Difference between revisions of "TFNR - The Structures of Information"

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Everywhere we look, observe, measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... '''Everything has structure, everything is structure''', structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of larger and more complex Forms, Systems, the Universe. Structures that make up structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation, everything is Information in incessant interaction.
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Everywhere we look, observe, measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... '''Everything has structure, everything is structure''': structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of larger and more complex Forms, Systems, the Universe itself. Structures composing structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation. In this sense, everything is structured Information in incessant interaction.
  
 
'''Information, In-Form-Action...'''
 
'''Information, In-Form-Action...'''
  
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Structures of Information make up the entire evolving Universe, from our body to the entire Physical Universe... And not only that... Even in the cognitive domain of Reality, everything is structure, Structures of Cognitive Information (perceptions, sensations, emotions, memories, thoughts, models, etc.) incessantly interact to form the flow of consciousness, states, dynamics, representations of ourselves and the world in which we live.
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Structures of Information make up the entire evolving Universe, from elementary quantum objects to stars, galaxies and living beings. And not only in the physical domain. '''In the cognitive domain as well, everything appears as structure''': Structures of Cognitive Information (perceptions, sensations, emotions, memories, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge, and so on) continuously interact, forming consciousness, internal states, representations of ourselves and of the world in which we live.
  
 
'''Information and Structures everywhere!'''
 
'''Information and Structures everywhere!'''
  
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As seen, in the causal chain that, from the Source, from its active side, the Force, leads to the Form, to the Forms, to the Universe, to Reality as a whole in progress, after the Action we have found Information. The Form of Action, precisely.
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As seen in the previous chapters, in the causal chain that leads from the Source to Reality, '''after Action we encounter Information: the Form of Action'''. Information, however, does not remain isolated. It tends to organize itself into coherent patterns, becoming structured Information.
  
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'''Information tends to form Structures, as Relations between Events form Processes, patterns of organization'''. Structures that in turn constitute the bricks that make up the Forms.
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'''Structures of Information are organized Forms of Action.'''
  
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In this knowledge system, in a general sense and with reference to the most basic level of Reality, the term "Structure of Information" means '''pattern of organization of Action in the Field''' (Information, In-form-action).  
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Relations between Events form Processes and patterns of organization. '''These patterns progressively acquire coherence, persistence and individuality, becoming Structures'''. Structures, in turn, become the building blocks of Forms and of all higher levels of Reality.
  
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Structures represent the shapes, the forms, '''correlations of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations in / of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force''', the product of the inner interaction between the active and the passive aspect of the Primary Source, the Source of Reality.
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Within this knowledge system, and with reference to the most elementary level of Physical Reality, the expression '''Structure of Information''' refers to a '''pattern of organization of Action in the Field'''.
  
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But we can give many other definitions (complementary or equivalent) with respect to the way we look at them, to the aspect, property, behavior we are focusing on.  
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Structures therefore represent '''the forms assumed by the incessant dynamism of Reality''': Processes of Events organized by Relations, correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of pre-spatial fluctuations in / of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force.
  
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And then, after the definitions, we will outline the most significant aspects, classification and origin, properties and dynamics of the Structures of Information, aspects that we will deal with in more detail in this tenth chapter.
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In this sense, Structures are not containers of something else. They are not passive objects. They are organized Action, and therefore organized Information / Energy.
  
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Important! For the sake of brevity and simplicity, in the following instead of the extended term "Structure of Information" we will often use the term "InfoStructure", or sometimes even just "Structure".  
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Throughout this chapter, we will examine the origin, classification, properties and dynamics of the Structures of Information, with particular attention to the Physical Structures of Information that constitute Matter, Radiation and the physical world.
  
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=== Various definitions ===
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'''Important!''' For the sake of brevity and simplicity, instead of the extended expression "Structure of Information" I will often use the term '''InfoStructure''' (IS), or simply '''Structure''' whenever no ambiguity is possible.
  
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Observing the InfoStructures from the different perspectives of the profound nature of Reality, '''we can formulate different definitions, all complementary and equivalent''', but each capable of providing us with a peculiar image that can help us build a vision of at the same time more complete and detailed.
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=== What is structure, and what are Structures? ===
  
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Strictly speaking, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, by Structures we mean '''those small objects, so to say, that represent the discrete, the quantized aspect of Reality: waves and particles, and their more or less complex interactions''', objects that make up ordinary / visible matter (radiation, particles, atoms, etc.). In the representation of what exists within this system of knowledge we do not only find these InfoStructures, which represent only a minimal fraction (5%?) of the existing Matter and Energy (Information). To this we must add all the matter and energy of the dark / invisible sector of Physical Reality, which we will talk about later.
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Where does all this structure come from? Where do Structures originate? And what does structure represent in Reality and of Reality? And likewise for Structures?
  
