estimates derived from different observational methods—each probing distinct epochs in the Universe’s history—has grown increasingly severe and concerning. It’s evident to many that something fundamental may be flawed.

The possibilities are many. One or all of the methods could be wrong or misunderstood, the collected data could be affected by systematic errors or instrumental deficits, the processing techniques not corrected or applied incorrectly, the photons / e.m. could undergo significant transformations in the propagation over immense distances / times, the quantities involved in the observations not constant over time (e.g. masses could vary over time, as well as light / photons, Space-time itself could undergo / have undergone such deformations to influence the measurements and therefore the results of the estimates).

There are numerous possibilities. One or more methods may be erroneous or misinterpreted. Data may be plagued by systematic biases or instrumental limitations. Processing techniques may be improperly corrected or applied. Photons / e.m. signals may undergo substantial transformations over vast temporal / spatial scales. The observed quantities themselves may not be temporally constant (e.g., masses might vary over time, as might light / photons). Space-time itself may have been—or continue to be—subject to distortions influencing measurements and, by extension, the inferred estimates.

The aforementioned tension could be due to one of these reasons, a combination of some or even all of them together. Or, there is something deeper that escapes. Something in the model of the Universe and its origin and evolution, in its dynamics, in its structure and in the relationships between what exists. Yeah... what exists...

This persistent tension could be attributed to one or several of these causes—or even a combination of all. Or perhaps something deeper eludes our grasp. Something fundamental in the model of the Universe—its origin, evolution, dynamics, structure, and the relationships among what exists. Yes... what truly exists...

It is no secret that, despite the innumerable successes of science, we know very little about what exists and why it exists. I know I'm merciless, but I'm not the one who said that we know little about 5% of the energy/matter content of the Universe (the visible, "baryonic" matter), and nothing about the remaining 95%. Put like this, it sounds like a devastating scenario.

It’s no secret that, despite the tremendous achievements of science, our understanding of what exists and why it exists remains scant. I know this sounds merciless, but I’m not the one who claimed we understand only about 5% of the energy/matter content of the Universe (i.e., visible, "baryonic" matter), and nothing of the remaining 95%. Framed like that, it's sobering.

Following the assumptions expressed in this paper, it seems clear that we should not expect a constant rate of expansion of the cosmos at all times and in all places. Nor should we expect literal expansion (an increase in spatial distances, an expansion of space). Maybe it's not space that's expanding. Perhaps the observed expansion is a phenomenon that has another nature and other explanations. Perhaps it is the flow of time that is slowing down (and with it the speed of light), globally due to the progressive growth of the complexity of the level of organization of the Elementary Field (more and more structures, matter and dark and visible energy) and locally due to the more intricate and complex interplay of existing structures.

Based on the framework offered in this paper, it becomes evident that we should not expect a constant rate of cosmic expansion across all times and regions. Nor should we expect literal expansion in the form of increasing spatial distances or expanding space. Perhaps space isn't expanding at all. Perhaps the observed expansion arises from a phenomenon of a different nature—perhaps the deceleration of the flow of time (and, consequently, a reduction in the speed of light). This deceleration could stem globally from the increasing complexity in the organizational level of the Elementary Field (involving more structures, both visible and dark matter and energy), and locally from the nuanced, intricate dynamics of interacting structures.

From the locally (spatially as well as temporally) differentiated dynamics there would derive what are interpreted as different "rates of expansion" and therefore different values of the Hubble constant. It would therefore be the structures in space-time which, by evolving, would determine the expansion of Space-time itself (not space, but time slowing down and therefore the limit speed of propagation of Causality/Action/Information (commonly, the speed of light in empty space).

From these locally (spatially and temporally) differentiated dynamics emerge what we interpret as varying "rates of expansion" and thus different Hubble constant values. It would therefore be the evolving Space-time structures themselves that determine the perceived expansion—not of space, but rather of Time slowing down, thereby altering the propagation limit of Causality / Action / Information (commonly identified with the speed of light in vacuum).

No plausible signs of Big Bang and Inflation

Observations that undermine the prevailing cosmological model and give credence to alternative hypotheses are growing.

Observations increasingly challenge the dominant cosmological model while lending support to alternative hypotheses.

It is surprising how much academic science hastens to shore up existing models, denying new evidence, or providing improbable interpretations, or simply turning back the clock or dilating the permissible distances of the Universe.

It’s striking how swiftly academic science rushes to reinforce prevailing models—dismissing new evidence, offering improbable interpretations, or arbitrarily stretching timelines and expanding distance scales of the Universe.

If, as we assume:

• expansion is not a real expansion, but a phenomenon determined by the progressive organization of the Elementary field towards increasing complexities,
• CMB is not a remnant of the Big Bang / Inflation, but the black body emission of the Elementary Field in the "current" cosmos, with its peaks and valleys corresponding to the immense structures that populate the cosmos,
• the composition of matter at the beginning of time (hydrogen / helium balance) was not determined by the nucleosynthesis hypothesized by the standard cosmological model and which frankly does not seem to have a robust scientific basis (we understand QM and QFT so well that we can imagine them as if from a soup quarks and other exotic particles can form protons and neutrons?), but it has occurred and continues to occur in a variable way in space and time, due to the peculiar dynamics of the large dark bubbles and above all to the "friction" of their peripheral regions).

If, as we propose: *expansion is not true spatial expansion, but a phenomenon resulting from progressive organization of the Elementary Field toward higher complexity, *the CMB is not a relic of the Big Bang / Inflation, but the blackbody emission of the Elementary Field in the "current" cosmos, with its peaks and valleys shaped by the massive structures populating the Universe, *the initial composition of matter (hydrogen / helium ratio) was not established through nucleosynthesis as described in the standard cosmological model—a model which, frankly, lacks robust empirical grounding (do we understand quantum mechanics and quantum field theory so well that we can confidently trace the transition from quark-gluon soup to stable protons and neutrons?)—but has instead emerged and continues to emerge variably across space and time, governed by the unique dynamics of vast dark bubbles and particularly the "friction" at their peripheral zones,

Once this fundamental "evidence" has been removed, what is left of the Big Bang and the Inflationary model?

Then, with these foundational "evidences" removed, what remains of the Big Bang and Inflationary model?