TFNR - Fundamental Constants of Nature

In conventional science, the Fundamental Constants of Nature are considered invariant physical quantities, fundamental (cause-independence), universal in nature (space-independence), and constant in time (time-independence). They are used in the basic equations that describe fundamental physical phenomena. They can be dimensionless or can have dimensions.

The constants that are considered fundamental are the following (the set of constants varies according to the theoretical reference framework considered):

• the gravitational constant G
• the velocity of light in vacuum or speed of light (c)
• the Planck constant (h) or (ħ: h bar)
• the electric constant ε0
• the charge of the electron
• the absolute value of which is the fundamental unit of electric charge (e)
• the mass of the electron (me)
• the dimensionless fine-structure constant, symbolized by the Greek letter alpha (α), which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
• the Avogadro constant (NA)
• the Boltzmann constant (kB)
• 9 Yukawa couplings for the quarks and leptons (equivalent to specifying the rest mass of these elementary particles),
• 2 parameters of the Higgs field potential
• 4 parameters for the quark mixing matrix
• 3 coupling constants for the gauge groups SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) (or equivalently, two coupling constants and the Weinberg angle)
• a phase for the QCD vacuum

Many of these "constants" refer to a level which in conventional physics is considered elementary—that of particles—but which in this model I do not consider elementary at all. The level of Particles and Waves, which we here call Structures of Information, is a level of medium complexity, resting on more elementary levels: that of Information / Energy, the even more elementary level of Elementary Action and its Modes/Components, up to the most basic level, that of the Primary Source in its two complementary aspects—the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field that incessantly create the sub-elementary dynamism of the Field that sustains and supports everything, and of which everything is made.

This large number of constants referring to the world of elementary particles, their properties, and the strengths of their interactions (nearly all of the 26 constants considered by conventional physics), in my opinion, is most likely due to our ignorance of the true nature of particles, and above all of the dynamics of the most elementary levels of Physical Reality. This articulated and obscure world underlying the complex quantum dynamics of particles is commonly dismissed with superficiality, as in the case of the hypothesis of hidden variables—even when supported by important experimental evidence (possibly misunderstood). In general, (unnecessary) natural constants support our ignorance about natural phenomena.

Let's detach ourselves for a moment from the history of physics, from theories more or less accredited, more or less in crisis. Let's take distance from the complex experiments that have led tenacious and brilliant researchers to measure apparently fundamental parameters. Let's make a clean slate of everything that has been, of what we think we know. Let's attempt a rational, logical exercise, starting from scratch.

I hypothesize, as I effectively do in constructing this System of Knowledge, that a Source—a Force/Field pair, absolutely elementary and fundamental—expresses itself by producing Events, micro-variations, micro-gradients, fluctuations, in a scalar Field. These micro-gradients interact in the Field, generating micro-flows (the Field becomes vectorial), and these in turn generate micro-torsions (the Field becomes spinorial).

What parameters, or "constants", would we expect to observe, or could we imagine, in such a context?

Perhaps a constant intensity of the Force acting on the Field producing Elementary Events, micro-variations in the scalar Field.

And on the Field side? Some kind of variational resistance to the causal Action of this Force:

• resistance to the formation/variation and propagation of micro-gradients (resistance to deformation)
• resistance to the formation/variation (and propagation?) of micro-flows or micro-stresses (resistance to stress)
• resistance to the formation/variation and propagation of micro-torsions (resistance to torsion -> vorticity/helicity) (maybe ε0 for torsion chirality, μ0 for torsion axis orientation)

Perhaps a parameter, a constant of proportionality relating micro-gradient and micro-flow produced, and at more complex levels, relating Mass to gravitational attraction or acceleration (the "G" universal gravitational constant?).

And perhaps some amount of Action associated with propagation of torsion (-> vorticity) (constant "h" or "ħ", a measure of action?)

Something else?

This at the most basic level of Physical Reality. At more complex levels, such as that of Structures of Information, Waves and Particles of Quantum Mechanics/Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model of Particles, we would expect to derive all the quantities now considered fundamental constants (particle masses and charges, the fine structure, coupling constants, etc.) from the above-hypothesized quantities, which should indeed be truly fundamental.

