TFNR - Cosmic Web

After all that we have said about cosmic objects / bodies and cosmic structures such as voids and giant voids, it should be clear what we mean by the Cosmic Web, what its nature and collective dynamics are, which are precisely identified with the nature and dynamics of the entire Universe.

Cosmic Web is not only the visible part, filaments and nodes, clusters, galaxies and gases. It is above all the Dark (invisible) structure-Dark Matter and Dark Energy-, which forms and hosts the Ordinary (visible) Matter that we see sparkling in the darkness.

I have just spoken about the voids. Let us now examine the most visible part of the contents of the Universe, where however the dark components of Matter / Energy prevails.

The components of the Cosmic Web

Above and in the three previous sections, dedicated to substances, objects, bodies and structures in the cosmos, I have already exposed many hypotheses on cosmic objects and their dynamics. Hypotheses that fit into the unconventional vision of Reality and the Universe proposed in this work.

Hypotheses, proposals permeated by an evolutionary approach, by a vision of Reality as a complex process with a multi-level structure, which incessantly springs from the expression of a Primary Source. All this obviously also applies to the particular universal structure that we call Cosmic Web for its peculiar shape, a network composed of filaments of various lengths and thicknesses that connect nodes of various sizes and densities. As mentioned, a reticular structure such as that which is observed in every direction in Space could not have formed if immense empty regions, with their structure and dynamics had not designed interstitial spaces and produced the substances, bodies, objects, structures that populate them and animate them with complex evolutions dominated by the phenomena produced by the phenomena that we try to understand in the framework of Evolutionary Dynamics.

Let us now try to summarize the fundamental aspects of this complex and articulated cosmic megastructure.

Classification

The Cosmic Web is essentially formed by four main structures based on the dynamics of Matter and Energy (Dark and Ordinary) distribution:

• Voids: as seen, these are vast, under-dense regions where few galaxies exist.
• Sheets: large, flat structures where matter is spread out in a two-dimensional plane. They act as transitional zones between voids and denser regions.
• Filaments: the most recognizable feature of the Cosmic Web, filaments are elongated structures connecting galaxy clusters. They contain a significant fraction of the Universe’s Matter.
• Knots: dense regions where multiple filaments intersect, forming galaxy clusters. These are the most massive structures in the Cosmic Web.

Structure

Resuming what has already been said, simplifying, the Cogmic Web is a cosmic structure extended to the entire Universe, it is the structure of the Universe, substantially formed by Dark turbulence, a mix of gradients, flows and twists, waves, vortices and interactions, made up of Processes in constant disequilibrium between chaos and order, more or less organized, which is embodied in a foam-like structure, with irregular bubbles / vortices / halos of various sizes, in incessant interaction, which fill all the available Space in the Universe.

The large voids define the large-scale structure of cosmos, the medium-sized turbulent bubbles develop and establish themselves in the larger interstitial spaces between the giant voids, medium-sized bubbles which we identify as the nodes of the Web, and the bubbles of increasingly smaller extension (small clusters, galaxy groups and the single galaxies) fill the medium bubbles in the nodes and above all the filaments that connect the nodes, developing and establishing themselves in the interstitial spaces between the large bubbles.

Thus, Dark Matter / Dark Energy Voids’s Role is not to occupy the spaces not occupied by concentrations of Matter. The skeleton, the scaffolding of the Cosmic Web is not made of sheets, filaments and nodes filled with clusters of galaxies, but of giant voids that delineate its shape and dynamics by difference, compressing all the other components in the interstitial regions.

This infinite network appears, therefore, as a foam of soap bubbles, ethereal and apparently ephemeral, but which in fact dominate and design the eternal universal dynamics. Galaxies, with their Dark Halos, with their core of Dark Matter and their shells of more or less compressed / dense Dark Energy, are like the small bubbles, small and mobile, that we see in the foam that we produce with soap, or like the small bubbles of value that form when we boil water to cook.

It seems like a banal and slightly stupid example, but I think it fits well to describe the general situation of the Universe and of the Cosmic Web that characterizes its structure at all cosmic scales. It is as if the Elementary Field, under the incessant Action of the Elementary Force, had undergone, and continues to undergo, a continuous and progressive heating that produces a sort of boiling. Obviously, this is not matter like water in a pot, but the comparison seems useful to me to convey the idea of ​​the Universe in Formation, in Evolution.

It is the Elementary Field, which observed from the point of view of its dynamics, of the Elementary Action that animates it, in the Component Perturbation, tends to form vortex bubbles in its natural turbulence, which from infinitesimal spatial and temporal dimensions, extends to the widest cosmic dimensions. Vortex bubbles, formed by flows generated by Perturbation gradients, which precisely because of their nature acquire Mass, negative and positive, in the differentiation of the Perturbation levels around a local or universal average value. Here the bubbles, immense or small, form in the vortex turbulence, with their cores at negative Mass (Dark Matter) and their shells at positive Mass (Dark Energy).

Immense bubbles with very low density that leave narrow interstitial spaces for thin "Sheets" and narrow "Filaments" of small bubbles (Dark Halos that develop as galaxies, gradually incorporating the Ordinary Matter that incessantly forms due to the friction between the external shells of Dark Energy of the bubbles, especially the larger ones characterized by a greater angular velocity, Voids, superclusters, etc.

Giant voids, in their rotational dynamics in their mutual interactions tend to drag the small bubbles that host galaxies towards the nodes, which gradually enrich themselves with galaxies, condense into clusters and superclusters, causing significant dynamic and structural effects on the entire Cosmic Network, including the phenomenon that we call "cosmic expansion", the result of the incessant condensing, structuring / organization, complexification of the Elementary Field, and therefore of the Universe.

From what has been said, Dark Matter and Dark Energy, the invisible "substances" that compose the main Structures that draw the Cosmic Web, constitute the majority of the Mass (negative and positive respectively) of the cosmic network, and, in addition to causing the Processes of Formation of Ordinary Matter and providing the structure that allows it to accumulate and form galaxies, are responsible for much of the attractive and repulsive gravitational forces that draw the structure of the Universe.

The invisible structure of the Cosmic Web, with its incredible extension and complexity, therefore represents the essence of the turbulent and interconnected nature of the Universe.

The structure of the Cosmic Web shows a clear fractal dimension, as do many of the Structures that make up Physical Reality. This fractality is also manifested in the distribution of the density of Mass (negative and positive). The density of Mass varies greatly between the different structures and substructures of the Web. The internal regions of the voids are not uniform, they show a significant variation in density and substructure. The Cosmic Web has a hierarchical nature, with smaller structures within larger ones (voids within larger voids, filaments and walls that branch out).

While conceptually the general structure of the Cosmic Web seems quite simple, in detail things become much more difficult. The structure of the filamentary network, in particular, appears very complex, as it is hierarchical and multiscale, with branches of various widths and lengths that intersect at a wide range of angles.

Rather than components, objects, separate structures, it is useful to think of the Cosmic Web as a turbulent fractal continuum with nested levels, where the entire Dark structure is an immense continuous "substance" with the typical forms of turbulence that we know from fluid dynamics (flows, waves, vortices, other turbulent structures, viscosity, circulation, velocity, current, fluid motion, energy cascade, etc). Only it is not a fluid composed of the Matter that we are used to observing, made of particles and waves that incessantly interact forming increasingly complex and articulated corpuscles. The Dark side of Matter (DM and DE) is less discretized than that of Ordinary Matter, where Particles and Waves are more individual and identifiable Structures, except for multicycle Waves (e.g. radio waves) which, as seen, have a less localized / localizable nature and structure.

Dark InfoStructures must be seen and represented as a sort of regions (both for Dark Waves - gravitational waves - but especially for Dark Vortices) that show areas of depression and others of overpressure, areas in which Time flows slower than the universal average and others in which it flows faster. No clear cut. As mentioned, these are impalpable structures, with extremely low density, very extensive, without clear boundaries, which fade into the natural spontaneous turbulence of the Field, in the indeterminacy of its microscopic dynamics.

Regarding the amount of Mass, it seems that the filaments can contain half of the mass in the Universe, followed by walls, voids and clusters with 25, 15 and 10 per cent, respectively. In terms of volume on Space, the voids seem to be dominant with 78 per cent of the volume, followed by walls and filaments with 18 and 6 per cent. Cluster environments seem to take an insignificant fraction of the cosmic volume.

These estimates help us understand where we can hypothesize to find the greatest amount of Mass associated with Ordinary Matter. Obviously, where the total Mass density, of which the Mass associated with the Dark component is predominant, is higher. In the filaments, in the walls, and then in the nodes that host the clusters.

According to the hypotheses that I have formulated regarding the nature and dynamics of the processes responsible for the Formation of Ordinary Matter, it is precisely on the border of the large voids (a blurred border saturated with Dark Energy, where therefore Time flows faster than average and the turbulence of the Field is greater and can reach extremely intense peaks in the friction between the immense empty bubbles), in the interstitial areas occupied mainly by filaments and walls, full of galaxies dragged by immense rotations towards collection points, which we observe as large attractors, important intersections of the powerful dynamic interactions of the giant voids.

In the friction between the boundaries of the rotating Dark Structures, most of the small Dark bubbles are formed, which represent the Galactic Halos, and, above all, all the Ordinary Matter which then tends to migrate towards the adjacent interstitial spaces, in the filaments and walls, where immense flows and clouds of gas swirl majestically like the waters of mountain streams, gathering in bends and shallows, in depressions of turbulence, where, collapsing inside the Dark Halos, they form the galaxies that populate the densest and most compact Dark Structures.

Structure of cosmic filaments and nodes

Yet another bolder hypothesis...

Given the reconstructions of the region of the Universe that surrounds us between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller, in an ideal bubble as it seems outlined by the stream lines of the velocities of the galaxies that seem to move on its surface, we can hypothesize that dark bubbles of even larger extension than the large voids we have talked about, bubbles characterized by cores with extremely low density of negative Mass (Dark Matter), can show a very complex internal structure.

Enormous bubbles that seem to encompass significant parts of the Cosmic Web, almost like mini-Universes that contain giant voids, smaller voids, sheets / walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies and clusters, immense quantities of gas formed in the dynamics of both the immense bubbles we are talking about here, and in the dynamics of the substructures that outline a sub-Cosmic Web that evolves inside them. Formation processes of nested sub-bubbles, of components of the Cosmic Web that form and evolve inside larger bubbles. Such a structural and dynamic configuration does not seem compatible with a "classic" bubble, an elementary vortex. The dynamics of peripheral flows that converge toward a pole (the attractor) and seem to exit from the opposite pole (the repeller) are more compatible with a solenoid shape.

Immense solenoidal bubbles (I will call them Solenoid Vortices) that convey flows of galaxies in the peripheral regions with motions that seem to go from the repeller to the attractor, in a spheroidal dynamic configuration, and inside equally immense quantities of Dark Matter and Energy, plus Ordinary Matter, in irregular aggregations (in turn immense and articulated inside them, like Laniakea), where a portion of the Cosmic Web is reproduced, with its characteristic components (voids, sheets, filaments and nodes).

Structure of cosmic solenoid bubbles

Observing the 3D reconstruction of the Universe surrounding our position in the Universe, an ideal toroidal bubble between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller, observing its complex, turbulent and whirling structure, in the rotation of the observation point, can make us imagine the vastness and complexity of the forms I am hypothesizing. Turbulent convective motions at incredibly large dimensional scales, structures that extend over immense spaces, dynamics that extend over equally enormous times. Denser dark turbulence (in the form of a portion of the Cosmic Web) inside a solenoidal mega-bubble (structure formed by dark turbulent convective motions at very large scales) at a lower density.

It is truly implausible that all this structuring, articulation, complexity was formed and evolved in such a short period of time as the age of the Universe hypothesized within the Standard Cosmological Model.

Formation

According to conventional cosmology, the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy. Over billions of years, gravity pulled matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. The cosmic web, the vast interconnected structure of the Universe, composed of filaments and layers of matter that form the large-scale backbone of galaxies and galaxy clusters, is thought to be the result of gravitational interactions and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. Science believes that in the early Universe, matter was distributed nearly uniformly, with tiny variations in density. Over time, gravity amplified these variations, pulling matter into filamentary structures that eventually formed galaxies and clusters. Recent observations suggest that the Cosmic Web began to form very early in the history of the Universe as imagined in the standard model of cosmology.

As is clear from what has been said so far, I do not agree with this vision that I consider simplistic, abstract, completely implausible and incompatible with what we observe in the cosmos. In my vision the Universe is not the result of an event or a series of events placed in time, no Big Bang, no Inflation. The Universe, as the entire manifestation of Reality, has no age. It is eternal in the past as in the future. Just as it has no spatial boundaries, it is unlimited and infinite. The processes that gave rise to the formation of the Universe as we observe it today are processes that began in a timeless past, without a definite beginning. If we have to identify a time frame for the formation of the Universe, with its current degree of organization, complexity, with its current form, we must think of a time much longer than the age that is hypothesized and supported by considerations that frankly I do not agree.

A period much longer than the 13.8 billion years that are hypothesized. This time span, which seems immense from a human perspective, is in my opinion incredibly short to justify the existence of such a complex and articulated structure, the Cosmic Web in its Dark / invisible and Ordinary / visible components. How is it possible that all this immense complexity could have formed in such a short period (short obviously from a cosmological perspective)? How is it possible that a simple and, from a universal perspective, insignificant collision between two galaxies (Milky Way and Andromeda) among billions of galaxies is imagined to take 5 billion years to complete, and it took "only" less than 14 billion years to build the rest of the Universe? When I speak of plausibility, this is exactly what I mean. How can we think that a marginal sub-process of an immense process (in my opinion infinite) can be completed in a significant fraction of that global process.