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Speaking of terms and definitions, for Matter and Energy whose existence is supposed, but whose nature and form are not known, rather than using the adjective "dark", it would be more appropriate to use the term "invisible" , because this is what it is about, the impossibility of observing these entities as they do not seem to emit any type of electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, x or gamma rays, etc.). Symmetrically, we should use the term "visible" for Matter and Energy that we can observe by collecting its electromagnetic radiation, and which we call "ordinary", or "bright". In the text, given the common usage, we will continue to use both the terms "dark and invisible", as well as ordinary and visible, or bright".
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Structure is '''one of the fundamental aspects of Reality''', both in the physical and in the cognitive domain. The other aspect, which we examined in previous chapters — especially in the one dedicated to Action — is '''dynamism''': the incessant variation of form, deformation, what I call an Event. '''Structure consists of more or less mutable Relations among Events that give form to dynamism'''. And "structure" is precisely the "form" of "dynamism". It represents '''the evolving Essence / Form of dynamism, while dynamism itself represents Existence in its unfolding'''.  
  
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Similarly, we will talk about dark / invisible sector or side to collectively refer to the structure and invisible InfoStructures that are hypothesized to populate the Universe, and ordinary / visible / bright sector / side for the structures that we can observe through electromagnetic radiation.
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Structures should not be viewed as static objects. They are evolving organizations of Action, emerging from and sustained by the continuous evolutionary dynamics of the Elementary Field. Their existence, persistence, transformation and disappearance are all aspects of the same Process of Formation.
  
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Extending our hypotheses a little, we could say that the invisible sector is composed of massive structures with low density and wide spatial distribution (halos of dark matter / dark energy and gravitational waves, the complex dark structure of the cosmic web), expression of the Component of Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, root of Space-time and Mass, source of metric and gravitational phenomena and dominated by gravity (and therefore observable through gravitational effects, e.g. gravitational dynamics of celestial bodies, strong and weak lensing, detection of gravitational waves).
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Just as Information is the form of Action, so '''"structure" is the form of "dynamism"'''. Structure is the configuration that Action assumes when we observe it as a state. And therefore, what has been said for Information / Energy and for informational / energetic states also applies to "structure": to observe a form, to capture a state, to measure the energy of a system, '''we must stop Time''' — we must take a snapshot of a process in incessant evolution.
  
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On the other hand, the visible sector is composed of massive structures with high density and narrow spatial distribution (particles of ordinary, or even "exotic", but still visible / detectable, matter, ordinary energy and electromagnetic waves, the matter and radiation that makes up the "non-dark" part of the Universe), an expression, as well as of the Component of Elemental Action that we call Perturbation, above all of the Component Rotation, in its two sub-modes Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Charge and Spin, source of electrical and magnetic phenomena and dominated by electromagnetism.
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Between "flow" quantities (Action) and "state" quantities (Information / Energy), '''complementary quantities, a deep connection emerges'''. It recalls the uncertainty principle and the complementarity of physical observables: it highlights '''the intrinsic limits of nature in the simultaneous determination of certain properties of a system'''. If a structure is the instantaneous configuration of an ever‑changing dynamism, how could we capture its form with infinite precision if that form is itself continuously transforming?
  
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Let's try to put things in order:
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To grasp the form, we must freeze Time; '''but if we freeze Time, we no longer see the flow'''. The two aspects — dynamism and structure — are inseparable, '''yet mutually exclusive in observation'''. The more fundamental the level of Reality we explore, the sharper this tension becomes. As we descend toward the infinitesimal dimensional scales of Physical Reality, toward the particle domain and beyond, transformation becomes extremely rapid, dynamism becomes fundamental and incessant, and '''capturing the form becomes an impossible mission'''.
  
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*'''from the perspective of what exists in terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes''', we can define the InfoStructures as '''Processes, dynamic networks of Relations between Events, produced by Entities / Sources (Force / Field couples), which show some correlation in the basic dynamics of the Field, networks of organized Events that show consistent collective expressions / behaviors and common properties emerging from the more elementary levels of Reality, from the dynamics of Elementary Action'''. In other words, InfoStructures, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, are patterns of correlation among the quantities that describe the dynamics of each point of / in the Field (point-events), the dynamics of the so-called Micro-states, the point distributions in the time domain of the elementary fluctuations of the spatial dimensions in / of the Elementary Field (the Elementary Events, the Action). In summary, at the level of the [[Elementary Field]], the InfoStructures represent networks of [[Elementary Events]], that show some level of correlation (organized by [[Relations]]) and manifest a collective behavior from which a condition of individuation emerges such that the Structures themselves can be configured as independent entities.
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In this context, where dynamism becomes ever faster and more incessant, "form" — and therefore "structure" — becomes progressively less precise, less identifiable, less sharply definable. '''Form and structure acquire increasingly statistical connotations''': average values, average shapes, average structures. Determinism gives way to the probabilistic character of uncertainty and indetermination.
  