Some reflection about the most famous natural constant: "the speed of light in the vacuum"

To explain the phenomena we observe as curvature of Space-time we can imagine two models, equivalent in some respects (though the second offers more possibilities to explain cosmological Phenomena that otherwise remain mysterious):

• Curved Spacetime and constant speed of light
  • What does it mean that Space is curved? Spatial extensions, volumes, distances, and lengths are not absolute or fixed, but can vary in Space and Time (rods can lengthen or shorten in different places, directions or moments) as a result of two interconnected factors:
    • the density of Elementary Events (discrepancies of the pre-temporal distributions of the amplitudes of the pre-spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field resonating at dimensional scales around the Planck scale), otherwise called Metric, if seen as potential Energy of the Field, and Mass as effective Energy of InfoStructures (in terms of Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneities in the distributions of Elementary Events)

• • • the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • What does it mean that Time is curved? Basically that the temporal durations, the intervals, and therefore the times, are not absolute, fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of two fundamental interconnected factors:
    • the density of Elementary Events otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale)
    • the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • Mass and and Space-time curvature are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark matter) the greater is what we call the curvature of Space-time in that object and its surroundings, or in the considered Space-time region. We can have:
    • no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of the Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy (or rather, of an organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark Energy)
    • negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy -> negative curvature means
      • contraction of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to shrink, to contract, objects seem to become smaller and so the distances between them
      • dilation of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a lower pace
    • positive mass density = positive curvature: presence of Dark energy -> positive curvature means
      • expansion of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to grow, to expand, objects seem to become bigger and so the distances between them
      • contraction of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a faster pace.

• • • the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of tiny fluctuations at the Planck scale)
  • What does it mean that Time is curved? Temporal durations, intervals, and times are not absolute or fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of the same two interconnected factors:
    • the density of Elementary Events, otherwise called Mass (in terms of Elementary Action: Perturbation)
    • the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation)
  • Mass and Space-time curvature are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of Elementary Events we call Dark matter), the greater the curvature of Space-time in that object or region. We can have:
    • no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy
    • negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy → negative curvature means
      • contraction of length, spatial extension, distance; space seems to shrink, objects seem smaller, distances shorter ****dilation of time, temporal durations, intervals; time seems to pass more slowly
    • positive mass density = positive curvature: presence of Dark energy → positive curvature means
      • expansion of length, spatial extension, distance; space seems to grow, objects seem larger, distances longer ****contraction of time, temporal durations, intervals; time seems to pass more quickly

• Curved time, flat space and variable speed of light
  • What does it mean that Space is flat (not curved and not bendable)? Basically that the spatial extensions, the distances, and therefore the lengths, even not absolute, fixed, cannot vary in space and time (rods cannot lengthen or shorten). Nothing can curve Space:
    • nor Mass, the density of Elementary Events otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale)
    • nor Motion, the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • What does it mean that Time is curved? Basically that the temporal durations, the intervals, and therefore the times, are not absolute, fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of two fundamental interconnected factors:
    • the density of Elementary Events otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale)
    • the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • What does it mean that the speed of light (the maximum velocity of causality and information in the Universe) is variable?
  • Mass and Time curvature with variable speed of light are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark matter) the greater is what we call the curvature of Space-time in that object and its surroundings, or in the considered Space-time region. We can have:
    • no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of the Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy (or rather, of an organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark Energy)
    • negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy -> negative curvature means
      • contraction of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to shrink, to contract, objects seem to become smaller and so the distances between them
      • dilation of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a lower pace
    • positive mass density = positive curvature: presence of Dark energy -> positive curvature means
      • expansion of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to grow, to expand, objects seem to become bigger and so the distances between them
      • contraction of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a faster pace.

• Curved time, flat space and variable speed of light **What does it mean that Space is flat? Spatial extensions, distances, and lengths—even if not absolute—cannot vary in space and time (rods cannot lengthen or shorten). Nothing can curve Space: ***neither Mass, the density of Elementary Events (in terms of Elementary Action: Perturbation) ***nor Motion, the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation) **What does it mean that Time is curved? Temporal durations, intervals, and times are not absolute or fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of the same two interconnected factors: ***the density of Elementary Events (Mass) ***the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation) **What does it mean that the speed of light (the maximum velocity of causality and information in the Universe) is variable? **Mass and Time curvature with variable speed of light are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of Elementary Events we call Dark matter), the greater the curvature of Space-time in that object or region. We can have: ***no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy ***negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy → negative curvature means ****contraction

Variante A — Chiara e diretta Riassumendo: per quanto riguarda le costanti fondamentali della Natura, ritengo legittima l’aspirazione a individuare poche grandezze davvero fondamentali e non ulteriormente riducibili. Ho ipotizzato che tali grandezze debbano essere, e soltanto essere, quelle che caratterizzano le sub‑Entità che rappresentano i due aspetti della Sorgente Primaria della Realtà: la Forza Fondamentale e il Campo Elementare. Vale a dire: l’intensità di espressione della prima e le resistenze alla manifestazione delle deformazioni per il secondo. A mio avviso, tutte le altre grandezze che descrivono i Livelli di Realtà superiori rispetto a questo livello più elementare devono poter essere derivate da queste grandezze fondamentali. Così come tutti i livelli della Realtà derivano dal dinamismo elementare del Campo sotto l’Azione della Forza, così deve essere anche per le grandezze fondamentali.

