TFNR - Cosmic Web

After everything we've discussed about cosmic objects / bodies and cosmic structures—such as voids and giant voids—it should now be clear what we mean by the Cosmic Web, as well as its nature and collective dynamics, which are precisely identified with the nature and dynamics of the entire Universe.

The Cosmic Web is not limited to its visible components: filaments and nodes, clusters, galaxies, and gases. It is above all the dark (invisible) structure—composed of Dark Matter and Dark Energy—which shapes and hosts the Ordinary (visible) Matter we observe shimmering in the darkness.

Having discussed the voids, let us now examine the most visible part of the contents of the Universe—where, paradoxically, the dark components of Matter / Energy predominate.

The components of the Cosmic Web

In this and the three previous sections—dedicated to substances, objects, bodies, and structures in the cosmos—I have presented numerous hypotheses concerning cosmic objects and their dynamics. These are hypotheses that align with the unconventional vision of Reality and the Universe proposed throughout this work.

Hypotheses and proposals infused with an evolutionary approach, grounded in a view of Reality as a complex process with a multi-level structure, which incessantly emerges from the expression of a Primary Source. Naturally, this also applies to the particular universal structure referred to as the Cosmic Web, named for its distinctive form—a network of filaments of varying lengths and thicknesses, connecting nodes of different sizes and densities.

As previously noted, such a reticular structure—observable in all directions in Space—could not have formed unless vast "empty" regions, through their unique structure and dynamics, had delineated interstitial spaces and given rise to the substances, bodies, objects, and structures that inhabit and animate them. These components undergo complex evolutionary processes, driven by phenomena we are still attempting to understand within the framework of Evolutionary Dynamics.

Let us now attempt to summarize the fundamental aspects of this complex and articulated cosmic megastructure.

Classification

The Cosmic Web is essentially formed by four main structures based on the dynamics of Matter and Energy (Dark and Ordinary) distribution:

• Voids: as discussed, these are vast, under-dense regions where only a few galaxies reside.
• Sheets: large, flat structures where Matter is dispersed across a two-dimensional plane. They function as transitional zones between voids and denser formations.
• Filaments: the most iconic feature of the Cosmic Web, these are elongated, thread-like structures linking galaxy clusters. They contain a substantial portion of the Universe’s total Matter.
• Knots: dense intersections where multiple filaments converge to form galaxy clusters. These represent the most massive and gravitationally bound structures within the Cosmic Web.

Structure

Resuming what has already been said—and simplifying—the Cosmic Web is a cosmic structure extending throughout the entire Universe. It is the skeleton of the Universe itself, composed primarily of Dark turbulence: a mixture of gradients, flows and twists, waves, vortices, and interactions—Processes in constant disequilibrium between chaos and order. These more or less organized dynamics give rise to a foam-like structure, filled with irregular bubbles / vortices / halos of various sizes, in incessant interaction, occupying all available Space in the Universe.

The large voids define the large-scale structure of the cosmos. Medium-sized turbulent bubbles emerge and settle within the broader interstitial zones between the giant voids—these medium bubbles are identified as the nodes of the Web. Smaller-scale bubbles (small clusters, galaxy groups, and individual galaxies) populate the medium bubbles within the nodes, and especially the filaments connecting those nodes, developing within the interstitial spaces between larger bubbles.

Hence, the role of voids composed of Dark Matter / Dark Energy is not merely to fill in gaps left by the absence of concentrated Matter. The skeleton, the true scaffolding of the Cosmic Web, is not formed by sheets, filaments, and nodes packed with galaxy clusters—but by vast voids that define its shape and dynamics through contrast, compressing all other components into the interstitial regions.

This infinite network thus resembles a foam of soap bubbles—ethereal and seemingly ephemeral, yet it dominates and orchestrates the eternal dynamics of the Universe. Galaxies, with their Dark Halos, their cores of Dark Matter, and shells of more or less compressed / dense Dark Energy, resemble the small, mobile bubbles seen in soap foam, or the flickering bubbles that rise when boiling water.

It may seem like a trivial or slightly naïve comparison, but it aptly captures the general condition of the Universe and the Cosmic Web across all cosmic scales. It is as if the Elementary Field, under the relentless Action of the Elementary Force, had undergone—and continues to undergo—a continuous and progressive heating, producing a kind of boiling. Naturally, this is not matter like water in a pot, but the analogy helps convey the concept of the Universe in Formation, in Evolution.

It is the Elementary Field—observed from the standpoint of its dynamics, of the Elementary Action that animates it, in its Component Perturbation—that tends to form Vortex bubbles in its natural turbulence. These InfoStructures arise from flows driven by Perturbation gradients, and by their very nature acquire the aspect that we normally call Mass, negative or positive, according to the differentiation of Perturbation levels around a local or universal average. Thus, immense or tiny bubbles emerge from vortical turbulence, with inner cores of negative Mass (Dark Matter) and outer shells of positive Mass (Dark Energy).

Immense bubbles of extremely low density leave narrow interstitial spaces, filled with thin "sheets" and narrow "filaments". These structures are composed of small bubbles—Dark Halos evolving into galaxies—that gradually incorporate Ordinary Matter. This visible Matter incessantly formed and continues to form due to friction between the external shells of Dark Energy. This friction is particularly intense within the larger bubbles, which exhibit higher angular velocity and greater compressive force. These regions include voids—vast expanses where density is low, as well the largest nodes that host huge superclusters.

In their rotational dynamics and mutual interactions, giant voids tend to draw small bubbles—those hosting galaxies—toward the nodes. Small bubbles that are part of the fine-grained and medium-small dark turbulence". Nodes steadily accumulate those bubble galaxies, condensing into clusters and superclusters, triggering significant dynamic and structural effects across the entire Cosmic Web, including the phenomenon we refer to as "cosmic expansion". This expansion emerges as a result of the continual condensation, structuring / organization, and complexification of the Elementary Field, and thus of the Universe itself, at scales ranging from the size of the smallest galaxies to the largest cosmic megastructures.

As previously discussed, Dark Matter and Dark Energy—the invisible "substances" forming the foundational Structures of the Cosmic Web—comprise the majority of the Mass (negative and positive, respectively) in the Web. Besides driving the Processes of Formation of (that give rise to) Ordinary Matter and enabling its accumulation into galaxies, these components are responsible for much of the Universe’s attractive and repulsive gravitational forces that draw the structure of the Universe.

The invisible structure of the Cosmic Web, with its vastness and astonishing complexity, embodies the essence of the Universe’s turbulent and interconnected nature.

This structure reveals a distinct fractal dimension, akin to many features found across Physical Reality. Such fractality manifests also in the distribution of Mass density (negative and positive). Mass density varies considerably among different structures and substructures of the Web. Even the internal regions of voids are not uniform, displaying marked variation in both density and substructure. The Web exhibits a hierarchical nature, with smaller structures nested within larger ones—voids within giant voids, and filaments and sheets / walls branching out accordingly.

While the overarching structure of the Cosmic Web appears relatively straightforward, the finer details are far more intricate. The filamentary structure, in particular, reveals exceptional complexity, being both hierarchical and multiscale. Its branches vary in width and length, intersecting across diverse angular orientations.

Rather than being a collection of distinct components and objects, it is more accurate to perceive the Cosmic Web as a turbulent fractal continuum with nested levels. Within this framework, the entire Dark structure behaves as an immense continuous "substance", featuring turbulence analogous to known fluid dynamics—flows, waves, vortices, pressure gradients, viscosity, circulation, velocity, current, energy cascades, and fluid motion. Yet this is not a fluid of familiar Matter, made of Particles and Waves interacting to form increasingly elaborate corpuscles. The Dark facet of Matter (Dark Matter and Dark Energy) is less discretized than its Ordinary counterpart, where Particles and Waves are more identifiable—excluding certain multicycle Waves (e.g. radio waves), which, as noted, have a less localized / localizable nature and structure.

Dark InfoStructures should be envisioned as types of regions—both in the case of Dark Waves (like gravitational waves) and especially for Dark Vortices—that exhibit zones of depression and overpressure, areas where Time flows more slowly than the universal average, and regions where it flows more quickly. There are no sharp boundaries. These are impalpable, ultra-low density structures, vastly extended and lacking precise borders, blending into the spontaneous turbulence of the Field and the indeterminacy of its microscopic dynamics.

Regarding the distribution of Mass, estimates suggest filaments contain approximately half of the Universe’s Mass, followed by sheets / walls, voids, and nodes with clusters at roughly 25%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. In terms of cosmic volume, voids dominate with about 78% of the Space, while walls and filaments occupy 18% and 6%. Cluster environments—in nodes—seem to account for only a negligible fraction of the total volume.

These proportions help us deduce where the greatest amount of Mass associated with Ordinary Matter may reside. Naturally, these are regions with high total Mass density—predominantly influenced by the Dark components. Filaments, walls, and the nodes hosting galaxy clusters are the primary candidates.

According to the hypotheses I’ve proposed concerning the nature and dynamics of the Processes responsible for the Formation of Ordinary Matter, the most pivotal zones lie along the boundaries of large voids—blurred border regions saturated with Dark Energy, where Time flows faster than the average rate, and Field turbulence intensifies. Here, friction between vast empty bubbles creates extreme peaks of turbulence. These interstitial domains—largely occupied by filaments and walls, and filled with galaxies dragged by immense rotations towards collection points that manifest as massive attractors, critical intersections of the powerful dynamic generated by the giant voids.

It is within the friction of the turbulent boundaries of these rotating Dark Structures that most of the small dark bubbles originate—the galactic Dark Halos—and, more crucially, all the Ordinary Matter itself is formed. This visible Matter subsequently migrates toward the adjacent interstitial areas—into filaments and walls—where massive flows and swirling gas clouds move with majestic complexity, like mountain streams bending and pooling. In those small bubbles, denser and quieter turbulence depressions, collapsing into the Dark Halos, gas clouds give rise to galaxies that inhabit the densest, most compact Dark Structures in the Universe.

Structure of cosmic filaments and nodes

Yet another bolder hypothesis...

Considering the reconstructions of the surrounding region of the Universe—situated between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller—within an ideal bubble outlined by the streamlines of velocities of galaxies tracing its surface, we may hypothesize the existence of dark bubbles with extensions even greater than the large voids previously discussed. These bubbles, characterized by cores of extremely low-density negative Mass (Dark Matter), can exhibit highly complex internal structures.

Enormous bubbles that appear to encompass substantial segments of the Cosmic Web, functioning almost like miniature Universes. They contain giant voids, smaller voids, sheets / walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies and clusters, as well as immense quantities of gas produced through the dynamics of both the macro-bubbles themselves and the substructures forming a sub-Cosmic Web evolving within them. These are processes of nested sub-bubble formation—components of the Cosmic Web developing and transforming inside broader bubbles. This configuration, both structural and dynamic, diverges markedly from that of a "classic" bubble or elementary Vortex. The peripheral flow patterns—converging toward one pole (the attractor) and emerging from the opposite (the repeller)—are more consistent with a solenoidal configuration.

Immense solenoidal bubbles (which I refer to as Solenoid Vortices) channel flows of galaxies along their peripheries in trajectories seemingly stretching from the repeller to the attractor. This occurs within a spheroidal dynamic framework, hosting colossal amounts of Dark Matter and Energy, alongside Ordinary Matter arranged in irregular aggregations (which are themselves vast and complex, such as Laniakea), where portions of the Cosmic Web are reproduced with their characteristic structures—voids, sheets, filaments, and nodes.

Structure of cosmic solenoid bubbles

By observing the 3D reconstruction of the Universe around the location of our Milky Way galaxy—between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller—one sees the emergence of an ideal toroidal bubble. The intricate, turbulent, and swirling patterns revealed through rotational perspectives suggest the sheer vastness and intricacy of the forms hypothesized here. Turbulent convective motions spanning incredibly large scales, structures that stretch across immense spatial regions and evolve over equally immense temporal intervals. Within these mega-bubbles, one finds denser dark turbulence and structures (as a portion of the Cosmic Web) embedded in a lower-density solenoidal superstructure formed by dark convective motions on very large cosmological scales.

It is, indeed, highly implausible that all this extraordinary structuring, articulation, and complexity could have emerged and matured within the comparatively brief timeframe posited by the Standard Cosmological Model.

Formation

According to conventional cosmology, the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy. Over billions of years, gravity pulled matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. The cosmic web—an immense, large-scale structure composed of filaments and sheets of matter that underpins galaxies and galaxy clusters—is believed to be the result of gravitational interactions and the gradual evolution of matter following the Big Bang.

Science holds that in the early Universe, matter was distributed nearly uniformly, with only minute variations in density. Over time, gravity amplified these variations, pulling matter into filamentary structures that eventually gave rise to galaxies and clusters. Recent observations suggest that the Cosmic Web began to emerge far earlier in cosmic history than traditionally believed within the standard cosmological model.

As is clear from what has been said so far, I do not agree with this vision, which I consider simplistic, abstract, implausible, and incompatible with what we truly observe in the cosmos. In my view, the Universe is not the result of a singular event or a sequence of events within time—no Big Bang, no Inflation. The Universe, as the total manifestation of Reality, has no age. It is eternal—stretching both into the past and the future. Just as it lacks temporal boundaries, it is spatially unlimited and infinite.

The processes that shaped the Universe as we now perceive it are processes initiated in a timeless past, with no definable beginning. If we were to propose a time frame for the emergence of the Universe with its present structure and complexity, we would need to consider a span of time far greater than the one posited by conventional models, based on considerations with which I frankly disagree.

A period much longer than the hypothesized 13.8 billion years. From a human perspective, this time interval may seem vast, yet I believe it is incredibly brief to account for the intricate and multifaceted structure of the Cosmic Web—in both its Dark / invisible and Ordinary / visible components. How could such staggering complexity have arisen within such a "short" period? Short, obviously, from a cosmological perspective.

How is it conceivable that a relatively insignificant event like the predicted 5-billion-year collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda, if it ever happens—among billions of galactic mergers—is said to require nearly half the Universe’s entire lifetime, when the rest of the Universe was supposedly assembled in "just" under 14 billion years? This is the kind of plausibility I question. How could a sub-process of an infinite and overarching phenomenon occupy such a disproportionately large fraction of its total duration?

In natural evolutionary processes—while transformative evolutionary leaps do occur—there is typically a steady progression marked by constant micro-adaptations and increases in complexity. Comparing the 5-billion-year merger to the 13.8-billion-year Universe timeline is like asserting that the evolution of the "anatomically modern Homo sapiens" took not 300,000 years, but approximately a third of the total duration of life’s development on Earth. That would mean not 300,000 years, but roughly 1.3 billion years since the advent of life 4 billion years ago. A staggering discrepancy!

Of course, these are vastly different domains: fundamental physics versus evolutionary biology. Still, I maintain that the deeper our inquiries into fundamental processes go, the more time Nature needs to generate meaningful increases in Complexity. I dare not imagine the cosmic epochs required to evolve from the first inhomogeneities within the Elementary Field to the vast voids now saturating Space—voids so expansive and potent they catalyzed the emergence of denser Dark Structures and the Ordinary Matter that would go on to populate them, forming the visible scaffolding of the Cosmic Web.

Thus, in alignment with the principles laid out in this work—and in this chapter specifically—the formation of the Cosmic Web as we observe and conceptualize it cannot be attributed solely to gravity, but also, and especially, to the mechanical dynamics and interactions of enormous voids. In my view, Ordinary Matter was not generated by a singular event like the Big Bang, nor was it originally distributed homogeneously. It did not passively migrate into denser regions under the influence of gravity—flowing from voids to walls, into filaments, and finally into cluster hubs.

The universe would have originated as an almost uniform soup of matter and energy, and over the course of billions of years, gravity would have attracted matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. Everything would have formed following gravitational interactions and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. This is not true, or it is not "completely" true. Voids don't form as matter collapses into denser areas, leaving empty spaces behind.

Conventional wisdom asserts that a uniform soup of matter and energy gave rise to all cosmic structures solely through gravitational evolution, which attracted matter into denser regions. This is not true—or at least, not entirely true. Voids, I argue, do not form passively as denser regions attract surrounding matter; they arise from the beginning as empty regions and are active, formative players.

As I will explore in the final section of this chapter, we must tell a different story. A story in which the first major step in cosmic evolution was the emergence of dark bubbles from subtle inhomogeneities within the dynamics of Elementary Field. These anomalies expanded over vast epochs, gradually filling the Universe and saturating all available Space. Through their interactions, a dominant chirality emerged in the progressive formation of large bubbles.

These immense empty bubbles confined smaller bubbles within interstitial regions, shaping a cosmic topology governed by the outer shells of these colossal Dark Structures. Friction between the external dynamics of the voids and the smaller bubbles triggered the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter. Due to the location of the formation sites and the greater density of medium and small bubbles present in the filaments and nodes confined in the interstitial regions of what was evolving toward the structure of the Cosmic Web, Ordinary Matter tended to collapse within what became Dark Halos: the primordial dark cradles of galaxies, clusters, and superclusters.

I believe that the formation, dynamics, and evolution of cosmic voids and the Cosmic Web are indeed linked to gravity and the flow of Matter. However, the formation of cosmic structures was and continues to be driven not only by gravity, but also by the dynamic flow of Matter and its mechanical phenomena. But not in the sense described by conventional cosmology.

In relation to the vision I propose here, I wish to strongly reaffirm what I regard as a vital and paradigm-shifting insight: a fundamental step is missing—the initial conditions are different, and so is the order of formative sub-processes:

• The process of formation of Ordinary Matter is missing from the mainstream account. In my view, this process replaces the conceptual absurdity of the Big Bang. The idea that the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy is, to me, both improbable and misleading. Ordinary Matter only began to form in a second phase—after the dark component of the Cosmic Web had matured structurally, reaching the right conditions to initiate Ordinary Matter formation.
• The starting point is different: voids are not formed by emptying. They are not simply modeled by matter flowing away from low-density regions toward denser ones. Matter doesn’t collapse to form voids, nor does it move outward from them into walls, filaments, and nodes to form and grow galaxy clusters. The voids, as discussed, are not empty but filled with Dark Matter and surrounded by shells of extremely low-density Dark Energy. They are bubbles of / in dark turbulence. Dark Matter cores surrounded by Dark Energy shells. They originate this way, and due to inherent dynamics, they tend to remain "empty". Empty in the sense of being free from dark bubbles of smaller extension and greater density and free from structures of Ordinary Matter (galaxies and their groupings).
• The order of formative sub-processes is different:
  • Elementary spatial fluctuations—Elementary Events—which conventional science may liken to "quantum" fluctuations in the Elementary Field.
  • Emergence of microstructures—correlations within the temporal distributions of these elementary spatial fluctuations.
  • Interaction among these microstructures, leading to the progressive formation of Dark InfoStructures with increasing spatial span, temporal persistence and causal permanence.
  • Interaction of Dark Structures that results in the emergence of chirality dominance (prevalence of one direction over the opposite).
  • Saturation of available Space through expansion of dark bubbles, resulting in the foamy structure of the Dark Cosmic Web. This includes smaller, denser Mass bubbles confined within interstitial spaces between vast dark bubbles—commonly referred to (somewhat inaccurately) as giant voids. It would be more correct to call them giant dark bubbles.
  • Interactions along the borders of this foam-like framework initiate and produce the progressive formation of Ordinary Matter.
  • Interaction among Ordinary Matter InfoStructures, especially in filament and wall regions, gives rise to more complex Structures. These are produced through high-energy collisions between charged elementary Particles accelerated by Dark Structure movements / rotations and their magnetic fields—from electrons and positrons, to quarks, to nucleons from quark interactions, eventually forming hydrogen and maybe helium nuclei.
  • Accumulation and densification of these Ordinary Matter InfoStructures, concentrating within filaments and sheets—regions increasingly rich in gas.
  • Gravitational collapse of gas within Dark Halos of nascent galaxies—medium-small bubbles with heightened Dark Matter and Dark Energy density—gravitationally dominant over sheets / walls and filament environments.
  • Formation of the first stars (third-population, with zero or near-zero metallicity), followed progressively by second and first population with increasingly complex chemistry—driven by gravity, rotational dynamics of galactic dark halos, and intragalactic turbulence.
  • Emergence of intragalactic substructures—bulges, arms, and regions of varying shape and density resulting from dark turbulence that strongly influences the concentration and dynamics of Ordinary Matter substances (gas and dust) and objects / bodies (stars and other celestial bodies).
  • Evolution of galaxies, with collisions, mergers, and densification.
  • Migratory dynamics of galaxies—driven by gravity but also by complex feedback and interaction within the Cosmic Web—leading them to flow through sheets and filaments toward nodes, where they condense into increasingly populous, complex and dynamic clusters.
  • And much more—including gravitational, kinetic, and other energetic feedback effects possibly underlying our perception of cosmic expansion and its acceleration.

This is not exhaustive, but I believe we have outlined and enumerated the essential elements of what has occurred—and continues to occur—and what has truly shaped the Cosmic Web and what we see in the Universe.

Evolution

The factors that appear to drive and influence the evolution of the Cosmic Web primarily concern its dark components: the immense Dark Halos perceived as substantially empty bubbles—commonly referred to as "voids" and "giant voids"; the medium-sized Dark Halos, a little denser and somewhat turbulent, forming the network's nodes and hosting clusters and superclusters of galaxies; the walls/sheets and the filaments which represent the peripheral interstitial zones of the large bubbles corresponding to the voids. Additionally, there are the Dark Halos that shape the bubbles constituting the dark component of galaxies themselves.