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*'''from the perspective of what exists in terms of Sources (Forces and Fields couples), Action, Information, Form''', Structures can be seen as '''(Derived) Entities, causal and variational centers of action, produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field, in the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source, the Source of Reality'''. A structure represents an organized (more or less definite and identified / identifiable) portion of the Elementary Field, which can then be seen as a (Derived) Field (for example, the electric field manifested by a charged particle), which become source of a (Derived) Force (for example, the electric force manifested by that same charged particle, acting on another charged particle through the Field). The Structures in turn then become (Derived) Sources of Causality and Variationality, Entities, centers of causal and variational Action, which constitute the derived aspect of the fundamental entities (Force and Field) in which the Source of Reality manifests itself. Formed by Elementary Action and being centers of Derived (more complex) Action, the Structures manifest form, properties, behaviors and dynamics that depend on their particular constitutive profiles of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, in the two sub-modes Rotation-Chirality and Rotation-Axis Orientation). These Derived Entities are the structures that populate both the dark / invisible and ordinary / visible sides of the Universe.
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=== Turbulence, Potentials, InfoStructures ===
  
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*'''from the perspective of the relations between continuity and discreteness''', we can say that Structures represent the '''discrete (quantized) aspect of Reality in a continuous Field'''. Although composed by the correlations of an enormous number of Events in space-time domains, nets of dynamical micro-states in a continuous field, Structures can be considered as units, units intended as organizations or systems, "individualities", that show emergent properties and behaviors. The key element for this emerging and special unity / individuality of each Structure of Information is the level of correlation between the Elementary Events that participate in, support its existence. When the intensity of the correlations between the Elementary Events of a dynamic set is greater than the intensity of the correlations between such Events and all the other Events that animate the Field not included in the dynamic set considered, we can say that the correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of / in the Field or, in other equivalent terms, the Relations between the Elementary Events of the dynamic whole considered, constitute a Structure of Information of / in the Field. '''The border between the continuous and the discrete''' (two aspects that coexist in Physical Reality, the discrete that emerges from the continuous and influences its form and dynamics in an incessant co-formative, co-evolutionary process) '''is a very often blurred boundary''', only sometimes clearer, sharper. Everything that we perceive or imagine as clearly distinct, separate, confined, is in fact not so if we observe its boundary at the smallest dimensional scales. Already at the molecular level, even more so at the atomic and subatomic level. In the ordinary conception, we imagine electrons as elementary, "simple", unitary, point-like particles, of which, net of quantum indeterminacy and their peculiar dynamics, it is possible to determine their position with infinite precision, while at the same time renouncing similar precision infinite for the measurement of the speed of movement in space-time (position and velocity, or better "momentum", the product of the mass and velocity, are conjugate quantum quantities). This is not the case. In this model of representation of Reality, in the Evolutionary Knowledge System, an electron, as Structure of Information, of the "Vortex" type / "Particle" sub-type, and for all the characteristics of the model, is hypothesized to be a portion of space-time, or rather of the Elementary Field, organized (with a particular configuration of the correlations between the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of / in the Field, a configuration that has the shape of a three-dimensional "Vortex", whose blurred boundaries find a fluctuating dynamic limit in the very indeterminacy of the correlations, in the sense that the intensity of the correlations at the spatial boundaries of the electron fluctuate around the average value of the indeterminacy, making the boundary which would virtually be infinite/indeterminate blurred). What takes on particular relevance here are not the Events themselves, which can enter and exit the considered set (dynamic in this sense), but the Relations that bind them, that "organize" them, the '''correlations between the distributions (temporal) of the elementary (spatial) fluctuations of the Field which constitute the Elementary Events'''. These Relations, these schemes of correlation, represent Information, or, in its most basic sense, Energy (Information purified of the aspect of the Form of higher levels of complexity, Energy represents a more elementary expression of Information, a sort of synthetic, aformal, expression, in the sense of measurement of a physical parameter averaged over an interval of space and time as in statistical mechanics, e.g. "temperature", synthetic measurement of the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms, a domain of atoms considered as "isolated", unitary and identified or identifiable.
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Within the general framework of this knowledge system, InfoStructures represent '''the most organized and individuated level of Action in the Field'''. They emerge '''from a deeper physical genealogy''' composed of '''progressively more organized conditions of Action'''. At the most elementary level lies '''Turbulence''', the minimal and non‑coherent form of Action. Above it, we find the '''Potentials''', extended but non‑self‑sustaining configurations of the Field. '''InfoStructures constitute the third level''': highly organized, coherent and self‑sustaining forms of Action, endowed with their own Properties, Behaviors, Dynamics and evolutionary trajectories.
  