Variante B — Più formale e accademica In sintesi, riguardo alle costanti fondamentali della Natura, considero pienamente legittimo aspirare a identificare un numero ristretto di grandezze realmente fondamentali e non ulteriormente riducibili. Ho proposto che tali grandezze siano, e soltanto siano, quelle che caratterizzano le sub‑Entità corrispondenti ai due aspetti della Sorgente Primaria della Realtà: la Forza Fondamentale e il Campo Elementare. Nel primo caso si tratta dell’intensità con cui la Forza si esprime; nel secondo, delle resistenze che il Campo oppone alla manifestazione delle deformazioni. Ritengo che tutte le altre grandezze che descrivono i Livelli di Realtà superiori rispetto a questo livello elementare debbano poter essere derivate da queste grandezze originarie. Così come tutti i livelli della Realtà emergono dal dinamismo elementare del Campo sotto l’Azione della Forza, allo stesso modo devono derivarne anche le grandezze fondamentali.

Variante C — Più fluida e narrativa Per riassumere: quando si parla delle costanti fondamentali della Natura, mi sembra del tutto legittimo cercare di ridurre tutto a poche grandezze davvero essenziali, non ulteriormente scomponibili. Ho ipotizzato che queste grandezze debbano coincidere con quelle che caratterizzano le sub‑Entità che incarnano i due aspetti della Sorgente Primaria della Realtà: la Forza Fondamentale e il Campo Elementare. Nel primo caso si tratta della sua intensità di espressione; nel secondo, delle resistenze che il Campo oppone alle deformazioni che cercano di manifestarsi. A mio giudizio, tutte le altre grandezze che descrivono i Livelli di Realtà più alti rispetto a questo livello elementare dovrebbero poter essere ricavate da queste grandezze originarie. Proprio come tutti i livelli della Realtà emergono dal dinamismo elementare del Campo sotto l’Azione della Forza, così anche le grandezze fondamentali devono discendere da questa relazione primaria.

Variante A — Letterale ma fluida Summarizing, regarding the fundamental constants of Nature, I believe it is legitimate to aspire to identify a small number of truly fundamental quantities that cannot be reduced any further. I have hypothesized that such quantities must be, and only be, those that characterize the sub‑Entities representing the two aspects of the Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. That is, the intensity of expression of the former, and the resistances to the manifestation of deformations for the latter. In my view, all other quantities that describe the Levels of Reality above this most elementary level should be derivable from these fundamental quantities. Just as all levels of Reality arise from the elementary dynamism of the Field under the Action of the Force, so too must all fundamental quantities derive from this relationship.

Variante B — Più formale e accademica In summary, with regard to the fundamental constants of Nature, I consider it legitimate to seek a small set of genuinely fundamental quantities that cannot be further reduced. I have proposed that these quantities must be, and exclusively be, those that characterize the sub‑Entities corresponding to the two aspects of the Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. Specifically, the intensity with which the former expresses itself, and the resistances to the manifestation of deformations inherent to the latter. In my view, all other quantities describing the Levels of Reality above this most elementary one should be derivable from these foundational quantities. Just as all levels of Reality emerge from the elementary dynamism of the Field under the Action of the Force, so too must the fundamental quantities originate from this same relation.

Variante C — Più narrativa e scorrevole To summarize: when considering the fundamental constants of Nature, I believe it is reasonable to aim for a small set of truly essential quantities that cannot be reduced any further. My hypothesis is that these quantities must coincide with those that characterize the sub‑Entities embodying the two aspects of the Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. In the first case, this means the intensity with which the Force expresses itself; in the second, the resistances the Field presents against the manifestation of deformations. In my view, every other quantity describing the higher Levels of Reality above this most elementary one should be derivable from these fundamental quantities. Just as all levels of Reality arise from the elementary dynamism of the Field under the Action of the Force, the fundamental quantities themselves must follow from this primordial interaction.