In essence, these are the elements that weave the dark structure of the Cosmic Web—a complex structure that generates, guides, and governs the visible components made of Ordinary Matter: gas and dust, stars, entire galaxies—arranged like pearls strung along colossal necklaces, or as glittering jewels encased in precious cosmic coffers.

Building on the previously mentioned Processes of Formation, the principal trends observed in the evolution of the Cosmic Web, supported by recent observations, appear to be the following (it should be noted that these are overarching trends; in localized regions, different phenomena or overlapping dynamics may produce varied outcomes).

Progressive increase in the density of Mass and concentration of the dark / invisible components of the Cosmic Web, albeit at varying rates.

The distribution of Mass and the volume occupied by the dark components of the Cosmic Web evolve over Time. Voids that have reached saturation—having exhausted all available spatial capacity—begin to exert pressure on the surrounding interstitial regions, particularly on the narrower and denser Dark Halos concentrated along the sheets and filaments encircling the almost deserted giant voids.

This pressure generates increased friction, which contributes to the formation of greater quantities of Ordinary (baryonic) Matter. Simultaneously, feedback mechanisms emerge, driving progressive compression within the peripheral zones dominated by Dark Energy. In these interstitial domains, the density of Mass intensifies, and the flow of Time becomes increasingly polarized: accelerated in the more turbulent peripheral areas dominated by Dark Energy, and decelerated within the cores of Dark Halos of galactic bubbles, which evolve amid these compressed and dense corridors.

These galactic bubbles—natural collectors of gas arising from turbulence and friction generated by the immense voids and the entire foamy architecture of the Cosmic Web—are propelled by powerful flows coursing through the interstitial structures, especially within the filaments. As a result, they are driven toward the nodes of the Web, which become enriched with dense galactic Halos and populated with Ordinary Matter, forming the resplendent galaxies we observe.

Differentiated evolution times

From a Metrics and Mass standpoint, I once again emphasize that the Cosmic Web must ultimately be envisioned / regarded as a kind of "temporal foam". All that we observe indirectly (the dark components, and portions of Ordinary Matter components that remain hidden due to low emission properties—such as gas clouds and dust), and directly (the majority of visible Ordinary Matter components, excluding the aforementioned scarcely observable Ordinary Matter), all of it—our bodies, surrounding objects, the Earth, the Sun, the Moon, and the planets—constitutes, from the complementary perspectives of Metrics and Mass, nothing but temporal foam at both macroscopic and microscopic scales, structured in infinite, ever-changing forms.

I reiterate: in my conceptualization of Physical Reality, the temporal architecture of the cosmos is not a mere byproduct of Mass and Energy distributed throughout Space-time, but rather that these aspects represent a unified phenomenon—two complementary perspectives of the same foundational reality, sharing both nature and origin. This stems from the presence of inhomogeneities within the dynamics of the Elementary Field—inhomogeneities which we refer to as Elementary Action. The patterns of correlation of these inhomogeneities give rise to the Fundamental Physical Quantities, and their organization within Space-time underpins all the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

Halo Evolution

The population of Dark Matter Halos undergoes a dynamic and differentiated evolution, marked by a rapid proliferation of high-Mass Halos in the densest regions of the Cosmic Web—namely, the nodes densely populated by clusters and superclusters. Filaments exhibit a slower yet steady increase in massive Halos, while sheets, walls, and voids evolve at a more gradual pace.

As anticipated based on the distributions of Mass, Motion, Matter, and Energy, Halo populations in the densest and the most compact nodes and filaments experience swift evolution, particularly among high-Mass structures, which show a pronounced increase over Time. In the less dense filaments, the evolution of Halo population proceeds more slowly: the presence of massive Halos gradually increases, while low Mass Halos decrease, progressively absorbed by their more massive counterparts.

Within sheets/walls and voids, the evolution of Halo populations unfolds even more slowly. The intricate and turbulent dynamics of Matter and Energy flows—especially involving Dark Structures—play a critical role in shaping the developmental trajectories of Halos throughout the Cosmic Web’s turbulent foam-like architecture.

Evolution of Ordinary Matter and the substructures formed by it (formation, concentration, and collapse of Ordinary Matter, so-called baryonic matter)

As previously noted, (visible) Ordinary Matter tends to form as a result of friction between the external regions—dominated by Dark Energy with positive Mass—of the vast Dark Halos that shape the skeletal framework of the Cosmic Web, and more broadly within the turbulent, dynamic, and densely structured interstitial zones between the large cosmic voids.

Within the intergalactic medium present in filaments, a considerable portion of baryonic Matter likely resides, existing as fast / hot particles, atoms, and molecules, all swept up by the powerful mechanical flows generated by the rotational dynamics of the Web’s structures. In certain conditions—namely, in less dynamic and / or denser regions—these constituents behave much like debris accumulating in the meanders of rivers where the current weakens. These materials tend to coalesce into increasingly dense clouds, eventually collapsing into the dense and compact Halos that form the dark components of the galaxies we observe.

Matter transport and gravitational flows

Let us begin with the vast voids, which serve as the backbone of the Web and the primary source of its kinematic activity. The related flows are especially concentrated in turbulent and dynamic boundary zones. Voids exhibiting peculiar velocity fields display strong outward flows, with velocity vectors directed toward surrounding sheets and walls. Coupled with their low Mass density, these conditions hinder the penetration of more compact and dense Dark Halos and Ordinary Matter substances and structures.

Sheets and walls act as conduits, transporting smaller Halos and Ordinary Matter toward filaments. These filaments function as collection channels, aggregating and funneling Dark and Ordinary Structures toward the dense galaxy clusters forming at the nodes of the Web. Such flows constitute the principal mechanism behind the temporal redistribution of Mass among the various structural components of the Cosmic Web.

Overall, Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—flows from vast regions of low density toward more and more compact high-density Structures, driven fundamentally by universal gravitational dynamics, modulated by the complex peculiar motions described above.

Gas Dynamics and Shock Waves

As Ordinary Matter, in the form of gas, flows through filaments and collapses into less dynamic, denser regions of the dark turbulence that defines the Web, it undergoes heating through multiple mechanisms—chief among them, the generation of shock waves. These energetic interactions are even more pronounced within Galactic Halos, where they play a crucial role in shaping star formation and the growth of galaxies aligned along filaments.

This gravitational tendency toward concentration and collapse—essential for the birth of stars and intragalactic structures—is often counterbalanced by competing phenomena. Feedback from Supernovae and Black Holes, along with intragalactic winds and magnetic fields, disrupt the accumulation process. Supernova explosions and energy emissions from active galactic nuclei (AGN) inject substantial turbulence and radiative pressure into the intragalactic medium, projecting substances of Ordinary Matter into the Cosmic Web itself.

Such injections of Energy influence the thermodynamics and transport of Ordinary Matter, altering its flow patterns and spatial distribution across the large-scale cosmic structures.

Progressive increase in the level of organization, structuring, complexification of the Cosmic Web, of the Universe

The cumulative effect of all the phenomena previously discussed—along with countless others operating across multiple levels and dimensional scales of the Cosmic Web—is the continuous and inexorable increase in organization, structuring, and complexification of the Universe itself.

Vast cosmic voids of extraordinarily low Mass density remain substantially empty, rotating majestically in the shadowy expanse of cosmic darkness, endlessly sketching the architectural framework of the Universe. Dark Halos of medium-small size become denser and more compact over Time, converging within the filaments and nodes of the Web. New Ordinary Matter incessantly arises from interactions across this immense network of Dark Structures. Particles, atoms, and molecules—propelled and scattered by the turbulent dynamism of cosmic flows—at times condense into clouds, then collapsing into the densest dark bubbles.

When cosmic dynamics and galactic winds allow, these clouds collapse further, giving rise to stars which ignite and illuminate the skies with single and multi-cycle electromagnetic waves (light and radio waves covering the entire spectrum from ultra-long radio waves to gamma rays) we observe today.

Thanks to incessant evolutionary processes, increasingly complex interactions yield increasingly sophisticated substructures: star clusters, nebulae, spiral arms, galactic nuclei, and more. From stars to planets—and perhaps, life—this relentless march toward higher degrees of cosmic intricacy continues.

Among the most significant aspects concerning the Evolution of the Cosmic Web—and therefore of the cosmos in general, of the entire Universe—we find the phenomenon commonly referred to as "cosmic expansion" and its acceleration over Time.

In my view, Dark Energy—as conceived in conventional cosmology, the enigmatic form of Energy held responsible for the Universe’s accelerating expansion—does not exist.

Three considerations.

The first pertains to the phenomenon known as cosmic expansion. In the interpretative framework of cosmological Reality I propose in this work, and the connected Evolutionary Cosmological Model previously discussed in this chapter, the expansion of the Universe—and its perceived acceleration—is merely an apparent phenomenon. It arises not from the increasing spatial separation between cosmic structures, but from the progressive deformation in the organization of the Elemental Field, stemming from the rise in metric inhomogeneities within Space-time—more precisely, Time (since, as noted repeatedly, at scales significantly larger than Planck—already at the Particle scale—Space is absolutely flat). These deformations in the dynamics of the Field, and the apparent expansion of the cosmos, are growing temporal inhomogeneities spread across the Universe.

The second relates to the distribution of Matter within the Universe. As argued, and increasingly supported by high-resolution observations, the cosmos is not truly uniform, even at the grandest scales. While the structural logic of the cosmos (its organization, underlying Complexity) appears consistent throughout, the actual distribution of Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—is highly inhomogeneous. This might seem paradoxical, but what remains uniform is not the content itself, but the pattern of inhomogeneity—its fractal-like repetition across Space and Time throughout the Universe’s evolution.

The third regards the Big Bang and its so-called "echo"—the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)—which I believe is wrongly considered primordial radiation. Within this model, there was no Big Bang and no Inflationary epoch. Thus, the CMB is not a fossil remnant or historical trace of a past cosmic event. Instead, it is a black-body emission generated by the incessant and continuous Dynamics of the Elementary Field: a naturally spontaneous and indeterminate turbulence forming the essential substrate from which all structures emerge through the progressive organization of the Relations among the Elementary Events of the Field. This turbulence—the fundamental expression of Elementary Action manifested through its Modes / Components—is the true Essence (Form) of Existence. It can be imagined as the sound of Creation unfolding—from whose Evolution Physical Reality is formed and the Universe as its temporal slice we call the Present.

These reflections on the CMB—paired with those on Matter distribution—lead to the belief that the conventional model of cosmic origin and expansion is founded on a profound misunderstanding. A collective ideological misstep. A set of flawed conclusions derived from weak assumptions and an idealized conception of Reality.

Thus, I do not accept that the supposed cosmic expansion, and its acceleration, are caused by the mysterious and elusive Dark Energy described by the Standard Model of Cosmology (ΛCDM). Instead, I argue that—viewed through lenses more aligned with relativistic physics—what we observe is driven by relativistic effects produced by the Universe’s non-uniform distribution of Matter: both Dark and Ordinary. Or rather, Dark Matter and a redefined Dark Energy (as proposed herein, not a force, but a form of repulsive Matter), characterized by positive Mass, correlated regions of elevated Perturbation, or—in metric terms—zones with Time-flow rates exceeding the universal average (or the average within a significant local domain), in concert with Ordinary Matter.

I take this opportunity to reiterate once again a fundamental concept—one that permeates all my research, both in the dynamics of the microcosm and in the cosmological vision proposed here. Mass does not curve or deform Time. Mass and the curvature of Time are not merely equivalent—they are exactly the same phenomenon, different facets of a singular natural dynamic: the Dynamics of the Elementary Field, driven by the Action of the Fundamental Force—the incessant expression of the Primary Source of Reality.

It is precisely the inhomogeneity of the Component of Elementary Action—what we here refer to as Perturbation—that constitutes the origin of Mass and the alterations in the flow of Time, which we perceive as a deformation of Space-time. We interpret this as curvature in Space-time—namely, elongated spatial distances and contracted temporal intervals. Yet, in truth, it is solely a contraction of temporal intervals—occurring in the absence of any true spatial distortion.

The curvature of Time, therefore, is accompanied by a local, variably extended and inhomogeneous shift in the limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action 7 Information within the Elementary Field.

Everything that exists in the Universe is inhomogeneity, or rather, correlations between inhomogeneities in the dynamic aspects of Reality. These manifest as inhomogeneities in the distribution of "things"—or more precisely, Processes.

At the most infinitesimal level, this appears as inhomogeneity in the distribution of Elementary Events, which can be characterized as temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations, resonating around the Planck scale.

At intermediate dimensional and complexity levels, we encounter inhomogeneity in the spatial and temporal distributions of InfoStructures populating the Microcosm—Waves, Particles, and their Interactions.

At the broadest dimensional and Complexity scales, we find inhomogeneity in the distribution of atoms, molecules, materials, bodies, objects, stars, galaxies, clusters—and again, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, and nodes of the Cosmic Web.

Inhomogeneity permeates everything, at every dimensional scale and in every facet of Reality. Dynamic inhomogeneity—when not very organized, quite disordered—is what we refer to as turbulence. And when we observe refined organization, we call these objects, Structures, Systems, Forms. Organizational patterns immersed in a sea of chaos and turbulence.

Dynamics and Interactions

All the phenomena described above—those that define the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web—are manifestations of universal dynamics, as well as dynamics specific to the typologies of Structures involved and to their particular local interactions (local, albeit vastly extended across Space and Time, considering the immense dimensions of the Structures in question and the finite upper limit of the speed at which Causality / Action / Information can propagate).

What remains to be said that hasn't already been stated or at least alluded to? Let us attempt to summarize, in a more structured manner, the principal dynamics that define the Cosmic Web in terms of the relationships and interactions between its constituent components and the underlying phenomena.

Polydynamism

Even the vast Vortex-type InfoStructures found at cosmic scales—as well as the microscopic Particles exhibiting surprising quantum behavior—are marked by dynamic properties I call "Polydynamism". This refers to the capacity of these Structures to exhibit, within the volume of the Elementary Field they momentarily occupy, multiple and even opposing dynamic behaviors.

For instance, throughout the ordinary evolution of quantum states in the life of an elementary Particle—and more intensely during quantum state transitions—a Particle can present different or divergent Spin orientations across its spatial extent. The overall Spin of the Particle emerges as a resultant of these diverse dynamic processes, coexisting and evolving in parallel, whether separately or through various degrees or ways of interaction. This perspective offers a conceptual grounding for the phenomenon of quantum state superposition—an idea that continues to challenge physicists, particularly in contexts involving "measurement".

Even Dark Structures display polydynamic behavior—indeed, they necessarily do this, given their vast spatial scale—especially during interactions with the complex environment of the Web, such as in fusion processes. In cosmic Dark Structures, where dynamic developments often span enormous expanses and unfold over extended periods, we can distinguish between internal and external polydynamism. We've discussed internal polydynamism; the external variety may be easily visualized thinking of a large, soft bubble—such as a soap bubble—that expands to fill available Space or retracts under compression, oscillating with interacting internal and external motions, like an elastic and fluctuating object. These characteristics heavily influence the kinetic and mechanical phenomena, interactions, and other dynamic properties of these cosmic structures.

General Motion

Everything in the Universe is "in" motion; everything "is" Motion. Reality, in its entirety, is fluctuation, variation, change, and evolution. The Cosmic Web is an intrinsically dynamic, turbulent, and complex system, whose components engage in the Universe’s overarching Motion through their own unique dynamics—both external (as constituents of universal systems and subsystems) and internal (as the movements within the more or less turbulent internal environments of each component, between their elements and subsystems).

These are motions within the continuum—motions that occur "in" the Elementary Field and are motions "of" the Elementary Field. Although we distinguish Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures—visible or invisible—as separate fragments for descriptive clarity, within this Field continuity, such divisions fade. Observed from the viewpoint of the Elementary Field, we would not perceive voids, sheets and walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies, or stars—but rather, an infinite ocean of fluctuations, intricately correlated: endless patterns of organized Action—Information—which interact, propagate, conserves, and evolve.

Even though, ultimately, all phenomena can (and perhaps must) be traced back to the primal Component of Action—Perturbation—the root of Metric / Mass and their associated metric / gravitational effects (metric phenomena: deformation of spatial-temporal distances "of" the Field; gravitational phenomena: deformation of Motion of InfoStructures "in" the Field), much of the Motion observed in the cosmos—both at a general level and peculiar to the individual components of the Dark Cosmic Web (voids, sheets, filaments, nodes)—cannot be "directly" attributed to gravitational attraction or repulsion.

Perturbation—visualized as temporal gradients—drives the formation and development of Translation (stress, turbulent flows within temporal geometry), which in turn gives rise to Rotation (torsion, vorticity within that same geometry). Once formed, Translation and Rotation tend to propagate through Space and conserve across Time, evolving and self-sustaining through linear and rotational motions. These are precisely the kinetic phenomena we observe in the Dark Cosmic Web and its constituents. For Ordinary Matter, although largely influenced by drag effect exerted by Dark Matter and Dark Energy dynamics, the processes of concentration, collapse, and the formation of massive bodies and dense structures are predominantly governed by gravitational phenomena. Thus, while kinetic aspects appear to predominate within Dark Structures, gravitational dynamics tend to take precedence in the formation of the Structures of Ordinary Matter.

Motion of the Cosmic Web as a whole (of the entire Universe)

Given the impressive and incessant movement—particularly rotational—of the immense dark bubbles known as giant voids, which form the skeletal framework upon which the Cosmic Web is built and within which the largest observed moving structures form and evolve, it is plausible that the entire Universe is subject to a global motion with locally differentiated dynamics. This motion can be envisioned as a seamless flow and rotation—boundless and continuous—whose extent and boundaries we may never fully grasp. In this work, I have hypothesized that the Universe is infinite and eternal—unbounded in both Space and Time, in the past (with an origin independent of Time itself; Time, like Space, is conceived as an emergent property arising from the Dynamics of the Elementary Field) and in the future (an unceasing and limitless process of evolution, continuous creation of new Dark and Ordinary Matter/Energy, and an ever-extending organization of Matter. This infinite cycle of Matter and Energy is perpetuated through efficient feedback and recycling mechanisms, continually giving rise to new forms and complexities in the unfolding Process of Formation of Reality).

Another intriguing aspect of the global Motion of the Cosmic Web and the Universe involves the predominance of chirality in the Dark Structures. Based on previous considerations—and especially in light of the hypotheses I’ve proposed regarding the formative processes that drive the evolution of the Dark Cosmic Web—I anticipate a distinct dominance of one chiral orientation over the other. This asymmetry should become increasingly apparent as the size of the observed structures expands. A notable prevalence should be detectable even at the scale of galactic dark bubbles, which, in their formation and transformation, are clearly influenced by both local and global dynamics of the Cosmic Web—presumed to be strongly chiral. However, at the scale of the giant voids, this chiral dominance should approach an almost absolute prevalence.

The Universe in its entirety should exhibit a prevailing chirality on a very large scale, a feature likely mirrored in both a possible global rotation of the universal cosmos, and in the observed predominance of matter over antimatter for the Ordinary Matter Particles. I propose that this large-scale asymmetry arose from random fluctuations and from prolonged interactions—fusion, annihilation, restructuring—among Dark Structures throughout the infinitely long evolutionary saga of the Universe.

Relative motion of the components of the Web

Each type of component of the Cosmic Web—here referring primarily to the Dark components composed of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, turbulent flows, vortices, and bubbles within bubbles—exists within a system of interlinked turbulence, governed predominantly by collective interactive kinematics, a sort of correlated and coevolving dynamics. Other contributing factors include, albeit to a lesser extent, the chirality ratios (Dark Charge), the orientation of rotation axes (Dark Spin), and the competing gravitational influences—concentrated attractive gravity in the Dark Matter internal cores versus distributed repulsive gravity across the Dark Energy outer shells of these bubbles.

The voids and giant voids—immense vortical bubbles with low Mass density (negative for DM, positive for DE), and typically diffuse or lightly varied Mass density profiles—tend to rotate upon themselves, deforming under compression as they interact with surrounding bubbles and neighboring components. They inhabit the interstitial volumes between structural sheets/walls, filaments (edges), and angular regions left free by multiple converging bubbles (nodes). Due to their enormity, extremely slow rotation rates, long reaction times, and the enormous "quantity of motion" they embody (even with minimal density, their vast volume amplifies their dynamic impact), their motion heavily influences the dynamics of adjacent components, especially sheets/walls and, even more strongly, the filaments.

Within this intricate framework, we must envision these interstitial components—including the nodes—as regions not occupied, and essentially not occupiable, by the vast void bubbles. Subcomponents inhabiting these spaces undergo motion shaped by the peculiar dynamics of the hosting structures. For instance, imagine the sliding of galactic bubbles along a filament—an "edge" nestled between vast voids, where interactions between the bubbles involved overlay the filament’s internal motion. Phenomena such as "dark attractors" and "dipole repellers" appear to be influenced more by the compression and rotational stress exerted by the adjacent massive voids than by the gravitational effects produced by the distributions of positive and negative Masses. It is akin to observing soap foam gently stirred by a breeze: the larger bubbles define the foam’s overarching structure, while smaller bubbles glide across their surfaces, occupying the spaces they leave open.

