Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Fundamental Constants of Nature"

Revision as of 19:30, 17 January 2026

In conventional science, the Fundamental Constants of Nature are considered invariant physical quantities, fundamental (cause-indipendence), universal in nature (space-indipendence) and constant in time (time-independence). They are used in the basic equations that describe the fundamental physical phenomena. They can be dimensionless, or can have dimensions.

In conventional science, the Fundamental Constants of Nature are considered invariant physical quantities, fundamental (cause-independence), universal in nature (space-independence), and constant in time (time-independence). They are used in the basic equations that describe fundamental physical phenomena. They can be dimensionless or can have dimensions.

The constants that are considered fundamental are the following (the set of constants varies according to the theoretical reference framework considered):

The constants that are considered fundamental are the following (the set of constants varies according to the theoretical reference framework considered):

• the gravitational constant G
• the velocity of light in vacuum or speed of light (c)
• the Planck constant (h) or (h bar)
• the electric constant ε0
• the charge of the electron
• the absolute value of which is the fundamental unit of electric charge (e)
• the mass of the electron (me)
• the dimensionless fine-structure constant, symbolized by the Greek letter alpha, which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
• the Avogadro constant (NA)
• the Boltzmann constant (kB)
• 9 Yukawa couplings for the quarks and leptons (equivalent to specifying the rest mass of these elementary particles),
• 2 parameters of the Higgs field potential
• 4 parameters for the quark mixing matrix
• 3 coupling constants for the gauge groups SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) (or equivalently, two coupling constants and the Weinberg angle)
• a phase for the QCD vacuum

• the gravitational constant G *the velocity of light in vacuum or speed of light (c) *the Planck constant (h) or (ħ) *the electric constant ε0 *the charge of the electron *the absolute value of which is the fundamental unit of electric charge (e) *the mass of the electron (me) *the dimensionless fine-structure constant (α), which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction *the Avogadro constant (NA) *the Boltzmann constant (kB) *9 Yukawa couplings for the quarks and leptons (equivalent to specifying the rest mass of these elementary particles) *2 parameters of the Higgs field potential *4 parameters for the quark mixing matrix *3 coupling constants for the gauge groups SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) (or equivalently, two coupling constants and the Weinberg angle) *a phase for the QCD vacuum

Many of these "constants" refer to a level which in conventional physics is considered elementary, that of particles, but which in this System of Knowledge we do not consider elementary at all. The level of particles, which we here call Structures of Information, is a level of medium complexity, which rests on more and more elementary levels, that of Information / Energy, the even more elementary level of Action and its Modes / Components, up to the most basic level, that of the Primary Source, in its two complementary aspects: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field.

Many of these "constants" refer to a level which in conventional physics is considered elementary—that of particles—but which in this System of Knowledge we do not consider elementary at all. The level of particles, which we here call Structures of Information, is a level of medium complexity, resting on more elementary levels: that of Information/Energy, the even more elementary level of Action and its Modes/Components, up to the most basic level, that of the Primary Source in its two complementary aspects—the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field.

This large number of constants referring to the world of elementary particles, their properties and the strengths of their interactions (nearly all of the 26 constants considered by conventional physics), is most likely due to our ignorance of the true nature of particles, and above all of the dynamics of the most elementary levels of Physical Reality. This articulated and obscure world that underlies the complex quantum dynamics of particles is commonly dismissed with superficiality, as is the case with the hypothesis of hidden variables, even if supported by important and relevant experimental evidence (probably misunderstood). In general (unnecessary) natural constants support our ignorance about natural phenomena.

This large number of constants referring to the world of elementary particles, their properties, and the strengths of their interactions (nearly all of the 26 constants considered by conventional physics), is most likely due to our ignorance of the true nature of particles, and above all of the dynamics of the most elementary levels of Physical Reality. This articulated and obscure world underlying the complex quantum dynamics of particles is commonly dismissed with superficiality, as in the case of the hypothesis of hidden variables—even when supported by important experimental evidence (probably misunderstood). In general, (unnecessary) natural constants support our ignorance about natural phenomena.

Let's detach ourselves for a moment from the history of physics, from the more or less accredited theories, more or less in crisis. Let's detach from the complex experiments that have led tenacious and brilliant researchers to measure apparently fundamental parameters. Let's make a clean slate of everything that has been, of what we think we know. Let's try to do a rational logical exercise, starting from scratch.

Let's detach ourselves for a moment from the history of physics, from theories more or less accredited, more or less in crisis. Let's detach from the complex experiments that have led tenacious and brilliant researchers to measure apparently fundamental parameters. Let's make a clean slate of everything that has been, of what we think we know. Let's attempt a rational, logical exercise, starting from scratch.

