TFNR - A brief history of the Universe

Think different!

Here, after all these premises, it is clear that this approach gives us a different (alternative) image of Physical Reality and the Universe.

We have been led to think of the universe as the result of the Big Bang, to consider the CMB as its fossil remnant, the cosmic expansion as one of the main evidences in favor of this model and of the supposed age of the Universe.

Other alternative models gradually proposed over time have not had similar success.

But, many things don't add up! An example? Almost everything that is supposed to exist appears to be dark and not yet observable except through indirect effects (gravity and the expansion of the cosmos).

Also as a result of the latest observational evidences, it is now clear to most that something is wrong...

We need to completely rethink the way we represent the origin and the evolution of the world of which we are part and in which we live.

Can we try to imagine telling a different story of Creation and Evolution of the Universe?

A different story

And what could this different story be?

"Long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away..."

No, no, stop... I was just kidding...

Not an instant in time, not a point in space. Not an initiating causal event. This alternative story begins very differently.

It starts out of causality, out of space and out of time (causality and variationality, i.e. space and time, are emergent, properties / espressions of the Source of Reality). "Out" or rather "before" time and space, "before" in a causal sense. It is difficult to find a suitable wording, "before" in causal sense and not strictly in temporal sense, but without a single causal event. Perhaps "out" is the word that best represents this situation

Different, in what sense?

Different in the sense that we take nothing for granted, nothing for sure, because the "truths" that science tells us are not "acquired scientific knowledge", but hypotheses and proposals for answers to "open scientific questions". Fundamental difference between what we know (we know that) and what we would like to know (we wonder if). Although based on a complex of ideas, concepts, models, theories, apparently supported by observational and/or experimental scientific evidence, these "truths" are considered "scientific knowledge acquired" on the basis of a consolidated mechanism which is called "consensus": if we all believe a statement is true, that statement is true, until proven otherwise. Yes, it is true, science must proceed. We also need some certainty to build a vision of the world.

The problem is when this "certainty" (which is actually a hypothesis, a proposal) is passed off as a "truth", albeit temporary. It makes me smile to read that an electron "is" like this, the Universe "originated" like that, quanta functioned in this or that way, spacetime curves due to the presence of mass and energy, black holes evaporate, and a thousand other oddities...

Everyone is convinced that their idea is right. And that's good. It means believing in one's work, bringing one's ideas forward with conviction and passion. The problem is, everyone thinks that's the truth. Or at least, they tell it as if it were the truth. It could be, but we're not sure. And science, research is used for this, to build ever better ideas, models, theories. Without ever forgetting that these are hypotheses, not "truths".

I put myself in the shoes of that part of the world population which does not do science and research, but which has the legitimate desire, the interest to understand how the world is made, where we come from and where we are going, what is the origin and the sense of existence and evolution of physical reality, and so on...

Reading a lot of popular science, but also, for the more curious and trained, the "official" scientific literature (articles, papers, preprints, etc.) I think that the general feeling is one of bewilderment, not because of the difficulty of concepts or math, not because of the vertigo that fills us in front of the infinitely small or the immensely large, but because of the fragmentation, the contradiction, the precariousness, the fragility , the presumption... of what is passed for true scientific knowledge, for "truth".

Have I been able to do better with this work of mine? No. But, in this work, I have stated and reaffirmed countless times that these are hypotheses, proposals, ideas formulated in a constructive sense to stimulate reflection and research towards new directions that can help us construct a broader and deeper vision of Reality.

I am not criticizing anything or anyone. I'm trying to forcefully grasp the idea that what everyone (or many) believes to be true, isn't necessarily true.

That said, what are the most important and peculiar aspects of this story? What is the deeper essence of what we are trying to outline?