All motions—whether proper/intrinsic or relational/extrinsic—within the Dark Cosmic Web generate cascading effects, chief among them compression and concentration/densification. Together with kinematic factors, gravitational tension, chirality, and rotational axis orientation, these phenomena constitute the principal factors orchestrating the delicate dynamic equilibria (and disequilibria) that drive the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web, and thus the overall architecture of the Universe.

Internal Motion of the individual component types — Voids, Sheets / Walls, Filaments, Nodes (let's quickly summarize aspects already variously treated above)

Voids

Voids are dark bubbles, substantially devoid of internal structure or subdivided regions or parts. They should not contain substructures or smaller bubbles, even though they remain turbulent formations capable of exhibiting internal regions that are more or less dense compared to their idealized Mass density profile. They are generally characterized by:

- linear kinematics: relatively limited, as they are essentially trapped within the matrix of the Cosmic Web. Their mobility is constrained by neighboring large voids bubbles—the larger the bubble, the more restricted its movement within the dark framework of the Web.

- extrinsic rotational kinematics (of the bubble as a whole): typically slow, regular, and marked by a gradual adaptation and deformation process. These deformations arise from the extrinsic rotation and occur as a response to the compression in the confined space the bubble occupies within the saturated environment of the Web. The extrinsic rotation is a key factor in the formation of dark bubbles of medium extension (such as galactic cluster and supercluster bubbles), smaller bubbles (e.g., galactic bubbles), and even the production of Ordinary Matter—primarily consisting of elementary Particles like leptons. These, through acceleration, high-energy collisions and other phenomena, contribute to the formation of protons, which make up the bulk of hydrogen gas distributed throughout interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web (sheets, filaments, and nodes) and support the birth and sustenance of galaxies.

- intrinsic rotational kinematics (internal to the bubble): linked to vortical motion, which defines the bubble’s dynamic structure and helps conserve its shape. At macroscopic scales, this motion tends to be fairly uniform, though it's substantially turbulent especially at smaller scales. Such vortical activity can drag any extraneous substructures accidentally present within the bubble—much like a drop of water on a spinning disk. Should galactic bubbles inadvertently enter a void (e.g., through the merging of voids that traps galaxies within a new, larger bubble), the substructures would exhibit movement arising from a mix of factors: their own motion, the centrifugal force caused by the void's rotation, and its inherent vortical flow. This results in a complex trajectory which, over the vast temporal scales typical of immense void dynamics, leads to the gradual expulsion of these galactic bubbles from within. The intrinsic rotational kinematics are governed by two key parameters (in addition to others such as mean angular velocity): chirality—referred to here as "Dark Charge"—and the orientation of the intrinsic rotational axis, which we might similarly denote as "Dark Spin".

Sheets / Walls

Sheets or Walls are interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web—surfaces of large bubbles (voids) compressed against other large bubbles. Imagine observing soap suds. We would unmistakably perceive their texture—the matrix of larger bubbles determining the distribution of smaller ones. By observing a sufficiently large volume, we would notice extended surfaces that, despite potential curvature or discontinuities, behave as substantial planes. These surfaces collect and, so to speak, squash smaller bubbles into more or less regular alignments, appearing almost magically ordered.
Unlike voids, which are elementary InfoStructures with blurred but nonetheless identifiable boundaries, sheets are composite InfoStructures—formed by smaller structures which, through compression and dynamic drag, settle onto planes of varying extent and regularity. These structures are immersed in, or rather constitute part of, a vast and dynamic dark turbulence within interstitial regions characterized by positive Mass—what we call Dark Energy. Therefore, sheets/walls are not marked by an "active" kinematic profile (linear, external/extrinsic and / or intrinsic rotational), but rather (more or less passively) adapt to the dynamics of the more extensive and massive components—voids and, to a lesser extent, nodes.

The kinematics of these dark sheets/walls is primarily governed by adaptations to compression dynamics and the sliding of dark bubbles, even of very small dimensions (such as galactic bubbles). Typically, we observe a nearly planar arrangement of a multitude of galaxies on a more or less extensive and regular surface—its thickness variable depending on the compressive forces exerted by surrounding voids and the internal dynamics of galactic bubbles, which attract, orbit, and interact with one another.

The consequence of compression results in varying degrees of coplanarity and thickness across the sheet—a sheet marked by non-uniform shapes and densities over large expanses, due to the differential influence of bordering voids and other components of the Cosmic Web.

The effect of sliding leads to the confluence of galactic bubbles and gaseous material—formed in frictional interstitial zones between voids—as they flow along the sheet toward one or more filaments, which in turn delineate its edges, or innervate its more massive internal regions, like rivers crossing a plain. These filaments effectively outline the contours of irregular, curvilinear solids—the compressed voids adopting soap-bubble-like forms when interacting and adhering to one another.

Filaments

For Filaments, what was stated for sheets/walls remains essentially valid—but in a more linear, not planar, dimension. Here, the effects of compression and flowing/dragging/sliding—if you will—are more intense, producing more evident phenomena, with a heightened influence on the dynamics of the structures that move and evolve within them. I am, of course, referring to all the materials that form, migrate, and transform within the Cosmic Web, such as:

• dark turbulence at medium scales (small clusters/groups of galaxies) and small (galactic scale),
• bubbles/systems of Dark Matter/Dark Energy of medium size (aggregates encompassing small clusters or groups of galaxies) and small (galactic bubbles), evolving within dark turbulence,
• bubbles as above, but populated with Ordinary Matter,
• substances/objects/bodies of Ordinary Matter (free particles, gas, dust, complex molecules, stars, planets, wandering black holes, etc.)—drawn into or carried by the dark turbulence, but not integrated into fully formed bubbles like galactic bubbles (which include the Dark Halo and the galaxy’s visible Ordinary Matter component).

From the sheets—especially within the filaments they feed—a vast amount of gas flows, mostly in the form of hydrogen nuclei and atoms (protons, with varying degrees of electron neutralization). This elementary form of Ordinary Matter originates in the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, via friction in the peripheral zones of large dark bubbles, vacuums, and giant voids. Commonly referred to as the "missing baryonic matter"—the elusive 50% of Ordinary Matter, this component has been intensely pursued by researchers and was recently traced via astronomical observations of Fast Radio Bursts from distant galaxies.

In light of the hypotheses outlined here, Ordinary Matter is expected—logically and structurally—to be distributed primarily (three quarters) in the space between galaxies, particularly within sheets/walls and filaments. Roughly 15% resides in galactic bubbles (within Dark Halos), the rest found within bubbles—but segregated between condensed Ordinary Matter structures (stars, cold clouds of galactic gas) embedded in intragalactic dark turbulence depressions.

Filaments act as transition zones where galaxies stream and transform on their path toward the nodes of the Cosmic Web. These nodes host and enrich what we define as galaxy clusters or superclusters (aggregates of clusters). Filaments can reach truly cosmic dimensions (70–120 Mpc or 230–370 Mly). The density of Matter transiting the filaments tends to be highest in their central regions, decreasing radially—not solely due to gravitational attraction but especially due to the filament’s internal density profile. Imagine the filament as a quasi-cylindrical cavity exhibiting a gradient in the level of positive Mass (Dark Energy) that tapers toward its center (lower density of positive Mass). A sort of "wave guide", or a pipe, forms, channeling Dark and Ordinary Matter, gas, and galaxies. The filament’s central axis harbors regions of diminished repulsion, requiring less Action to traverse—similar to faster lanes on a highway.

Galaxies and gas within filaments follow spiral or helical paths—oscillating and rotating symmetrically around the filament’s central axis—as they stream toward the node they sustain. Contrary to common belief and in line with the hypotheses developed here, this spiraling flow is not primarily governed by gravity, or not completely. The dominant forces are those produced by rotation, compression, and friction among the large-scale components that comprise the Cosmic Web’s dynamic backbone.

In my view, attributing galaxy migration within filaments to gravitational attraction by the denser nodes is a mistaken simplification. These nodal regions—rich with galaxies—should, under this theoretical framework, be those most dominated by repulsive dark energy (positive Mass). Thus, their contents would push outward vigorously due to a steep drop in internal pressure—more so than the surrounding voids that border and compress the filaments.

They push but cannot expand, precisely, due to the confining action produced by the large voids, which are also, for different causes and phenomena, in continuous pressure for expansion. All the components of the Cosmic Web, for different causes and phenomena, tend to expand, in a cosmic and eternal tug-of-war, which sees the Universe in a state of perpetual creative and evolutionary dis-equilibrium.

All Cosmic Web components, due to varying causes and dynamics, exhibit expansive tendencies. The Universe remains locked in an eternal, creative tug-of-war—an evolutionary dis-equilibrium. Sheets/walls, constrained by expanding voids, discharge into filaments; filaments channel into nodes. Nodes, in turn, release flows into outbound filaments, connecting to distant nodes. Matter within a node can be extruded into these exiting filaments, accelerating to tremendous speeds—reaching up to 1% the speed of light. Upon exiting, the flow decelerates as it enters the comparatively dense and static environment of a cluster—where collisions, mergers, and deformations become significantly more probable.

Filaments themselves can rotate—a consequence of compression and frictional forces from bounding voids. Such rotation heightens the complexity of filamentary internal dynamics and, in turn, enriches the evolution of the Cosmic Web as a whole.

Key characteristics of galaxies—morphology, gas content, efficiency of gas consumption, star formation rate—are profoundly shaped by transit through dense filaments. These filaments, receiving newly formed galaxies and gas from sheets/walls, connect and supply populous cluster nodes. As galaxies traverse filaments, they undergo substantial structural and evolutionary changes. Collisions and mergers with other Web structures or with void boundaries may distort their spiral forms, favoring more irregular or elliptical shapes. Star formation may slow or halt—perhaps due to shape alterations impacting internal dynamics or diminished inflow of gas (atomic and molecular hydrogen) into the galaxy’s dark halo.

Additionally, the extreme velocities encountered within filaments—this high-speed galactic race—may hinder cooling, condensation, and collapse of gas clouds, processes vital for robust star formation. Shock waves within the intragalactic dark environment may also exacerbate this suppression.

As a result—just as the temperature of the Elementary Field fluctuates in the regions that periodically host the filaments’ Existence and Essence/Form—the temperature (both micro and macro) of Matter, Dark (medium and small bubbles immersed in evolving dark turbulence) and Ordinary (gas, dust, wandering bodies, galaxies and their small groups/clusters) tends to be higher than within other Web structures, such as sheets/walls and nodes. This elementary thermodynamic principle encompasses: -Microscopic thermodynamics: particle speeds (mostly hydrogen atoms), vibrational motion of atoms/molecules, -Macroscopic thermodynamics: motion of cosmic objects and substructures (galaxies), conceptualized as particles in a cosmic fluid—where the average velocity represents the "macroscopic" temperature of the system.

Nodes

Here we arrive at the final typology of components of the Cosmic Web—last from the evolutionary, structural, functional, and dynamic perspectives.

From the evolutionary point of view—during the formative processes of the Web, the large bubbles we now call voids and giant voids—its structural skeleton and dynamic engine—were generated first. Compression led to the emergence of the first sheets/walls, followed by filaments that inherited both dynamic and material contributions. Finally, in the interstitial regions where multiple bubbles intersect, nodes formed. Over time, these nodes became the regions most densely populated by medium and small dark bubbles—many of which are populated by Ordinary Matter structures: galaxies, groups of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and superclusters (clusters of clusters).

From the structural point of view—within the hierarchy of structures occupying the available cosmic space—nodes come after voids and the entities that occupy the interstitial regions (sheets and filaments), subject to the compression exerted by voids. The residual volumes, less affected by such compression, are referred to as nodes—regions more stable and less dynamic.

From the functional point of view—nodes occupy the final position in the classification of Web components because they serve as repositories for the culmination of the Universe’s Dark and Ordinary Matter formation, transport, and conservation chains. Voids initiate the formation of medium and small-scale dark bubbles and the entire suite of Ordinary Matter: gas, wandering bodies, and galaxies. These populate sheets/walls, flow into filaments, and eventually concentrate in nodes—where Matter gathers into colossal galaxy clusters and superclusters.

While some Matter exits nodes via outbound filaments—re-entering circulation—a significant portion of Dark and Ordinary Matter remains embedded in nodal structures. These provide an environment that, despite intense localized activity (e.g., galactic collisions and mergers), is globally less dynamic—ideal for forming larger, more stable structures. In particular, central nodal regions experience diminished rotational, frictional, and compressive influence from large voids.

From the point of view of dynamics—as previously noted—nodes occupy the lowest rung. The largest-scale motion in the Universe originates in vast voids, followed by extended sheets/walls, then filaments. Nodes exhibit the lowest levels of large-scale dynamic intensity. However, the small-scale momentum—motion expressed by the smallest Cosmic Web entities (e.g., small dark bubbles, galaxies, intragalactic structures, objects/bodies, stars, substances, gas, dust)—is concentrated within the nodes, followed by filaments and sheets, and almost absent in large voids. Both linear and intrinsic / extrinsic angular velocities are extreme in void peripheries, moderate in sheets/walls, and very high in filaments (due to dragging effects from void bubbles and gravitational forces, velocities tend to be higher in more compressed, narrower filaments). In nodes, velocities are generally lower—particularly as one moves away from incoming filaments, and to a lesser extent, from outgoing ones. The central areas of nodes, as discussed, tend to be shielded from large-scale motions and exhibit reduced speeds.

A clarification regarding flows of Matter in the filaments. We can envision filaments exhibiting unidirectional flows that span their entire length—terminating in an inflow toward one node, and an outflow from that node to another. Alternatively, certain filaments may collect material from sheets, especially in their central regions. Compression from surrounding voids can redirect these flows toward both ends—making them tributaries to two interconnected nodes.

Motion of Dark Matter / Energy and of Ordinary Matter

Let's briefly revisit the foundational concepts, focusing on the types of Matter formed and transported by the different components of the Web. This exploration centers on Dark Matter and Dark Energy—"stuff" respectively formed by negative and positive Mass—structured within extended dark turbulent formations of low Mass density.
From the vast expanses of giant voids, to the immense interstitial surfaces known as sheets/walls, into filaments, and finally to nodes, we observe a continuum: structures that become progressively less extended, displaying decreasing prevalence of Dark Matter / Dark Energy and increasing concentrations of Ordinary Matter (although the latter remains quantitatively inferior, as widely acknowledged).

Void regions are composed almost exclusively of dark stuff—featuring a core of negative, attractive Mass (Dark Matter) and a surrounding shell of positive, repulsive Mass (Dark Energy)—with the exception of minor Ordinary Matter incursions (e.g. gas or galaxies captured during void fusions or exceptional interactions). Sheets/walls serve as arenas for friction-driven formation of Dark Matter (medium and small-scale dark structures) and especially of Ordinary Matter, engaged in complex processes that yield gas clouds, objects, bodies, protogalaxies, and more.
These emergent structures are increasingly funneled into filaments, where the Dark Matter–Ordinary Matter balance tilts further towards Ordinary Matter. The culmination of this accumulation is found in the central regions of nodes—while still preserving the overall ratio between Dark and Ordinary Matter, often estimated at approximately 5:1.

Regarding this canonical ratio, I contend that prevailing estimates suffer from a misinterpretation of the nature, role, and dynamics of Dark Energy. A re-evaluation of the Universe’s composition—encompassing Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Ordinary Matter—is warranted, grounded in the hypotheses presented in this work on the Universe’s nature, structure, and dynamics (Evolutionary Cosmological Model), with particular focus on the Cosmic Web.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy, forming the central and peripheral components of dark bubbles, inevitably move together. The peripheral zones of positive, repulsive Mass—along with homo-chirality (same Dark Charge) and the alignment or misalignment of intrinsic rotation (Dark Spin)—account for the "intangibility" of dark bubbles when interacting with other bubbles of similar size/density. This concept parallels the one already illustrated for vortical Ordinary Matter particles, known in conventional physics as the Pauli Exclusion Principle for quantum states in atoms. Reformulated here: within the Elementary Field, no Vortex-type InfoStructure can simultaneously occupy the same portion of the Field, the same volume, the same Space, in the same Time.

This is because the external Dark Energy shell (positive Mass) exerts a repulsive force that grows quadratically as two Vortex Structures approach each other. In overlapping regions, the level of Perturbation—the inhomogeneity in Field dynamics—increases rapidly with proximity. As overlap intensifies, the repulsive force escalates, demanding greater Action to force convergence (to get closer).

Layered atop this are multiple phenomena that may amplify or dampen the total repulsive force, including:

• intensity of approach Motion,
• degree of acceleration and inertia,
• concordance or opposition of Chirality (Charge),
• alignment or misalignment of Spin.

Even when particles are drawn together by opposite Electric Charges—or by opposite Chirality/Dark Charge, in the case of Dark InfoStructures—fusion (or annihilation) demands a sufficiently energetic collision to breach a critical proximity threshold. One must use Energy, produce Action, apply Force. The same holds true for the Dark Vortices comprising the dark bubbles discussed throughout these pages.

Returning to the central theme of this section, the Motion of/in the dark component of the Cosmic Web (turbulence and structures)—in short, we can state:

• the entire Elementary Field—or, when observed from the perspective of the Component of Elementary Action termed Perturbation—suggests that all Space-time, with its more or less deformed Metric, is animated by turbulence at all spatial and temporal scales. On the immense scales that define cosmic dimensions and structures, dark turbulence dominates the scene and stands as the primary dynamic factor—a fundamental dynamics from whose organization dark cosmic structures emerge (dark bubbles of voids, clusters, galaxies, and the turbulent flows forming the dark frameworks of sheets and filaments).
  This prompts a deeper focus on the Principle of General Equivalence within this specific cosmological context. To assert that "the entire Elementary Field, or, viewed through the lens of the Component of Elementary Action known as Perturbation, all Space-time with its more or less deformed Metric" serves as the substratum for the existence of what forms the Universe, is to affirm that Physical Reality may be observed and interpreted from different—yet precisely equivalent—perspectives.
  Extending this equivalence, we recognize that inhomogeneities / deformations in the dynamics of the Elementary Field (Perturbation) may be equivalently represented as:
  • density of Elementary Events—defined by the temporal distribution of elementary spatial fluctuations that incessantly reverberate across the Elementary Field, resonating near the Planck scale—equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or the average over a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of Elementary Action, the value of Perturbation—equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the Space-time Metric—at scales significantly above the Planck scale, Space is flat—rate of Time flow equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of Mass—zero, negative, or positive—forming respective Matter structures: vacuum, Matter (Dark and Ordinary), Dark Energy (peripheral regions of Vortex structures both in the dark domain—bubbles/Halos—and the ordinary domain—particles),
  • in terms of the limit velocity of propagation of Causality/Action/Information—known conventionally as the speed of light in vacuum—velocity equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average limit or that of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the temperature of the Elementary Field—equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood.
• the largest structures of the Cosmic Web, the large voids—vast expanses composed almost entirely of dark substances (save for incidental Ordinary Matter, such as gas and galaxies acquired through events like void fusions)—are intrinsically more dynamic due to their internal and especially extrinsic rotational components. They act as the true dynamic engine of the Web—continuously imparting Motion to other structures, especially sheets and filaments situated in the interstitial regions compressed by these massive, spinning formations. And within these interstitial zones, it is not only the sheets and filaments themselves that receive Motion—but also all the constituents flowing within them en route to the nodes of the Web, including dark bubbles of medium and small extension, along with the Ordinary Matter born and organized at the peripheries of the great voids.
• all this turbulence, and all dark structures at medium and small scales—formed and flowing within interstitial regions—propel and carry Ordinary Matter toward the nodes. These movements occur within the interstitial components of the Web—namely sheets and filaments—and culminate in the nodes.
• all substances (gas and dust), objects/bodies (stars, black holes, planets—solitary / wandering, or part of aggregations), and structures of Ordinary Matter—which arise and migrate through interstitial zones—also move within these Web components (sheets, filaments, and eventually nodes). Their motion is governed by the dark turbulence, by flows that are more or less chaotic, and by the migration of dark structures interacting within these turbulent dynamics. Across the immense Cosmic Web, galaxies seem to exhibit coordinated motion over distances spanning millions of light-years. This synchronicity defies conventional expectations of current cosmological models and points to mysterious forces or interactions shaping the architecture of the Universe.

Apparent cosmic expansion

In light of everything said about the evolution of the Cosmic Web, among the main dynamics that define its behavior, I deliberately do not include the phenomena called "cosmic expansion". As previously stated, this is an (apparent) phenomenon not tied to a genuine expansion of Space, but rather to the increasing organization, structuring, and complexification of Space-time itself. Ultimately, it stems from the growing inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of Elementary Events within the Elementary Field—or, phrased in terms closer to conventional physics, an increase in the inhomogeneities of temporal flow rates—the temporal geometry of the cosmos.

It is emblematic that the phenomenon we observe and interpret as "expansion, distancing motion"—the most conspicuous movement in the Universe—is not a true Motion at all. Rather, it is the effect of a differentiation in Time’s flow across various domains of the cosmos, and of the corresponding variation in the limit speed for the propagation of Causality/Action/Information.