In natural evolutionary Processes, although substantial developments sometimes materialize in real evolutionary leaps, long-term trends show a certain continuity characterized by incessant small adaptations and increases in Complexity. Thinking of a duration ratio as unbalanced as the one mentioned, 5 billion years for a galactic merger against 13.8 billion years for the entire history of the Universe, would be like imagining that the evolution of Homo sapiens had required not about 300,000 years, as believed, but about a third of the entire duration of the development of life on our planet! So, assuming the appearance of life 4 billion years ago, not 300,000 years, but 1.3 billion years. Significant difference!

Yes, it is true that these are completely different phenomena, one concerning fundamental physics, the other evolutionary biology. But I believe that the more we investigate fundamental phenomena, the more time is needed for Nature (the formative, creative and evolutionary processes) to produce significant increases in Complexity. I dare not imagine the immense times needed to pass from the first inhomogeneities of / in the Elementary Field to the immense voids that have saturated all the available space, to the point of triggering the formative processes of the denser Dark Structures and of the Ordinary Matter that subsequently went to populate them, forming the visible part of the Cosmic Web.

So, in my opinion, in line with everything expressed in this work, and in particular in this chapter, the responsibility for the formation of the Cosmic Web as we observe it and suppose it to be made, is not only gravity, but also and above all the dynamics and interaction of the large voids. In my view, it is not true that Ordinary Matter was generated by an event such as the Big Bang, and initially distributed in an almost uniform way, and that, thanks to gravity, it subsequently settled into some regions, flowing from the voids towards the walls, inside the walls heading towards the filaments that surround these planar structures, and again inside the filaments moving towards the regions of the clusters. The universe would have originated as an almost uniform soup of matter and energy, and over the course of billions of years, gravity would have attracted matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. Everything would have formed following gravitational interactions and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. This is not true, or it is not "completely" true. Voids don't form as matter collapses into denser areas, leaving empty spaces behind.

As I will try to tell in the final section of this chapter, we need to tell another story. A story that, as mentioned, sees a first significant step in the formation of dark bubbles starting from small inhomogeneities in the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Small inhomogeneities that over very long times have grown in extension, arriving to populate the entire Universe, gradually saturating all the available Space. Gradually through interactions, a dominant chirality has prevailed in the large bubbles in formation. The interactions between the large empty bubbles has confined smaller bubbles in the interstitial spaces, dominated by the external shells of these gigantic Dark InfoStructures. The friction between the external dynamics of the voids and the smaller bubbles triggered processes of formation of Ordinary Matter which, due to the location of the formation sites and the greater density of the medium and small bubbles present in the filaments and nodes confined in the interstitial regions of what was evolving towards the structure of the Cosmic Web, tended to collapse into what became the Dark Halos, cradles of galaxies and clusters and superclusters.

So, I think that the formation, dynamics and evolution of cosmic voids and the Cosmic Web is indeed linked to the role of gravity and the flow of Matter, therefore that the formation of cosmic structures was and is driven not only by gravity, but also by the dynamic flow of Matter. But not in the sense outlined by conventional cosmology. With respect to my vision, I would like to reiterate (as I believe this is an essential step for a true understanding of the alternative vision I propose here) a fundamental step is missing, the starting point is different, and so is the order of the formative sub-processes:

• The process of formation of Ordinary Matter is missing, which replaces the Big Bang, as I have already said, in my opinion an improbable conceptual absurdity. So the starting point is not that the universe initially existed as an almost uniform soup of matter and energy. Ordinary Matter began to form in a second phase, when the formation of the structure of the dark component of the Cosmic Web was so to speak completed, it reached the right point of structural maturation, necessary to start the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter.
• The starting point is different, voids are not formed by emptying. They are not modeled by the flow of matter that moves away from these low-density regions towards higher-density structures. Matter does not simply collapse to form voids, it does not move from the voids towards the walls, and from there to the filaments, and from there towards the dense regions, towards the nodes, to form and grow clusters of galaxies. The voids, which, as we have seen, are not empty but full of Dark Matter surrounded by shells of very low-density Dark Energy, are born just like this, and for various dynamics they tend to remain empty.
• The order of the formative sub-processes is different:
  • Elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events), which in a language dear to conventional science we could rename "quantum" fluctuations of the Elementary Field.
  • Emergence of microstructures of correlations in the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations.
  • Interaction of the microstructures and progressive formation of Dark InfoStructures with ever greater spatial expansion and temporal permanence.
  • Interaction of such Dark Structures with emergence of prevalence of chirality.
  • Saturation of the available Space following the further expansion of the Dark bubbles and formation of the structure of the Dak Cosmic Web, the foamy formation that sees bubbles of smaller extension and greater density of Mass, confined in the interstitial spaces between the dark bubbles that we call, somewhat improperly, giants voids.
  • Interaction of the Dark InfoStructures in the border regions of such foamy structure with the progressive formation of Ordinary Matter.
  • Interaction of the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter in the border regions (essentially filaments and sheets/walls), with the formation of more complex InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter, composed through high-energy interactions between the Particles accelerated by the motions of the Dark Structures and their Magnetic Fields (from electrons and positrons to nucleons formed by quarks, which again by collision, form nuclei of hydrogen and then helium.
  • Accumulation, densification and of the InfoStructures and Forms of Ordinary Matter thus formed, and progressive concentration in the filaments and sheets / walls which become environments increasingly rich in gas.
  • Entrance and gravitational collapse of the gas in the bubbles / Dark Halos of nascent galaxies, bubbles of medium-small extension and with a greater density of Dark Matter and Energy, capable of exerting a greater gravitational attraction with respect to the surrounding environment of the filaments and sheets.
  • Formation of third-generation stars (with zero or very low metallicity) and then gradually of second and third generations with higher metallicity, thanks to the action of gravity, the rotational dynamics of the galactic dark halos, the turbulence of the intragalactic environment.
  • Emergence of substructures in the intragalactic environment, with different shapes and densities, such as the bulge, the arms, etc.
  • Evolution of galaxies, collisions and mergers, densification, etc.
  • Migratory dynamics of galaxies which, due to the effect of gravity, but above all of the complex dynamics and interactions between the components of the Cosmic Web, tend to flow in the filaments and sheets towards the nodes, where they condense into increasingly populous clusters and with increasingly articulated and complex dynamics.
  • And much more (e.g., complex gravitational, kinetic, etc. feedback phenomena responsible for what appears to us as cosmic expansion and its acceleration), which I will try to outline hereunder and in the next sections.

That's not all, but I believe we have identified and listed much of what has happened and is happening, and which has been decisive for the formation of the Cosmic Web and the Universe we observe.

Evolution

The factors that seem to drive and influence the evolution of the Cosmic Web mostly concern its dark components: the immense Dark Halos that we observe as substantially empty bubbles and that we call "voids and giant voids", the medium-sized Dark Halos, a little denser and somewhat turbulent that constitute the nodes of the network and that are occupied by clusters and superclusters of galaxies, the filaments and walls/sheets that represent the peripheral interstitial spaces of the large bubbles that represent the voids. And again, the Dark Halos that constitute the bubbles that constitute the dark component of the galaxies. In short, all the components that create the dark structure of the Cosmic Web, which generates, guides and directs the ordinary / visible components, gas and dust, stars, the entire galaxies, as if they were pearls in immense necklaces, and precious caskets full of sparkling jewels.

Following what has just been said about its formation, the main trends in the evolution of the Cosmic Web, which also seem to be supported by the most recent observations, seem to be the following (of course these are general trends, since locally different phenomena or peculiar dynamics that overlap and interact can produce different results).

Progressive increase in the density of Mass and concentration of the dark / invisible components of the Cosmic Web albeit at different rates.

The distribution of Mass and the volume occupied by the dark components of the Web vary over Time. The voids that have reached the saturation of the available space, there being no more free volume to occupy, increase the pressure on the interstitial spaces, especially on the less extensive and denser Dark Halos concentrated in the filaments and sheets that surround the giant voids. This pressure, in addition to producing greater friction responsible for the formation of greater quantities of Ordinary Matter (baryonic), generates feedback processes that lead to a progressively greater compression of the peripheral regions dominated by Dark Energy. In these interstitial spaces, the density of Mass increases and the pace of the flow of Time appears increasingly polarized between the faster pace of the increasingly turbulent spaces dominated by Dark Energy, and the slower flow within the Dark Halos of galactic bubbles, which evolve and move in those interstices, increasingly compressed and dense. The galactic bubbles that tend to collect the gas formed by the turbulence and friction generated by the large empty bubbles, and by the entire complex of the foamy structure of the Cosmic Web, are dragged by the powerful flows present in the interstitial spaces, in the sheets, but above all in the filaments, towards the nodes, which are enriched with dense galactic Halos, and by the Ordinary Matter that populates them forming the sparkling galaxies that we observe.

Differentiated evolution times

From a Metrics and Mass perspective, I reiterate once again that the Cosmic Web ultimately is and should be imagined / considered as a "temporal foam". Everything we observe indirectly (the dark components and the part of ordinary components that for various reasons we cannot observe, such as gas clouds and dust with very low emission) and directly (most of the ordinary components, except those mentioned, not observable), everything that is out there, such as our bodies, the objects that surround us, the Earth, the Sun, the Moon and the planets, everything, from the complementary points of view of Metrics and Mass, everything is temporal foam in the macro as in the micro, organized in infinite continuously changing forms. Once again, I repeat that in my vision of Physical Reality, the temporal structure of the cosmos is not a side effect of the distribution of Mass and Energy in Space-time, but that the two aspects are the same thing, the same phenomenon observed from two complementary points of view, characterized by the same nature and origin: the presence of inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, inhomogeneity that we call Elementary Action, whose correlations constitute the fundamental physical quantities, and whose organization in Space-time produces all the Structures of Ordinary and Dark Matter and Energy.

Halo Evolution

The population of Dark Matter Halos evolves, with a rapid increase of high Mass Halos within the densest components of the Cosmic Web, the nodes populated by clusters and superclusters. Filaments tend to show a slower but constant growth in massive Halos, while sheets/walls and voids evolve more gradually. As we should expect based on the density of Mass and Motion, Matter and Energy, the population of Halos in the densest nodes and filaments shows a rapid evolution, especially at high Masses, with a significant increase over Time. In the less dense filaments, the evolution of the Halo population is slower, with an increase of massive halos and a decrease of low mass halos (absorbed by the more massive ones). In the walls and voids, as mentioned, the evolution of the Halo population is even slower. The dynamics of flow and accumulation of Matter and Energy, especially of Dark Structures, strongly influence the evolution of Halos in the complex and turbulent environment of the Cosmic Web.

Evolution of Ordinary Matter and the substructures formed by it (formation, concentration and collapse of Ordinary Matter, so-called baryonic matter).

As mentioned, (visible) Ordinary Matter tends to form due to the friction between the external regions (characterized by Dark Energy, with positive Mass) of the large Dark Halos, which constitute the skeleton of the Cosmic Web, and more generally in the turbulent, dynamic and more structured and populated interstitial regions between the large cosmic voids. It is here, in the intergalactic medium present in the filaments, that a significant fraction of the baryonic matter should be found, in the form of fast / hot particles, atoms and molecules dragged by the powerful mechanical flows produced by the rotation of the Web structures, which in certain situations (less dynamic and / or denser regions), like debris, concentrate in the bends of rivers where the current is less intense, which tend to concentrate in increasingly dense clouds and to collapse into the dense Halos that represent the dark component of the galaxies that we observe.

Matter transport and gravitational flows

Let's start from the large voids that represent the backbone of the Web and the main source of its kinematics and related flows that are concentrated, as seen, in the turbulent and dynamic border regions. The voids with peculiar velocity fields show a strong outward flow, with velocity vectors pointing towards the surrounding walls and, together with the low density of Mass, limit the entry possibilities of the more compact and dense Dark Halos and Ordinary Matter. The sheets / walls carry the less extended Halos and Ordinary Matter towards the filaments, which tend to collect and convey them, to channel such material, such Dark and Ordinary Structures towards dense clusters of galaxies that form and evolve in the nodes of the Web. These flows are the main driver behind the variation in time of the fractions of Mass contained in the different components of the Cosmic Web. Matter, both Dark and Ordinary, net of the peculiar dynamics mentioned above, flows from low-density regions towards high-density Structures, due to the effect of universal gravitational dynamics.

Gas Dynamics and Shock Waves

As Ordinary Matter moves in filaments, and collapses into the less dynamic and denser regions of the dark turbulence that characterizes the Web, the gas is heated up due to various phenomena, one of the most relevant being shock waves. Even more so within Galactic Halos, these interactions influenced star formation and the growth of galaxies along the filaments. This tendency to gravitational concentration and collapse that allows the formation of stars and intragalactic structures can be partly hindered by competing dynamics such as feedback from Supernovae and Black Holes, and more generally by intragalactic winds and magnetic fields. Explosions from supernovae and energy from active galactic nuclei (AGN) inject turbulence and energy into the intragalactic environment and more generally into the Cosmic Web. This energy influences how Ordinary Matter flows and distributes itself across cosmic structures.

Progressive increase in the level of organization, structuring, complexification of the Cosmic Web, of the Universe

The result of all that has been illustrated and of many other phenomena that operate at various levels on a wide range of dimensional scales of the Cosmic Web is precisely the incessant increase in organization, structuring, complexification of the entire Universe, Large, very large voids with very low density of Mass, which remain substantially empty while they rotate majestically in the cosmic darkness, incessantly drawing the structure of the Universe. Dark Halos increasingly dense and compact that concentrate us in the filaments and nodes of the Web. New Ordinary Matter that incessantly forms in the interaction of this immense network of large Dark Structures. Particles, atoms and molecules that in the turbulent and powerful cosmic dynamics disperse, sometimes condense, forming clouds, collapsing into the densest dark bubbles. And again, if the dynamics and galactic winds allow it, the clouds collapse, and stars form, light up and radiate the light we observe today. Ever more complex interactions form ever more complex sub-structures, star clusters, nebulae, spiral arms, nuclei, and so on. Stars and planets, and perhaps, life!