A look at the fundamental dimensions of Reality:

• Cause: no limits in causality both in input (no first cause, etc.) and in output (no limit to the complexity reachable by the Universe) of the Process of Formation of Reality, no first Cause (in the sense of Big Bang), no causal singularity, no external force (in the sense of a creation by a supernatural being or cause). The Primary Source, at the same time, is external (the active aspect of the Source, the causal aspect, the Force, is transcendent) and internal (its passive aspect, the variational - spacial and temporal - aspect, the Field, is immanent) to the process itself. Its existence, its manifestation is the Process of Formation of Reality. Its essence is the Form of the evolving Universe

• Space: no limits in Space, no borders, no special points (no center, no singularity). Space was born within the same process (and is incessantly re-created and evolves)

• Time: no limits in Time, no beginning, no end, no singularity. Time was born within the process itself

And, what about Creation (origin) "and" Evolution (development), in a word, Formation:

• Existence: the product of the sub-process of Creation (Events -> Action)

• Essence / Form: the product of the sub-process of Evolution (Relations -> Information, the Form of Action)

Formation of Reality

Reality is produced by an incessant Process of Formation, which is both Creation (formation of Existence of Reality, the transition spontaneously operated by the Source - the Force and Field couple - from Nothing to Action, the Elementary Events) and Evolution (formation of Essence / Form of Reality, from Action to Information / Energy, of which the Structures and Forms that make up the Universe are made).

"Entities that create Events organized by Relations in evolving Processes".

Thus, the whole Reality, the evolving Universe, is a super-process of infinite processes nested in innumerable existential levels, a super-system of infinite systems, in ceaseless interaction with each other.

Creation (of the most elementary form) of Existence

Things don't exist in the conventional classical sense. Things happen, everything happens. The true fundamental "substance" that make up things, atoms, molecules, objects, stars, galaxies, dark matter, dark energy, everything, are not particles and waves. The real "substance" are Events, Elementary Events, fluctuations at the Planck scale of / in the Elementary Field produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force (Force and Field are the two aspects of the Source of Reality).

Elementary Events organized by Relations in Processes, huge and complex networks of Elementary Events and Relations, that evolve incessantly toward more and more Complex Events, forming increasingly complex Processes, which together make up the entire Process of Formation of Reality.

Or rather, what really matters are the "distributions of Elementary Events" that support Information, those patterns that organize Relations between Events in Processes, which we can mathematically describe through mixed (stochastic "and" deterministic) processes, which correspond to the creative and evolving chaos / order processes that form Reality.

Everything, absolutely everything, in its most elementary basis, depends on the distributions of the Elementary Events, produced by the interaction of the fundamental / elementary Entities, and on Relations, or correlations, which organize Events into Processes. Everything is relative, as it arises from the Relations between Events.

So, the most fundamental physical aspects / quantities: Space, Time, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin and so on up to the more complex Forms of Existence are relative too. Nothing is absolute, apart from the Source, the fundamental entity, Primary Source of Existence and Essence / Form.

The fundamental entity, the Source, and its two aspects, Force and Field, are not directly knowable, observable, measurable. We can know, observe, measure only the effects they produce (phenomena) and how they are produced (dynamics). We cannot see forces and fields, but we can see events and the relationships that organize them into more complex events, into networks of events and relationships, into processes.

Evolution (of the more complex forms) of Existence

Evolution is differentiation, departure from homogeneity, organization, transformation and selection of inhomogeneities, anisotropies, from the most elementary to the most complex. Difficult to see a star or an apple, or even our body, as an inhomogeneity, an anisotropy. And yet it is so, our body, a cell, a molecule, an atom, each of the infinite particles that make up our body in a given instant is the result of the dynamic organization of a very high number of inhomogeneities which at the various levels of complexity always create inhomogeneities larger and more complex.

From the correlation between the distributions of Elementary Events emerges the profoundly uncertain, quantum, probabilistic nature of Reality at the most elementary levels, which in the evolution towards a greater complexity, towards greater spatial and temporal extensions, compensate / mediate, giving rise to an emergent certainty that brings us to the classical / determinist view that characterized the early development of physics.

Reality is not uncertain or certain or finalistic. Reality is uncertain and certain and finalistic. Causality also evolves like any other aspect of Reality, and these three states of the evolution of causality coexist, overlapping, in different dimensional and complexity levels of Reality. Interacting with each other, they produce the immense variety of existing forms and their diversified dynamics.

Similarly, our models of descriptions of Reality cannot be probabilistic / quantum, or classical / deterministic, or finalistic. They have to reconcile all these aspects together in a deeper and wider vision.

Science must not try at all costs to find the simplicity of the parts while missing out on the complexity of the whole. It must try to embrace the complexity of everything by trying to identify the principles that make its existence and evolution possible.

Let'start from... "Nothing"

Let'start from... "Nothing". Or better, from the transition from Nothingness to Emptiness, from "nothing" to the "absolute vacuum" (the most elementary form of Existence).