And now, to complete the picture, let us turn to some considerations on the most relevant forms of interaction that characterize the Cosmic Web:

Gravitational interactions

Gravitational interaction is commonly considered the silent but powerful director of the great dynamics of the Cosmic Web. As said above, I believe that this role, although fundamental, is a little overestimated. Or at least, the weight of its direct influence is. Indirectly, I agree in considering gravity the most relevant dynamical engine on large cosmic scales. But, in my opinion, the gravitational action of attraction by Dark and Ordinary Matter and repulsion by Dark Energy are largely not directly responsible for the dynamics of the Web and its components.

Gravitational interaction is commonly viewed as the silent yet powerful conductor of the grand cosmic symphony played across the Cosmic Web. However, as previously discussed, I believe this role—while undeniably fundamental—is somewhat overestimated. Or at least, the direct influence of gravity is. Indirectly, I fully acknowledge gravity as the principal engine at large cosmic scales. Yet I contend that the attractive action of Dark and Ordinary Matter, and the repulsive action of Dark Energy, are not the predominant direct drivers of the Web’s internal dynamics.

I try to explain. Much of the gravitational action produced by the extensive, albeit impalpable, inhomogeneities of the Perturbation values ​​in the Elementary Field, those that we call InfoStructures of Dark Matter and Energy, the large bubbles / Dark Halos that we call Voids and Giant Voids, is expressed in the growth processes and rotational motions of these same structures, and from these, as Motion and mechanical actions of compression of the interstitial spaces, of friction in the peripheral regions, etc. (Translation), it is transferred to the other components of the Cosmic Web, sheets, filaments and nodes, with all the sub-structures that form, propagate and evolve in those components (substances, objects and bodies, structures, systems, galaxies, groups and clusters).

Allow me to explain. Much of the gravitational impact generated by the diffuse but potent inhomogeneities in Perturbation values across the Elementary Field—that is, in the InfoStructures of Dark Matter and Energy (large bubbles/Dark Halos known as Voids and Giant Voids)—is expressed through their own growth and rotational dynamics. From these processes emerge mechanical actions such as compression of interstitial regions and friction along their peripheral boundaries—which in turn are transferred to other components of the Web: sheets, filaments, and nodes. These receive and propagate that momentum, and within them evolve the sub-structures of the Universe—substances, objects and bodies, galaxies, systems, clusters.

As already said several times, I do not believe that in the history of the Universe we have seen a Big Bang, with subsequent formation of structures, starting from tiny fluctuations in the density of matter grown under the effect of gravity. And that the Dark and Ordinary Matter produced in a Big Bang attracted each other, giving rise to the filaments, walls and nodes of the Cosmic Web. For me, the story began with infinitesimal fluctuations / inhomogeneities of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, which grew over immense periods of time (billions of billions of years, a time without time, a Universe without a beginning in fact) and became the giant voids on which the other components and the universal structure of the Cosmic Web were formed.

As previously emphasized, I do not subscribe to the notion that the Universe began with a Big Bang, followed by gravitational growth of structures initiated by minute density fluctuations. Nor do I accept that Dark and Ordinary Matter were born from such an event and subsequently pulled together to form the filaments, sheets, and nodes of the Cosmic Web. In my view, the story begins with infinitesimal fluctuations/inhomogeneities in the dynamics of the Elementary Field—developing over inconceivably long periods of time (billions of billions of years—time without time—a Universe with no true beginning)—which eventually became the Giant Voids, upon which all other components of the Web emerged.

The progressive expansion and occupation of all available Space by these giant voids, processes dominated by gravity, by the organization of the Elementary Action in the Perturbation Component, produced the formation of dark bubbles of increasingly greater extension and density of Mass, which due to compression progressively concentrated in the interstitial regions. Kinetic / mechanical processes, and to a lesser extent, gravitational ones, produced the thickening of the turbulence and of the aforementioned dark structures with the formation of sheets / walls, filaments and nodes.

The progressive expansion and occupation of Space by these Giant Voids—driven by gravity and the structured organization of Elementary Action through Perturbation—led to the formation of dark bubbles with increasingly greater size and Mass density. These, through compression, accumulated in the interstitial regions. Kinetic/mechanical processes—and to a lesser extent, gravitational ones—intensified turbulence and caused the emergence of dark structures that evolved into sheets/walls, filaments, and nodes.

Gravity becomes increasingly important and dominant in the interactions between Dark Structures as we move from large voids to medium and small bubbles (galaxies), and then to intragalactic substructures, to the structures of Ordinary Matter. In particular, gravity is crucial in holding galaxies together in groups, clusters, and these in superclusters. Furthermore, as mentioned, gravity, together with the mechanical and kinetic forces, plays a continuous action that shapes the Web and its components, favoring the expansion of large voids, the compression and collapse of dense interstitial regions, amplifying the inhomogeneities in the fabric of the Universe.

Gravity grows increasingly dominant in interactions among Dark Structures as we move from Giant Voids toward medium and small bubbles (galaxies), and eventually toward intragalactic substructures and Ordinary Matter formations. Specifically, gravity is pivotal in keeping galaxies bound together within groups and clusters, and in linking these into superclusters. Moreover, as noted earlier, gravity, in tandem with kinetic and mechanical forces, exerts a continuous shaping influence on the Web and its constituents—driving the expansion of voids, the compression and collapse of dense interstitial zones, and amplifying the inhomogeneities embedded within the cosmic fabric.

Gravitational attraction and repulsion

We commonly consider gravity as an attractive phenomenon, or predominantly attractive. Yes, conventional science does contemplate a repulsive entity, but not as a structural and functional counterpart of the attractive gravity produced by Masses in Space-time. The repulsive phenomena, the cosmic expansion and its progressive acceleration, are commonly attributed to the phantom Dark Energy with gravitationally repulsive characteristics.

We commonly consider gravity as an attractive phenomenon—or predominantly attractive. While conventional science does acknowledge a repulsive entity, it does so not as a structured or functional counterpart to the attractive gravity generated by Masses in Space-time. Repulsive phenomena—namely cosmic expansion and its progressive acceleration—are typically attributed to the elusive entity known as Dark Energy, endowed with gravitationally repulsive characteristics.

In this work, I have attributed to Dark Energy a nature and a function that go far beyond the justification of the phenomenon of cosmic expansion and its acceleration. Here Dark Energy represents the analogue of Matter, both Dark and Ordinary, but composed of positive rather than negative Mass, flow rates of Time and propagation speeds of Causality / Action / Information higher than the universal average or of a significant neighborhood, and so on as seen on the basis of the Principle of General Equivalence.

In this work, I attribute to Dark Energy a nature and function that far transcend a mere justification of cosmic expansion and its acceleration. Here, Dark Energy acts as the analogue of Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—but composed of positive rather than negative Mass, with flow rates of Time and propagation speeds of Causality / Action / Information exceeding the universal average or that of a significant local domain. This interpretation aligns with the Principle of General Equivalence.

Dark Energy, therefore, as the structural component of the external regions, the shells, both of the Dark Vortex Structures (bubbles, Dark Halos) and of the Ordinary Matter Vortex Structures (elementary particles). Here the repulsive action that characterizes the peripheral regions of the Dark and Ordinary Vortex Structures becomes a fundamental element that characterizes the dynamics and interaction of these Structures. Although it is less intense than the attractive action exerted respectively by the nuclei of Dark and Ordinary Matter (Dark or Ordinary Matter, gravitationally attractive, is concentrated in a limited region, while Dark Energy is distributed in much larger regions and therefore much less intense, diluted, so to speak, except in cases of compression of the Structures with consequent mechanical interaction of the external regions of Dark Energy which, condensing precisely due to the compression, repel each other/enter into friction, etc.).

Dark Energy, then, functions as the structural component of the external regions—the shells—both of Dark Vortex Structures (bubbles, Dark Halos) and Ordinary Matter Vortex Structures (elementary particles). In this framework, the repulsive action dominating the peripheral regions of these Vortex Structures becomes a fundamental trait driving their dynamics and interactions. Though less intense than the attractive action exerted by the nuclei of Dark and Ordinary Matter (where gravitationally attractive mass is concentrated within a compact region), Dark Energy is spatially distributed across significantly broader regions and thus less intense—diffuse, so to speak—except under compression. In such cases, mechanical interaction between compressed external layers of Dark Energy leads to localized condensation, mutual repulsion, and surface friction.

I reiterate once again that Dark Matter and Dark Energy are not two different types of "substance". They are the same thing, inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, negative or positive values ​​of Perturbation. Mass, rhythm of Time, limit speed, etc. higher or lower than average. The only Structures in nature that can produce and maintain a inhomogeneity of this type are Vortex-type Structures. Central depression, and if the vortex is compressed, raising of the level in the constant, external regions of the Vortex.

I reaffirm that Dark Matter and Dark Energy are not two distinct "substances"—they are the same thing. Both are manifestations of inhomogeneities within the dynamics of the Elementary Field, distinguished by negative or positive values of Perturbation. That is: Mass, rhythm of Time, and limit speed—values that are higher or lower than average. The only natural Structures capable of generating and maintaining such inhomogeneities are Vortex-type Structures: central depressions surrounded by elevated peripheral levels, especially under conditions of compression.

What maintains the vorticity? The attractive or repulsive dynamics is due to Translation, which is produced by the effect of the inhomogeneity of Perturbation, and Rotation, produced by the effect of the multipoint interaction of Translation, which tries to compensate and reduce the inhomogeneity of Perturbation. Vortices that we can define as "temporal". The rhythm of Time flows more slowly inside (negative Mass) and faster outside (positive Mass). This inhomogeneity generates a further reaction of the Elementary Field (Translation) which tends to reduce/cancel the difference in the rhythm of the flow of Time, self-feeding the Vortex, producing its conservation.

What sustains vorticity? The attractive or repulsive dynamics emerge from two interdependent factors:

Translation, arising from Perturbation inhomogeneity;

Rotation, born of multipoint Translation interaction, which functions to counteract and stabilize the inhomogeneity.

These are Temporal Vortices, wherein the rhythm of Time flows more slowly at the core (negative Mass) and more rapidly at the periphery (positive Mass). This inhomogeneity induces a reactive Translation within the Elementary Field that seeks to neutralize the temporal flow differential—thus perpetuating the Vortex and ensuring its conservation.

Invisible attractors

Invisible attractors are not "attractors" because of the concentration of large Masses, or at least this is not the main reason for their great attractive power. It is even the gravitational attractive power that we must question, as it may not be the main factor of the particular dynamics of these peculiar regions and of the intense effects it produces on the dynamics of large regions and components of the Cosmic Web.

Invisible attractors are not "attractors" due to the concentration of large Masses—or at least, this is not the primary source of their significant attractive power. In fact, we must question whether gravitational attraction itself is the dominant factor behind the peculiar dynamics of these regions and the profound effects they exert on the behavior of vast sectors and components of the Cosmic Web.

I believe the most relevant factor lies precisely in the dynamics of the components of the Web. So that the particular dynamics are not (so much) caused by the gravitational attractive power of the "particular region", which we call invisible attractor, but the opposite is true: the Matter we observe is in Motion towards the particular region and therefore it seems to us attracted by something. I always like to use the simile of the sink. If we sprinkle flower petals into the water in a sink and then remove the plug, we will see the petals move toward the drain not because of an "attractive force" exerted by the drain, the Earth, etc., but because of the dragging effect exerted by the water flowing toward the drain.

I believe the most relevant factor lies in the intrinsic dynamics of the Web’s components. In this light, the notable dynamics observed are not (primarily) caused by the gravitational pull of the specific region we label as invisible attractor, but rather the reverse is true: the Matter we observe is in Motion toward that region—and therefore appears to us as if attracted by something.

I often illustrate this with the metaphor of a sink: when we sprinkle flower petals on water in a basin and pull the plug, the petals drift toward the drain not because the drain exerts an "attractive force," but due to the dragging effect generated by the water flowing toward the drain.

It is true that the action of gravity causes the water to flow into the drain. But the effect of gravity on the petals is substantially indirect, mediated by the flow of water. What prevails is the dragging effect. This is the case for visible Matter, the glittering galaxies that we imagine inexorably attracted toward an invisible point that we think is extremely massive, capable of exerting an immense gravitational attraction. In fact, the prevalent contribution to the movement of visible Matter toward the invisible attractor is given by the dragging effect exerted by the peculiar dynamics of dark turbulence, by the Matter and Dark Energy that make up the components of the Cosmic Web.

True, gravity causes the water to descend—but its effect on the petals is indirect, mediated by the water’s flow. What prevails is the dragging effect. This is analogous to visible Matter: luminous galaxies seem inexorably drawn toward an invisible point, imagined to be massively dense and gravitationally dominant. In reality, the main contribution to the motion of visible Matter toward the invisible attractor is provided by the dragging dynamics of dark turbulence—by the interplay of Dark Matter and Dark Energy within the Cosmic Web's architecture.

We must imagine the same thing for the dynamics of Ordinary (visible) Matter that appears to us attracted toward a large invisible Mass. As I have said several times, I believe that, in the dynamics of the Motion of Matter in the structure of the Cosmic Web, the effects of the rotations of the large empty bubbles and the related dragging effect on everything that is compressed in the interstitial regions (characterized by Dark Energy, therefore by positive Mass, in which the smaller and denser dark bubbles are immersed) are more important than the gravitational attraction and repulsion produced by the Matter and Energy of the same components of the Web.

We must visualize the same principle in action for the motion of Ordinary Matter—which likewise appears drawn toward some vast invisible Mass. As I have often asserted, within the dynamics of Matter Motion through the Cosmic Web, the rotational effects of large empty bubbles—and their associated dragging influences on the compressed interstitial regions (filled with Dark Energy, and thus positive Mass, wherein smaller, denser dark bubbles are embedded) play a more vital role than mere gravitational attraction and repulsion generated by the Web’s constituent Matter and Energy.

I do not believe it is a coincidence that the large attractor, as for other regions of this type that appear in the visualizations and simulations of the movements of Matter in the Cosmic Web, lies in a node where the flows of the walls of the giant voids that compress it and several filaments that collect and convey a large number of galaxies and other unstructured Matter converge.

It seems no coincidence that the large attractor—like other similar regions depicted in visualizations and simulations of cosmic Matter flow—is located at a node where the walls of giant voids converge, compressing it, alongside filaments that collect and channel vast numbers of galaxies and unstructured Matter.

In short, what is relevant in my opinion are the flows in the dark turbulence that is maximum in the interstitial regions compressed between the large voids. It is here that, due to the drag, the motions that we observe as effects of sliding and gravitational attraction from regions that we imagine as massive, yet invisible, manifest themselves. And of course, if there is convergence, there must also be divergence. This is how we observe what are called dipole repellers. Areas from which dark turbulent flows "exit", so to speak, diverge in directions that lead to the areas of attraction, of convergence.

In summary, the pivotal aspect, in my view, lies in the flows of dark turbulence that reach their maximum within the interstitial zones compressed between the large voids. It is within these zones—through drag—that the motions manifest which we interpret as sliding and gravitational attraction toward apparently massive yet unseen regions. And naturally, where convergence exists, divergence must also occur. Thus we observe the phenomenon of dipole repellers—zones from which dark turbulent flows "exit," dispersing in directions that ultimately lead to regions of attraction and convergence.

Mechanical interactions

I know. I am repeating and revisiting the same concepts, the same arguments over and over again. This can make reading less fluent, more tiring. I apologize. But every time I touch on a topic, I try to add something that I consider important to improve understanding, to clarify, to complete the picture, to contextualize in different areas, and according to different and complementary perspectives. I would like to be able, in addition to explaining concepts far from conventional scientific approaches, to expose a different way of observing nature, the entities, phenomena and dynamics that produce what we see in the world around us, in the micro and macro, and the connections between these areas that seem so far away, micro physics and cosmology, which must meet, to allow us to reach a deeper and broader understanding of the Universe in all its different nuances.

I know. I am repeating and revisiting the same concepts, the same arguments over and over again. This may render the reading less fluid, more laborious. I apologize. Yet each time I revisit a topic, I try to contribute something I consider essential—to deepen understanding, to clarify, to complete the framework, to contextualize across different domains and through complementary perspectives. Beyond conveying concepts that diverge from conventional scientific frameworks, my intent is to offer a distinct lens for observing nature—the entities, phenomena and dynamics responsible for what we perceive in the world around us, from micro to macro—and to reveal the profound links between these spheres, microphysics and cosmology, which must converge if we are to attain a deeper and broader comprehension of the Universe in all its subtle tones.

The mechanical interactions in the dynamics of the Web and its components, and of the materials produced within them, are influenced, ultimately, by temporal inhomogeneities, or rather by the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations that resonate around the Planck scale and that by expansion and self-organization tend to grow in Space and Time, evolving into increasingly larger and more persistent Dark Structures, until they saturate, even through collisions and fusions, all available Space. Perturbation that organizes itself, correlations that consolidate, interact, spread, impose, until they form the large voids that we have described. And these in turn, swirling in the Universe, form the other components of the Web, and then bubbles, Halos. Bubbles everywhere, swirling depressions in dark turbulence.

The mechanical interactions within the dynamics of the Web, its constituents, and the materials emerging therein, are ultimately governed by temporal inhomogeneities—or more precisely, by the temporal distribution of elementary spatial fluctuations, resonating near the Planck scale, which through expansion and self-organization tend to amplify across Space and Time. These fluctuations evolve into increasingly vast and persistent Dark Structures, eventually saturating—by way of collisions and fusions—all available Space. Perturbation that self-organizes, correlations that solidify, interact, propagate, prevail—until giving rise to the large voids we have described. These voids, in turn, swirling across the Universe, give birth to other Web components, including bubbles and Halos. Swirling depressions in dark turbulence—bubbles everywhere.

And then Ordinary Matter, which in those bubbles condenses, aggregates, evolves, towards clouds of gas, stars, galaxies, clusters, moving incessantly, sometimes more slowly, sometimes faster, like in rushing torrents, up to calmer, but more crowded lakes. All mechanical interactions, in the end, must be traced back to what we have just said, to Perturbation, to inhomogeneities in the rhythm of Time, or, in equivalent terms, of the distribution of negative and positive Mass, as described in this work, and to gravitational attractive and repulsive phenomena (Translation produced by Perturbation, Variation of Motion / Acceleration—produced by differences in Mass, in the rhythm of Time).

And then Ordinary Matter, which within these bubbles condenses, aggregates, and evolves—into gas clouds, stars, galaxies, clusters—ceaselessly moving, sometimes slowly, sometimes swiftly like rushing torrents, until reaching calmer yet more crowded lakes. In essence, all mechanical interactions must trace their origin to the aforementioned dynamics: to Perturbation, to inhomogeneities in the rhythm of Time—or equivalently, the distribution of negative and positive Mass—as characterized in this work, and to gravitational attraction and repulsion (Translation arising from Perturbation, Variation of Motion / Acceleration—induced by differences in Mass and Time rhythm).

The main forms of mechanical interaction between the components of the Cosmic Web, which design and evolve its structure and characterize its dynamics, are the "compression / expansion" of the bubbles / Dark Halos and the "friction" resulting from the sliding of the peripheral regions of the rotating bubbles / Dark Halos due to the proximity produced by the compression of the interstitial regions produced by the tendency of the bubbles themselves to expand.

The chief forms of mechanical interaction among Cosmic Web components, which sculpt and evolve its structure and dynamics, are "compression / expansion" of bubbles / Dark Halos and "friction" arising from the sliding of peripheral zones of rotating bubbles / Dark Halos—caused by proximity induced by the compression of interstitial regions, themselves prompted by the expansion tendency of those bubbles.

Compression and expansion

Expansion and compression are two fundamental phenomena in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web, in the formation and evolution of its components and the materials that form, evolve and move in them.

Expansion and compression are two foundational phenomena in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web, underlying the formation and evolution of its components and the materials therein.

They are not expressed and do not consist only in the processes of gravitational collapse and cosmic expansion. All the components of the Web and the materials in them are affected in various ways by these fundamental processes.

They are not confined to gravitational collapse and cosmic expansion alone. Every constituent of the Web and all embedded material are influenced in multifaceted ways by these fundamental dynamics.

We have seen how the expansion of the voids has led to saturation, to the complete dark structuring of all available Space. And, furthermore, how the large voids, as well as in general all dark bubbles of any extension and density, in the dynamics of mutual interaction experience forces that produce compression (reduction of extension) and densification (increase in the average density of Mass), as well as an increase in the inhomogeneity of the distribution profile of the Mass (negative and positive) and of the vorticity and angular velocity (intrinsic rotation)—conservation of the Dark Charge and of the Dark Spin, which influences the speed of the extrinsic rotation—conservation of the angular momentum.

We’ve seen how the expansion of voids led to saturation—to the complete dark structuring of all accessible Space. Moreover, how large voids—alongside dark bubbles of varied extension and density—undergo mutual interactions that generate compression (dimensional contraction) and densification (rise in average Mass density), as well as increasing inhomogeneities in the Mass distribution profile (negative and positive) and in vorticity and angular velocity (intrinsic rotation)—conservation of the Dark Charge and Dark Spin, which modulate the extrinsic rotational velocity—conservation of angular momentum.

The compression of the interstitial regions that produce sheets / walls and filaments, and crush them producing significant increases in the speed of flow of the materials inside them and towards the nodes, as well as densification of the Dark and Visible Structures, etc.

Compression of interstitial regions produces sheets / walls and filaments, which become crushed and experience intensified flow velocities of materials within them and toward the nodes—accompanied by densification of both Dark and Visible Structures.