Among the most significant aspects concerning the Evolution of the Cosmic Web, and therefore of the cosmos in general, of the entire Universe, we find the phenomenon that is commonly called "cosmic expansion" and its acceleration in Time.

In my opinion, Dark Energy as it is conceived in current conventional cosmology, the mysterious form of Energy responsible for the acceleration of the expansion rate of the Universe, does not exist.

Three considerations.

The first concerns the phenomenon itself that is called cosmic expansion. In this model of describing Reality, and in the derived Evolutionary Cosmological Model that I spoke about in a previous section of this chapter, the expansion of the Universe, and therefore also its acceleration in time, is an apparent phenomenon. A phenomenon produced not by the increase in spatial distances between objects and cosmic structures, but by the progressive deformation of the organization of the Elemental Field, by the increase in inhomogeneities in the metric of Space-time, to be precise, of Time, the growing temporal inhomogeneities present in the Universe (since, as said several times, at scales of magnitude much larger than that of Planck, therefore already at the scale of Particles, Space is flat).

The second concerns the distribution of matter in the Universe. As I said, I am firmly convinced, and it seems to me that increasingly detailed observations are going in this direction, that the cosmos is not uniform even at the largest scales. Although the structure of the cosmos (how it is organized, structured, the level of complexity) is similar everywhere, the distribution of Matter (Dark and Ordinary) is not homogeneous. It seems like a contradiction, or nonsense, but what seems to be homogeneous is the way in which the cosmos is structured, its substantial inhomogeneity at all scales, inhomogeneity that tends to reproduce itself everywhere and in any era of the evolution of the Universe.

The third concerns the Big Bang and its "echo", what is considered (wrongly, in my opinion) the primordial radiation, the CMB. In my model, no Big Bang and no Inflation. So, CMB for me is not a cosmic fossil, a relic of an event, or a sum of events, in the remote past of the life of the Universe. In my opinion, it is a black body emission produced by the incessant and continuous Dynamics of the Elementary Field, of the natural spontaneous indeterminate turbulence that is the true substance from whose organization everything springs, the most elementary form of Existence, the Elementary Action that is expressed in the oft-cited fundamental Modes / Components. We can imagine it as the sound of Creation in progress, from whose Evolution incessantly springs, is built the Reality and the Universe that represents the temporal section that we call the Present. This consideration regarding the CMB, combined with the second one, regarding the distribution of matter in the Universe, make me believe that the conventional view of the origin and evolution of the Universe, including the idea of ​​cosmic expansion and its acceleration, is the result of a big blunder. A big collective error. An "ideological" error. Incorrect conclusions, arising from weak premises and an idealistic vision of Reality.

Therefore, I do not believe that the cosmic expansion and its acceleration are due to the mysterious dark energy as represented in the Standard Model of Cosmology (ΛCDM). I believe that, as summarized above, what we see is produced, to put it in other words and in terms closer to conventional science, by relativistic effects produced by the non-uniform distribution of Matter in the Universe. Dark Matter and Ordinary Matter. Or rather, Dark Matter and Dark Energy (the one hypothesized in this study of mine, characterized by positive Mass, correlation between positive levels of Perturbation, or, said in metric terms, a rate of flow of Time greater than the average universal rate, or of a significant neighborhood), together with Ordinary Matter obviously.

I take this opportunity to reiterate once again a fundamental concept that permeates all my research both for the dynamics of the microcosm, and for the cosmological vision that I propose here. Mass does not curve, does not deform Time. Mass and the curvature of Time are not only equivalent, they are exactly the same thing, they are different faces of the same natural dynamics. The Dynamics of the Elementary Field under the Action of the Fundamental Force, expression of the Primary Source of Reality. And it is precisely the inhomogeneity of the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation here that is the root of the Mass and of the alterations of the flow of Time, which we observe as a deformation of Space-time. We observe it and interpret it as a Space-time curvature, therefore an elongation of spatial distances and a contraction of temporal intervals, but in fact it is only a contraction of temporal intervals, in the presence of an absence of variation of spatial distances. Curvature of Time, therefore, which is accompanied by a variation (local, more or less extended and inhomogeneous) of the limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action and Information in the Elementary Field.

Everything that exists in the Universe is inhomogeneity, or rather correlations between inhomogeneities of dynamic aspects of Reality. Inhomogeneity in the distribution of "things", or rather of Processes. At the most infinitesimal level, inhomogeneity in the distribution of Elementary Events, characterizable as temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations, in resonance around the Planck scale. At medium dimensional and complexity levels, inhomogeneity in the spatial and temporal distributions of the InfoStructures that populate the Microcosm, Waves, Particles and their Interactions. At more extensive dimensional and Complexity levels, inhomogeneity in the distribution of atoms, molecules, substances, bodies, objects, stars, galaxies, clusters, and again, voids, filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web. Inhomogeneity everywhere, at all dimensional scales, in all aspects of Reality. Dynamic inhomogeneity, which, when poorly organized, we can call turbulence, and, when we observe a greater organization, we can call objects, Structures, Systems, Forms.

Dynamics and Interactions

All the phenomena we have described above, which characterize the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web, are the manifestation of universal dynamics and of dynamics peculiar to the typologies of Structures involved and of the specific local interactions (local, although extremely extended in Space and Time, given the dimensions of the Structures involved and the finiteness of the upper limit for the speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information).

What can we say that we haven't already said or at least hinted at? Let's try to summarize in a more structured way the main dynamics that characterize the Cosmic Web in the relationships / interactions between the components and the phenomena that underlie them.

Polydynamism

Even the large Vortex-type InfoStructures that we find at the cosmic level, such as the microscopic Particles that show surprising quantum behaviors, are characterized by dynamic characteristics that I have called "Polydynamism". The ability of these Structures to manifest, in the volume of the Elementary field occupied time by time, more different dynamic behaviors, even opposite ones. For example, during the normal evolution of the quantum states in the life of an elementary Particle, and even more in the quantum state transitions, a Particle can manifest different Spin orientations in different parts of it. The overall Spin of the Particle is the resultant of such different dynamic processes coexisting and evolving in parallel in a separate or variously interacting way. This is the explanation of the fundamental nature of the superposition of quantum states, which gives so many problems to physicists, especially in the context of the phenomenon of "measurement".

Even Dark Structures can manifest (and given their enormous spatial extension necessarily manifest) an internal polydynamic behavior, especially in interactions with the complex environment of the Web, in fusions, and so on. In cosmic Dark Structures that are very extended in Space and whose dynamic processes can require a lot of Time to express themselves, both inside and outside, we can recognize an internal and an external polydynamism. We have spoken about the internal one. The external one can easily be imagined, thinking of a large soft bubble, for example a flavor bubble that adapts its shape by expanding to occupy all the available Space, or by retracting due to the compression it has undergone, moving by oscillating on itself, with external and internal motions interacting, like an elastic and fluctuating object. All these characteristics greatly influences the kinetic, mechanical phenomena, interactions, etc. of these cosmic structures.

General Motion

Everything in the Universe is "in" motion, everything "is" Motion. All Reality is Motion, fluctuation, variation, change, evolution. The Cosmic Web is a dynamic, turbulent, complex structure, whose components participate in the overall Motion of the Universe, through their own peculiar motions, both external (as parts of the universal system and all the subsystems of which they are part) and internal (the movements that occur in the more or less turbulent internal environments of the individual components of the Cosmic Web, between their parts, their internal subsystems). These are motions in the continuum (which "occur in" the Elementary Field, they are motions "of" the Elementary Field), even if in this continuous Field we identify and single out Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures, invisible and visible, which for descriptive and expository needs we consider as separate parts of a fragmented whole. If we observed this panorama from the perspective of the Elementary Field, we would not see voids, sheets and walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies, stars, etc. but we would see an infinite ocean of fluctuations, variously correlated, infinite patterns of organized Action, of Information, which interacts, propagates, conserves, evolves, etc.

Even if in the end everything can or must be traced back to the initial Component of Action, Perturbation, root of Metric / Mass and of the related metric / gravitational phenomena (metric phenomena: deformation of the spatial and temporal distances "of" the Field, gravitational: deformation of Motion of InfoStructures "in" the Field), much of the Motion that we see in the cosmos, both at a general level and peculiar to the individual components of the Dark Cosmic Web (voids, sheets, filaments and nodes) is not directly attributable to gravitational attraction / repulsion. Even if Perturbation, which we can represent in the form of (temporal) gradients, is the cause of the formation and evolution of Translation (stress, turbulent flows in temporal geometry), and this is the cause of the formation and evolution of Rotation (torsion, vorticity in that same geometry), once produced, Translation and Rotation, tend to propagate in Space and conserve in Time, to evolve, to self-sustain in linear and rotational motions that we observe in the general dynamics of the Dark Cosmic Web and its components. For Ordinary Matter, although it is dragged by the dynamics of Dark Matter / Energy, the dynamics of concentration, collapse and formation of massive bodies and large and dense structures are mostly governed by gravitational phenomena.

Motion of the Cosmic Web as a whole (of the entire Universe)

Given the impressive incessant movement (especially rotational) of the immense dark bubbles that we call Giant Voids, which constitute the skeleton on which the entire structure of the Cosmic Web and the largest moving structures observed so far are formed and evolve, it is likely that the entire Universe is affected by a global motion that is locally varied, but imaginable as a continuous flow and rotation of which we will never be able to appreciate the extension and boundaries. In this work I have in fact hypothesized that the Universe is infinite and eternal, unlimited in Space and Time, both in the past (origin without Time, Time, as well as Space, is seen as an emerging phenomenon of the Dynamics of the Elementary Field) and in the future (incessant and unlimited evolution, incessant creation of new Dark and Ordinary Matter / Energy, increasingly extended organization of Matter, infinite extension of the Cycle of Matter and Energy, which with efficient recycling and feedback mechanisms incessantly reproduces in infinite new forms and complexities the Process of Formation of Reality).

Another aspect related to the global Motion of the Cosmic Web and the Universe is that of the prevalence of chirality in the Dark Structures. Based on what has been said so far, and above all in light of the hypotheses that I have formulated regarding the formative processes responsible for the evolution of the Dark Cosmic Web, I would expect a clear prevalence of a chirality in the opposite direction, more marked as the extensions of the observed structures increase. A fair prevalence should already be evident at the level of the galactic dark bubbles, which in their formation and evolution are obviously influenced by the local and overall dynamics of the Cosmic Web, which as we are hypothesizing should be highly chiral. But at the level of the immense bubbles of the giant voids, the prevalence of one direction of chirality over the opposite should be almost absolute.

The Universe as a whole should show a prevailing chirality at a very large scale that should be reflected both in the direction of a possible global rotation of the universal cosmos, and in the prevalence of Ordinary Matter over antimatter. I believe the large-scale prevalence was produced by a random fluctuation and by the processes of interaction, fusion, annihilation, etc. of the Dark Structures during the (very long, infinite) evolutionary history of the Universe.

Relative motion of the components of the Web

Each type of component of the Cosmic Web, we are talking here essentially about the Dark components, composed of Dark Matter and Energy, bubbles and turbulent flows and vortices of bubbles, in a system of turbulent systems dominated essentially by their collective interactive kinematics, and to a lesser extent by the chirality ratios (Dark Charge), and orientation of the rotation axes (Dark Spin), and by the concentrated attractive gravity of the internal cores and distributed repulsive gravity of the external shells of the bubbles.

The voids and giant voids, being vortical bubbles, very large, with low Mass density (negative, DM, and positive, DE) with a little varied, or very "dispersed", Mass density profile, will tend to rotate on themselves, deforming due to the compression resulting from the interaction with the other large surrounding bubbles and the other components that surround them, occupying the interstitial spaces between the walls (sheets / walls), the "edges" (filaments), the angular spaces between multiple interacting bubbles (nodes). But given their immensity, the extremely slow rotation and reaction times, the enormous "quantity of motion" that characterizes them (even in the presence of extremely low densities, but given the vast volumes occupied), their dynamics heavily influences the dynamics and dynamism of the other components involved, especially the sheets / walls and even more so the filaments.

In this complex context, we must imagine these interstitial components, including the nodes, as spaces not occupied and substantially not occupiable by the large bubbles of the voids, where the subcomponents that occupy them move influenced by the peculiar motion of the components that host them. As an example, we can visualize the sliding of galactic bubbles inside a filament, in an "edge" between large voids, where the motions produced by the interactions between the galactic bubbles themselves are superimposed on the motions inside the filament, e.g. effects of "dark attractors, dipole repellers", etc. driven by the rotation and compression exerted precisely by the large voids that delimit and trap the filament). It is like observing a soap foam caressed by a light breeze. The large bubbles determine the global structure of the foam, the smaller bubbles move on the surface of the larger bubbles, in the spaces left free by them.

All the motions, proper and relative, of the components of the Dark Cosmic Web lead to various effects, the most relevant of which are compression and concentration / densification, which, together with the kinematics, gravity, circularity and orientation of the rotation axes, represent the main factors that govern the delicate dynamic balances / disequilibria that characterize the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web, the organization of the Universe.