We cannot say that Nothingness exists. Nothingness, by definition, has no property: neither existence nor form. It is the non-existent boundary in the phase transition that we call the "creation of existence", in its most basic form. Absolute emptiness, in fact.

"Spontaneous" creation from nothing does not mean that there is no cause. This transition is incessantly "caused", operated, by the inner interaction of the two aspects of the Primary Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. The transcendent property of the Source, its causal agent represented by the Force, and its immanent property, the variational (spatial and temporal) acted represented by the Field, together they realize the full Agency, the fundamental property of the Source, and its manifestation, the Action (Events).

Emptiness: the absolute vacuum

There are so many words to refer to emptiness, to define a condition of existence without forms, absence of objects, without things, events. And where there are many words, there is much confusion...

Confusion between "nothing" and "emptiness", void and vacuum, a confusion that also and above all comes from the lack of clarity on the constitution of matter and energy, on the role of quantum fields and of the classical/relativistic structures of space-time, of its curvature and dynamics, and of the existence and nature of hypothetical and never observed entities such as dark matter and dark energy.

To clearly and correctly define these concepts and differentiate them appropriately, it is necessary to refer to the hypotheses proposed in this research project regarding the nature of primary entities, events and relationships, in short, the processes that underlie the most elementary forms of existence that contribute to the formation of Physical Reality.

We are all frightened by the term "absolute", as the whole history of modern science has been played out between successive extensions of the concept of relativity to ever wider areas of the physical world. Up to the very concept of space-time.

But I ask you to refrain from the (pre)judgment that would come naturally and follow me on a journey into the infinitesimal, into a causal dimension that goes beyond what we already consider elementary, of the world of particles, before space and time, down to the infinitesimal dimension of the Planck scale. Please also refrain from recalling the hypotheses of quantum gravity, which made us think of a dimensional limit both in space and in time, a discrete organization of these fundamental entities.

It is at this extreme scale that, in the descent towards minus infinite, we find significant resonances (determined by the intrinsic properties of the First Source, of the intensity of the causal pressure exerted by the Fundamental Force and of the resistances to the opposing variations from the Elementary Field) that quantum physics identifies as quantum vacuum, quantum fluctuations, the energy of the vacuum, etc.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that these resonances, which we can call infinitesimal fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale, fluctuations of the spatial distances well described by the Uncertainty Principle, constitute the Elementary Events from whose organization everything springs.

The dynamics of each point-event of the Elementary field constitutes an Elementary Process, which can be described by a stochastic process.

In this hypothesis, by absolute vacuum we mean a condition of the Elementary Field where all the Elementary Events are stochastically independent, there is no correlation between the distributions of these Events, we are in the presence of a condition of absolute homogeneity of the fluctuations of / in the Field.

The structure of the space, the distances, the areas and the spatial volumes are determined by the average intensity of the elementary fluctuations (the result of the balance between the intensity of the pressure exerted by the Force on the Field, which we call Elementary Action, and the resistance from the Field opposed to the Force, which we call re-Action). A space that is dynamically curved at the level of a single point-event on the Planck scale, but which is flat for extensions involving multiple point-events (emerging flatness), where the single indeterminate fluctuations mediate in the absolute and flat extension of the space that we know and see at higher scales and certainly of the entire cosmos at a universal level. Here in this condition, space, or what we consider its precursor, can be considered absolute (in the absence of any inhomogeneity in the Elementary Field).

The structure of time, the temporal distances, its "rhythm of flow" so to speak, are determined by the density of the Elementary Events (speed of the variations of the Field under the Action of the Force, with relative re-Action of the Field itself). If we were dealing with periodic processes, we could speak of the frequency of fluctuations. But here we are in a domain completely characterized by indeterminacy, where a sort of periodicity, or rather "resonance of periodicity", could be seen as an emergent property at scales larger than the Planck scale. Symmetrically, in this condition, time, or what we consider its precursor, can be considered absolute (in the absence of any inhomogeneity in the Elementary Field).

Absolute space and time, but not measurable, completely theoretical, as unobservable due to the lack, in an absolutely homogeneous Field, of spatio-temporal reference points, observers and observation tools (their existence would be configured as the absence of stochastic independence between the Elementary Events, the emergence of correlations between them, and an organization of the correlations in complex processes, which we call "observables", "observers", measuring instruments, etc.).