In the regions of greater density, such as filaments and nodes, to the compression exerted by the large voids, gravitational forces are added, which attract the matter towards the inside and cause it to compress, aggregate, collapse into more compact and articulated structures. These are the birthplaces of galaxies and clusters.

In high-density domains—filaments and nodes—the compression exerted by large voids is compounded by gravitational forces, which draw Matter inward, thereby facilitating aggregation and collapse into more compact and complex structures. These are the cosmic cradles where galaxies and clusters are born.

What we can say in general, both on the dark and visible side of the components of the Web and the materials that form and evolve in them, is that expansion and compression are local phenomena. There are general trends, but the direction, intensity, timing, etc. of these processes are exquisitely local, as they depend on the local dynamics, the interactions of these components, their shape, mutual relations, and so on. In this sense, the whole issue of tensions between different measures of the parameters that characterize what is called cosmic expansion is obviously meaningless. There is no cosmic expansion of Space-time in itself, so there are no universal parameters.

Generally, on both the dark and visible sides of Web components and embedded materials, expansion and compression are localized phenomena. Global tendencies may exist, but the direction, intensity, and cadence of these processes are fundamentally local—contingent on internal dynamics, mutual interactions, geometric configuration, and reciprocal relations. From this perspective, the discourse surrounding tensions in different measurements of parameters supposedly defining cosmic expansion becomes evidently misplaced. There is no intrinsic cosmic expansion of Space-time—therefore, no universal parameters.

We should already be happy to be able to determine a range of values ​​and an average distribution in that range, perhaps, by type of Web components involved. For example, average rate of expansion of voids as a function of their extension and density. Average rate of compression of nodes as a function of the compression forces exerted by the voids that surround and compress them. Always taking into account that each specific local configuration is the result of the complex interaction between many components, each with its own peculiar dynamics, and of substructures that oppose greater or lesser resistance, or exert greater or lesser forces, in different directions, etc. The dynamics of the cosmos is truly complex, and in my opinion, cannot be represented by universal parameters, and reduced to standardized processes.

We should be content if we succeed in determining a range of values, and perhaps an average distribution across that spectrum—by category of Web components, for example: average expansion rate of voids as a function of their size and density; average compression rate of nodes based on compressive forces from surrounding voids. Always bearing in mind that each specific local configuration arises from intricate interplay among numerous components—each possessing its own distinct dynamics—and substructures that exert various degrees of resistance or force in multiple directions. The cosmic dynamics are profoundly complex, and in my view, defy representation by universal parameters or reduction to standardized models.

It is a turbulent world. Chaos and order compete for the organization of Space-time, of the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Forces and Fields, Action, Information / Energy, InfoStructures, Forms. Everything, at all levels, is formed and evolves in this formative process in perpetual disequilibrium between uncertainty and determination, between chaos and order. Turbulence everywhere. The nightmare of science, especially physics, which has among its main purposes the prediction of the results of observations, of experiments.

It is a turbulent cosmos. Chaos and order vie for dominion over Space-time’s architecture, over the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Forces and Fields, Action, Information / Energy, InfoStructures, Forms—everything, across all scales, originates and evolves within this formative crucible of perpetual disequilibrium between uncertainty and determination, chaos and order. Turbulence, everywhere. The great challenge—perhaps even the nightmare—of science, especially physics, which seeks above all to predict outcomes of observation and experimentation.

And again, compression and expansion also concern the materials that form and evolve in the Cosmic Web. They concern gas clouds, dust, stars that form, swell, explode, collapse, and so on. And they concern star clusters, galaxies and their internal substructures. The accretion disks of active galactic black holes, their jets, but also protoplanetary disks, planets, and everything that is part of the Universe. The dynamics of everything that exists seems to be characterized in some way by processes of compression and expansion. Let's think of our heart, which allows us to live thanks to these rhythmic dynamics. A dynamic dance that feeds on attraction and repulsion, and manifests itself as condensation and rarefaction, approach and distance, contact and distance, and so on.

And yet, compression and expansion also permeate the materials formed and evolved within the Cosmic Web. These processes affect gas clouds, dust, stars that form, swell, explode, collapse—and likewise star clusters, galaxies, and their substructures. Active galactic nuclei and accretion disks, their jets—protoplanetary disks, planets, everything comprising the Universe. All entities appear to reflect—in some measure—compressive and expansive dynamics. Consider the human heart, sustaining life through rhythmic expansion and contraction. A dynamic dance fueled by attraction and repulsion—manifesting as condensation and rarefaction, approach and retreat, contact and separation, and so on.

Compression and expansion also concern the formation of these same materials that we have just mentioned. The formation, evolution and dynamics of medium and small dark bubbles, and of the turbulence in which they move, are also related to the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, in the friction between large dark bubbles.

Compression and expansion also pertain to the genesis of the very materials just mentioned. The formation, evolution, and dynamics of medium and small dark bubbles, and the turbulence surrounding them, are intimately linked to the emergence of Ordinary Matter—particularly through the friction between large dark bubbles.

The role of friction and dynamical friction

As already expressed in this section, friction, especially between the large dark bubbles of the voids, between their external regions dominated by Dark Energy—friction only partly mitigated by the smaller bubbles located in the interstitial spaces, in the sheets / walls, filaments and nodes, which play the role of a sort of "lubricating cushion" so to speak—is one of the most relevant aspects of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and is the origin of many cosmic phenomena.

As already expressed in this section, friction—especially between the large dark bubbles of the voids, across their external regions dominated by Dark Energy—friction only partly mitigated by the smaller bubbles scattered throughout the interstitial spaces, sheets / walls, filaments, and nodes, which serve as a kind of "lubricating cushion," so to speak—is one of the most relevant aspects of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web, and the source of many cosmic phenomena.

Among these, the formation of dark bubbles of smaller dimensions (Dark Halos of galaxies, clusters and superclusters), peculiar motions of materials (gas, galaxies, etc.) in the interstitial regions (sheets, filaments, and partly in the nodes), processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, and of its addressing towards the areas of gravitational concentration, etc. Dynamical friction is also fundamental in characterizing intra-component dynamics, especially the dynamics of galactic bubbles within the turbulent nodal areas hosting clusters and superclusters.

Among these are the formation of smaller dark bubbles (Dark Halos of galaxies, clusters, and superclusters), peculiar motions of matter (gas, galaxies, etc.) in the interstitial regions (sheets, filaments, and—partially—in the nodes), processes of Ordinary Matter formation, and the addressing of such matter toward gravitational concentrations. Dynamical friction is also essential for characterizing intra-component dynamics, particularly the behavior of galactic bubbles within turbulent nodal domains hosting clusters and superclusters.

Chiral interactions

Chirality is present almost everywhere in the Universe. It comes from one of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, which I have precisely called Rotation:Chirality. It can manifest itself both at the level of intrinsic rotations (the intrinsic rotation of each point of the Structure, of the Space it occupies, ultimately, of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that time by time supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the aforementioned Structure) of Vortex-type InfoStructures, and in their extrinsic rotation (the rotation of the entire Structure as a whole body). It plays an important role in many of the dynamics that concern the structures of the infinitely small and the cosmic dynamics. The topic is deeply rooted in questions regarding the role of symmetries, the ways of expression of fundamental forces and interactions, and the large-scale structure of the Universe, among the most relevant. As previously stated, chirality on the dark side of the world manifests itself in what we can call the Dark Charge of cosmic megastructures.

Chirality is present almost everywhere in the Universe. It originates from one of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, which I have named Rotation:Chirality. It may manifest both at the level of intrinsic rotations (the inner rotation of each point of a Structure, of the Space it occupies—in essence, of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that temporarily sustains the Existence and Essence / Form of that Structure), and at the level of extrinsic rotation (the rotation of the entire Structure as a unified body). It plays a major role in many phenomena—both within the infinitesimally small and across cosmic scales.

The topic is deeply tied to questions regarding the role of symmetries, the modalities of fundamental forces and interactions, and the vast architecture of the Universe. As previously indicated, chirality on the dark side of reality manifests as what I refer to as the Dark Charge of cosmic megastructures.

In cosmology, as far as I know, only recently are we starting to take into consideration that at the cosmic level chiral asymmetries exist and are relevant in the large-scale structures of the cosmos. We are also starting to evaluate how chirality at the cosmic level can influence and have influenced the behavior of particles (e.g. neutrinos, such as their oscillations) and the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the early Universe. Without forgetting the possible impact on the prevalence of chiral modes defined on organic molecules present in the Universe, which could be responsible for the appearance of life and its biomolecular peculiarities.

In cosmology, as far as I know, we have only recently begun considering that chiral asymmetries do exist—and are significant—at cosmological scales. Research is increasingly exploring how cosmic chirality may affect and may have affected particle behavior (e.g. neutrino oscillations), the matter–antimatter imbalance in the early Universe, and even the dominance of certain chiral modes in organic molecules dispersed throughout the cosmos—which could underlie the emergence of life and its molecular asymmetries.

Is it possible to ask whether the Universe itself can express a preferential "chirality"? Whether the Universe itself is globally rotating in a defined direction.

Is it legitimate to ask whether the Universe itself displays a preferential chirality? Whether it rotates globally with a defined orientation.

In my vision of the nature, origin, evolution, structure and dynamics of the Universe and the Cosmic Web, and of its components that we have described above, it is clear that chirality, the direction of rotation of the Dark Vortex InfoStructures, which constitute the dynamic skeleton of the Web, is fundamental to understanding central phenomena in the development of the Universe, such as the interaction of large void bubbles, the formation of dark structures of smaller extension, the formation and compression of interstitial regions, the formation of Ordinary Matter, the processes of compression, collapse and formation of large gas clouds, galaxies, and so on.

In my vision of the nature, origin, evolution, structure, and dynamics of the Universe and the Cosmic Web—and of the components described above—it is evident that chirality, the rotational direction of the Dark Vortex InfoStructures forming the dynamic skeleton of the Web, is central to understanding key phenomena in cosmic development. These include the interaction of large void bubbles, formation of smaller dark structures, compression of interstitial regions, generation of Ordinary Matter, and sequences of collapse leading to star formation and galactic development.

That in the very long evolution of the Universe, from homogeneity to the current complex differentiation, extended processes and repeated interactions, collisions and mergers, we have brought out a prevalent chirality, especially at the largest cosmological scales, I do not think there can be many doubts. More and more signs of such prevalence are emerging in observations, especially at the level of galactic bubbles. But I believe that, if such an observational investigation could be conducted on large voids, the result would be even more clear in favor of a chiral prevalence.

Through the Universe’s immense evolutionary arc—from early homogeneity to present-day intricate differentiation—extended cycles of interaction, collision, and fusion have, in my view, led to an emergent chiral prevalence, especially on the largest cosmological scales. The evidence is mounting in observational data, particularly at the level of galactic bubbles. I believe that if similar analyses were conducted on large voids, the signs of chiral dominance would be even more apparent.

In order for bubbles of increasingly smaller extension to form in the universal dark turbulence, it is necessary for the large bubbles to expand and develop frictional dynamics in their peripheral regions (formed by Dark Energy, positive Mass). Two vortices kept in contact tend to repel each other and, if they cannot do so, they tend to develop turbulence in the external regions in friction. But only if their chirality is concordant. If it is discordant, once the repulsion of the Dark Energy regions due to the overlapping of areas with positive Mass is overcome, they will tend to attract each other chirally, to interpenetrate, to annihilate. Just like what happens to an electron / positron pair that we force to approach beyond a certain minimum distance threshold.

For smaller dark bubbles to emerge within universal dark turbulence, large bubbles must expand and develop frictional dynamics along their outer boundaries (formed by Dark Energy—positive Mass). When two vortices remain in contact, they tend to repel. If repulsion fails, they begin developing turbulent friction in the overlapping peripheral zones. But only if their chirality is concordant. If discordant, once the Dark Energy repulsion due to overlapping regions of positive Mass is overcome, the vortices tend to attract chirally, interpenetrate, and annihilate—mirroring what occurs when an electron–positron pair is forced within a critical proximity threshold.

In my opinion, the prevalence of one direction in the chirality of the large dark bubbles, in the large voids that dominate the dynamics of the Web, is the key to explaining the prevalence of what we call matter to the detriment of what we call anti-matter. In the incessant processes of formation of new Ordinary Matter (leptons), in the regions of friction, in the processes of acceleration and interaction of the elementary particles thus produced, which produce more complex particles (quark nucleons), a prevailing chirality at a universal level, in my opinion, would be the reason for the scarcity of antimatter. To put it in evolutionary terms, the environment influences the evolutionary processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, causing the selection of matter particles to the detriment of antimatter particles, as well as influencing the processes of their formation.

In my interpretation, the dominance of a single chirality direction among the large dark bubbles—within the vast voids that orchestrate the Web’s dynamics—is the key to explaining the prevalence of what we call matter, and the scarcity of what we call antimatter. In the incessant generation of new Ordinary Matter (leptons) inside friction zones, and during acceleration and interaction of the resulting particles (giving rise to more complex entities—quark nucleons), a global chiral bias, in my opinion, would underlie the imbalance. Said in evolutionary terms: the environment shapes the formation processes of Ordinary Matter, guiding the selection of matter particles over antimatter particles, and sculpting the trajectories of their formation.

Chiral attraction and repulsion

The concept of chiral attraction and repulsion arises in systems where chirality plays a role in the way the structures that compose such systems interact. This is particularly interesting in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and its components.

The concept of chiral attraction and repulsion arises in systems where chirality governs the way the constituent structures interact. This becomes particularly meaningful in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and its components.

Here, chiral interactions can interfere with other types of interactions, mechanical and gravitational, attenuating or emphasizing their intensity, but also their direction, verse, speeds, times, etc. These influences can contribute to the breaking of symmetries and the development of peculiar, local dynamics, which can also significantly affect the general dynamics of the Web, its structure and composition.

Here, chiral interactions may intersect with other types of interactions, such as mechanical and gravitational ones—dampening or amplifying their strength, as well as modifying direction, orientation, velocity, timing, and more. These influences can lead to symmetry breaking and the emergence of distinctive, local dynamics that may substantially affect the overall behavior, structure, and composition of the Web.

Attraction and repulsion, modulated by chiral interaction, can trigger and influence processes of expansion or contraction, can favor or prevent fusions, or productive frictions of other turbulence and structures of smaller extension and greater density, and so on.

Attraction and repulsion, modulated through chiral interaction, can initiate and direct processes of expansion or contraction, can foster or inhibit fusion events, or stimulate frictional dynamics that generate turbulence and structures of smaller extension and greater density.

In short, the concordance or discordance of chirality, through chiral attraction and repulsion, does not limit itself to influencing the trajectories of the processes that are expressed in the Cosmic Web, but can influence the very dynamics of the interactions between its components, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes and all the materials that form and evolve within it.

In essence, the concordance or discordance of chirality—expressed via chiral attraction and repulsion—does not merely affect the trajectories of processes unfolding in the Cosmic Web. It can fundamentally shape the very dynamics of interaction among its components: voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes, and all the material substances forming and evolving within them.

Chiral evolution

Let's summarize. As said countless times in these pages, everything evolves. Evolution is one of the two fundamental subprocesses into which, only for descriptive needs, we can ideally divide the unitary Process of Formation of Reality. As described in several sections of this chapter, even the chirality of the large structures that dominate the Web, the voids, has undergone an evolution, and has been at the center of evolutionary processes that have determined a prevalence in the direction.

Let's summarize. As reiterated numerous times throughout these pages, everything evolves. Evolution is one of the two foundational subprocesses—only separated for descriptive clarity—within the unitary Process of Formation of Reality. As detailed in several sections of this chapter, even the chirality of the large-scale structures that dominate the Web—namely the voids—has evolved, playing a central role in evolutionary paths that determined directional prevalence.

A minimal random prevalence of chirality in the first expansions of elementary spatial fluctuations (in the Component of Elementary Action that I called Rotation:Chirality precisely), when the large dark bubbles that we call voids were still very far from forming, Space was not yet saturated with such dark structures, in the extremely dilated times of the development of the Universe, expanded more and more and through interactions, annihilations and fusions transformed into what I hypothesize is the current chiral prevalence of large and very large scale.

A minimal random bias in chirality, present during the earliest expansions of elementary spatial fluctuations (within the Component of Elementary Action I’ve termed Rotation:Chirality), when the large dark bubbles known as voids had not yet formed and Space remained unsaturated by dark structures, over the immensely stretched timescales of cosmic development, grew progressively stronger—and through countless interactions, annihilations, and mergers, resulted in what I hypothesize as the current large-scale chiral prevalence.

Voids and giant voids that, precisely because of their concordance of chirality, having saturated the entire available Space, interacting kinetically, mechanically and gravitationally, compressing themselves and compressing the interstitial regions, in the friction areas have produced and produce other Dark Structures of lesser extension and greater density, up to the microscopic InfoStructures that we call Elementary Particles, the first seeds of the structures that have progressively formed and continue to form to compose Ordinary Matter.

Voids and giant voids—specifically through their chiral concordance—have saturated available Space. Their kinetic, mechanical, and gravitational interplay compresses their boundaries and the surrounding interstitial regions. Within these frictional zones, they have generated—and continue to generate—new Dark Structures of smaller size and higher density, down to microscopic InfoStructures referred to as Elementary Particles: the seeds of structures that gradually emerged and continue to assemble Ordinary Matter.

Here too we find the Cycle of Information, and the evolutionary operators that structure the dynamics of the Elementary Field in the peculiar ways that in our medium-scale perspective we observe as large dark bubbles, voids and giant voids precisely. Organization, Transformation and Selection. Broadly speaking, and expressed in an approximate and not completely rigorous form, Organization allows the structuring of the seeds of the voids, and allows their growth, with their own random chirality. Transformation, through interactions, produces the destructuring, the annihilation, the disappearance by incorporation of bubbles with discordant chirality with respect to the emerging prevalence. Selection allows the survival and causal permanence of bubbles that are compatible with the cosmic chiral environment, and determines the elimination of non-compatible bubbles.

Even here, we uncover the Cycle of Information, and its evolutionary operators that shape the dynamics of the Elementary Field, manifesting—at our medium-scale vantage point—as large dark bubbles, voids, and giant voids. Organization, Transformation, and Selection serve as the operators. In general terms—and with some conceptual approximation—Organization allows the birth and growth of void seeds, each with their random chirality. Transformation, through interaction, leads to destructuring, annihilation, and absorption of bubbles exhibiting discordant chirality relative to the emerging dominance. Selection ensures survival and causal persistence of bubbles aligned with the prevailing cosmic chiral environment, while eliminating those that are not.

Spin-related / magnetic interactions

The Cosmic Web is woven with magnetic fields that play a subtle but profound role in shaping cosmic evolution. Recent studies in astrophysics and cosmology suggest that magnetic interactions in the Cosmic Web arise from both primordial origins (such as those seeded during cosmic inflation) and astrophysical processes (such as galactic winds and jets from active galactic nuclei). These magnetic phenomena are thought to be particularly relevant in filaments, where they would be less influenced by the dynamics of galaxy formation and could preserve ancient magnetic signatures. Evidence from radio observation techniques such as rotation measurement (RM) and accumulation of synchrotron emissions for estimating the intensity and structure of magnetic fields in intergalactic space is supported. Magnetic shock waves, weak radio signals produced by the gravitational compression of filaments, have recently been observed.

The Cosmic Web is threaded with magnetic fields that exert a subtle yet profound influence over cosmic evolution. Recent studies in astrophysics and cosmology suggest that magnetic interactions within the Web stem from both primordial origins (such as those presumed to arise during cosmic inflation) and astrophysical processes (like galactic winds and jets from active galactic nuclei). These magnetic phenomena are considered especially pertinent in filaments, where they remain relatively uninfluenced by galaxy formation dynamics and could retain ancient magnetic signatures. Supporting evidence comes from radio observational techniques—such as rotation measurement (RM) and synchrotron emission accumulation—used to estimate the intensity and structure of magnetic fields in intergalactic space. Recently, magnetic shock waves—faint radio signals caused by gravitational compression within filaments—have been observed.

Obviously I do not agree with the references to primordial formative processes, Big Bang and Inflation. And furthermore, in my opinion there is more. Both from the point of view of the nature of these magnetic fields, and from the point of view of their origin, structure, dynamics, and role in the formative and evolutionary processes that affect the Web.

Clearly, I do not agree with references to primordial formative processes such as the Big Bang and Inflation. And furthermore, I believe there is more to understand. This applies to the nature of these magnetic fields, their origin, their structural and dynamic properties, and the roles they play in the formative and evolutionary processes governing the Web.

Here we are not talking about the topic of the orientation of the extrinsic rotation axis, the Dark Spin, a complementary topic to the one we discussed above, i.e. the chirality of the extrinsic rotation and the Dark Charge in the Web. Extrinsic rotation that has a notable relevance in the dynamic processes of the Web, of the interaction between its components.

We are not referring here to the orientation of the extrinsic rotation axis—Dark Spin—as previously discussed in relation to the chirality of extrinsic rotation and Dark Charge within the Web. Extrinsic rotation carries substantial relevance for the dynamic processes of the Web and the interactions between its components.

Here I want to discuss the topic of the intrinsic rotation of the structures that make up the Cosmic Web, which manifest themselves as magnetic phenomena in which the magnetic characteristics of the structures of Ordinary Matter that populate many of the Dark Structures actively and passively participate, except obviously the large voids that, as we have seen, do not contain Ordinary Matter, or contain only traces of it.