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*'''from the perspective of the role they play in the construction of Reality''': the Structures are the '''(Derived) Entities that compose the physical world: force carriers, Radiation, Dark matter, particles of Ordinary / Visible / Bright matter, and all the connected fields and forces, as their expressions'''. As entities, Waves, Vortices (massive particles) and Interactions, the elementary and composite structures of [[Matter]] and [[Radiation]], can be defined Agents; specifically, [[Quantum Agents]], as their interactions mainly follow the principles of Quantum Dynamics, and the formulation of Quantum Field Theory. InfoStructures represent the causal sources of the quantization of matter and energy in the continuous Elementary Field. Structures are the '''building blocks of Material Forms''', the objects of Physical Reality. As nets of Physical InfoStructures in incessant interaction (like waves and particles), as we will see in the next chapter, the Material Forms evolve in more and more complex objects (atoms, molecules, bodies, etc.), showing different emergent features and properties, behaving in the different ways as described by the dynamics proper to that peculiar kind of Structure / Form (the physical and chemical dynamics for atoms forming molecules, for molecules forming materials, for materials forming complex bodies like rocks, tissues, organisms, planets and stars, and so on). Transcending the level of the Structures, new properties and behaviors emerge with the evolution of Material Forms. And vice versa, the new properties and behaviors of the Forms, make the Structures to evolve modifying their behavior, their properties, in an incessant co-evolution that gives form to the Universe (Process of Formation of Reality).
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'''In this chapter we focus exclusively on InfoStructures''' — their physical forms (Waves, Vortices, Interactions), their Properties and their dynamics. Turbulence and Potentials are not treated here systematically, as they belong to the more elementary levels of Action and have been analyzed in previous chapters. Nevertheless, it is useful to recall that every InfoStructure originates from evolutionary processes involving these simpler levels: Turbulence spontaneously emerges from the elementary dynamism, Potentials provide the first extended organization of the Field, and InfoStructures represent the structured and individuated form of Action that constitutes the basis of Matter and Radiation, both ordinary / visible and dark / invisible.  
  
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=== Importance ===
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'''In turn, Turbulence and Potentials are also influenced by the nature and dynamics of the InfoStructures themselves.''' The presence, Motion and interactions of InfoStructures continuously reshape the surrounding Field, '''modifying local turbulence and generating or transforming Potentials'''. In this way, '''the genealogy of Action is not a one‑directional hierarchy but an incessant co‑evolution''': the elementary levels give rise to InfoStructures, and InfoStructures continuously reorganize the elementary levels from which they emerged.
  
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As said above, '''everything we observe, everything we measure, everything we are, everything we imagine… Everything has / is structure'''. We and everything around us is made up of structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of Forms, Systems of Forms. Structures that make up structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation, everything is "Structured Information" in incessant interaction.
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=== Various definitions of Structures of Information ===
  
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All levels of Reality are equally important and essential to understand the existence of everything, but the level of InfoStructures together with that of Forms are the ones that we have most before us, and therefore it seems normal that it is the most attractive aspect to study, and the most accessible. The products of their incessant cosmic dance affect our senses, inducing perceptions, which become sensations, sometimes emotions, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge... A cognitive complexity that reflects the complexity of the Structures and the Forms that make up Physical Reality. It is no coincidence that "traditional" science, mainstream research so to speak (physics, chemistry, astrophysics, cosmology, ...), deals above all with InfoStructures and Forms and their dynamics, even if these classes are called otherwise (particles, waves, interactions, objects, stars, galaxies, etc.).
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Observing the InfoStructures from the different perspectives of the profound nature of Reality, '''we can formulate different definitions, all complementary and equivalent''', each capable of providing a peculiar image that helps us build a more complete and detailed vision.
  
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Due to its proximity to us, the space occupied by this field of research in modern physics, and the amount of theoretical and experimental activity related to it, are enormous. The intellectual effort, as well as the experimental one, is impressive, with huge investments concentrated above all on the development of ever more powerful colliders, in search of new particles and increasingly accurate measurements of their properties. Particles, particles, particles... InfoStructures... It is important to study them, but to understand their nature, origin, structure, internal dynamics and mutual interactions, their role in the construction of Physical Reality, etc. it is not enough to observe collisions at increasingly higher energies. Since the physical world is not only made up of InfoStructures (dark and visible), to go deeper and try to understand the Fundamental Nature of Reality, '''it is not enough to study particles, waves and their interactions, it is necessary to observe Nature with new eyes and an open mind'''. Particle models, useful for understanding and classifying particles and their interactions, if they saturate the theoretical panorama and the experimental activities, risk being an obstacle to the understanding of Reality at a deeper level, for the construction of a unitary vision of Reality, of Nature, of the Universe.
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Strictly speaking, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, by Structures I mean '''those small entities, so to say, that represent the discrete, quantized aspect of Reality: waves, particles, and their more or less complex interactions'''. These are not "objects" in the conventional sense, but elementary forms of organized Action that make up ordinary / visible Matter (radiation, particles, atoms, etc.). In the representation of what exists within this system of knowledge, these InfoStructures represent only a small fraction of the Matter and Energy believed to exist in the Universe (Information). To this we must add all the Matter and Energy of the dark / invisible sector of Physical Reality, which we will discuss later.
  
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=== Origin ===
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'''Speaking of terms and definitions''', for Matter and Energy whose existence is supposed but whose nature and form are not known, rather than using the adjective "dark", it is more appropriate to use the term "'''invisible'''", because this is what it refers to: the impossibility of observing these entities as they do not seem to emit electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, x or gamma rays, etc.). Symmetrically, we should use the term "'''visible'''" for Matter and Energy that we can observe by collecting electromagnetic radiation, and which we call "ordinary" or "bright". In the text, given common usage, I will continue to use both "dark and invisible" and "ordinary and visible" or "bright".
  