Thus, when we speak of absolute emptiness, absolute vacuum (and respectively of absolute space and time) we mean absolute homogeneity and absolute statistical independence, absolute absence of correlations, in the fluctuations of the Elementary Field, in the dynamics of all its infinite event-points, in the Elementary Events which constitute the most elementary form of existence, which differentiate Nothingness from absolute vacuum.

From absolute to relative vacuum

From this "primordial soup" so to speak, from a condition of absolute emptiness, absolute vacuum, due to the effect of the spontaneous formative activity of the Source, in the Action that incessantly springs from the creative inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, in the forms described by the three Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics, the Uncertainty Principle, that of Action and Reaction, and that of Least Action, correlations (Relations) begin to emerge between the Elementary Events, between distributions of the fluctuation of / in the Field at the Planck scale.

Correlations that we describe as the Modes of Elementary Action: Perturbation (gradient: correlations in the distributions of the intensities of the elementary fluctuations of the event-points of / in the Field, of the Elementary Events), Translation (divergence: correlations in the distributions of the spatial direction of the elementary fluctuations), Rotation, in the two components we call Rotation Chirality (correlations in the distributions of the chirality of the intrinsic point rotation of the elementary fluctuations) and Orientation of the Rotation Axis (correlations in the distributions of the spatial direction of the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic point rotation of the elementary fluctuations of the event-points).

The spatial and temporal density of the elementary fluctuations (we assume an average density of 10^38 to the third in a cubic meter for 10^43 fluctuations per second, an enormous density, immense compared to the infinitesimal spatial and temporal dimensions we are used to thinking of in reference to what are considered and called elementary particles), produced by the intrinsic properties of the Force and the Field, and of their incessant dynamics, leads to the emergence, from the absolute homogeneity and indeterminacy, of very slight and unstable patterns of correlation, which gradually evolve into more stable patterns.

We are referring here to patterns that we can identify as volumes (spatial domains of the Elementary Field) with a greater incidence of correlation, in translation and rotation in the space-time in formation. It is the emergence (the evolution) of the relative from the absolute. Stochastically independent Elementary Events that gradually begin to manifest correlation patterns that begin to evolve. They are the first Processes: Events (variations, fluctuations) produced by entities (Primary Source, the Force - Field couple), organized by Relations (correlations between the distributions of the Elementary Events, of the fluctuations / variations) in Processes, object of Evolution (Organization, Transformation and Selection) which determines an increasing causal permanence.

Information and the relative vacuum...

The emergence of the dark side of the Universe

Gradients, Flows, Torsions

It is, again, from the organization of Elementary Events, Relations and Processes that the first Structures of Information arise. The first Vortices, the first convective structures in space-time (a space-time in very slow heating, now at the mean temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin degrees), characterized by a minimal but increasing inhomogeneity, an emerging organization of the Elementary Field, which in a very slow evolution leads to the formation of the first Dark structures. These, growing and interacting in successive pro]]cesses of aggregation, merger and annihilation, filled all the available space, creating what we now understand to be the dark structure of the cosmic web.

The first (dark) structures and their evolution

Dark?

Dark voids Dark Cosmic Web Dark Interactions and dynamics

From the incessant and changing interaction of dark structures, which we can observe as giant voids, dark halos of various sizes, walls and strings between them, ordinary matter arose and continues to arise, from the interaction of the boundaries of those bubbles, halos, from boundaries formed by what we assume is Dark energy generating a swirling dynamic in space-time. A foam of correlations between the distributions of Elementary Events, which generates micro Vortices (Micro-torsions) and Waves (Micro-flows), which immediately evolve into Particles, accelerated by immense and intense magnetic fields (corresponding to a locally weak but very widespread correlation between the axis of rotation of all the point events in the volume of space hosting the considered dark structure).

Emergence of the visible side of the Universe

A rarefied but incessant process, at times or locally more intense, extended episodes of formation of ordinary matter, which alternate with periods of scarce production, in an expansion and contraction of the great dark structures, which in an incessant, very slow breath, produce foam, like the sea through its waves. From the consequent collisions between the elementary particles thus produced and accelerated, more complex particles are formed and begin to collapse into the less extensive but more dense, massive dark halos.

Visible structures

Particles Radiation Visible Interactions

Light from the dark

"Let there be light, and there was light"...