Internal Motion of the individual component types - Voids, Sheets / Walls, Filaments, Nodes (let's quickly summarize aspects already variously treated above)

Voids

Voids are dark bubbles, substantially devoid of internal structure for parts, they should not contain substructures, smaller bubbles, even if they always remain structures of turbulent nature that can highlight internal regions more or less dense compared to the ideal profile of the density of Mass. They are generally characterized by:

- linear kinematics rather limited being substantially trapped in the matrix of the Cosmic Web, limited by the other large bubbles / voids, the larger the bubbles, the less their mobility within the dark matrix of the Cosmic Web,

- extrinsic rotational kinematics (of the bubble as a whole) rather slow, regular and with slow adaptation and deformation (deformations are produced in the extrinsic rotation due to the opposition to the compression in the available volume that the bubble undergoes in the saturated environment of the Web). The extrinsic rotation of the bubble is one of the main phenomena that contribute to the formation of dark bubbles of medium extension (galactic cluster and supercluster bubbles) and small (e.g. galactic bubbles), and of Ordinary Matter (in the form of elementary particles, leptons, which through other phenomena, high-energy collisions, etc. produce the protons that constitute the majority of the hydrogen gas present in the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, sheets, filaments and nodes, and which fuel the formation and feeding of galaxies),

- intrinsic rotational kinematics (of the bubble inside it), related to the vortical motion that constitutes its nature both from the structural dynamic point of view and from the conservative of the shape point of view, rather uniform at large scales, although substantially turbulent especially at smaller scales. This vortical motion drags any substructure possibly present in the bubble, as if it were a spot of color on a hard disk. In the case of accidental entry of galactic bubbles into a void (for example due to a fusion of voids that traps galactic bubbles inside the larger and more complex resulting bubble) we should see this substructure move with a motion resulting from the combination of various components, that of the galactic bubbles themselves, that determined by the centrifugal force produced by the rotation of the void that contains them and that of its structural vortex motion. The result will be a complex trajectory that, in the extremely dilated time characteristic of the dynamics of the immense void bubbles, will realize the complete expulsion of the galactic bubbles that accidentally find themselves inside them. The intrinsic rotational kinematics is characterized by two fundamental parameters (in addition to other very important ones such as the average angular velocity): chirality, which we can call "Dark Charge", and orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation, which we can similarly call "Dark Spin".

Sheets / Walls

Sheets or Walls are interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, surfaces of large bubbles (voids) compressed against other large bubbles. Imagine observing soap suds. We will certainly be able to see its texture, the matrix of larger bubbles that determine the distribution of the smaller bubbles. Observing a sufficiently large volume, we would see surfaces that, even if perhaps slightly curved or slightly discontinuous, can be considered as real planes, surfaces that extend considerably, collecting, and so to speak squashing, on a more or less regular plane smaller bubbles that appear as if magically aligned.
Unlike voids, which are elementary InfoStructures, with blurred boundaries, but all in all well identified and identifiable, sheets are composite InfoStructures, formed by smaller structures that, as mentioned, by compression and dragging arrange themselves on a more or less extended and regular plane. Structures immersed, or rather, part of a large and dynamic dark turbulence, in interstitial regions characterized by positive Mass, what we call Dark Energy. The sheets / walls are therefore not characterized by an "active" kinematics (linear, external or intrinsic rotational), but they adapt to the dynamics of the most extensive and massive components (voids and partly the nodes).

The kinematics of the dark sheets / walls, as we want to call them, is characterized mainly by adaptations to compression dynamics and by the sliding of dark bubbles of even very small size. Typically we will see an almost planar arrangement of a large number of galaxies on a more or less extensive / regular plane, which can be more or less thick depending on the compressive force exerted by the voids that delimit the sheet and the dynamics of the galactic bubbles that move in it, attract each other, orbit each other, etc.

The result of compression will be a greater or lesser coplanarity, a greater or lesser thickness of the sheet. Sheet that will be characterized by non-uniform shapes and thicknesses especially over very large extensions, due to the different dynamic influences of the voids that delimit it, and of the other components of the Cosmic Web.

The result of sliding will be the confluence of the galactic bubbles and the gaseous material (which forms in the interstitial regions of frictional boundary between the voids) that move in the sheet towards one or more filaments that in turn delimit the sheet, filaments that substantially represent the edges of irregular curvilinear solids (the voids that, compressed, assume irregular curvilinear shapes like soap bubbles when they interact by adhering to each other).

Filaments

For Filaments, what was said for sheets / walls is essentially valid, but in a linear, not planar, dimension. Here the effects of compression and flowing / dragging / sliding, if you will, are more intense, and produce more evident phenomena, with a more marked influence on the dynamics of the structures that move and evolve within them. I am obviously referring to all the materials that form, move and evolve in the Cosmic Web, such as:

• dark turbulence at medium scales (small clusters / groups of galaxies) and small (galactic scale),
• bubbles / systems of Dark Matter / Energy of medium size (bubbles that group small clusters or small groups of galaxies) and small (galactic bubbles), bubbles that evolve as part of the dark turbulence,
• bubbles as in the previous point, but populated by Ordinary Matter,
• substances / objects / bodies of Ordinary Matter (free particles, gas, dust, more complex molecules, stars, planets, wandering black holes, etc.) dragged by / into the dark turbulence, not incorporated into fully formed bubbles such as galactic bubbles (which include the Dark Halo and the visible component of the galaxy, composed of Ordinary Matter).

In the sheets, but especially in the filaments, into which it flows from the sheets, a very large amount of gas (mostly in the form of hydrogen nuclei and atoms, essentially protons, more or less neutralized by electrons, the most elementary form of Ordinary Matter that forms in the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, through the friction of the peripheral regions of the large dark bubbles, vacuums and giant voids). This is what is commonly called the "missing baryonic matter", the 50% of the missing Ordinary Matter, so strenuously sought by researchers, and recently identified through astronomical observations focused on Fast Radio Bursts coming from distant galaxies. Ordinary Matter should in fact (and as is logical in light of the hypotheses formulated here regarding the formation of this type of Matter) be distributed mainly (three quarters) in the space between galaxies, therefore in the sheets / walls and in the filaments, where it forms, or flows after formation, for about 15% in the galactic bubbles (in the Dark Halos), the rest always in the galactic bubbles but between the structures of Ordinary Matter that condense in the depressions of the intragalactic dark turbulence (stars and cold clouds of galactic gas).

Filaments represent a transition region where galaxies flow and transform in their race towards the nodes of the Cosmic Web, where they compose or enrich what we call clusters of galaxies or superclusters (clusters of clusters). Their length can be truly immense (70 - 120 Mpc or 230 - 370 Mly). The density of Matter in transit in the filaments tends to be higher in the central regions, decreasing with the radial distance, as one would expect not (only) due to the effect of gravity that could attract the greatest amount of Matter in transit, but above all due to the density profile of the dark structure of the filament (imagine it as an almost cylindrical cavity, which shows a gradient in the level of positive Mass (Dark Energy) that degrades towards the center of the filament (lower density of positive Mass). A sort of "wave guide" is created that conveys Dark and Ordinary Matter, gas and galaxies, where the regions around the longitudinal axis of the filament are less repulsive and therefore require less Action to be able to be traveled. Just as in a highway there are faster lanes, which offer less resistance to the flow of cars, so the filaments tend to have central regions of less resistance.

In the filaments, galaxies and gas tend to move following spiral, helical trajectories, in the direction of the flow towards the node that they feed, with a more or less symmetric rotation and oscillating around the central axis of the filament. The spiraling flow of galaxies and gas towards the clusters, which are concentrated in the nodes of the Web, contrary to what is commonly believed, in my opinion, and in coherence with everything I have hypothesized in this chapter, is not governed by gravity, or not completely. The prevailing forces that produce the movement are those deriving from the rotation, compression, friction of the large components that constitute the backbone and the dynamic engine of the Web itself. In my opinion it is not true that the materials flow in the filament towards the node by attraction of the denser regions in the nodes (clusters). This is the apparent cause, and in any case not the main one. Moreover, in a theoretical context such as the one stated here, especially in light of the hypotheses formulated on the nature and shape of galaxies and components of the Web, the most densely populated regions of galaxies (filaments and nodes) should be those most dominated by Dark Energy (positive mass) with a marked power repulsive.

Therefore, these regions and their content of gas and galaxies would push strongly towards expansion due to a decrease in internal pressure, higher than that of the large voids that outline, confine and compress sheets, filaments and nodes. They push but cannot expand, precisely, due to the confining action produced by the large voids, which are also, for different causes and phenomena, in continuous pressure for expansion. All the components of the Cosmic Web, for different causes and phenomena, tend to expand, in a cosmic and eternal tug-of-war, which sees the Universe in a state of perpetual creative and evolutionary dis-equilibrium. The sheets / walls, compressed by the expanding voids, find an outlet in the filaments, the filaments find an outlet in the nodes. The nodes can vent by pushing and feeding filaments with flow exiting from the node (which will vent in another node). The Matter in the node is almost as if extruded into the exiting filament, increasing in speed and reaching extremely high speeds (it seems even at 1% of the speed of light). Upon exiting the filament, Matter, depending on its composition, structure, spatial extension, density, etc., slows down as it enters the much more static and dense environment of the clusters, where the probability of collisions and fusions, deformations, etc. are therefore much higher.

The filaments can themselves rotate due to the compression and friction forces produced by the large voids that delineate their boundaries. This rotation can increase the complexity of the internal dynamics of the filaments themselves, and of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web as a whole.

Basic characteristics of galaxies (morphology, gas content and efficiency of its consumption, star formation rate, ) are greatly influenced by the transit in the dense filaments that receive from the sheets / walls the newly formed galaxies and the gas and connect, feeding them, crowded nodes of galaxy clusters. Galaxies are, therefore, deeply influenced by the transit in the filaments. Their shapes and internal evolution processes are significantly affected. Collisions, mergers, frictions with other structures of the Cosmic Web, with the walls of large voids, etc. can alter their spiral shape and favor more irregular, elliptical shapes. Furthermore, the star formation processes can slow down or stop, I believe because of the change in shape that modifies the internal dynamics of galaxies, and the lower availability of gas (atomic and molecular hydrogen) that enters the dark halo of the galaxy. Furthermore, I believe that the crazy speed race in the filaments to which galaxies are subjected makes the cooling / condensation / collapse processes of gas clouds, a process necessary for intense star formation, together with the shock waves in the dark intragalactic environment, less likely.

The consequence of all this is that, just like the temperature of the Elementary Field in the regions that from time to time support the Existence and Essence / Form of the filaments, also the temperature (at micro and macro level) of Matter, Dark (dark bubbles of medium and small size drowned and evolving in the dark turbulence) and Ordinary (gas, dust, wandering objects, galaxies and their small groups / clusters) is on average higher than that reached by the same when lying in the other structures of the Web, sheets / walls and nodes (elementary thermodynamic aspect). Obviously, temperature refers both to the speed of particles, mainly hydrogen atoms, substances and dust, objects (vibrational speed of the atoms and molecules that compose them), the thermodynamic aspect properly speaking, or microscopic thermodynamic aspect, and to the speed of the movements of objects and sub-structures (e.g. galaxies), macroscopic thermodynamic aspect (let's think of medium and small sized cosmic objects and structures as particles of a cosmic "fluid"; the average speed of their movements can be considered as the "macroscopic" temperature of that system).

Nodes

Here we are at the last typology of components of the Cosmic Web. Last from the evolutionary, structural, functional and dynamic point of view.

From the evolutionary point of view because in the process of formation of the Web, the large bubbles that today we call voids and giant voids, the structural skeleton and the dynamic engine of the Web, were developed first. By compression, the first sheets / walls were formed, then the filaments that receive the dynamic and material contributions. And finally, in the interstitial regions at the intersection of multiple bubbles, those that we call nodes and that over time would become the regions most densely rich in medium and small dark bubbles, many of which are populated by structures of Ordinary Matter, which we call galaxies, groups of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and superclusters, that is, clusters of clusters.

From the structural point of view because the nodes, in the hierarchy of structures that occupy the available space, come after the voids, and the other structures that occupy the peripheral regions of the voids, and which are compressed by them. The remaining spaces are those that we call nodes, and which, less subject to compression forces, are more stable, less dynamic.

And here we come to the functional point of view. The nodes are last in the classification of the components of the Cosmic Web because they are the regions, the structures that collect the effects of the entire chain of formation, transport and conservation of the Dark and Ordinary Matter of the Universe. The voids are responsible for the formation of medium and small-sized dark bubbles and all the Ordinary Matter, gas, wandering objects and galaxies, which populate the sheets / walls, and flow into the filaments, to end up in the nodes, where all the Matter tends to gather in gigantic clusters of galaxies and super clusters. From the nodes, a part of the Matter returns to this circuit, through the filaments that exit the nodes. But a large amount of Dark and Ordinary Matter remains in the structures that populate the nodes. These offer an environment, although locally very dynamic, with galactic collisions and mergers, globally less dynamic, suitable for the formation of larger and more stable structures. Especially in the central regions of the nodes, the dynamic influence of the rotation of the large voids, of the friction and compression exerted by them, is less intense.

Finally, from the dynamic point of view, as already mentioned, here too the nodes appear to be in last position. The largest amount of "large scale" motion in the Universe is expressed by large voids, secondly by super extended sheets / walls, then by filaments, up to the nodes, where, as mentioned, the large scale dynamic intensity is lower. The small scale momentum is instead concentrated in the nodes, a little more in the filaments and sheets, almost zero in the large voids. By small scale momentum I obviously mean the amount of motion expressed by the smallest structures that make up the Cosmic Web, small dark bubbles, galaxies, intragalactic structures, objects / bodies, stars, substances, gas, dust, etc. The linear and angular velocity, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is immense in the peripheral regions of the voids, more modest in the sheets / walls, very high in the filaments (with the same dragging effect by the void bubbles, and gravitational effects, we should expect velocities that are tendentially higher in the filaments of smaller section, more compressed). In the nodes the velocity should be lower, especially moving away from the inflowing filaments, and to a lesser extent from the outflowing ones. The central areas of the nodes, as mentioned, should be less affected by the large-scale movement, and show lower velocities.