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'''Where the InfoStructures come from'''? Which is their origin? How they take form? The simple and concise answer is that they form from the dynamics of the Elementary Field, which we call the Dynamics of Elementary Action, ruled by the three Fundamental Principles (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action). Therefore, by origin, origination, we mean Formation, construction through creative and evolutionary processes, which, from the elementary fluctuations of the Field, lead first to the Invisible / Dark structures and then through their dynamics, to the Visible / Ordinary structures. This formation occurs essentially through two aspects of evolutionary processes.
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Similarly, we will talk about the '''dark / invisible sector''' or side to collectively refer to the invisible InfoStructures hypothesized to populate the Universe, and the ordinary / visible / bright sector or side for the Structures that we can observe through gravitational and electromagnetic radiation.
  
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The first, '''self-organization''', is a fundamental aspect of the evolutive dynamics of Reality, as described in a previous chapter. Structures emerge from the Field, coevolving in an incessant evolutive interaction with the dynamics of the Field itself, where the evolutive Operators of Reality (Organization, Transformation and Selection) give form to more and more complex Structures and Interactions. Given appropriate "environmental" conditions (an appropriate local state of the Field) Processes of Relations between Events (Information) organize spontaneously in stable Structures, with "causal permanence" and characterized by properties that derive from the "collective behavior" of the Elementary Events that participate to their existence, or, in other words, from the correlations of the Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation) of the point events in / of the considered volume in / of the Field.
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Extending our hypotheses a little, we could say that '''the invisible sector is composed of massive Structures with low density and wide spatial distribution''' (halos of dark matter / dark energy and gravitational waves, the complex dark structure of the cosmic web), expressions of the Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation, root of Space-time and Mass, source of metric and gravitational phenomena and dominated by gravity (and therefore observable through gravitational effects, e.g. gravitational dynamics of celestial bodies, strong and weak lensing, etc).  
  
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The second, '''interaction''', is the aspect through which many of the Structures are produced by the dynamics of existing Structures (i.e. the emission of e. m. waves by accelerating charged particles, the formation of mass particles by the friction of the huge dark matter halos hosting clusters and super clusters, the formation of composite Structures through the interaction of elementary ones).
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On the other hand, '''the visible sector is composed of massive Structures with high density and narrow spatial distribution''' (Particles of ordinary, or even "exotic" but still visible / detectable Matter, ordinary Energy and electromagnetic waves, the Matter and Radiation that make up the "non-dark" part of the Universe), expressions, as well as of the Perturbation Mode, primarily of the Component of Elementary Action called Rotation, in its two sub-modes Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Charge and Spin, source of electrical and magnetic phenomena and dominated by electromagnetism, and a fundamental contributor to the dynamism and the form that characterize vortex‑like Structures.
  
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'''Self-organization''' and "interaction" are basic expression / functions of the operator "Relation", one of the two fundamental Operators (or Operational Agents, direct manifestations of the Primary Source) of the Process of Formation of Reality. Part of this universal process through which Information organize in Structures is called Process of Formation of the (Invisible and Visible, or Dark and Ordinary) InfoStructures.
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Let's try to put things in order:
  
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In an infinite time, in a "beginningless" sense, the process of (spontaneous) organization of correlations (Relationships) between the distributions over time of the fluctuations of the spatial distances with resonance at the Planck scale (Elementary Events), a process that we call Evolution, has produced more and more turbulence in / of the Elementary Field, with the formation of increasingly extensive "bubbles" which have come to fill and saturate all available space (infinite and unlimited). In this turbulence which manifested itself at all dimensional levels, the large bubbles, which subsequently became the halos of the galaxies, clusters and super clusters that we observe today, began to interact in an increasingly intense way in their growth process, especially in the border areas. A selection process operating on immense dimensional scales (spatial and temporal) made left-handed structures prevail, which subsequently directed the formation of ordinary/visible matter in a specific sense, with prevailing formation of what we call matter at the expense of the anti-matter counterpart.  
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*'''from the perspective of what exists in terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes''', InfoStructures can be defined as '''Processes, dynamic networks of Relations between Events, produced by Entities / Sources (Force / Field couples), which show correlation in the basic dynamism of the Field'''. They are networks of organized Events that show consistent collective expressions / behaviors and common properties emerging from the more elementary levels of Reality, from the dynamism of Elementary Action. At the level of the [[Elementary Field]], InfoStructures represent networks of [[Elementary Events]] that show some level of correlation (organized by [[Relations]]) and manifest a collective behavior from which a condition of individuation emerges such that the Structures themselves can be configured as independent entities.
  