What I want to address here is the intrinsic rotation of the structures composing the Cosmic Web, which manifest as magnetic phenomena. These phenomena involve both active and passive contributions from the magnetic properties of Ordinary Matter structures inhabiting many Dark Structures—excluding, of course, the large voids, which, as noted, either do not contain Ordinary Matter or contain only minimal traces.

As with Particles, the immensely larger Vortex-type Dark InfoStructures also exhibit a characteristic that we consider to be the root of magnetic phenomena, namely the correlation of the spatial orientation of the rotation axis of the event points in the region of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the Structures themselves. From the point of view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field and Elementary Action, we call this as Rotation:AxisOrientation. It is the root of Spin, both at the level of the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter / Energy.

Just as with Particles, the immensely larger Vortex-type Dark InfoStructures exhibit a foundational characteristic often considered the source of magnetic phenomena: the spatial correlation in the orientation of rotation axes of event points within the region of the Elementary Field that moment-by-moment sustains the Existence and Essence / Form of these Structures. In terms of Elementary Field dynamics and Elementary Action, this aspect is termed Rotation:AxisOrientation. This is the root of Spin—both for InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter / Energy.

So, in addition to the extrinsic rotation, the rotation of cosmic structures in their unity and entirety, especially of large voids, which is relevant for kinetic and mechanical processes and for the interactions between the various components of the Web, there is a dimension of intrinsic rotation that I summarize in the concept of Dark Spin, which shows two complementary parameters, chirality and orientation of the rotation axis. I remember that both for the external rotation, and even more for the intrinsic one, these structures can manifest and, given their relevant Space-time extensions, manifest what I called "polydynamism", which leads to the coexistence in the same structure of different internal and/or external dynamic processes at the same time. Condition that, in analogy to that which manifests itself in the dynamics of Particles, of quantum objects, we can call "superposition".

Thus, beyond extrinsic rotation—the collective rotation of cosmic structures, especially large voids, which is key to kinetic and mechanical processes and component interactions in the Web—there exists an intrinsic rotation dimension encapsulated by the concept of Dark Spin, comprising two complementary parameters: chirality and axis orientation. I note that both extrinsic and especially intrinsic rotation can, due to the extensive Space-time domains involved, exhibit what I have called "polydynamism", allowing different internal and/or external dynamic processes to co-exist within a single structure. This is analogous to behavior in quantum objects and Particles—what we may term "superposition".

We therefore focus on the intrinsic rotation, not on the Dark Spin (the Spin of the structure as a whole), but on the Spin that we spoke about in relation to the Vortex-type Structures that make up Ordinary Matter, the Particles. The Spin that has to do not with the rotation of a Particle in its entirety, as a solid and unitary body, but with the Rotation (as a component of the Elementary Action) of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that time by time supports the Existence and the Essence / Form of the Particle itself. The correlation of the Component of the Elementary Action that I call Rotation:AxisOrientation of the event points of the Elementary Field is the root (in addition to the shape of the Particle) especially of its Spin and related magnetic phenomena.

Our focus here is on intrinsic rotation—not Dark Spin as the rotation of the entire structure, but Spin in the context of Vortex-type Structures constituting Ordinary Matter, namely Particles. This Spin pertains not to the rotation of the Particle as a solid unified body, but to the Rotation (as a component of Elementary Action) of each event point in the region of the Elementary Field that continuously sustains the Existence and Essence / Form of the Particle. The correlation of the Elementary Action component I call Rotation:AxisOrientation across event points in the Elementary Field forms the basis—alongside Particle shape—of its Spin and associated magnetic phenomena.

Dark bubbles, at all dimensional scales, from the most extensive and rarefied, to the smallest and densest (such as the bubbles that host galaxies, with their Dark Halo and the more or less visible structures formed by Ordinary Matter) can show correlation patterns that produce magnetic fields that are more or less intense and also have very irregular shapes. Given the very low densities of negative and positive Mass, characteristic of the Dark Matter / Energy that composes the bubbles, it is clear that the intensity of the correlations cannot be very high and consequently the relative magnetic fields will not be very intense. Nevertheless, considering the extensions involved, the effects could be quite significant.

Dark bubbles, across all dimensional scales—from the most expansive and rarefied to the smallest and densest (such as those that host galaxies, complete with Dark Halos and embedded structures composed of Ordinary Matter)—can display patterns of correlation that generate magnetic fields of varying intensity and irregular morphology. Due to the inherently low densities of negative and positive Mass characterizing Dark Matter / Energy within these bubbles, it stands to reason that the strength of such correlations is not especially high, and thus the resulting magnetic fields may be weak. Yet, given the sheer spatial scale involved, the impact of these fields could still be quite significant.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion

Exposed, immersed in a magnetic field (presence of correlation of the orientation of the axis of rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field in the surrounding region of a Particle or a Dark Structure with non-zero Spin) the Spin of both a particle and a Dark bubble / Halo (presence of correlation of the orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field that time by time support such Structure, both of a Particle and a Dark Structure, both Vortex-type InfoStructures) tends to reorient itself in Space (all event points that support such Structure undergo an "intrinsic" rotation) so as to minimize the total Action.

Exposed—immersed—in a magnetic field (correlation of the orientation of the rotation axis of the event points of the Elementary Field surrounding a Particle or a Dark Structure with non-zero Spin), the Spin of both a particle and a Dark bubble / Halo (correlation of the orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field that time by time support such Structure, both for a Particle and a Dark Structure—both Vortex-type InfoStructures) tends to reorient itself in Space (all event points supporting the Structure undergo an "intrinsic" rotation) so as to minimize total Action.

If the Structure is constrained by other interactions with the Field and/or with other Structures, the reorientation can lead to a parallel or antiparallel alignment. And this condition leads to situations, to interactions where a magnetic force manifests itself that causes attraction (in the case of parallel orientation of the spin in the Field and the Spin of the observed Structure) or repulsion (in the opposite case of antiparallel orientation).

If the Structure is constrained by interactions with the Field and/or other Structures, the reorientation may lead to a parallel or antiparallel alignment. These conditions generate interactions in which magnetic forces manifest as either attraction (parallel orientation between the Field’s spin and the Structure’s Spin) or repulsion (antiparallel orientation).

In the complex environment of the Cosmic Web, magnetic attraction and repulsion derive from the interaction of magnetic fields (magnetic field = structured Elementary Field, observed from the point of view of the correlations of the orientations of the Rotation axes associated with the Megastructures that compose it).

In the intricate environment of the Cosmic Web, magnetic attraction and repulsion arise from interactions between magnetic fields (magnetic field = structured Elementary Field, observed through the lens of correlated Rotation axis orientations associated with the Megastructures that comprise it).

These magnetic fields, producing attraction / repulsion, influence both the Dark Structures of the Cosmic Web and the Ordinary Matter Structures, the Particles of Ordinary (visible) Matter with Spin.

These magnetic fields, by producing attraction / repulsion, influence both the Dark Structures of the Cosmic Web and the Ordinary Matter Structures—specifically, the Particles of Ordinary (visible) Matter possessing Spin.

Charged particles that spiral along the lines of the magnetic field can create synchrotron radiation, which are detected by radio telescopes. Observations of this radiation, along with rotation measurements (which track how magnetic fields distort light), help scientists map the strength and structure of magnetism in the Web, and the intrinsic and, to some extent, extrinsic rotation of the Dark Structures involved.

Charged particles spiraling along magnetic field lines can emit synchrotron radiation, observable via radio telescopes. These emissions—along with rotation measurements tracking how magnetic fields influence light—help researchers map the strength and configuration of magnetism in the Web, and both intrinsic and extrinsic rotation of the involved Dark Structures.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion also influence the formation and evolution of galaxies, through important mechanisms / phenomena, including regulating star formation (by influencing the gravitational concentration and collapse of gas and dust clouds), shaping galactic structure (in spiral galaxies, magnetic fields are often aligned with the spiral arms), and the orientation of galactic winds and outflows from galaxies (winds that can remove the gas needed for star formation and dust that determines their chemical composition/metallicity). Intergalactic magnetic fields can also shape the environment in which galaxies evolve and influence the flows of gas and dust in Web components such as sheets, filaments, and within nodes. The rotational dynamics of galaxies and the charged particles/atoms/molecules within them can amplify weak galactic magnetic fields, causing additional ionized gas to rotate, effectively amplifying these fields in feedback loops that tend to preserve and amplify the magnetic structure of both galaxies and clusters.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion also play a decisive role in the formation and evolution of galaxies, through mechanisms that regulate star formation (influencing gravitational collapse of gas and dust), shape galactic morphology (in spiral galaxies, magnetic fields often align with the spiral arms), and direct galactic winds and outflows (which can remove star-forming gas and dust, affecting chemical composition and metallicity). Intergalactic magnetic fields also structure the environments in which galaxies evolve and guide flows of gas and dust in Web components such as sheets, filaments, and nodes. Rotational dynamics of galaxies—and the behavior of charged particles, atoms, and molecules within them—can amplify weak magnetic fields, further energizing surrounding ionized gas in feedback loops that reinforce and preserve the magnetic architecture of galaxies and clusters.

A little more about these cosmic magnetic generators. We have just talked about how galaxies, with their movements of conductive substances / fluids / plasma, generate and sustain magnetic fields (a phenomenon that we could associate with the image of a dynamo, which, acting on the turbulent and chaotic motions of the dark turbulence that characterizes the entire dark environment of the Cosmic Web, converts the kinetic energy of charged Structures into magnetic energy). But, as I have already said, in my opinion, it is not only the vortical, rotating movements of the ionized gas that generate / amplify the magnetic fields of the Structures that make up the Cosmic Web and the galaxies that populate them, it is the Dark Structures themselves that by various mechanisms show correlations in the orientation of the intrinsic rotation axes of the event points of the Field that support them (magnetic fields, in fact, weak, but extremely extensive and pervasive).

A little more about these cosmic magnetic generators. Galaxies—through their motions of conductive substances / fluids / plasma—generate and sustain magnetic fields (similar to a dynamo effect), converting kinetic energy into magnetic energy within the turbulent and chaotic currents of the dark environment that permeates the Cosmic Web. But, as previously emphasized, it is not solely the vortical movements of ionized gas that generate and amplify the magnetic fields of the Web’s Structures. The Dark Structures themselves—through mechanisms that correlate the orientation of intrinsic rotation axes of the event points of the Field supporting them—also produce magnetic fields (less intense, but extremely widespread and persistent).

All these magnetic fields, both those generated by the dynamics of the Structures of Ordinary Matter (more intense and spatially concentrated), and those associated with the dynamics of the InfoStructures of Dark Matter / Energy (less intense, more rarefied, but very extensive in the Cosmos) are further influenced by inhomogeneities of the kinetic dynamics of the Cosmic Structures, such as, for example, differential rotation (galaxies rotate faster at the center than at the edges) and helical turbulence. Extended and coherent magnetic fields that can persist for billions of years, influencing, as mentioned, the life and shape of the Cosmic Web, its Components, galaxies, the interactions between the Dark Structures, as well as those between the Structures of Ordinary Matter that populate them. Collisions and mergers between galaxies, or between megastructures of the Web, can also significantly alter these magnetic fields that, in extremely dilated times, can reform and/or reconfigure starting from the residues of the previous fields.

These magnetic fields—both those generated by Ordinary Matter Structures (intense and spatially concentrated), and those linked to the dynamics of Dark Matter / Energy InfoStructures (weaker, rarefied, but vast in extension)—are further shaped by kinetic inhomogeneities in cosmic dynamics, such as differential rotation (e.g., galactic cores rotating faster than their outskirts) and helical turbulence. Broad, coherent magnetic fields can endure for billions of years, continually influencing the Cosmic Web’s evolution, its Components, galaxies, and interactions among Dark and Ordinary Structures. Collisions and mergers—whether between galaxies or larger Web structures—can dramatically reconfigure these fields, which, over extended timescales, may reconstruct and reorient themselves from the residual magnetism of past configurations.

Electromagnetic interactions

Electromagnetic interactions are believed to be one of the four fundamental forces of nature and govern the way in which electrically charged particles interact with each other. They result from the combination of electric forces (between stationary charges) and magnetic forces (between moving charges), are mediated by electromagnetic waves, Wave-type InfoStructures subtype "Multi-cycles", and by photons, what are commonly called "light particles", Wave-type InfoStructures subtype "Single-cycle", depending on the type of phenomenon that generates their emission. It is believed that electromagnetic waves / photons are made up of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate together, forming waves such as light, radio waves, X-rays, gamma rays, etc., structures that travel at the speed of light and are described by Maxwell's equations.

Electromagnetic interactions are believed to be one of the four fundamental forces of nature and govern how electrically charged particles engage with one another. These interactions arise from the union of electric forces (acting between stationary charges) and magnetic forces (between moving charges), and are mediated by electromagnetic waves—Wave-type InfoStructures, subtype "Multi-cycles"—and by photons, commonly referred to as "light particles", which are Wave-type InfoStructures, subtype "Single-cycle". The mediation depends on the nature of the phenomenon that triggers their emission. Electromagnetic waves / photons are understood to consist of electric and magnetic fields oscillating together, forming structures such as light, radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays—propagating at light speed and described by Maxwell's equations.

To return to the Cosmic Web, there are many phenomena that in some form include electromagnetic interactions. Let's say that our knowledge of the cosmos is almost entirely produced by electromagnetic interactions both in the production of electromagnetic messengers (light, x-rays, etc.) and in their detection, processing, interpretation, etc. We ourselves are electromagnetic systems: we exist, we live and we observe the world through electromagnetic interactions. Among the most significant phenomena and structures we can find:

• plasma and magnetic fields: the intergalactic medium is rich in ionized gas (plasma), which, as mentioned, interacts with magnetic fields (amplified by shocks of structural formation and by turbulence caused by the flow of matter along the filaments, as well as by the structure and dynamics of large cosmic structures). These interactions can generate synchrotron radiation, observable at radio wavelengths,
• radio and X-ray emissions: radio telescopes detect synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons spiraling in magnetic fields. X-ray observations reveal hot gas in filaments and cluster outskirts, often energized by shocks and mergers, emissions that help trace the otherwise invisible cosmic web,
• non-thermal energy conversion: as gas and dark matter accumulate on filaments and clusters, the kinetic energy is converted into non-thermal energy (e.g., cosmic rays, magnetic fields).

Returning to the Cosmic Web, numerous phenomena embody electromagnetic interactions in various forms. Indeed, our understanding of the cosmos is almost entirely shaped by electromagnetic interactions—through both the creation of electromagnetic messengers (light, X-rays, etc.) and their detection, analysis, and interpretation. We ourselves are electromagnetic systems: our existence, life, and perception of reality rely on electromagnetic exchanges. Among the most significant phenomena and structures we can identify: *plasma and magnetic fields: the intergalactic medium contains ionized gas (plasma), which interacts with magnetic fields—amplified by shocks due to structure formation and turbulence driven by matter flows along filaments, as well as by the configuration and dynamics of massive cosmic structures. These interactions can lead to synchrotron radiation, observable in radio wavelengths, *radio and X-ray emissions: radio telescopes capture synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons spiraling through magnetic fields. X-ray instruments detect hot gas in filaments and cluster edges—often energized by shocks and mergers—revealing emissions that help map the otherwise elusive cosmic web, *non-thermal energy conversion: when gas and dark matter coalesce in filaments and clusters, kinetic energy transforms into non-thermal energy (e.g., cosmic rays, magnetic fields).

All these processes, and many more, are crucial for understanding the energy budget of the Universe. Standard Dark Matter seems not to interact electromagnetically. But this assumption is born from the poor understanding of the fundamental nature of these phenomena, which in this work, despite its introductory nature, I have tried to improve. In the context of the hypotheses that I have put forward in the description of Matter and Energy of both the Dark / invisible and the Ordinary / visible side, of the InfoStructures that compose them and give them form and phenomenology, it is clear that the electromagnetic interaction between these two aspects of Reality cannot but be influenced by the immense differences in spatial extension, temporal dynamics, density of Mass, Charge and Spin.

All these mechanisms—and many others—are essential for deciphering the energy distribution of the Universe. Standard Dark Matter appears not to engage in electromagnetic interactions. However, this view stems from a limited grasp of these phenomena’s underlying nature—a gap this work, even in its introductory scope, seeks to narrow. In light of the hypotheses advanced here concerning the Matter and Energy of both Dark / invisible and Ordinary / visible domains—and the InfoStructures that shape their forms and behaviors—it becomes evident that electromagnetic interactions between these dual facets of Reality must be affected by vast disparities in spatial scale, temporal evolution, and densities of Mass, Charge, and Spin.

A photon emitted by a level jump of an electron in an atom, which occurs in a very small space and an infinitesimal time, will have a very small wavelength and a rather high action potential density. A photon (always a Single-cycle Wave) emitted in a deceleration of a galactic bubble, endowed with intrinsic chirality (similar to the electric charge of an electron, although with infinitely more modest density) in a collision with another galactic bubble, will have an extremely longer wavelength and a very low action potential density. What can we expect from this extreme difference in wavelength and action potential density? Zero or almost zero interaction. The photon produced by the dynamics of Dark InfoStructures (be careful, one could call it a dark photon, and that would also be correct, but let's avoid creating confusion with recent models proposed in the field of conventional physics, which see phantom dark photons at the center of attention) will produce only infinitesimal effects on Ordinary InfoStructures, and vice versa.

A photon emitted during an electron's energy level transition within an atom—occurring within minuscule space and infinitesimal time—will possess an extremely short wavelength and a high action potential density. Conversely, a photon (still a Single-cycle Wave) released during the deceleration of a galactic bubble—bearing intrinsic chirality (akin to an electron’s electric charge, though vastly lower in density)—in collision with another bubble, will exhibit an exceptionally long wavelength and very low action potential density. What does this discrepancy imply? A near-zero interaction. The photon emerging from Dark InfoStructure dynamics (one might call it a dark photon—but to avoid confusion with speculative constructs in contemporary physics, this term is best used with caution) will exert only minute effects on Ordinary InfoStructures, and vice versa.

Let's now see some types of electromagnetic interactions that have a particular cosmological significance.

Let’s now consider some forms of electromagnetic interaction that carry notable cosmological weight.

Dispersion

Dispersion occurs when radio waves from distant sources like Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) travel through ionized gas in the cosmic web. Electromagnetic interactions between free electrons and radio waves cause lower frequencies to slow down more than higher ones. This effect is measured as the Dispersion Measure (DM), which helps trace the density of electrons along the line of sight. Most of the dispersion comes from filaments in the cosmic web, revealing where the universe’s "missing baryons" are. Studying this helps map the large-scale structure of the universe and understand its plasma and magnetic field properties.

Dispersion occurs when radio waves from distant sources such as Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) traverse ionized gas within the Cosmic Web. Electromagnetic interactions between free electrons and radio waves cause lower frequencies to slow more than higher ones. This phenomenon is quantified as the Dispersion Measure (DM), which enables tracking of electron density along the line of sight. The majority of dispersion arises from filaments in the Cosmic Web, revealing the locations of the universe’s "missing baryons". Studying dispersion provides insights into the universe's large-scale structure and its plasma and magnetic field characteristics.

Ionization

The conventional story is that after the Big Bang, the universe cooled and formed neutral hydrogen, but then ionized again in a process called reionization. This ionization was caused by the first stars and galaxies, whose ultraviolet light stripped electrons from hydrogen atoms. The filaments of the cosmic web contain ionized gas (plasma), especially in regions heated by shock waves, star formation, and AGN activity. Ionized gas affects the way light travels through space, affecting measurements of scattering and the Faraday rotation of radio waves. Studying ionization helps track down missing baryons and understand the thermal and magnetic history of the universe.

The conventional narrative holds that after the Big Bang, the universe cooled, allowing neutral hydrogen to form—only to be later reionized in a process termed reionization. This reionization was driven by the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the earliest stars and galaxies, which stripped electrons from hydrogen atoms. The filaments of the Cosmic Web are rich in ionized gas (plasma), particularly in regions energized by shock waves, star formation, and AGN activity. This ionized gas alters the propagation of light through space, affecting scattering and Faraday rotation measurements of radio signals. Investigating ionization helps locate missing baryons and reconstruct the thermal and magnetic history of the cosmos.

Let's try a different story. The mechanical interaction between the large voids that structure the Cosmic Web, in the interstitial regions, the friction of Dark Matter / Energy triggers and fuels the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter in the form of elementary particles (leptons), at high temperature, great kinetic energy, accelerated both by the same mechanical forces responsible for their formation, and by the extensive magnetic fields present in the Web. Light particles that accelerate acquire Mass, which, in collisions with other particles, or with the substances that populate the Web, produce more complex massive particles, turbulent lumps of Ordinary Matter, such as the quarks that make up protons. The first ionized atomic nuclei, which in their evolutionary life will tend to capture electrons, neutralizing themselves and, in the right conditions, aggregating into diatomic molecules of neutral hydrogen, the raw material for the formation of stars.

Let’s consider a different view. In the interstitial regions between large cosmic voids, mechanical interactions—fueled by friction between Dark Matter / Energy—initiate and sustain the formation of Ordinary Matter in the form of elementary particles (leptons), under high temperatures and intense kinetic energy. These particles are accelerated both by the forces that birthed them and by the pervasive magnetic fields threading the Cosmic Web. Accelerating light particles acquire Mass, and through collisions with other particles or Web-based matter, evolve into more massive and complex structures—turbulent clumps of Ordinary Matter such as quarks, the constituents of protons. These are the first ionized atomic nuclei, which eventually capture electrons, neutralize themselves, and under favorable conditions aggregate into diatomic molecules of neutral hydrogen—the star-forming fuel of galaxies.