A clarification regarding the flows of Matter in the filaments. We can imagine unidirectional flows that extend to the entire filament, which therefore will have a terminal inflowing towards a node, and a terminal outflowing that descends from that node and transports towards another node. But we can also imagine filaments that collect the material from sheets especially in the central regions of the filament, and, due to the compression exerted by the voids that outline and surround it, convey the Matter towards both ends, which become tributaries of two nodes thus connected.

Motion of Dark Matter / Energy and of Ordinary Matter

Let's briefly review what has already been said, focusing on the type of Matter formed and transported by the different components of the Web. Let's focus on Dark Matter / Energy, negative and positive Mass respectively, organized in extended dark turbulent structures with low Mass density.
From giant voids, to the immense structures that we call sheets / walls, to filaments, up to nodes. Structures that are increasingly less extended, with a lesser prevalence of Dark matter and an ever greater presence of Ordinary Matter (although in a minority proportion, as is known). This means that the voids are composed almost entirely of Dark Matter (core of negative, attractive Mass = Dark Matter, shell of Positive, repulsive Mass = Dark Energy), except for possible small quantities of Ordinary Matter (e.g., gas and galaxies incorporated as a result of particular events, e.g. void fusions). The sheets / walls are the scene of the frictional formation of Dark Matter (dark structures of medium and small extension) and especially of Ordinary Matter, all interacting for the formation of complex structures, such as gas clouds, objects and bodies, protogalaxies, etc.
All these structures are progressively conveyed towards the filaments, where the balance Dark Matter vs. Ordinary Matter leans more and more towards Ordinary Matter, which tends to concentrate more and more, until the final peak in the central regions of the nodes (always without prejudice to the ratio between Dark Matter and Ordinary Matter which is estimated at about 5 to 1). Regarding this ratio, I believe that the estimates are affected by an incorrect evaluation of the nature, function and dynamics of Dark Energy. It would be necessary to re-evaluate the composition of the Universe (in terms of Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Ordinary Matter) on the basis of the hypotheses that I have formulated in this work regarding the nature, structure, dynamics of the Universe (Evolutionary Cosmological Model), and in particular of the Cosmic Web.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy, being the central and peripheral components of the dark bubbles, obviously move together. The peripheral regions with positive, repulsive Mass (together with the homo-chirality, Dark Charge, and the greater or lesser concordance of orientation of the intrinsic rotation axis, Dark Spin, are responsible for the "intangibility" of the dark bubbles by other dark bubbles of comparable extension / density. A concept analogous to that, already illustrated for the vortical particles of Ordinary Matter, which in conventional physics is called the Pauli Exclusion Principle and which we could reformulate here as follows: in the Elementary Field no Vortex-type InfoStructure can occupy the same portion of the Field, the same volume, the same Space, in the same Time. This is because the external region, the Dark Energy shell, positive Mass, exerts a repulsive force that increases quadratically as the two Vortex Structures approach each other. In the overlapping areas the level of Perturation, of inhomogeneity of the dynamics of the Field, increases more and more as the approach and therefore the overlapping increases. This produces increasing repulsive forces which gradually increase the force needed to force the two structures to get closer.

To this, many other phenomena are added that can decrease or increase the total repulsive force (among others, the intensity of the Motion that leads to the approach, acceleration and inertia, the concordance or opposition of the chirality (Charge), the greater or lesser alignment of the Spin). This is the reason why, even if attracted by opposition of Electric Charge, or of Chirality / Dark Charge in the case of Dark InfoStructures, to fuse (annihilate) two particles (e.g. an electron and a positron) a sufficiently energetic collision is needed to bring them closer beyond a certain limit, it is necessary to provide Energy, express Action, exert Force, therefore. And the same thing is true for the Dark Vortices that constitute the dark bubbles we talk about in these pages.

Returning to the central theme of this section, the Motion of / in the dark component of the Cosmic Web (turbulence and structures), in short we can say that:

• the entire Elementary Field, or, observing the Field from the point of view of the Component of Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, all Space-Time with its more or less deformed Metric is animated by turbulence at all spatial and temporal scales. At the large scales that characterize cosmic dimensions and structures, it is dark turbulence that dominates the scene and constitutes the predominant dynamic factor from whose organization cosmic structures in the dark component arise (dark bubbles of voids, clusters, galaxies, etc. as well as the turbulent flows that constitute the dark structure of sheets and filaments, etc.).
  I take this opportunity to focus attention on the Principle of General Equivalence applied to the specific context. To say that "the whole Elementary Field, or, observing the Field from the point of view of the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, all Space-Time with its more or less deformed Metric" is the substratum of everything that exists, means observing Physical Reality from different, but precisely equivalent, points of view. Continuing the equivalence, we can say that the deformations of the dynamics of the Elementary Field that we call Perturbation can be, equivalently, represented as follows:
  • density of Elementary Events (in terms of the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations that incessantly shake the Elementary Field with resonance around the Planck scale) equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or a significant neighborhood,
  • said in terms of Elementary Action, value of Perturbation equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the Space-Time Metric, at scales much higher than the Planck scale, Space is flat) rate of flow of Time equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of Mass, zero Mass, negative or positive, that forms structures of Matter respectively: vacuum, Matter (Dark and Ordinary), Dark Energy (regions peripherals of Vortex structures both in the dark domain, bubbles / Halos, and in the ordinary domain, particles),
  • in terms of the limit velocity of propagation of Causality / Action / Information, so-called speed of light in a vacuum, velocity equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average limit velocity or of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the temperature of the Elementary Field, temperature respectively: equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or of a significant neighborhood.
• the largest structures of the Cosmic Web, the large voids, are the structures (almost totally dark, except for a small amount of Ordinary Matter that entered a bit by chance) intrinsically more dynamic (due to their intrinsic and especially extrinsic rotational component). They represent the true dynamic engine of the Web, incessantly transferring Motion to the other components, to the sheets and above all to the filaments that move in the interstitial regions compressed between these monsters in incessant rotation. And together with the sheets and the filaments themselves, everything that flows inside them towards the nodes of the Web, therefore dark bubbles of medium and small extension and all the Ordinary Matter that has formed and aggregated in the peripheral dynamics of the large voids,
• all this turbulence and all this dark medium and small scale structures that form and flow in the interstitial regions, and drag Ordinary Matter towards the nodes, move within the interstitial components of the Web (in the sheets and filaments, and eventually into the nodes),
• all substances (gas and dust), objects / bodies (stars, black holes, planets, solitary / errant or aggregated in structures), the structures of Ordinary Matter, which form and flow in the interstitial regions, also move within the interstitial components of the Web (in the sheets and filaments, and finally flow into the nodes), dragged by the dark turbulence, by the more or less chaotic flows, and by the movement of the dark structures that flow and interact in such turbulence. Galaxies across the vast Cosmic Web appear to exhibit coordinated motion across distances spanning millions of light-years. Their synchronized movements challenge conventional expectations set by current cosmological models. This unusual behavior hints at the presence of mysterious forces or interactions influencing the architecture of the Universe.

Apparent cosmic expansion

For all that I have just said about the evolution of the Cosmic Web, among the main dynamics that characterize the Cosmic Web I deliberately do not include cosmic expansion. As said, it is an (apparent) phenomenon linked not to an actual expansion of Space, but to an ever greater organization, structuring, complexification of Space-time. Linked, ultimately, to the increase of inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of the Elementary Events of the Elementary Field, or, said in terms closer to Conventional Physics, increase of inhomogeneities in the rates of temporal flow, of the temporal geometry of the cosmos.

It is emblematic that precisely what we observe and interpret as "expansion, movement of distancing", the most significant movement that we can observe in the Universe, is not a movement, Motion, but the effect of a differentiation of the flow of Time in different domains of the cosmos, and of the consequent different limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information.

And, to complete the picture, let's now turn to some considerations on the most relevant forms of interactions that characterize the Cosmic Web:

Gravitational interactions

Gravitational interaction is commonly considered the silent but powerful director of the great dynamics of the Cosmic Web. As said above, I believe that this role, although fundamental, is a little overestimated. Or at least, the weight of its direct influence is. Indirectly, I agree in considering gravity the most relevant dynamical engine on large cosmic scales. But, in my opinion, the gravitational action of attraction by Dark and Ordinary Matter and repulsion by Dark Energy are largely not directly responsible for the dynamics of the Web and its components.

I try to explain. Much of the gravitational action produced by the extensive, albeit impalpable, inhomogeneities of the Perturbation values ​​in the Elementary Field, those that we call InfoStructures of Dark Matter and Energy, the large bubbles / Dark Halos that we call Voids and Giant Voids, is expressed in the growth processes and rotational motions of these same structures, and from these, as Motion and mechanical actions of compression of the interstitial spaces, of friction in the peripheral regions, etc. (Translation), it is transferred to the other components of the Cosmic Web, sheets, filaments and nodes, with all the sub-structures that form, propagate and evolve in those components (substances, objects and bodies, structures, systems, galaxies, groups and clusters).

As already said several times, I do not believe that in the history of the Universe we have seen a Big Bang, with subsequent formation of structures, starting from tiny fluctuations in the density of matter grown under the effect of gravity. And that the Dark and Ordinary Matter produced in a Big Bang attracted each other, giving rise to the filaments, walls and nodes of the Cosmic Web. For me, the story began with infinitesimal fluctuations / inhomogeneities of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, which grew over immense periods of time (billions of billions of years, a time without time, a Universe without a beginning in fact) and became the giant voids on which the other components and the universal structure of the Cosmic Web were formed.

The progressive expansion and occupation of all available Space by these giant voids, processes dominated by gravity, by the organization of the Elementary Action in the Perturbation Component, produced the formation of dark bubbles of increasingly greater extension and density of Mass, which due to compression progressively concentrated in the interstitial regions. Kinetic / mechanical processes, and to a lesser extent, gravitational ones, produced the thickening of the turbulence and of the aforementioned dark structures with the formation of sheets / walls, filaments and nodes.

Gravity becomes increasingly important and dominant in the interactions between Dark Structures as we move from large voids to medium and small bubbles (galaxies), and then to intragalactic substructures, to the structures of Ordinary Matter. In particular, gravity is crucial in holding galaxies together in groups, clusters, and these in superclusters. Furthermore, as mentioned, gravity, together with the mechanical and kinetic forces, plays a continuous action that shapes the Web and its components, favoring the expansion of large voids, the compression and collapse of dense interstitial regions, amplifying the inhomogeneities in the fabric of the Universe.

Gravitational attraction and repulsion

We commonly consider gravity as an attractive phenomenon, or predominantly attractive. Yes, conventional science does contemplate a repulsive entity, but not as a structural and functional counterpart of the attractive gravity produced by Masses in Space-time. The repulsive phenomena, the cosmic expansion and its progressive acceleration, are commonly attributed to the phantom Dark Energy with gravitationally repulsive characteristics.

In this work, I have attributed to Dark Energy a nature and a function that go far beyond the justification of the phenomenon of cosmic expansion and its acceleration. Here Dark Energy represents the analogue of Matter, both Dark and Ordinary, but composed of positive rather than negative Mass, flow rates of Time and propagation speeds of Causality / Action / Information higher than the universal average or of a significant neighborhood, and so on as seen on the basis of the Principle of General Equivalence.

Dark Energy, therefore, as the structural component of the external regions, the shells, both of the Dark Vortex Structures (bubbles, Dark Halos) and of the Ordinary Matter Vortex Structures (elementary particles). Here the repulsive action that characterizes the peripheral regions of the Dark and Ordinary Vortex Structures becomes a fundamental element that characterizes the dynamics and interaction of these Structures. Although it is less intense than the attractive action exerted respectively by the nuclei of Dark and Ordinary Matter (Dark or Ordinary Matter, gravitationally attractive, is concentrated in a limited region, while Dark Energy is distributed in much larger regions and therefore much less intense, diluted, so to speak, except in cases of compression of the Structures with consequent mechanical interaction of the external regions of Dark Energy which, condensing precisely due to the compression, repel each other/enter into friction, etc.).

I reiterate once again that Dark Matter and Dark Energy are not two different types of "substance". They are the same thing, inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, negative or positive values ​​of Perturbation. Mass, rhythm of Time, limit speed, etc. higher or lower than average. The only Structures in nature that can produce and maintain a inhomogeneity of this type are Vortex-type Structures. Central depression, and if the vortex is compressed, raising of the level in the constant, external regions of the Vortex.

What maintains the vorticity? The attractive or repulsive dynamics is due to Translation, which is produced by the effect of the inhomogeneity of Perturbation, and Rotation, produced by the effect of the multipoint interaction of Translation, which tries to compensate and reduce the inhomogeneity of Perturbation. Vortices that we can define as "temporal". The rhythm of Time flows more slowly inside (negative Mass) and faster outside (positive Mass). This inhomogeneity generates a further reaction of the Elementary Field (Translation) which tends to reduce/cancel the difference in the rhythm of the flow of Time, self-feeding the Vortex, producing its conservation.

Invisible attractors

Invisible attractors are not "attractors" because of the concentration of large Masses, or at least this is not the main reason for their great attractive power. It is even the gravitational attractive power that we must question, as it may not be the main factor of the particular dynamics of these peculiar regions and of the intense effects it produces on the dynamics of large regions and components of the Cosmic Web.

I believe the most relevant factor lies precisely in the dynamics of the components of the Web. So that the particular dynamics are not (so much) caused by the gravitational attractive power of the "particular region", which we call invisible attractor, but the opposite is true: the Matter we observe is in Motion towards the particular region and therefore it seems to us attracted by something. I always like to use the simile of the sink. If we sprinkle flower petals into the water in a sink and then remove the plug, we will see the petals move toward the drain not because of an "attractive force" exerted by the drain, the Earth, etc., but because of the dragging effect exerted by the water flowing toward the drain.