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Turbulence, turbulence everywhere, but especially in the "friction" zones of large cosmic bubbles (Dark Matter bubbles / halos, whose peripheral areas show a Perturbance value higher than the universal average - we associate the term Dark Energy with this condition - and therefore exert a repulsive action, unlike the attractive one exerted by the dark matter which makes up the extended part inside the bubble). In that friction zones smaller bubbles (current galactic halos) underwent strong concentration (what we now observe and call cosmic web), as in soap foam, the small bubbles are pushed by the large ones to concentrate in the interstices, the filaments and small ones agglomerated in the nodes between several larger bubbles. And again turbulence, friction, at smaller spatial dimensions, with increasingly intense interactions to form ever smaller, and then infinitesimal, vortices... the first elementary particles, micro-vortices, accelerated by the extremely intense turbulent dynamics of the bubbles / halos of matter dark, each halo with its Mass (Perturbation), its Motion (Translation), its Charge (Rotation: Chirality) determined by chirality and its Spin (Rotation:AxisOrientation) with the associated magnetic fields of immense intensity.  
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*'''from the perspective of Sources (Forces and Fields couples), Action, Information, Form''', Structures can be seen as '''(Derived) Entities, causal and variational centers of Action, produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field'''. A Structure represents an organized portion of the Elementary Field, which can then be seen as a (Derived) Field (for example, the electric field manifested by a charged particle), which becomes source of a (Derived) Force (for example, the electric force manifested by that same charged particle acting on another charged particle through the Field). The InfoStructures in turn become (Derived) Sources of Causality and Variationality, centers of derived Action, which constitute the derived aspect of the fundamental sub-Entities (Force and Field) in which the Source of Reality manifests itself. Formed by Elementary Action and being centers of Derived Action, the Structures manifest form, properties, behaviors and dynamics that depend on their particular constitutive profiles of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, in the two sub-modes Rotation-Chirality and Rotation-AxisOrientation). These Derived Entities populate both the dark / invisible and ordinary / visible sides of the Universe.
  
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An extremely rarefied process of formation of elementary particles, rarefied but extended into the immensity of infinite cosmic space and equally immense times. Particles accelerated to extremely relevant energies (with acquisition of masses much higher than those at rest), which occasionally collided, produced heavier particles, composite vortices (Vortex Interactions), Interactions, Waves, the nuclei of the first hydrogen atoms, which gradually captured other slower electrons, less accelerated in formation or slowed down by different dynamics of the dark halos. The first neutral atoms, and then the first molecules, gaseous clouds, the first stars, explosions, heavier elements, star clusters, galaxies, stars of subsequent generations, metals, dust, black holes, galactic nuclei, continuous growth, increasing complexity, increasingly tumultuous evolution...
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*'''from the perspective of the relation between the continuous and the discrete''', Structures represent the '''discrete (quantized) aspect of Reality emerging from a continuous Field'''. Although composed of correlations among an enormous number of Events in Space-time domains, nets of dynamical micro-states in a continuous Field, Structures can be considered as units, organizations or systems, "individualities" that show emergent properties and behaviors. The key element for this emerging unity / individuality of each Structure of Information is the level of correlation between the Elementary Events that support its existence. When the intensity of the correlations between the Elementary Events of a dynamic set is greater than the intensity of the correlations between such Events and all the other Events that animate the Field outside the set, the correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of / in the Field, or equivalently the Relations between the Elementary Events of the dynamic whole, constitute a Structure of Information. '''The border between the continuous and the discrete''' is often blurred, only sometimes clearer. Everything we perceive or imagine as distinct, separate, confined, is in fact not so if we observe its boundary at the smallest dimensional scales. Already at the molecular level, even more so at the atomic and subatomic level. In the ordinary conception, we imagine electrons as elementary, "simple", unitary, point-like particles, of which, net of quantum indeterminacy and their peculiar dynamics, it is possible to determine their position with infinite precision, while at the same time renouncing similar precision infinite for the measurement of the speed of movement in Space-time (position and velocity, or better "momentum", are conjugate quantum quantities). In this model of Reality, an electron, as a Structure of Information of the "Vortex" type / "Particle" sub-type, is hypothesized to be a portion of the Elementary Field organized with a particular configuration of correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of the Field, a configuration with the shape of a three-dimensional "Vortex" whose blurred boundaries reflect the indeterminacy of the correlations. What matters here are not the Events themselves, which can enter and exit the set, but the Relations that bind them, the '''correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial fluctuations of the Field which constitute the Elementary Events'''. These Relations represent Information, or, in its most basic sense, Energy: the form of Action when observed as state.
  