We hypothesize, as we effectively do in the construction of this System of Knowledge, that a Source, a Force / Field couple, absolutely elementary, fundamental, expresses itself by producing Events, micro variations, micro-gradients, in a scalar Field. That these micro-gradients interact in the field generating micro-flows (the field becomes vectorial), and these in turn generating micro-torsions (the field becomes spinorial).

We hypothesize, as we effectively do in constructing this System of Knowledge, that a Source—a Force/Field couple, absolutely elementary and fundamental—expresses itself by producing Events, micro-variations, micro-gradients, in a scalar Field. These micro-gradients interact in the Field, generating micro-flows (the Field becomes vectorial), and these in turn generate micro-torsions (the Field becomes spinorial).

What parameters, or "constants", would we expect to observe, or could we imagine, in such a context?

Perhaps an average intensity of the Force acting on the Field producing Elementary Events, micro variations in the scalar field.

What parameters, or "constants", would we expect to observe, or could we imagine, in such a context?

Perhaps an average intensity of the Force acting on the Field producing Elementary Events, micro-variations in the scalar Field.

And on the Field side? Some kind of resistance to the variational action of this Force?:

• a resistance to the formation / variation and propagation of micro-gradients (resistance to deformation by pressure?) (?)?
• a resistance to the formation / variation (and propagation?) of micro-flows or micro-stresses (resistance to stress by strain?) (?)?
• a resistance to the formation / variation and propagation of micro-torsions (resistance to torsion by torque?) (epsilon0 for torsion chirality, mu0 for torsion axis orientation?)?

And on the Field side? Some kind of resistance to the variational action of this Force:

• resistance to the formation/variation and propagation of micro-gradients (resistance to deformation by pressure?)
• resistance to the formation/variation (and propagation?) of micro-flows or micro-stresses (resistance to stress by strain?)
• resistance to the formation/variation and propagation of micro-torsions (resistance to torsion by torque?) ( ε0 for torsion chirality, μ0 for torsion axis orientation?)

Perhaps a parameter, a constant of proportionality, which relates micro-gradient and micro-flow produced, and at more complex levels, relates mass to gravitational attraction or acceleration ("G" Universal gravitational constant?)?

Perhaps a parameter, a constant of proportionality relating micro-gradient and micro-flow produced, and at more complex levels, relating mass to gravitational attraction or acceleration (the "G" universal gravitational constant?).

And perhaps some amount of Action associated with the propagation in the torsion Field (constant "h" or "h bar", how much of action?)?

And perhaps some amount of Action associated with propagation in the torsion Field (constant "h" or "ħ", a measure of action?)

Something else?

Something else?

This at the most basic level of Physical Reality. At more complex levels, such as that of the Structures of Information, waves and particles of Quantum Mechanics / Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model of Particles, we would expect to be able to derive all the quantities that we now consider fundamental constants (particle masses and charges, the fine structure, the coupling constants, etc.) from the above-mentioned quantities which should yes, those, be really fundamental.

This at the most basic level of Physical Reality. At more complex levels, such as that of Structures of Information, waves and particles of Quantum Mechanics/Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model of Particles, we would expect to derive all the quantities now considered fundamental constants (particle masses and charges, the fine structure, coupling constants, etc.) from the above-mentioned quantities, which should indeed be truly fundamental.

Some reflection about the most famous natural constant: "the speed of light"

Some reflection about the most famous natural constant: "the speed of light"

To explain the phenomena we observe as curvature of space-time we can imagine two models that are equivalent in some respects (even if the second offers more possibilities to explain some cosmological phenomena that otherwise remain mysterious):

To explain the phenomena we observe as curvature of space-time we can imagine two models, equivalent in some respects (though the second offers more possibilities to explain cosmological phenomena that otherwise remain mysterious):