It is true that the action of gravity causes the water to flow into the drain. But the effect of gravity on the petals is substantially indirect, mediated by the flow of water. What prevails is the dragging effect. This is the case for visible Matter, the glittering galaxies that we imagine inexorably attracted toward an invisible point that we think is extremely massive, capable of exerting an immense gravitational attraction. In fact, the prevalent contribution to the movement of visible Matter toward the invisible attractor is given by the dragging effect exerted by the peculiar dynamics of dark turbulence, by the Matter and Dark Energy that make up the components of the Cosmic Web.

We must imagine the same thing for the dynamics of Ordinary (visible) Matter that appears to us attracted toward a large invisible Mass. As I have said several times, I believe that, in the dynamics of the Motion of Matter in the structure of the Cosmic Web, the effects of the rotations of the large empty bubbles and the related dragging effect on everything that is compressed in the interstitial regions (characterized by Dark Energy, therefore by positive Mass, in which the smaller and denser dark bubbles are immersed) are more important than the gravitational attraction and repulsion produced by the Matter and Energy of the same components of the Web.

I do not believe it is a coincidence that the large attractor, as for other regions of this type that appear in the visualizations and simulations of the movements of Matter in the Cosmic Web, lies in a node where the flows of the walls of the giant voids that compress it and several filaments that collect and convey a large number of galaxies and other unstructured Matter converge.

In short, what is relevant in my opinion are the flows in the dark turbulence that is maximum in the interstitial regions compressed between the large voids. It is here that, due to the drag, the motions that we observe as effects of sliding and gravitational attraction from regions that we imagine as massive, yet invisible, manifest themselves. And of course, if there is convergence, there must also be divergence. This is how we observe what are called dipole repellers. Areas from which dark turbulent flows "exit", so to speak, diverge in directions that lead to the areas of attraction, of convergence.

Mechanical interactions

I know. I am repeating and revisiting the same concepts, the same arguments over and over again. This can make reading less fluent, more tiring. I apologize. But every time I touch on a topic, I try to add something that I consider important to improve understanding, to clarify, to complete the picture, to contextualize in different areas, and according to different and complementary perspectives. I would like to be able, in addition to explaining concepts far from conventional scientific approaches, to expose a different way of observing nature, the entities, phenomena and dynamics that produce what we see in the world around us, in the micro and macro, and the connections between these areas that seem so far away, micro physics and cosmology, which must meet, to allow us to reach a deeper and broader understanding of the Universe in all its different nuances.

The mechanical interactions in the dynamics of the Web and its components, and of the materials produced within them, are influenced, ultimately, by temporal inhomogeneities, or rather by the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations that resonate around the Planck scale and that by expansion and self-organization tend to grow in Space and Time, evolving into increasingly larger and more persistent Dark Structures, until they saturate, even through collisions and fusions, all available Space. Perturbation that organizes itself, correlations that consolidate, interact, spread, impose, until they form the large voids that we have described. And these in turn, swirling in the Universe, form the other components of the Web, and then bubbles, Halos. Bubbles everywhere, swirling depressions in dark turbulence.

And then Ordinary Matter, which in those bubbles condenses, aggregates, evolves, towards clouds of gas, stars, galaxies, clusters, moving incessantly, sometimes more slowly, sometimes faster, like in rushing torrents, up to calmer, but more crowded lakes. All mechanical interactions, in the end, must be traced back to what we have just said, to Perturbation, to inhomogeneities in the rhythm of Time, or, in equivalent terms, of the distribution of negative and positive Mass, as described in this work, and to gravitational attractive and repulsive phenomena (Translation produced by Perturbation, Variation of Motion / Acceleration - produced by differences in Mass, in the rhythm of Time).

The main forms of mechanical interaction between the components of the Cosmic Web, which design and evolve its structure and characterize its dynamics, are the "compression / expansion" of the bubbles / Dark Halos and the "friction" resulting from the sliding of the peripheral regions of the rotating bubbles / Dark Halos due to the proximity produced by the compression of the interstitial regions produced by the tendency of the bubbles themselves to expand.

Compression and expansion

Expansion and compression are two fundamental phenomena in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web, in the formation and evolution of its components and the materials that form, evolve and move in them.

They are not expressed and do not consist only in the processes of gravitational collapse and cosmic expansion. All the components of the Web and the materials in them are affected in various ways by these fundamental processes.

We have seen how the expansion of the voids has led to saturation, to the complete dark structuring of all available Space. And, furthermore, how the large voids, as well as in general all dark bubbles of any extension and density, in the dynamics of mutual interaction experience forces that produce compression (reduction of extension) and densification (increase in the average density of Mass), as well as an increase in the inhomogeneity of the distribution profile of the Mass (negative and positive) and of the vorticity and angular velocity (intrinsic rotation) - conservation of the Dark Charge and of the Dark Spin -, which influences the speed of the extrinsic rotation - conservation of the angular momentum.

The compression of the interstitial regions that produce sheets / walls and filaments, and crush them producing significant increases in the speed of flow of the materials inside them and towards the nodes, as well as densification of the Dark and Visible Structures, etc.

In the regions of greater density, such as filaments and nodes, to the compression exerted by the large voids, gravitational forces are added, which attract the matter towards the inside and cause it to compress, aggregate, collapse into more compact and articulated structures. These are the birthplaces of galaxies and clusters.

What we can say in general, both on the dark and visible side of the components of the Web and the materials that form and evolve in them, is that expansion and compression are local phenomena. There are general trends, but the direction, intensity, timing, etc. of these processes are exquisitely local, as they depend on the local dynamics, the interactions of these components, their shape, mutual relations, and so on. In this sense, the whole issue of tensions between different measures of the parameters that characterize what is called cosmic expansion is obviously meaningless. There is no cosmic expansion of Space-time in itself, so there are no universal parameters.

We should already be happy to be able to determine a range of values ​​and an average distribution in that range, perhaps, by type of Web components involved. For example, average rate of expansion of voids as a function of their extension and density. Average rate of compression of nodes as a function of the compression forces exerted by the voids that surround and compress them. Always taking into account that each specific local configuration is the result of the complex interaction between many components, each with its own peculiar dynamics, and of substructures that oppose greater or lesser resistance, or exert greater or lesser forces, in different directions, etc. The dynamics of the cosmos is truly complex, and in my opinion, cannot be represented by universal parameters, and reduced to standardized processes.

It is a turbulent world. Chaos and order compete for the organization of Space-time, of the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Forces and Fields, Action, Information / Energy, InfoStructures, Forms. Everything, at all levels, is formed and evolves in this formative process in perpetual disequilibrium between uncertainty and determination, between chaos and order. Turbulence everywhere. The nightmare of science, especially physics, which has among its main purposes the prediction of the results of observations, of experiments.

And again, compression and expansion also concern the materials that form and evolve in the Cosmic Web. They concern gas clouds, dust, stars that form, swell, explode, collapse, and so on. And they concern star clusters, galaxies and their internal substructures. The accretion disks of active galactic black holes, their jets, but also protoplanetary disks, planets, and everything that is part of the Universe. The dynamics of everything that exists seems to be characterized in some way by processes of compression and expansion. Let's think of our heart, which allows us to live thanks to these rhythmic dynamics. A dynamic dance that feeds on attraction and repulsion, and manifests itself as condensation and rarefaction, approach and distance, contact and distance, and so on.

Compression and expansion also concern the formation of these same materials that we have just mentioned. The formation, evolution and dynamics of medium and small dark bubbles, and of the turbulence in which they move, are also related to the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, in the friction between large dark bubbles.

The role of friction and dynamical friction

As already expressed in this section, friction, especially between the large dark bubbles of the voids, between their external regions dominated by Dark Energy - friction only partly mitigated by the smaller bubbles located in the interstitial spaces, in the sheets / walls, filaments and nodes, which play the role of a sort of "lubricating cushion" so to speak - is one of the most relevant aspects of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and is the origin of many cosmic phenomena.

Among these, the formation of dark bubbles of smaller dimensions (Dark Halos of galaxies, clusters and superclusters), peculiar motions of materials (gas, galaxies, etc.) in the interstitial regions (sheets, filaments, and partly in the nodes), processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, and of its addressing towards the areas of gravitational concentration, etc. Dynamical friction is also fundamental in characterizing intra-component dynamics, especially the dynamics of galactic bubbles within the turbulent nodal areas hosting clusters and superclusters.

Chiral interactions

Chirality is present almost everywhere in the Universe. It comes from one of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, which I have precisely called Rotation:Chirality. It can manifest itself both at the level of intrinsic rotations (the intrinsic rotation of each point of the Structure, of the Space it occupies, ultimately, of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that time by time supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the aforementioned Structure) of Vortex-type InfoStructures, and in their extrinsic rotation (the rotation of the entire Structure as a whole body). It plays an important role in many of the dynamics that concern the structures of the infinitely small and the cosmic dynamics. The topic is deeply rooted in questions regarding the role of symmetries, the ways of expression of fundamental forces and interactions, and the large-scale structure of the Universe, among the most relevant. As previously stated, chirality on the dark side of the world manifests itself in what we can call the Dark Charge of cosmic megastructures.

In cosmology, as far as I know, only recently are we starting to take into consideration that at the cosmic level chiral asymmetries exist and are relevant in the large-scale structures of the cosmos. We are also starting to evaluate how chirality at the cosmic level can influence and have influenced the behavior of particles (e.g. neutrinos, such as their oscillations) and the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the early Universe. Without forgetting the possible impact on the prevalence of chiral modes defined on organic molecules present in the Universe, which could be responsible for the appearance of life and its biomolecular peculiarities.

Is it possible to ask whether the Universe itself can express a preferential "chirality"? Whether the Universe itself is globally rotating in a defined direction.

In my vision of the nature, origin, evolution, structure and dynamics of the Universe and the Cosmic Web, and of its components that we have described above, it is clear that chirality, the direction of rotation of the Dark Vortex InfoStructures, which constitute the dynamic skeleton of the Web, is fundamental to understanding central phenomena in the development of the Universe, such as the interaction of large void bubbles, the formation of dark structures of smaller extension, the formation and compression of interstitial regions, the formation of Ordinary Matter, the processes of compression, collapse and formation of large gas clouds, galaxies, and so on.

That in the very long evolution of the Universe, from homogeneity to the current complex differentiation, extended processes and repeated interactions, collisions and mergers, we have brought out a prevalent chirality, especially at the largest cosmological scales, I do not think there can be many doubts. More and more signs of such prevalence are emerging in observations, especially at the level of galactic bubbles. But I believe that, if such an observational investigation could be conducted on large voids, the result would be even more clear in favor of a chiral prevalence.

In order for bubbles of increasingly smaller extension to form in the universal dark turbulence, it is necessary for the large bubbles to expand and develop frictional dynamics in their peripheral regions (formed by Dark Energy, positive Mass). Two vortices kept in contact tend to repel each other and, if they cannot do so, they tend to develop turbulence in the external regions in friction. But only if their chirality is concordant. If it is discordant, once the repulsion of the Dark Energy regions due to the overlapping of areas with positive Mass is overcome, they will tend to attract each other chirally, to interpenetrate, to annihilate. Just like what happens to an electron / positron pair that we force to approach beyond a certain minimum distance threshold.

In my opinion, the prevalence of one direction in the chirality of the large dark bubbles, in the large voids that dominate the dynamics of the Web, is the key to explaining the prevalence of what we call matter to the detriment of what we call anti-matter. In the incessant processes of formation of new Ordinary Matter (leptons), in the regions of friction, in the processes of acceleration and interaction of the elementary particles thus produced, which produce more complex particles (quark nucleons), a prevailing chirality at a universal level, in my opinion, would be the reason for the scarcity of antimatter. To put it in evolutionary terms, the environment influences the evolutionary processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, causing the selection of matter particles to the detriment of antimatter particles, as well as influencing the processes of their formation.

Chiral attraction and repulsion

The concept of chiral attraction and repulsion arises in systems where chirality plays a role in the way the structures that compose such systems interact. This is particularly interesting in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and its components.

Here, chiral interactions can interfere with other types of interactions, mechanical and gravitational, attenuating or emphasizing their intensity, but also their direction, verse, speeds, times, etc. These influences can contribute to the breaking of symmetries and the development of peculiar, local dynamics, which can also significantly affect the general dynamics of the Web, its structure and composition.

Attraction and repulsion, modulated by chiral interaction, can trigger and influence processes of expansion or contraction, can favor or prevent fusions, or productive frictions of other turbulence and structures of smaller extension and greater density, and so on.

In short, the concordance or discordance of chirality, through chiral attraction and repulsion, does not limit itself to influencing the trajectories of the processes that are expressed in the Cosmic Web, but can influence the very dynamics of the interactions between its components, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes and all the materials that form and evolve within it.

Chiral evolution

Let's summarize. As said countless times in these pages, everything evolves. Evolution is one of the two fundamental subprocesses into which, only for descriptive needs, we can ideally divide the unitary Process of Formation of Reality. As described in several sections of this chapter, even the chirality of the large structures that dominate the Web, the voids, has undergone an evolution, and has been at the center of evolutionary processes that have determined a prevalence in the direction.

A minimal random prevalence of chirality in the first expansions of elementary spatial fluctuations (in the Component of Elementary Action that I called Rotation:Chirality precisely), when the large dark bubbles that we call voids were still very far from forming, Space was not yet saturated with such dark structures, in the extremely dilated times of the development of the Universe, expanded more and more and through interactions, annihilations and fusions transformed into what I hypothesize is the current chiral prevalence of large and very large scale.

Voids and giant voids that, precisely because of their concordance of chirality, having saturated the entire available Space, interacting kinetically, mechanically and gravitationally, compressing themselves and compressing the interstitial regions, in the friction areas have produced and produce other Dark Structures of lesser extension and greater density, up to the microscopic InfoStructures that we call Elementary Particles, the first seeds of the structures that have progressively formed and continue to form to compose Ordinary Matter.