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In this sense, following this story, it is clear that in this hypothesis of a model of formation of invisible and visible, dark and ordinary matter, Dark matter is considered the causal antecedent, the originator of Ordinary matter. Or rather, the dynamic processes of Dark matter are (I say "are" and not "have been", since the process of formation of ordinary matter, like that of dark matter, is still ongoing and will continue forever) the causal origin of the existence of Ordinary matter particles.
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*'''from the perspective of the role they play in the construction of Reality''', InfoStructures are the '''(Derived) Entities that compose the physical world: force carriers, Radiation, Dark Matter, Particles of Ordinary / Visible / Bright Matter, and all the connected (derived) fields and forces, as their expressions'''. As Entities, Waves, Vortices (massive particles) and Interactions, the elementary and composite structures of [[Matter]] and [[Radiation]], can be defined as Agents; specifically, [[Quantum Agents]], as their interactions mainly follow the principles of Quantum Dynamics and the formulation of Quantum Field Theory. InfoStructures represent the causal sources of the quantization of Matter and Energy in the continuous Elementary Field. Structures are the '''building blocks of Material Forms''', the objects of Physical Reality. As nets of Physical InfoStructures in incessant interaction (like Waves and Particles), Material Forms evolve into more and more complex objects (atoms, molecules, bodies, etc.), showing emergent features and properties, behaving according to the dynamics proper to that peculiar kind of Structure / Form. Transcending the level of the Structures, new Properties and Behaviors emerge with the evolution of Material Forms. And vice versa, the new Properties and Behaviors of the Forms make the Structures evolve, modifying their Behavior and Properties, in an incessant co-evolution that gives form to the Universe (Process of Formation of Reality).
  
−
When cosmic rays, electrons, protons, etc. hit the earth with very significant energies, it is probable that they are "newly" formed particles, generated by the dynamics hypothesized above, and accelerated to "extreme" energies by these dynamics and by the extremely intense fields that characterize the friction zones of the large dark bubbles that dominate and propel that dynamic.
+
=== Importance ===
  
−
So, what structures do we expect to see in the cosmos according to this model?
+
As said above, '''everything we observe, everything we measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... Everything has / is structure''', or better, '''dynamism that can be observed as structure'''. We and everything around us are made of Structures, objects, Forms or parts of Forms, systems of Forms. Structures that compose Structures, systems of Structures in dynamic relation: everything is "structured Information", incessantly interacting.
  
−
Essentially, a foamy turbulent structure, with large almost completely empty bubbles, characterized by:
+
All levels of Reality are equally important for understanding existence, but the level of InfoStructures, together with that of Forms, is the one most directly before us. It is therefore natural that it appears the most attractive and accessible to study. The products of their incessant cosmic dance affect our senses, inducing perceptions that become sensations, emotions, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge. A cognitive complexity that reflects the complexity of the Structures and Forms that compose Physical Reality. It is no coincidence that "traditional" science — mainstream research (physics, chemistry, astrophysics, cosmology, ...) — deals above all with InfoStructures and Forms and their dynamics, even if these classes are named differently (particles, waves, interactions, objects, stars, galaxies, etc.).
−
* an extremely weak '''Mass''' density, very low average Perturbation values of the event points that support the bubble, close to zero, with the characteristic Mass profile of the Vortex Structures of the / in the Elementary Field,  
+
−
* a slow rectilinear '''Motion''', very modest displacement in the cosmos, given the dimensions and relative rigidity of the cosmic web at extremely large scales (very low translation values),  
+
−
* a very low '''Charge''' density (Rotation: Chirality),  
+
−
* a modest '''Spin''' density, but which, especially in the external areas, given the high turbulence deriving from the friction with the other large bubbles and the smaller ones that make up the part of the cosmic web represented by clusters and galaxies, can assume very intense intensity large on cosmic dimensions, contributing decisively to the processes of formation of elementary particles of ordinary/visible matter (leptons), to their acceleration and directing on preferential trajectories which increase the probability of constructive interaction for the formation of more complex particles (hadrons ), to form the most elementary atomic nuclei (essentially hydrogen nuclei, and gradually neutral atomic and molecular hydrogen).
+
  
−
In the external areas, in the interstices between these immense bubbles, a web structure, with medium-sized bubbles in the nodes between the large empty bubbles, the invisible / dark part of the super clusters and galaxy clusters, and still a myriad of bubbles away smaller ones, the fine foam we would say, the dark part of the galaxies. On the external part of the bubbles (the outer shell, where the Perturbation value is higher than zero, and we say that the relative volume is dominated by Dark Energy), from the largest bubbles to the halos of galactic size, we should see formation processes at work of visible/ordinary matter of variable intensity in space and time (variability due to the complex turbulent dynamics of the cosmos which extends across immense spaces and equally immense times). And more, free particles, ionized gas (hydrogen nuclei), neutral atomic and molecular hydrogen gas. In the external parts of the dark halos of "mature" galaxies, in addition to hydrogen, other heavier elements (from helium onwards) produced by the various generations of stars evolving in these galaxies and expelled towards the outside of the bubbles by various dynamic processes (jets produced by active galactic nuclei, winds produced by intense stellar explosions, etc.). To the heavy elements produced in each galaxy, are added gas and dust present at various densities in the intergalactic areas of the clusters, and more generally in the cosmic web. Inside the bubbles of superclusters and galaxy clusters, we expect to find complex turbulent dynamics of galactic dimension that affect the galactic bubbles present inside these large structures, confined in the interstices of the large empty bubbles and heavily influenced by their immense and powerful dynamics (expansion, rotation, friction, contraction).
+
Because of this proximity, the space occupied by this field of research in modern physics and the amount of theoretical and experimental activity devoted to it are enormous. The intellectual and experimental effort is impressive, with huge investments concentrated on the development of increasingly powerful colliders, in search of new particles and increasingly accurate measurements of their properties. Particles, particles, particles... InfoStructures. Studying them is essential, but to understand their nature, origin, internal dynamics and mutual interactions, and their role in the construction of Physical Reality, it is not enough to observe collisions at ever higher energies. Since the physical world is not composed only of InfoStructures (visible and invisible), to go deeper and attempt to understand the Fundamental Nature of Reality, '''it is not enough to study particles, waves and their interactions; it is necessary to observe Nature with new eyes and an open mind'''. Particle models, useful for classifying particles and their interactions, if they saturate the theoretical and experimental landscape, risk becoming an obstacle to understanding Reality at a deeper level, and to constructing a unified vision of Reality, of Nature, of the Universe.
  