• Curved spacetime and constant speed of light
  • What does it mean that Space is curved? Basically that the spatial extensions, the distances, and therefore the lengths, are not absolute, fixed, but can vary in space and time (rods can lengthen or shorten) as a result of two fundamental interconnected factors:
    • the density of Elementary Events otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale)
    • the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • What does it mean that Time is curved? Basically that the temporal durations, the intervals, and therefore the times, are not absolute, fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of two fundamental interconnected factors:
    • the density of Elementary Events otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale)
    • the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • Mass and and Space-time curvature are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark matter) the greater is what we call the curvature of Space-time in that object and its surroundings, or in the considered Space-time region. We can have:
    • no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of the Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy (or rather, of an organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark Energy)
    • negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy -> negative curvature means
      • contraction of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to shrink, to contract, objects seem to become smaller and so the distances between them
      • dilation of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a lower pace
    • positive mass density = positive curvature: presence of Dark energy -> positive curvature means
      • expansion of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to grow, to expand, objects seem to become bigger and so the distances between them
      • contraction of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a faster pace.
• Curved time, flat space and variable speed of light
  • What does it mean that Space is flat (not curved and not bendable)? Basically that the spatial extensions, the distances, and therefore the lengths, even not absolute, fixed, cannot vary in space and time (rods cannot lengthen or shorten). Nothing can curve Space:
    • nor Mass, the density of Elementary Events otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale)
    • nor Motion, the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • What does it mean that Time is curved? Basically that the temporal durations, the intervals, and therefore the times, are not absolute, fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of two fundamental interconnected factors:
    • the density of Elementary Events otherwise called Mass (in terms of the Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale)
    • the speed of the structure being measured / observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in the distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of the tiny fluctuations at the Planck-scale).
  • What does it mean that the speed of light (the maximum velocity of causality and information in the Universe) is variable?
  • Mass and Time curvature with variable speed of light are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark matter) the greater is what we call the curvature of Space-time in that object and its surroundings, or in the considered Space-time region. We can have:
    • no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of the Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy (or rather, of an organizational structure of the distributions of Elementary Events that we call Dark Energy)
    • negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy -> negative curvature means
      • contraction of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to shrink, to contract, objects seem to become smaller and so the distances between them
      • dilation of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a lower pace
    • positive mass density = positive curvature: presence of Dark energy -> positive curvature means
      • expansion of length, of spatial extension, of distance; space seems to grow, to expand, objects seem to become bigger and so the distances between them
      • contraction of time, of temporal durations, of intervals; time seems to pass at a faster pace.

• Curved spacetime and constant speed of light **What does it mean that Space is curved? Spatial extensions, distances, and lengths are not absolute or fixed, but can vary in space and time (rods can lengthen or shorten) as a result of two interconnected factors: ***the density of Elementary Events, otherwise called Mass (in terms of Elementary Action: Perturbation, inhomogeneity in distributions of Elementary Events, intensity of tiny fluctuations at the Planck scale) ***the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation, inhomogeneity in distributions of Elementary Events, orientation of tiny fluctuations at the Planck scale) **What does it mean that Time is curved? Temporal durations, intervals, and times are not absolute or fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of the same two interconnected factors: ***the density of Elementary Events, otherwise called Mass (in terms of Elementary Action: Perturbation) ***the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation) **Mass and Space-time curvature are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of Elementary Events we call Dark matter), the greater the curvature of Space-time in that object or region. We can have: ***no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy ***negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy → negative curvature means ****contraction of length, spatial extension, distance; space seems to shrink, objects seem smaller, distances shorter ****dilation of time, temporal durations, intervals; time seems to pass more slowly ***positive mass density = positive curvature: presence of Dark energy → positive curvature means ****expansion of length, spatial extension, distance; space seems to grow, objects seem larger, distances longer ****contraction of time, temporal durations, intervals; time seems to pass more quickly

• Curved time, flat space and variable speed of light **What does it mean that Space is flat? Spatial extensions, distances, and lengths—even if not absolute—cannot vary in space and time (rods cannot lengthen or shorten). Nothing can curve Space: ***neither Mass, the density of Elementary Events (in terms of Elementary Action: Perturbation) ***nor Motion, the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation) **What does it mean that Time is curved? Temporal durations, intervals, and times are not absolute or fixed, but can vary in space and time (clocks can speed up or slow down) as a result of the same two interconnected factors: ***the density of Elementary Events (Mass) ***the speed of the structure being measured/observed (Translation) **What does it mean that the speed of light (the maximum velocity of causality and information in the Universe) is variable? **Mass and Time curvature with variable speed of light are the same thing, produced by the same cause: the density of Elementary Events and their distributions. The more Mass (Ordinary matter) an object has (or the more massive a space-time region is, for example due to the organizational structure of Elementary Events we call Dark matter), the greater the curvature of Space-time in that object or region. We can have: ***no mass (zero mass density) = no curvature of Space-time metrics (flat space and flat time): no massive structures, no Ordinary or Dark matter, no Ordinary or Dark energy ***negative mass density = negative curvature: presence of Ordinary or Dark matter, or Ordinary energy → negative curvature means ****contraction