Here too we find the Cycle of Information, and the evolutionary operators that structure the dynamics of the Elementary Field in the peculiar ways that in our medium-scale perspective we observe as large dark bubbles, voids and giant voids precisely. Organization, Transformation and Selection. Broadly speaking, and expressed in an approximate and not completely rigorous form, Organization allows the structuring of the seeds of the voids, and allows their growth, with their own random chirality. Transformation, through interactions, produces the destructuring, the annihilation, the disappearance by incorporation of bubbles with discordant chirality with respect to the emerging prevalence. Selection allows the survival and causal permanence of bubbles that are compatible with the cosmic chiral environment, and determines the elimination of non-compatible bubbles.

Spin-related / magnetic interactions

The Cosmic Web is woven with magnetic fields that play a subtle but profound role in shaping cosmic evolution. Recent studies in astrophysics and cosmology suggest that magnetic interactions in the Cosmic Web arise from both primordial origins (such as those seeded during cosmic inflation) and astrophysical processes (such as galactic winds and jets from active galactic nuclei). These magnetic phenomena are thought to be particularly relevant in filaments, where they would be less influenced by the dynamics of galaxy formation and could preserve ancient magnetic signatures. Evidence from radio observation techniques such as rotation measurement (RM) and accumulation of synchrotron emissions for estimating the intensity and structure of magnetic fields in intergalactic space is supported. Magnetic shock waves, weak radio signals produced by the gravitational compression of filaments, have recently been observed.

Obviously I do not agree with the references to primordial formative processes, Big Bang and Inflation. And furthermore, in my opinion there is more. Both from the point of view of the nature of these magnetic fields, and from the point of view of their origin, structure, dynamics, and role in the formative and evolutionary processes that affect the Web.

Here we are not talking about the topic of the orientation of the extrinsic rotation axis, the Dark Spin, a complementary topic to the one we discussed above, i.e. the chirality of the extrinsic rotation and the Dark Charge in the Web. Extrinsic rotation that has a notable relevance in the dynamic processes of the Web, of the interaction between its components.

Here I want to discuss the topic of the intrinsic rotation of the structures that make up the Cosmic Web, which manifest themselves as magnetic phenomena in which the magnetic characteristics of the structures of Ordinary Matter that populate many of the Dark Structures actively and passively participate, except obviously the large voids that, as we have seen, do not contain Ordinary Matter, or contain only traces of it.

As with Particles, the immensely larger Vortex-type Dark InfoStructures also exhibit a characteristic that we consider to be the root of magnetic phenomena, namely the correlation of the spatial orientation of the rotation axis of the event points in the region of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the Structures themselves. From the point of view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field and Elementary Action, we call this as Rotation:AxisOrientation. It is the root of Spin, both at the level of the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter / Energy.

So, in addition to the extrinsic rotation, the rotation of cosmic structures in their unity and entirety, especially of large voids, which is relevant for kinetic and mechanical processes and for the interactions between the various components of the Web, there is a dimension of intrinsic rotation that I summarize in the concept of Dark Spin, which shows two complementary parameters, chirality and orientation of the rotation axis. I remember that both for the external rotation, and even more for the intrinsic one, these structures can manifest and, given their relevant Space-time extensions, manifest what I called "polydynamism", which leads to the coexistence in the same structure of different internal and/or external dynamic processes at the same time. Condition that, in analogy to that which manifests itself in the dynamics of Particles, of quantum objects, we can call "superposition".

We therefore focus on the intrinsic rotation, not on the Dark Spin (the Spin of the structure as a whole), but on the Spin that we spoke about in relation to the Vortex-type Structures that make up Ordinary Matter, the Particles. The Spin that has to do not with the rotation of a Particle in its entirety, as a solid and unitary body, but with the Rotation (as a component of the Elementary Action) of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that time by time supports the Existence and the Essence / Form of the Particle itself. The correlation of the Component of the Elementary Action that I call Rotation:AxisOrientation of the event points of the Elementary Field is the root (in addition to the shape of the Particle) especially of its Spin and related magnetic phenomena.

Dark bubbles, at all dimensional scales, from the most extensive and rarefied, to the smallest and densest (such as the bubbles that host galaxies, with their Dark Halo and the more or less visible structures formed by Ordinary Matter) can show correlation patterns that produce magnetic fields that are more or less intense and also have very irregular shapes. Given the very low densities of negative and positive Mass, characteristic of the Dark Matter / Energy that composes the bubbles, it is clear that the intensity of the correlations cannot be very high and consequently the relative magnetic fields will not be very intense. Nevertheless, considering the extensions involved, the effects could be quite significant.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion

Exposed, immersed in a magnetic field (presence of correlation of the orientation of the axis of rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field in the surrounding region of a Particle or a Dark Structure with non-zero Spin) the Spin of both a particle and a Dark bubble / Halo (presence of correlation of the orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field that time by time support such Structure, both of a Particle and a Dark Structure, both Vortex-type InfoStructures) tends to reorient itself in Space (all event points that support such Structure undergo an "intrinsic" rotation) so as to minimize the total Action.

If the Structure is constrained by other interactions with the Field and/or with other Structures, the reorientation can lead to a parallel or antiparallel alignment. And this condition leads to situations, to interactions where a magnetic force manifests itself that causes attraction (in the case of parallel orientation of the spin in the Field and the Spin of the observed Structure) or repulsion (in the opposite case of antiparallel orientation).

In the complex environment of the Cosmic Web, magnetic attraction and repulsion derive from the interaction of magnetic fields (magnetic field = structured Elementary Field, observed from the point of view of the correlations of the orientations of the Rotation axes associated with the Megastructures that compose it).

These magnetic fields, producing attraction / repulsion, influence both the Dark Structures of the Cosmic Web and the Ordinary Matter Structures, the Particles of Ordinary (visible) Matter with Spin.

Charged particles that spiral along the lines of the magnetic field can create synchrotron radiation, which are detected by radio telescopes. Observations of this radiation, along with rotation measurements (which track how magnetic fields distort light), help scientists map the strength and structure of magnetism in the Web, and the intrinsic and, to some extent, extrinsic rotation of the Dark Structures involved.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion also influence the formation and evolution of galaxies, through important mechanisms / phenomena, including regulating star formation (by influencing the gravitational concentration and collapse of gas and dust clouds), shaping galactic structure (in spiral galaxies, magnetic fields are often aligned with the spiral arms), and the orientation of galactic winds and outflows from galaxies (winds that can remove the gas needed for star formation and dust that determines their chemical composition/metallicity). Intergalactic magnetic fields can also shape the environment in which galaxies evolve and influence the flows of gas and dust in Web components such as sheets, filaments, and within nodes. The rotational dynamics of galaxies and the charged particles/atoms/molecules within them can amplify weak galactic magnetic fields, causing additional ionized gas to rotate, effectively amplifying these fields in feedback loops that tend to preserve and amplify the magnetic structure of both galaxies and clusters.

A little more about these cosmic magnetic generators. We have just talked about how galaxies, with their movements of conductive substances / fluids / plasma, generate and sustain magnetic fields (a phenomenon that we could associate with the image of a dynamo, which, acting on the turbulent and chaotic motions of the dark turbulence that characterizes the entire dark environment of the Cosmic Web, converts the kinetic energy of charged Structures into magnetic energy). But, as I have already said, in my opinion, it is not only the vortical, rotating movements of the ionized gas that generate / amplify the magnetic fields of the Structures that make up the Cosmic Web and the galaxies that populate them, it is the Dark Structures themselves that by various mechanisms show correlations in the orientation of the intrinsic rotation axes of the event points of the Field that support them (magnetic fields, in fact, weak, but extremely extensive and pervasive).

All these magnetic fields, both those generated by the dynamics of the Structures of Ordinary Matter (more intense and spatially concentrated), and those associated with the dynamics of the InfoStructures of Dark Matter / Energy (less intense, more rarefied, but very extensive in the Cosmos) are further influenced by inhomogeneities of the kinetic dynamics of the Cosmic Structures, such as, for example, differential rotation (galaxies rotate faster at the center than at the edges) and helical turbulence. Extended and coherent magnetic fields that can persist for billions of years, influencing, as mentioned, the life and shape of the Cosmic Web, its Components, galaxies, the interactions between the Dark Structures, as well as those between the Structures of Ordinary Matter that populate them. Collisions and mergers between galaxies, or between megastructures of the Web, can also significantly alter these magnetic fields that, in extremely dilated times, can reform and/or reconfigure starting from the residues of the previous fields.

Electromagnetic interactions

Electromagnetic interactions are believed to be one of the four fundamental forces of nature and govern the way in which electrically charged particles interact with each other. They result from the combination of electric forces (between stationary charges) and magnetic forces (between moving charges), are mediated by electromagnetic waves, Wave-type InfoStructures subtype "Multi-cycles", and by photons, what are commonly called "light particles", Wave-type InfoStructures subtype "Single-cycle", depending on the type of phenomenon that generates their emission. It is believed that electromagnetic waves / photons are made up of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate together, forming waves such as light, radio waves, X-rays, gamma rays, etc., structures that travel at the speed of light and are described by Maxwell's equations.

To return to the Cosmic Web, there are many phenomena that in some form include electromagnetic interactions. Let's say that our knowledge of the cosmos is almost entirely produced by electromagnetic interactions both in the production of electromagnetic messengers (light, x-rays, etc.) and in their detection, processing, interpretation, etc. We ourselves are electromagnetic systems: we exist, we live and we observe the world through electromagnetic interactions. Among the most significant phenomena and structures we can find:

• plasma and magnetic fields: the intergalactic medium is rich in ionized gas (plasma), which, as mentioned, interacts with magnetic fields (amplified by shocks of structural formation and by turbulence caused by the flow of matter along the filaments, as well as by the structure and dynamics of large cosmic structures). These interactions can generate synchrotron radiation, observable at radio wavelengths,
• radio and X-ray emissions: radio telescopes detect synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons spiraling in magnetic fields. X-ray observations reveal hot gas in filaments and cluster outskirts, often energized by shocks and mergers, emissions that help trace the otherwise invisible cosmic web,
• non-thermal energy conversion: as gas and dark matter accumulate on filaments and clusters, the kinetic energy is converted into non-thermal energy (e.g., cosmic rays, magnetic fields).

All these processes, and many more, are crucial for understanding the energy budget of the Universe. Standard Dark Matter seems not to interact electromagnetically. But this assumption is born from the poor understanding of the fundamental nature of these phenomena, which in this work, despite its introductory nature, I have tried to improve. In the context of the hypotheses that I have put forward in the description of Matter and Energy of both the Dark / invisible and the Ordinary / visible side, of the InfoStructures that compose them and give them form and phenomenology, it is clear that the electromagnetic interaction between these two aspects of Reality cannot but be influenced by the immense differences in spatial extension, temporal dynamics, density of Mass, Charge and Spin.

A photon emitted by a level jump of an electron in an atom, which occurs in a very small space and an infinitesimal time, will have a very small wavelength and a rather high action potential density. A photon (always a Single-Cycle Wave) emitted in a deceleration of a galactic bubble, endowed with intrinsic chirality (similar to the electric charge of an electron, although with infinitely more modest density) in a collision with another galactic bubble, will have an extremely longer wavelength and a very low action potential density. What can we expect from this extreme difference in wavelength and action potential density? Zero or almost zero interaction. The photon produced by the dynamics of Dark InfoStructures (be careful, one could call it a dark photon, and that would also be correct, but let's avoid creating confusion with recent models proposed in the field of conventional physics, which see phantom dark photons at the center of attention) will produce only infinitesimal effects on Ordinary InfoStructures, and vice versa.

Let's now see some types of electromagnetic interactions that have a particular cosmological significance.

Dispersion

Dispersion occurs when radio waves from distant sources like Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) travel through ionized gas in the cosmic web. Electromagnetic interactions between free electrons and radio waves cause lower frequencies to slow down more than higher ones. This effect is measured as the Dispersion Measure (DM), which helps trace the density of electrons along the line of sight. Most of the dispersion comes from filaments in the cosmic web, revealing where the universe’s "missing baryons" are. Studying this helps map the large-scale structure of the universe and understand its plasma and magnetic field properties.

Ionization

The conventional story is that after the Big Bang, the universe cooled and formed neutral hydrogen, but then ionized again in a process called reionization. This ionization was caused by the first stars and galaxies, whose ultraviolet light stripped electrons from hydrogen atoms. The filaments of the cosmic web contain ionized gas (plasma), especially in regions heated by shock waves, star formation, and AGN activity. Ionized gas affects the way light travels through space, affecting measurements of scattering and the Faraday rotation of radio waves. Studying ionization helps track down missing baryons and understand the thermal and magnetic history of the universe.

Let's try a different story. The mechanical interaction between the large voids that structure the Cosmic Web, in the interstitial regions, the friction of Dark Matter / Energy triggers and fuels the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter in the form of elementary particles (leptons), at high temperature, great kinetic energy, accelerated both by the same mechanical forces responsible for their formation, and by the extensive magnetic fields present in the Web. Light particles that accelerate acquire Mass, which, in collisions with other particles, or with the substances that populate the Web, produce more complex massive particles, turbulent lumps of Ordinary Matter, such as the quarks that make up protons. The first ionized atomic nuclei, which in their evolutionary life will tend to capture electrons, neutralizing themselves and, in the right conditions, aggregating into diatomic molecules of neutral hydrogen, the raw material for the formation of stars.