These two visions, the conventional one and the alternative one that I propose in this work of mine, are conceptually very different, the process that leads to ionized gas is completely reversed. Or at least, the phenomenology that underlies its presence in the universe is completely different. In the conventional view, Big bang, production of ionized hydrogen atoms, which capture electrons and then re-ionize. In the alternative view, continuous production of particles, which are accelerated, and through high-energy collisions evolve towards more complex and massive types of particles, which constitute protons, ionized hydrogen atoms, until the capture of slower electrons that make these atoms neutral. The sequence is simpler, more linear, logical. A clear evolutionary process.

The conventional and alternative perspectives presented in this work diverge profoundly in concept—the process that gives rise to ionized gas is essentially inverted. Or at the very least, the phenomenology underlying its cosmic presence is starkly different. In the standard model: Big Bang, production of ionized hydrogen atoms, followed by electron capture and reionization. In this alternative scenario: continuous particle production, accelerated motion, and high-energy collisions give rise to increasingly complex and massive particles, forming protons and ionized hydrogen nuclei. These later capture slower-moving electrons to become neutral atoms. The sequence is more direct, more linear, more logical—a clearer evolutionary trajectory.

Heating

When we talk about heating in the cosmological context, within the framework of the System of Knowledge that I propose here, we must observe Reality at many levels. At the most elementary level, and in light of the already mentioned Principle of Equivalence, the appearance of inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field can be seen and represented as a process of progressive elementary heating produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field. The progressive formation of Structures of Information in the Field, both Dark and Ordinary, with their Fundamental Physical Quantities, their multifaceted Energy, their interactions.

When addressing heating in cosmological contexts—within the System of Knowledge I propose—we must contemplate Reality on multiple levels. At the most fundamental, and in alignment with the Principle of Equivalence, the emergence of inhomogeneity in Elementary Field dynamics may be interpreted as a process of gradual elemental heating driven by the perpetual Action of the Force upon the Field. This results in the progressive emergence of Information Structures in the Field, Dark and Ordinary, bearing Fundamental Physical Quantities, multifaceted Energy profiles, and interactions.

At the level of the Elementary Field this structuring can be seen as a progressive differentiation of regions characterized by greater or lesser Elementary Action, in particular in the Component called Perturbation. Mass of the Structures, negative and positive, which can be represented as a different rate of flow of Time, a lower or higher speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information in the Field, and finally, precisely as a lower or higher temperature of the Field, of the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial variations in resonance around the Plank scale. Elementary events and their distribution in Time, and organization in space. Dynamism that progressively moves from the most elementary level to increasingly more complex levels.

At the Elementary Field level, this structuring unfolds as a differential emergence of regions defined by higher or lower Elementary Action, especially within the Perturbation Component. The Mass of Structures—positive or negative—can be portrayed as variations in the flow rate of Time, the velocity of Causality / Action / Information propagation, and ultimately, as a variation in the Field’s temperature, reflecting the temporal distribution of spatial fluctuations resonating near the Planck scale. A choreography of elementary events arranged through Time and structured in Space. A dynamism that ascends progressively from the elemental to the complex.

Dynamism that affects both the Dark and Ordinary Structures. We will therefore have a temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (average temperature of the Universe), of the Structures that compose it (voids, sheets /walls, filaments, nodes), and a temperature of the substances, bodies, structures that populate it (particles, gas and dust, stars, planets, black holes, galaxies, etc.).

This dynamism engages both Dark and Ordinary Structures. Thus we observe a temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (the Universe’s average temperature), of the components that constitute it (voids, walls / sheets, filaments, nodes), and of the entities populating it (particles, gas and dust, stars, planets, black holes, galaxies, etc.).

Regarding the temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (average temperature of the Universe or large regions of it), as mentioned, my hypothesis is that there is a tendency towards progressive heating. Seen from another perspective, this increase means a progressive increase in the average rate of flow of Time (observed as cosmic expansion and its acceleration), or increase in the speed of propagation (observed as redshift, the reason why a cosmic expansion is hypothesized), or increase in the complexity of the organization of the structuring of the Elementary Field, or increasing amount of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, and of course Ordinary Matter, with its two components, negative and positive Mass.

Regarding the Cosmic Web’s intrinsic temperature (either globally or across vast regions), my hypothesis suggests a trend of progressive heating. Interpreted differently, this trend manifests as: increasing average Time flow rate (observed as accelerated cosmic expansion), heightened propagation speed (perceived as redshift, the rationale behind hypothesizing expansion), enriched complexity in Field structuring, and a growing presence of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Ordinary Matter—with its dual nature of negative and positive Mass.

In the Cosmic Web, in its dark components, we can imagine this heating both as a sort of (very slow, given the spatial extensions and the dilated times) thermal agitation of the Dark Structures, and as an increase in the differentiations, densities, of the structures themselves. Structures that tend to compact, to condense, to multiply, to compress in the available Space, which is finite, and therefore to heat up, as a gas would do if compressed to the same volume.

Within the Cosmic Web’s dark components, this heating may be envisioned as a subtle (but vast-scale and time-stretched) thermal agitation of Dark Structures, or as increased differentiation and density within these Structures. They compact, condense, multiply, and compress within finite Space—therefore, heat up, like a gas compressed to a restricted volume.

For the Structures of Ordinary Matter, the heating phenomena are well known. I will limit myself to mentioning the main phenomena involved:

• gas that falls into the filaments, nodes, bubbles that host galaxies, which is heated by gravity and shock waves, in its progressive migration towards the galactic centers, used and reused over and over again in the formation, evolution and death of stars and various bodies,
• nuclear reactions in stars, which transform gravitational energy into kinetic energy (heat) that partly compensates for gravity itself, and partly is radiated,
• supernovae and black holes that inject energy, increasing the temperature of the gas,
• relativistic jets, galactic fountains, etc.
• collisions and mergers between clusters, groups, galaxies.

The temperature, together with the density of the surrounding medium, influences the way in which cosmic structures form and develop, and how galaxies form stars and evolve.

Heating mechanisms affecting Ordinary Matter Structures are well-established. Key phenomena include:

• gas falling into filaments, nodes, and galactic bubbles, heated by gravity and shock waves—migrating inward to galactic centers, recycled through stellar birth and death,
• nuclear fusion in stars, converting gravitational energy into kinetic energy (heat)—partly counteracting gravity and partly radiated outward,
• supernovae and black holes, injecting energy and elevating gas temperatures,
• relativistic jets, galactic fountains, etc.,
• collisions and mergers between clusters, groups, galaxies.

Temperature, combined with the surrounding medium’s density, determines the modes and pathways through which cosmic structures form, evolve, and birth stars within galaxies.

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

This activity of analysis, this methodology, is very difficult and expensive especially in the case of such a complex and "universal" structure as the Cosmic Web. I will limit myself to a few notes, precisely to provide a further indication of this method, which foresees precisely the description and quantification of the contributions to the Existence and Essence / Form of a structure / an object in terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities and the related phenomena, synthetic expressions of the contributions of the Modes / Components of the Elementary Action.

This analytical approach, this methodology, is extremely complex and demanding, especially when applied to a structure as intricate and "universal" as the Cosmic Web. I will limit myself to a few brief notes, with the intent of offering additional insight into this method—which involves the description and quantification of contributions to the Existence and Essence / Form of a structure or object in terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities and related phenomena, as synthetic expressions of the contributions from the Modes / Components of the Elementary Action.

• Metric (correlations of Perturbation of the point events of the Elementary Field)

As we have seen, while at the Planck scale the fluctuations of spatial distances (infinitesimal), in their temporal distributions, represent the most elementary form of Existence, at distances much larger than the Planck scale, already many orders of magnitude below the scale of size of subatomic particles, the spatial curvature is zero. Space, from these microscopic scales to cosmological scales, up to the entire infinite and unlimited Universe, is absolutely flat, even in black holes, where the density of Mass is extraordinarily large (but not infinite). What we commonly mean by curvature of Space-time, which we observe for its gravitational effects for example on the propagation of light (gravitational lenses) is totally attributable to the curvature of Time. This represents a deformation of the local metric, more or less extended, which originates the metric phenomena and, with its "structural" counterpart, the Mass, the gravitational phenomena. Metric and Mass are the two complementary aspects of the same manifestation produced by the inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of the Elementary Action, in the Mode / Component that I have called Perturbation.

As discussed, at the Planck scale, infinitesimal fluctuations in spatial distances—and their temporal distributions—represent the most fundamental expression of Existence. At scales vastly larger than the Planck length, even many orders of magnitude below subatomic particle sizes, spatial curvature is effectively zero. Across these microscopic to cosmological scales—up to the entire infinite Universe—Space remains absolutely flat, even within black holes, where Mass density reaches extraordinarily high (yet finite) values. What is commonly referred to as space-time curvature, observable through phenomena like gravitational lensing, is actually attributable almost entirely to Time curvature. This deformation in the local metric—whether slight or substantial—gives rise to metric phenomena and, through its "structural" counterpart, Mass, generates gravitational effects. Metric and Mass emerge as complementary manifestations resulting from inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of Elementary Action, in the Mode / Component identified as Perturbation.

How can we imagine the Space-time Metric, or better, as said, temporal in the Cosmic Web? This megastructure or system formed by cosmic megastructures is substantially the organization scheme of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action in its Components, on universal spatial distances, and equally immense temporal distances. Following the equivalence "Curvature of the Metric" and "density of Mass" = "inhomogeneity in the the speed of the flow of time (the rate at which time passes)"

How can we visualize the Space-time Metric—more accurately, its temporal component—across the Cosmic Web? This vast megastructure, composed of countless cosmic megastructures, functions as the organizational framework for the dynamics of the Elementary Field, and of Elementary Action across universal spatial and temporal scales. Following the equivalence: "Curvature of the Metric" ≡ "density of Mass" ≡ "inhomogeneity in the rate of time flow".

This means that to measure the Mass you need a clock, not a balance. Or better, a set of clocks. Just as to measure the curvature of the metric of Space-time, which is precisely the same thing. Metric as temporal curvature "of" the Field, Mass as temporal curvature associated with an InfoStructure "in" the Field, in the region of the Field time by time occupied by, which supports the Existence and the Essence / Form of such InfoStructure.

This implies that to measure Mass, one needs a clock—not a balance. More precisely, a network of clocks. Similarly, to gauge the curvature of space-time—essentially the same phenomenon—one must interpret Metric as the temporal curvature "of" the Field, and Mass as the temporal curvature induced by an InfoStructure "within" the Field, occupying and interacting with its local region and moment of existence.

So, observing a portion of the Universe from the point of view of the Metric, that is from the point of view of the "correlations of Perturbation" of the event points in such portion of the Elementary Field, in a sea of ​​turbulence that embraces an immense number of orders of magnitude, we would see:

Therefore, observing a portion of the Universe from the standpoint of its Metric—that is, via "correlations of Perturbation" among Elementary Field events in a vast turbulence—we would discern:

• immense vortex structures (bubbles / Dark Halos that constitute voids and giant voids), characterized by cores with Perturbation values ​​lower than the average (universal or of a significant neighborhood, therefore immense, billions of light years), negative Mass, negative curvature of the temporal Metric, temporal flow rate lower than the average, and external shells with positive Perturbation works (Positive Mass, positive curvature, temporal flow rate higher than the average). The Mass density profile, and therefore the curvature of the Metric, will be less steep the greater the spatial extension occupied by the void. So a slight negative Mass density (Dark Matter, attractive) in the core, and a slight positive Mass density (Dark Energy, repulsive) in the shell. The compressive dynamics of the Cosmic Web can alter this Mass / curvature profile of the Metric. In particular in the external regions, in the shell, the positive curvature, the Dark Energy can thicken, the density profile of positive Mass can become much steeper, due to the compression of the shell in the friction with the shells of other voids. This dynamics can favor the compression of smaller dark bubbles, down to galactic bubbles, in narrow spaces, which we have called interstitial regions, where sheets / walls and filaments can convey the dynamics of substances, bodies / objects, galaxies, towards the nodes, which collect Dark bubbles and structures of Ordinary Matter in clusters and superclusters,

• immense vortical structures (Dark Halos / bubbles forming voids and supervoids), with cores exhibiting lower-than-average Perturbation values (universal or local, spanning billions of light-years), negative Mass, negative temporal Metric curvature, slower time flow rates, and peripheral shells with positive Perturbation (Positive Mass, positive curvature, faster-than-average time flow). The density profile of Mass—and thus Metric curvature—is shallower in larger voids. So, we observe a slight negative Mass density (Dark Matter, attractive) in the core, and a slight positive Mass density (Dark Energy, repulsive) in the shell. The compressive dynamics of the Cosmic Web can distort this profile. Especially in external shell regions, Dark Energy may intensify, steepening the positive Mass density due to compression from inter-void friction. This behavior supports the compaction of smaller dark bubbles—including galactic bubbles—within tighter spaces, the so-called interstitial regions, where sheets / walls and filaments channel matter, bodies, and galaxies toward the nodes, which accumulate Dark bubbles and Ordinary Matter structures within clusters and superclusters,

• denser interstitial spaces, with sharper and steeper Metric curvature profiles, characterized, as mentioned, by positive Mass (Dark Energy). And, immersed in this turbulence with the positive Metric curvature (time flowing faster), smaller and denser Dark Structures, with steeper and deeper Metric density and curvature profiles,
• and again, immersed in the dark turbulence part with positive Mass density / curvature, dark bubbles of ever smaller extension and greater density / curvature, where time flows more slowly, dark structures that constitute the dark component (the Halos) of galaxies,

• denser interstitial zones, exhibiting sharper, steeper Metric curvature profiles—primarily of positive Mass (Dark Energy)—and containing smaller, denser Dark Structures with intensified Metric curvature, *also embedded in this positively curved turbulence, dark bubbles of increasingly smaller scale and higher density / curvature, where time flows more slowly—representing the dark galactic halos,

• within such galactic bubbles, immersed in other vortical turbulence, with dark sub-structures with counterparts of Ordinary Matter (e.g. the arms, the bulge), a sea of ​​stars, organized in clusters, more or less populous and dense, in other more or less organized galactic structures, or solitary in their intragalactic motion, or again, hurled into extragalactic spaces by particular gravitational effects.

• within these galactic bubbles, immersed in further vortical layers and hosting dark substructures with Ordinary Matter counterparts (bulge, arms, etc.), a stellar sea—stars grouped in clusters of varying population and density, embedded in galactic structures of diverse organization, wandering intragalactically, or ejected into extragalactic realms by specific gravitational phenomena.

• Mass (correlations of Perturbation of the point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

For Mass, what I just said for Metrics is valid. I have a brief additional note. Given that everything is turbulence, and the structures we see are part of this dark turbulence that hosts, supports and influences the formation, evolution, distribution of Ordinary Matter, the cosmic structures we see, or intuit, are vortices and waves, and even stranger shaped structures, part of the universal turbulence. Chaos reigns supreme, and the organization of the Forms we observe in the Universe emerges from the evolutionary dynamics of the chaos-order Processes that are expressed at a cosmic level.

For Mass, the considerations made for the Metric still apply. Here is a brief additional note. Since all is turbulence—and the visible structures are embedded within this dark turbulence which hosts, nurtures, and governs the genesis and evolution of Ordinary Matter—the cosmic structures we observe or infer are vortices, waves, and other exotic forms within a grand turbulent continuum. Chaos reigns, and the visible organization of Forms across the Universe arises from cosmic-scale expressions of chaos-order Processes.

Regarding dark bubbles, of various sizes, from immense voids, to bubbles that contain planetary systems like ours, there is a fundamental rule. In the absence of compressive forces that can alter the density profile of Mass (negative / positive), or the curvature profile of the Metric, the more spatially extended a dark bubble is, the lower its density and curvature. And vice versa.

With regard to dark bubbles—spanning from immense voids down to structures enclosing planetary systems—one guiding principle emerges: In the absence of compressive forces capable of altering the Mass density (negative / positive) or the Metric curvature profile, the larger the spatial extension of a dark bubble, the lower its density and curvature. And vice versa.

• Motion (correlations of Translation of point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

Motion and its root at the level of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, in its Component Translation, is everywhere. Chaotic, turbulent motion and ordered, coordinated motion. Motion at all levels of Reality, at all scales of magnitude. Motion within Motion, in nested levels of increasing complexity. Motion that evolves, and causes everything to evolve.

Motion—and its origin within the Dynamics of Elementary Action, specifically in its Component called Translation—is omnipresent. Chaotic, turbulent motion and ordered, coordinated motion. Motion at all levels of Reality, across every scale of magnitude. Motion within motion, nested in hierarchical layers of rising complexity. Motion that evolves—and drives all evolution.

Motion, Translation, which expresses itself at the most elementary level, in infinitesimal spatial variations resonating at the Planck scale. Motion that organizes itself into turbulent flows that begin to show embryonic regularity, order, and organization. Complexity that progressively emerges in ever-larger bubbles that expand in a Universe essentially devoid of macroscopic structures. A Cosmos that is populated with ever-new bubbles of impalpable Dark Matter and Energy. Bubbles that move, expand, interact, with movements that sometimes harmonize, sometimes conflict.

Translation manifests at the most elementary level through infinitesimal spatial variations resonating at the Planck scale. Motion gradually self-organizes into turbulent flows that begin to exhibit nascent regularity, order, and structure. Complexity emerges progressively within increasingly vast bubbles—expanding in a Universe initially void of macroscopic formations. A Cosmos populated by ever-new bubbles of intangible Dark Matter and Energy. Bubbles that move, expand, interact—with dynamics that sometimes synchronize, sometimes conflict.

Compression, friction, the formation of ever-increasingly tiny bubbles and vortices, moving rapidly, which collide and aggregate into increasingly dense and complex clumps, into atoms and molecules. Ordinary matter immersed in turbulence and Dark Structures that influence its motion, aggregation, and collapse. Motion produced by forces associated with gravitational phenomena, Motion produced by forces associated with electrical and magnetic phenomena, and again, Motion produced by nuclear forces and other forms of complex interactions. Motion that concentrates, Motion that disperses. Motion in the dark and visible components of the Cosmic Web. Motion of the Web's components. Motion of the Cosmic Web. Motion of the Universe, within the Universe.

Through compression and friction, ever-smaller bubbles and vortices emerge, moving swiftly, colliding and amalgamating into increasingly dense, structured clumps—into atoms and molecules. Ordinary Matter immersed in turbulent Dark Structures—shaped, driven, and aggregated through multidimensional influences. Motion arising from gravitational phenomena. Motion stemming from electromagnetic interactions. And further still, motion driven by nuclear forces and deeper levels of interaction. Motion that converges. Motion that disperses. Motion across both the dark and luminous aspects of the Cosmic Web. Motion of its constituents. Motion of the Web itself—and of the Universe within the Universe.

- Potential Motion – Gravitational Potential Energy (combination of Metric and Mass — correlations of Translation in the Elementary Field produced by the correlation of Perturbation representing the Mass of one or more InfoStructures in the Field)

Potential Motion is a peculiar concept that seems like a contradiction in terms. We can think of it as the power to produce acceleration on the InfoStructures present in the Elementary Field, or in conventional scientific terms, on a body in Spacetime (for example, gravitational acceleration, produced by the gravitational potential, or more precisely, the gravitational potential energy). A similar concept of potential Motion is associated with the attraction / repulsion produced by electric charges and magnets, and therefore by electric and magnetic fields. And again, deep within the atomic nucleus and nucleons, by the forces associated with nuclear interactions.

Potential Motion is a curious notion—seemingly contradictory. Yet it can be viewed as the capacity to generate acceleration on InfoStructures embedded in the Elementary Field, or—more traditionally—on a body in spacetime (e.g. gravitational acceleration as derived from gravitational potential energy). An analogous form of potential Motion arises from electric and magnetic fields via charge interactions. And again—within atomic nuclei and nucleons—via nuclear forces.

This is always a correlation of translation in a region of the Field, produced by the presence of a Vortex-type infostructure. In terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Field , we can imagine potential Motion as a (more or less intense) reorientation (in the sense of correlation intensity) of the direction of elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) in resonance around the Planck scale. The greater the correlation intensity of the orientation of the fluctuations in the considered region of the Field, the greater the Potential Motion, the potential, or power, of acceleration exerted on any InfoStructure possibly present in that region (test InfoStructure). The Translation correlation of the Field interacts with the Translation correlation of the test InfoStructure (which represents its inertial motion, and therefore its kinetic energy), producing a progressive increase. The longer this interaction lasts, the greater the transfer of Translation correlation from the Field (Potential Motion) to the test Structure, as a function of the square of Time.

It always involves Translation correlation within a Field region, induced by the presence of a Vortex-type InfoStructure. Within the Dynamics of the Elementary Field, potential Motion may be seen as a reorientation (more or less intense) of the directional correlations of elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) resonating at the Planck scale. The stronger the orientation correlation in a Field region, the greater the potential for Motion—that is, the power of acceleration experienced by any InfoStructure (test Structure) present therein. The Field's Translation correlation interacts with that of the Structure (expressing its inertial Motion and kinetic energy), leading to a progressive increase. The longer the interaction persists, the greater the transfer of Translation correlation from Field to Structure—growing with the square of Time.