Radiation

Atoms and Molecules

Gas, gas everywhere... light elements

Protons and electrons... Hydrogen... Atoms... Little molecules... Maybe some Helium atom... Gas...

Under the dynamics of the dark cosmic web, something starts to addensate, and then to collapse into the small size halos... gas clouds become proto-stars... like a funtain toward the inner regions of the halos... etc... then

The cosmos takes form

Just as from this dark cosmic dynamic, which involves immense and invisible structures, the ever more complex dynamics of visible matter arose and continues to arise, the dance that involves every structure, every form in this unlimited, infinite and eternal Universe that hosts us and of which, like the whole planet we inhabit, we represent a highly complex and constantly evolving part.

The first gas clouds, then the first stars, the clusters of stars, the first galaxies. And so on, ordinary matter, which, like a flowering, gradually colonizes the immense expanses of Dark structures. And the dark dance is enriched with light, radiant energy, infinite local dynamics, which together create the immense complexity of the Universe in evolution.

The evolution of Action

Information / Energy everywhere

With different levels of complexity (the causal dimension, the amount of Action expressed by the Source needed to produce that Information / Energy / Structure or Form) and different space-time extensions -> dimension and configurations -> shape, any existing stuff is Information, In-Form-Action, Action (Events) with a form (Relations between Events): Particles Radiation Atoms Molecules Gas Stars and Planets Black Holes Star Clusters Galaxies Clusters of Galaxies Super-clusters Cosmic giant structures Cosmic Web Universe

An incessant explosion of Forms

Atoms Molecules Gas Dust Stars and Planets Black Holes Star Clusters Galaxies Clusters of Galaxies Super-clusters Cosmic giant structures Cosmic Web

The Universe as a whole

It is: creative in evolution dynamic(al) and conservative a whole the system of all systems a strange kind of system: open and close at the same time (it depens on what we intend for open and closed) Input: the active (transendent) aspect of the Source, the Fundamental Force, the Primary causal Agent Output: the complexity (organization / structuration) produced by the incessant Action (Agency of the Source) of the Fundamenal Force on the Elementary Field (the Primary variational Acted)

What did we expect to observe?

From the recent observations made, also through the new powerful tools available to the scientific community, and from the increasingly extensive and accurate simulations, a very different picture emerges from that predicted by the most accredited cosmological models. We talk about crises and every day we read comments that push towards a revision of the fundamental pillars of the current scientific vision.

The hypotheses and proposals formulated in this work, which form the basis of this section, of the "Brief history of the Universe" outlined here, seem to imply a vision of the cosmos and its dynamics that is very different from the one described up to now and essentially "defended" by academic science.

What could we expect to observe on the basis of the hypotheses and proposals expressed here? What would we expect to see based on this Evolutionary Cosmological Model, the different history that we hypothesized?

First of all, the general view, the overall look. A Universe much more complex than the one emerging from the prevailing model (Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM) and all its derivations. A much older Universe. And much broader. Thus, an enlargement of the Universe in all the fundamental three dimensions of Reality: causality (complexity), spatiality (extension / distances) and temporality (age / durations).

Based on our hypotheses, the farther we look in time and therefore in space, the more we would expect to see complex, large and ancient, well-formed objects similar to those we observe in the closer Universe.

We should see the same variability in shapes and age of the objects (galaxies and clusters) that we see in more recent epochs, but we believe that a selection effect due to luminosity weighs heavily (smaller objects, or objects in formation, or in any case of non-luminous may be too weak to be observed even with the aid of strong gravitational lenses). Deep field areas are so narrow that it may be difficult to see entire clusters with sufficiently representative galactic populations.

Therefore, it could see single galaxies with very high red shift characterized by great luminosity (galaxies in formation with many stars with low metallicity but with very luminous emissions and ancient and well-formed galactic monsters, very luminous due to their immense dimensions, perhaps with galactic centers extremely active that enhance its brightness).

Structure... gigantic voids and the cosmic web and their dynamics

The CMB shape and micro shape che riflette la struttura del cosmic web e la dinamica nostra e degli oggetti che ci circondano.

Dynamics locally (spatially oltre che temporalmente) differentiated --> different expansion rate and therefore the Hubble constant --> it is the structures in the space time that evolve, not the space time that expand.

No signs of the BB and inflation

Effects that can be explained by a lowering of the value of "c", as an alternative to the more followed theories