These two visions, the conventional one and the alternative one that I propose in this work of mine, are conceptually very different, the process that leads to ionized gas is completely reversed. Or at least, the phenomenology that underlies its presence in the universe is completely different. In the conventional view, Big bang, production of ionized hydrogen atoms, which capture electrons and then re-ionize. In the alternative view, continuous production of particles, which are accelerated, and through high-energy collisions evolve towards more complex and massive types of particles, which constitute protons, ionized hydrogen atoms, until the capture of slower electrons that make these atoms neutral. The sequence is simpler, more linear, logical. A clear evolutionary process.

Heating

When we talk about heating in the cosmological context, within the framework of the System of Knowledge that I propose here, we must observe Reality at many levels. At the most elementary level, and in light of the already mentioned Principle of Equivalence, the appearance of inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field can be seen and represented as a process of progressive elementary heating produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field. The progressive formation of Structures of Information in the Field, both Dark and Ordinary, with their Fundamental Physical Quantities, their multifaceted Energy, their interactions.

At the level of the Elementary Field this structuring can be seen as a progressive differentiation of regions characterized by greater or lesser Elementary Action, in particular in the Component called Perturbation. Mass of the Structures, negative and positive, which can be represented as a different rate of flow of Time, a lower or higher speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information in the Field, and finally, precisely as a lower or higher temperature of the Field, of the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial variations in resonance around the Plank scale. Elementary events and their distribution in Time, and organization in space. Dynamism that progressively moves from the most elementary level to increasingly more complex levels.

Dynamism that affects both the Dark and Ordinary Structures. We will therefore have a temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (average temperature of the Universe), of the Structures that compose it (voids, sheets /walls, filaments, nodes), and a temperature of the substances, bodies, structures that populate it (particles, gas and dust, stars, planets, black holes, galaxies, etc.).

Regarding the temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (average temperature of the Universe or large regions of it), as mentioned, my hypothesis is that there is a tendency towards progressive heating. Seen from another perspective, this increase means a progressive increase in the average rate of flow of Time (observed as cosmic expansion and its acceleration), or increase in the speed of propagation (observed as redshift, the reason why a cosmic expansion is hypothesized), or increase in the complexity of the organization of the structuring of the Elementary Field, or increasing amount of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, and of course Ordinary Matter, with its two components, negative and positive Mass.

In the Cosmic Web, in its dark components, we can imagine this heating both as a sort of (very slow, given the spatial extensions and the dilated times) thermal agitation of the Dark Structures, and as an increase in the differentiations, densities, of the structures themselves. Structures that tend to compact, to condense, to multiply, to compress in the available Space, which is finite, and therefore to heat up, as a gas would do if compressed to the same volume.

For the Structures of Ordinary Matter, the heating phenomena are well known. I will limit myself to mentioning the main phenomena involved:

• gas that falls into the filaments, nodes, bubbles that host galaxies, which is heated by gravity and shock waves, in its progressive migration towards the galactic centers, used and reused over and over again in the formation, evolution and death of stars and various bodies,
• nuclear reactions in stars, which transform gravitational energy into kinetic energy (heat) that partly compensates for gravity itself, and partly is radiated,
• supernovae and black holes that inject energy, increasing the temperature of the gas,
• relativistic jets, galactic fountains, etc.
• collisions and mergers between clusters, groups, galaxies.

The temperature, together with the density of the surrounding medium, influences the way in which cosmic structures form and develop, and how galaxies form stars and evolve.

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

This activity of analysis, this methodology, is very difficult and expensive especially in the case of such a complex and "universal" structure as the Cosmic Web. I will limit myself to a few notes, precisely to provide a further indication of this method, which foresees precisely the description and quantification of the contributions to the Existence and Essence / Form of a structure / an object in terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities and the related phenomena, synthetic expressions of the contributions of the Modes / Components of the Elementary Action.

• Metric (correlations of Perturbation of the point events of the Elementary Field)

As we have seen, while at the Planck scale the fluctuations of spatial distances (infinitesimal), in their temporal distributions, represent the most elementary form of Existence, at distances much larger than the Planck scale, already many orders of magnitude below the scale of size of subatomic particles, the spatial curvature is zero. Space, from these microscopic scales to cosmological scales, up to the entire infinite and unlimited Universe, is absolutely flat, even in black holes, where the density of Mass is extraordinarily large (but not infinite). What we commonly mean by curvature of Space-time, which we observe for its gravitational effects for example on the propagation of light (gravitational lenses) is totally attributable to the curvature of Time. This represents a deformation of the local metric, more or less extended, which originates the metric phenomena and, with its "structural" counterpart, the Mass, the gravitational phenomena. Metric and Mass are the two complementary aspects of the same manifestation produced by the inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of the Elementary Action, in the Mode / Component that I have called Perturbation.

How can we imagine the space-time Metric, or better, as said, temporal in the Cosmic Web? This megastructure or system formed by cosmic megastructures is substantially the organization scheme of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action in its Components, on universal spatial distances, and equally immense temporal distances. Following the equivalence "Curvature of the Metric" and "density of Mass" = "inhomogeneity in the the speed of the flow of time (the rate at which time passes)"

This means that to measure the Mass you need a clock, not a balance. Or better, a set of clocks. Just as to measure the curvature of the metric of Space-time, which is precisely the same thing. Metric as temporal curvature "of" the Field, Mass as temporal curvature associated with an InfoStructure "in" the Field, in the region of the Field time by time occupied by, which supports the Existence and the Essence / Form of such InfoStructure.

So, observing a portion of the Universe from the point of view of the Metric, that is from the point of view of the "correlations of Perturbation" of the event points in such portion of the Elementary Field, in a sea of ​​turbulence that embraces an immense number of orders of magnitude, we would see:

• immense vortex structures (bubbles / Dark Halos that constitute voids and giant voids), characterized by cores with Perturbation values ​​lower than the average (universal or of a significant neighborhood, therefore immense, billions of light years), negative Mass, negative curvature of the temporal Metric, temporal flow rate lower than the average, and external shells with positive Perturbation works (Positive Mass, positive curvature, temporal flow rate higher than the average). The Mass density profile, and therefore the curvature of the Metric, will be less steep the greater the spatial extension occupied by the void. So a slight negative Mass density (Dark Matter, attractive) in the core, and a slight positive Mass density (Dark Energy, repulsive) in the shell. The compressive dynamics of the Cosmic Web can alter this Mass / curvature profile of the Metric. In particular in the external regions, in the shell, the positive curvature, the Dark Energy can thicken, the density profile of positive Mass can become much steeper, due to the compression of the shell in the friction with the shells of other voids. This dynamics can favor the compression of smaller dark bubbles, down to galactic bubbles, in narrow spaces, which we have called interstitial regions, where sheets / walls and filaments can convey the dynamics of substances, bodies / objects, galaxies, towards the nodes, which collect Dark bubbles and structures of Ordinary Matter in clusters and superclusters,
• denser interstitial spaces, with sharper and steeper Metric curvature profiles, characterized, as mentioned, by positive Mass (Dark Energy). And, immersed in this turbulence with the positive Metric curvature (time flowing faster), smaller and denser Dark Structures, with steeper and deeper Metric density and curvature profiles,
• and again, immersed in the dark turbulence part with positive Mass density / curvature, dark bubbles of ever smaller extension and greater density / curvature, where time flows more slowly, dark structures that constitute the dark component (the Halos) of galaxies,
• within such galactic bubbles, immersed in other vortical turbulence, with dark sub-structures with counterparts of Ordinary Matter (e.g. the arms, the bulge), a sea of ​​stars, organized in clusters, more or less populous and dense, in other more or less organized galactic structures, or solitary in their intragalactic motion, or again, hurled into extragalactic spaces by particular gravitational effects.

• Mass (correlations of Perturbation of the point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

For Mass, what I just said for Metrics is valid. I have a brief additional note. Given that everything is turbulence, and the structures we see are part of this dark turbulence that hosts, supports and influences the formation, evolution, distribution of Ordinary Matter, the cosmic structures we see, or intuit, are vortices and waves, and even stranger shaped structures, part of the universal turbulence. Chaos reigns supreme, and the organization of the Forms we observe in the Universe emerges from the evolutionary dynamics of the chaos-order Processes that are expressed at a cosmic level.

Regarding dark bubbles, of various sizes, from immense voids, to bubbles that contain planetary systems like ours, there is a fundamental rule. In the absence of compressive forces that can alter the density profile of Mass (negative / positive), or the curvature profile of the Metric, the more spatially extended a dark bubble is, the lower its density and curvature. And vice versa.

• Motion (correlations of Translation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

Motion and its root at the level of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, in its Component Translation, is everywhere. Chaotic, turbulent motion and ordered, coordinated motion. Motion at all levels of Reality, at all scales of magnitude. Motion within Motion, in nested levels of increasing complexity. Motion that evolves, and causes everything to evolve.

Motion, Translation, which expresses itself at the most elementary level, in infinitesimal spatial variations resonating at the Planck scale. Motion that organizes itself into turbulent flows that begin to show embryonic regularity, order, and organization. Complexity that progressively emerges in ever-larger bubbles that expand in a Universe essentially devoid of macroscopic structures. A Cosmos that is populated with ever-new bubbles of impalpable Dark Matter and Energy. Bubbles that move, expand, interact, with movements that sometimes harmonize, sometimes conflict.

Compression, friction, the formation of ever-increasingly tiny bubbles and vortices, moving rapidly, which collide and aggregate into increasingly dense and complex clumps, into atoms and molecules. Ordinary matter immersed in turbulence and Dark Structures that influence its motion, aggregation, and collapse. Motion produced by forces associated with gravitational phenomena, Motion produced by forces associated with electrical and magnetic phenomena, and again, Motion produced by nuclear forces and other forms of complex interactions. Motion that concentrates, Motion that disperses. Motion in the dark and visible components of the Cosmic Web. Motion of the Web's components. Motion of the Cosmic Web. Motion of the Universe, within the Universe.

• Potential Motion – Gravitational Potential Energy (combination of Metric and Mass - correlations of Translation of the Elementary Field produced by the correlation of Perturbation that represent Mass of one or more InfoStructures in the Field)

Potential Motion is a peculiar concept that seems like a contradiction in terms. We can think of it as the power to produce acceleration on the InfoStructures present in the Elementary Field, or in conventional scientific terms, on a body in Spacetime (for example, gravitational acceleration, produced by the gravitational potential, or more precisely, the gravitational potential energy). A similar concept of potential Motion is associated with the attraction / repulsion produced by electric charges and magnets, and therefore by electric and magnetic fields. And again, deep within the atomic nucleus and nucleons, by the forces associated with nuclear interactions.

This is always a correlation of translation in a region of the Field, produced by the presence of a Vortex-type infostructure. In terms of Elementary Field Dynamics, we can imagine Potential Motion as a (more or less intense) reorientation (in the sense of correlation intensity) of the direction of elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) in resonance around the Planck scale. The greater the correlation intensity of the orientation of the fluctuations in the considered region of the Field, the greater the Potential Motion, the potential, or power, of acceleration exerted on any InfoStructure possibly present in that region (test InfoStructure). The Translation correlation of the Field interacts with the Translation correlation of the test InfoStructure (which represents its inertial motion, and therefore its kinetic energy), producing a progressive increase. The longer this interaction lasts, the greater the transfer of Translation correlation from the Field (Potential Motion) to the test Structure, as a function of the square of Time.

In the Cosmic Web, in the Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures, both elementary and composite/complex, that compose it, Potential Motion, in its various forms that we have only hinted at here (which consists of a potential acceleration at each event point in a region of the Field that supports a corresponding region of Spacetime that hosts a portion of the Web), is present everywhere. The most widespread form at all scales—small (planets and stars, the substances and objects within them, that compose them), medium-small (galaxies and their internal structures), medium (groups and small clusters of galaxies), medium-large (clusters and superclusters), large and enormous (voids and giant voids, sheets and walls, filaments, nodes)—is the Potential Motion that characterizes gravitational phenomena (gravitational acceleration, gravitational potential). Secondly, we have the potential motion produced by magnetic interactions present in both intragalactic and intergalactic regions, in clusters, etc. At microscopic scales, the pre-eminence of gravity gives way to potential motion produced by electrical, magnetic, and, further down, nuclear phenomena.

• Effective Motion – Velocity (includes the rotational motion of the entire galaxy - in both the dark and ordinary components - don't includes the collective translational motions of the entire galaxy and the translational motions of the substances, bodies, objects and structures that compose it)

• Effective Motion – Kinetic Energy (includes the rotational motion of the entire galaxy - in both the dark and ordinary components - don't includes the collective translational motions of the entire galaxy and the translational motions of the substances, bodies, objects and structures that compose it)

• Charge (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

• Spin (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

In conclusion

The Cosmic Web is the Universe, and the Physical Universe is the Cosmic Web. Of course, the Universe is much more, but everything that exists at all scales of size and compression is formed, evolves, moves in the Cosmic Web and its components. It is the stage on which the forces responsible for the Formation of Physical Reality incessantly express themselves, through which Space is organized, Time unfolds, in the incessant occurrence of Elementary Events and the formation of Relations that organize them into Processes, increasingly more durable, extensive and complex.

In my opinion, all the complexity of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web cannot be reduced to a few, universal, cosmological parameters. We must look at the local dynamics, the structures involved, the forces expressed, the reactions produced. I understand that this approach may be disappointing and disheartening for those who are used to going back to the general from the particular, who aspire to formulate laws and calculate universal parameters. But these are well hidden under locally complex dynamics, at the cosmological level even more than in the depths of the quanta, and beyond, where everything appears more standardized, even if so weird.

Here too, in my opinion, the key is to combine the general synthetic vision with the analytical observation of the details, to overcome the dogmas and approach with an open mind, free from preconceptions. We cannot reach the understanding of the most elementary levels of Reality, if we do not understand the more complex ones, if we do not carry this complexity with us, if we do not understand how these complex levels are formed through the elementary dynamics. A difficult and arduous task. But fascinating and challenging.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"