In the Cosmic Web, in the Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures, both elementary and composite/complex, that compose it, potential Motion, in its various forms that we have only hinted at here (which consists of a potential acceleration at each event point in a region of the Field that supports a corresponding region of Spacetime that hosts a portion of the Web), is present everywhere. The most widespread form at all scales—small (planets and stars, the substances and objects within them, that compose them), medium-small (galaxies and their internal structures), medium (groups and small clusters of galaxies), medium-large (clusters and superclusters), large and enormous (voids and giant voids, sheets and walls, filaments, nodes)—is the potential Motion that characterizes gravitational phenomena (gravitational acceleration, gravitational potential). Secondly, we have the potential Motion produced by magnetic interactions present in both intragalactic and intergalactic regions, in clusters, etc. At microscopic scales, the pre-eminence of gravity gives way to potential motion produced by electrical, magnetic, and, further down, nuclear phenomena.

Throughout the Cosmic Web, within Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures—both elementary and complex—potential Motion pervades. Present at every scale:

small (planets and stars, and their constituent materials),

medium-small (galaxies and substructures),

medium (groups and smaller clusters),

medium-large (clusters and superclusters),

large and vast (voids, sheets, filaments, nodes).

Gravitational potential Motion dominates most scales. Next comes potential Motion from magnetic interactions—within and between galaxies, and across cluster regions. On microscopic scales, gravity’s role wanes as potential Motion arises instead from electric, magnetic, and nuclear forces.

- Effective Motion – Speed / Velocity (translational motions and extrinsic rotational motion)

Effective Motion is the motion of an Infostructure (Wave or Vortex) in the Elementary Field. In terms of Elementary Events, effective Motion can be visualized as a non-zero correlation of the orientation of elementary spatial fluctuations in the Field region that, from time to time, supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the Structure. This correlation (as a pattern of orientation of elementary fluctuations) shifts as the Infostructure moves within the Field, and interacts with any correlation present in the Field due to the presence of Infostructures other than the test Structure.

Effective Motion describes the actual motion of an InfoStructure (whether Wave or Vortex) in the Elementary Field. From the perspective of Elementary Events, effective Motion manifests as a non-zero correlation in the orientation of spatial fluctuations within the Field region that supports the Structure’s Existence and Essence / Form. This orientation pattern shifts as the InfoStructure moves, interacting with other correlations present in the Field due to other entities.

The Effective Motion of the Structure is inertial if there is no correlation of Translation present in the Field region in which the Structure is moving. If Translation correlation is present (e.g., gravitational potential, gravitational acceleration), the effective Motion of the Structure is accelerated, as the correlation of Translation interaction present in the Field not due to the test Structure is transferred, or acquired, by the test Structure.

A Structure’s Effective Motion is inertial when no Translation correlation exists within the Field region it traverses. However, if such Translation correlation does exist (e.g. gravitational potential or acceleration), the Structure undergoes accelerated Motion—as Translation correlation from the Field transfers to the Structure.

In the Cosmic Web, effective inertial and accelerated motion is everywhere, both in the Dark Matter / Energy components and in Ordinary Matter. Astronomical observations clearly show that everything in the Universe is in motion. At all levels of Reality, at all levels of complexity, at all scales of magnitude. From the extremely rapid, chaotic, and unpredictable motion of the small particles of Ordinary Matter to the slow and majestic motion of the megastructures of the Cosmic Web. And in between, the partly certain and predictable and partly uncertain and unpredictable motions of the galaxies in the sheets and filaments, towards the nodes. The motion of galaxies in groups and clusters, of clusters in superclusters. And again, the motion of stars, gas, and dust in the extra- and intra-galactic environment. And so on, in infinite forms and modalities.

Effective inertial and accelerated motion is omnipresent in the Cosmic Web, within both Dark and Ordinary components. Observational data confirms that the entire Universe is in perpetual motion. At every level of complexity, across all magnitudes:

chaotic and unpredictable motion of elementary particles,

measured and majestic motion of massive cosmic megastructures,

semi-predictable drift of galaxies through sheets and filaments,

coordinated migration of galaxies within groups and clusters,

stellar, gaseous, and dusty flows in galactic and intergalactic domains.

Velocity, or speed—as the magnitude of the velocity vector—is an essential physical quantity for characterizing effective Motion. As is acceleration, the variation of velocity over time. Speed, in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, corresponds to the intensity of correlation of spatial orientation of Translation. The greater the density of correlation of Translation in an infinitesimal volume of the Field that supports a portion of the moving Structure from time to time, the greater the speed of movement of that infinitesimal portion. If all infinitesimal portions of the Field supporting the entire Vortex Structure exhibit the same intensity / density of correlation (or a very narrow distribution around the mean value), the Structure will move with linear Motion (uniform if there is no potential Motion in the Field, as described above; otherwise, accelerated linear Motion). If different regions of the Structure exhibit different intensities of Translation correlation, the Structure will (also) exhibit rotational Motion (extrinsic, of the Structure as a whole, especially in the case of rigid bodies), or even more complex forms of Motion, in the case of more complex Translation correlation configurations.

Velocity—or speed, understood as the magnitude of the velocity vector—is a fundamental quantity in characterizing effective Motion. Alongside it stands acceleration—the change in velocity over time. From the standpoint of Elementary Action Dynamics, velocity corresponds to the intensity of spatial orientation correlation in Translation. Higher correlation density in an infinitesimal Field volume supporting a portion of a moving Structure results in greater local speed. If all infinitesimal regions support equal correlation intensity, the Structure undergoes linear Motion (uniform if no potential Motion is present; otherwise, accelerated). Divergent correlation intensities across Structure regions lead to rotational Motion (extrinsic, as seen in rigid bodies), or even more intricate dynamical forms.

The Cosmic Web is characterized by an extremely wide range of speeds. We range from the speed of propagation of Waves (electromagnetic radiation and photons, dark radiation, or gravitational waves) equal to the speed limit of Causality / Action / Information in the Elementary Field, to the speeds of motion that characterize our human world, and even slower for the immense cosmic structures that constitute the scaffolding of the Web (the speed of motion "of" that structures, of that components, not the speed of substances, objects ed structures "inside" that components).

The Cosmic Web hosts an immense spectrum of velocities:

from the propagation of electromagnetic radiation, photons, dark waves, gravitational waves—at the ultimate velocity limit of Causality / Action / Information in the Elementary Field,

down to human-scale motions,

and slower still, the movement of colossal Web structures (not the contents within—substances, objects, or embedded structures—but the motion of the containers themselves).

- Effective Motion – Kinetic Energy (translational motions and extrinsic rotational motion)

Another quantity that can be used to describe effective motion is kinetic Energy. This quantity is calculated and has a different nature for the two types of InfoStructures: Waves and Vortices. Within the first type, as highlighted several times, we find two subtypes: multicycle Waves (e.g., what we call electromagnetic waves, radio waves, produced by periodic phenomena such as the oscillation of electric charges in a conductor/antenna) and single-cycle Waves (e.g., what we call photons, light quanta, etc., produced by non-periodic phenomena, such as the emission caused by the movement of an electron between different energy levels in the atom, so-called quantum jump). In the second type, we have several subtypes, the most relevant of which are the elementary vortex (particles: leptons, such as electrons and positrons, muons, tauons, etc.) and the composite vortices (particles: hadrons, such as mesons and baryons, e.g., neutrons and protons, made up of quarks).

Another quantity through which effective Motion may be described is kinetic Energy. This quantity is computed—and possesses distinct nature depending on the type of InfoStructure: Waves or Vortices. Within Waves, as previously highlighted, we identify two subtypes: multicycle Waves (e.g. electromagnetic and radio waves—emitted by periodic phenomena such as charge oscillation in conductors or antennas) and single-cycle Waves (e.g. photons, light quanta—emitted by non-periodic phenomena such as an electron’s transition between atomic energy levels, known as quantum jumps). Within Vortices, we observe primary subtypes: elementary vortices (particles like leptons—electrons, positrons, muons, tauons) and composite vortices (hadrons—mesons and baryons, such as protons and neutrons composed of quarks).

For Waves, which are characterized by zero Mass (null Perturbation) and a speed equal to the propagation speed limit in the Elementary Field, the kinetic Energy is determined not only by the Planck constant but also by their period (and not by their frequency, as there are also waves produced by non-periodic phenomena, for which the period, the duration of the single cycle, makes sense, but not the frequency). A temporal quantity, therefore.

For Waves, characterized by zero Mass (null Perturbation) and velocities equal to the propagation speed limit in the Elementary Field, kinetic Energy is governed not only by the Planck constant but also by their period (rather than frequency). Period—the duration of a cycle—is appropriate even for non-periodic events, where frequency lacks physical meaning. A fundamentally temporal attribute, therefore.

For Vortices, which are characterized by non-zero Mass (non-zero Perturbation) and speeds below the propagation speed limit in the Elementary Field, kinetic Energy, in addition to half the square of the velocity and, in relativistic physics, the Lorentz gamma factor, is determined by the Mass of the Structure. By the Principle of General Equivalence, Mass is equivalent to the deformation of the Time Metric. Here too, therefore, a temporal quantity.

For Vortices, bearing non-zero Mass (non-zero Perturbation) and velocities below the propagation speed threshold of the Elementary Field, kinetic Energy—beyond the classical factor of half the square of the velocity and the relativistic Lorentz gamma factor—is also shaped by the Structure’s Mass. By the Principle of General Equivalence, Mass corresponds to the deformation of the Time Metric. Here as well, kinetic Energy is encoded as a temporal attribute.

In the case of Vortices, kinetic Energy, a form of correlation between inhomogeneities in the Elementary Field, is therefore not only the Elementary Action in the Translation component (the spatial orientation of the elementary fluctuations) to be considered, but also Perturbation (the correlation strength of the inhomogeneities in the density of the temporal distributions of the elementary fluctuations in resonance around the Planck scale).

In Vortex-type InfoStructures, kinetic Energy—a form of correlation among inhomogeneities within the Elementary Field—involves not only the Translation component of Elementary Action (the spatial orientation of elementary fluctuations), but also Perturbation (the correlation intensity among inhomogeneities in temporal distributions of fluctuations resonating near the Planck scale).

As with Mass and other Fundamental Physical Quantities, the distribution of kinetic Energy in the Cosmic Web is also a complex matter. Levels of Reality, infinite levels of Complexity, infinitely nested Structures, both on the dark side and the ordinary side, turbulence everywhere, everything in motion.

As with Mass and other Fundamental Physical Quantities, the distribution of kinetic Energy across the Cosmic Web reveals immense complexity. Multiple levels of Reality. Infinite degrees of structural nesting. Coexisting domains—Dark and Ordinary. Turbulence everywhere. Everything in motion.

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• Charge (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field - "Chirality" of Dark Vortex Structures and "Charge" of Ordinary / visible Vortex Structures)

In the Universe, and therefore in the Cosmic Web, which represents its large-scale structure and where, within its components, we find all the other medium / small-scale structures and the microscopic structures that represent the building blocks of Ordinary Matter, wherever we find turbulence and, above all, Vortices, and we find Chirality, which is a fundamental characteristic of it. The intrinsic / extrinsic direction of rotation of Vortex-type Structures is important in the dynamics of their mutual interactions. The concordance or discordance of the Chirality of the Structures involved is important, which determines their attraction or repulsion, and phenomena such as friction, etc. In Dark Structures, we speak of Chirality, while in the Structures of Ordinary Matter, we call this physical quantity Charge and place it at the foundation of electrical phenomena.

In the Universe—and thus in the Cosmic Web, its large-scale structure—within whose components reside all medium and small-scale structures, including the microscopic ones that constitute the building blocks of Ordinary Matter, wherever there is turbulence and, above all, wherever there are Vortices, we find Chirality, which is one of their fundamental characteristics. The intrinsic / extrinsic rotational orientation of Vortex-type Structures plays a critical role in their interaction dynamics. The concordance or discordance of Chirality among these Structures influences whether they attract or repel, and underlies phenomena such as friction, among others. In Dark Structures, this quantity is called Chirality; whereas in Ordinary Matter, we identify it as Charge—placing it at the foundation of electrical phenomena.

It goes without saying that in the Dark Cosmic Web, within its components, everything that rotates (extrinsically in this case) has Chirality. I'm referring primarily to components closest to Vortex shapes, such as the dark bubbles we call voids and giant voids. The chirality of voids is fundamental to the compression and friction phenomena that can trigger and sustain the formation processes of Ordinary Matter. And then there are the nodes, which, despite being components existing in the compressed interstitial spaces between the large voids, can manifest "dirty," complex, and even partial chirality, or polychirality. Even filaments, despite having the shape of tunnels, two-dimensional vortices in three-dimensional space, can manifest a particular Chirality.

It is self-evident that in the Dark Cosmic Web, among its components, everything exhibiting extrinsic rotation possesses Chirality. This refers primarily to elements approaching Vortex configurations, such as dark bubbles—voids and giant voids. The Chirality of these voids is fundamental to compression and friction phenomena that can initiate and sustain the processes forming Ordinary Matter. Then there are nodes—components nestled within the compressed interstitial spaces between major voids—which can express "dirty," multifaceted, partial, or even polychiral Chirality. Even filaments, shaped like tunnels or two-dimensional vortices in three-dimensional space, may manifest a unique form of Chirality.

And again, within the components of the Web, we find dark bubbles of various sizes, such as galactic bubbles, whose Chirality plays a fundamental role in interactions and, more generally, in extra- and intra-galactic dynamics. The observed prevalence of one direction of Chirality over the opposite is evidence of an evolutionary past where Chirality represented a key element, along with spatial extension, mass density, spin orientation, and the rotation axis of the vorticity of dark bubbles.

Furthermore, within the Web’s architecture, we observe dark bubbles of varying dimensions, including galactic bubbles, whose Chirality is pivotal in governing interactions and, more broadly, the dynamics both within and between galaxies. The evident asymmetry in Chirality—favoring one rotational direction over its opposite—suggests an evolutionary backdrop wherein Chirality stood as a decisive factor, alongside spatial extension, mass density, spin alignment, and the axis of vorticity in these dark bubbles.

And then, moving to the visible side of the Universe, to Ordinary Matter, where gravity, descending in dimensional levels, plays an increasingly marginal role, Charge assumes a crucial and growing importance in shaping the attractive and repulsive dynamics that guide the construction of elementary structures, which represent the building blocks of the atoms and molecules that compose the Forms that populate the visible Universe.

And finally, transitioning to the visible side of the Universe, into the realm of Ordinary Matter, where gravity, descending through dimensional tiers, becomes increasingly marginal, Charge emerges with crucial and growing relevance in directing the attractive and repulsive mechanisms that organize elementary structures—the constituents of atoms and molecules that shape the Forms populating the visible Universe.

• Spin (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

Like Chirality and Charge, Spin, the spatial orientation of the (intrinsic / extrinsic) rotation axis of the vorticity of Vortex-type InfoStructures is ubiquitously present at all scales, from the largest cosmic structures down to the depths of the atom, to subatomic particles and all the structures that organize the Elementary Field. Concordance or discordance of Spin of the involved Structures is very important, as it determines their attraction or repulsion, in the strange ways we can observe by playing with a pair of little magnets.

Like Chirality and Charge, Spin—the spatial orientation of the (intrinsic / extrinsic) rotation axis of the vorticity of Vortex-type InfoStructures—is ubiquitously present across all scales, from the vast cosmic formations to the atomic and subatomic realms, as well as in all structural organizations of the Elementary Field. Concordance or discordance of Spin between interacting Structures is critical, as it influences their attraction or repulsion—reminiscent of the subtle dynamics we observe when manipulating two small magnets.

At the level of Dark Structures, Spin refers to the extrinsic rotation of the entire structure or significant parts thereof. Here too, I recall that Vortex InfoStructures can, and generally do, exhibit a characteristic I called "polydynamism", which I defined in the previous chapter, dedicated precisely to InfoStructures.

At the level of Dark Structures, Spin refers to the extrinsic rotation of an entire structure or its prominent subcomponents. Let us recall that Vortex-type InfoStructures often exhibit a property I previously termed "polydynamism"—introduced and detailed in the preceding chapter on InfoStructures.

At the level of Ordinary Structures (Particles), Spin properly speaking refers to the intrinsic rotation, the rotation of each event point in the region of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports the Existence and Essence/Form of the Particle, and not to any extrinsic rotation of the Structure as a whole.

At the level of Ordinary Structures (Particles), Spin properly denotes the intrinsic rotation—the rotational movement of each event-point within the localized region of the Elementary Field that temporarily supports the Existence and Essence/Form of the Particle. This concept does not involve any extrinsic rotation of the overall Structure.

In the Dark Cosmic Web, the Spin of large bubbles of Dark Matter / Energy, alongside Chirality, profoundly influences the dynamics and interactions of these structures, and phenomena such as friction, which are responsible for the medium- and small-scale structure of the Web and the formation of Ordinary Matter, its aggregation, and the evolution of the dark and visible structures of the Universe.

Within the Dark Cosmic Web, Spin—especially in the large bubbles of Dark Matter / Energy—operates alongside Chirality to profoundly shape the dynamics and interactions of these structures, including friction phenomena. These processes catalyze the formation, aggregation, and ongoing evolution of both dark and visible structures throughout the Universe.

In other words, magnetic phenomena are everywhere, both at the level of Ordinary Matter, in the extra- and intra-galactic domains, and at the level of dark structures, where we struggle to observe them, and at the level of visible structures, where ever-improving observations and targeted studies are revealing the crucial role of magnetic phenomena in the evolution of the content of the Universe. Magnetism and gravity are the two cosmic sculptors. To use a mystical image, we could say that gravity and magnetism are the two arms of God at work in the incessant construction of the Universe.

Put simply, magnetic phenomena permeate everything: in Ordinary Matter—from galactic interactions down to interstellar fields; in Dark Structures—though elusive to direct observation; and in the realm of visible structures—where continued observational advances increasingly highlight the decisive role of magnetism in the evolution of the Universe’s constituents. Magnetism and gravity are the two cosmic sculptors. To evoke a mystical metaphor: gravity and magnetism could be considered the two arms of God, ever engaged in the ceaseless crafting of the Universe.

• Complex physical quantities and phenomena (complex organizations of the correlations of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, here I consider only the quantities associated with nuclear phenomena)

Unlike the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information/Energy and the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes/Components, the Complex Physical Quantities and Phenomena, and in particular the phenomena related to nuclear interactions—complex organizations of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action—are detectable in the cosmos only at the level of the Infostructures of Ordinary Matter, i.e., Particles.

Unlike the Fundamental Physical Quantities arising from Information/Energy and the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Complex Physical Quantities and Phenomena—especially those concerning nuclear interactions—represent complex organizations of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action and are observable in the cosmos solely within the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter, namely Particles.

Their distribution in the Cosmic Web is therefore limited to the Ordinary Matter structures that populate the Web's components. I am referring, of course, to the Particles produced by the formation processes of Ordinary Matter in the compression and friction regions of the large Dark Structures, to the atoms and molecules that constitute the gas and dust found almost everywhere in the interstitial regions of the Web, to the bodies and objects, and to the structures and systems we observe, such as galaxies, stars, planets, and so on.

Their distribution in the Cosmic Web is therefore confined to the Ordinary Matter Structures that populate its components. This includes, in particular, Particles generated through the formation processes of Ordinary Matter—which occur in regions marked by compression and friction within vast Dark Structures; the atoms and molecules forming the gas and dust found throughout the interstitial zones of the Web; and the celestial bodies, formations, and systems we observe, such as galaxies, stars, and planets.

This is an aspect of the nature and dynamics of Energy and Matter that is much more concentrated and intense than that of the Dark Structures, which is more extended in Space and Time, less intense and concentrated.

This domain reflects a facet of Energy and Matter that is more concentrated and intense than that of the Dark Structures, whose expressions are more diffusely spread across Space and Time, and comparatively less concentrated and energetic.

In conclusion

The Cosmic Web is the Universe, and the Physical Universe is the Cosmic Web. Of course, the Universe is much more, but everything that exists at all scales of size and compression is formed, evolves, moves in the Cosmic Web and its components. It is the stage on which the forces responsible for the Formation of Physical Reality incessantly express themselves, through which Space is organized, Time unfolds, in the incessant occurrence of Elementary Events and the formation of Relations that organize them into Processes, increasingly more durable, extensive and complex.

In my opinion, all the complexity of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web cannot be reduced to a few, universal, cosmological parameters. We must look at the local dynamics, the structures involved, the forces expressed, the reactions produced. I understand that this approach may be disappointing and disheartening for those who are used to going back to the general from the particular, who aspire to formulate laws and calculate universal parameters. But these are well hidden under locally complex dynamics, at the cosmological level even more than in the depths of the quanta, and beyond, where everything appears more standardized, even if so weird.

Here too, in my opinion, the key is to combine the general synthetic vision with the analytical observation of the details, to overcome the dogmas and approach with an open mind, free from preconceptions. We cannot reach the understanding of the most elementary levels of Reality, if we do not understand the more complex ones, if we do not carry this complexity with us, if we do not understand how these complex levels are formed through the elementary dynamics. A difficult and arduous task. But fascinating and challenging.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"