−
The description of the structure of the cosmos and its evolution will be the subject of the next chapter. Here we would like to highlight how the Universe appears when observed at the Level of Reality of InfoStructures. what types of Structures exist, how they originate in the complex and turbulent dynamics of the Elementary Action of / in the Elementary Field at large cosmic scales (formation of invisible/dark sector), and gradually, increasingly smaller (formation of the visible/ordinary sector) and how the latter influences the structure and dynamics of the dark sector, in an immense complex retroactive system that builds the structure of the Universe evolving at all spatial and temporal scales.
+
It is therefore crucial to grasp the true nature of InfoStructures, '''to build a correct representation — a more accurate, plausible and realistic vision'''. In my opinion, much of the apparent weirdness and difficulty of interpretation associated with Quantum Mechanics may derive from '''an incomplete representation of quantum objects and their internal dynamism'''. This possibility motivates the analysis developed in the second part of this chapter, dedicated to the reinterpretation of quantum phenomena through the framework of InfoStructures and, more generally, through the broader descriptive framework of Reality proposed in this work.
  
−
The incessant formation of new ordinary matter and dark matter (bubbles and widespread turbulent areas) in increasingly complex and turbulent galactic environments should lead to an increase in the overall mass of the bubbles which should compact, reducing in volume and increasing the speed of rotation, decreasing the friction with neighboring bubbles and the high turbulence in the environment between the bubbles, with a (temporary) decrease in the rate of formation of ordinary matter and turbulent dark matter at small scales (intergalactic and inside galactic halos). Complex feedback mechanisms heavily influence the evolution of invisible matter (large empty bubbles, haloes of superclusters, galaxy clusters, galactic halos, the turbulent dark cosmic web) and visible matter (from elementary particles to composite ones, atoms, molecules, gases, dust, objects, stars, star clusters, galactic black holes, etc.).
+
They have even led to a redefinition of the very concepts of Reality and realism, when it would have been sufficient to abandon classical and relativistic determinism in favor of indeterminacy and probabilities. Faced with this theoretical impasse, the response was "Shut up and calculate!", or interpretations that, to me, made little sense (many worlds, pilot waves, deterministic hidden-variable models, etc.). The erroneous conception of the nature and form of quantum objects has led to '''counterintuitive deductions''' that have influenced the entire landscape of fundamental physics, scientific research, philosophy, culture, and even the everyday vision of Reality.
  
−
Regarding the temporal aspect of the origin of the InfoStructures... It is evident that processes of this nature, such a complex organization, the relevance of turbulence in the construction of the cosmos and of the dark and ordinary matter that gives it its structure and determines its dynamics, cannot be the result of a "punctual" event (spatial and temporal sense) as hypothesized by the Big Bang / Inflation model. A model strongly influenced by a cultural bias that is unfortunately unavoidable, given its centrality in the history (cultural, religious, etc.) of humanity, or at least of a part of it.
+
=== Origin ===
 +
 
 +
'''Where do InfoStructures come from?''' What is their origin? How do they take form?
 +
 
 +
The simple and concise answer is that '''they arise from the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field''', the dynamism of Elementary Action governed by the three Fundamental Principles (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, and Least Action). By origin or origination I therefore mean Formation: construction through creative and evolutionary Processes that, starting from the sub-elementary fluctuations of the Field, first give rise to invisible / Dark structures (Dark Halos / Bubbles / web, and gravitational waves) and then, through their dynamics, to visible / Ordinary Structures (massive Particles and electromagnetic waves). This formation occurs essentially through '''two aspects of evolutionary Processes'''.
 +
 
 +
The first, '''self‑organization''', is a fundamental aspect of the evolutionary dynamics of Reality. Structures emerge from the Field, co‑evolving in an incessant interaction with the dynamism of the Field itself.
 +
 
 +
The second, '''interaction''', is the aspect through which many Structures are produced by the dynamics of already existing Structures.
 +
 
 +
InfoStructures (Invisible and Visible, or Dark and Ordinary) '''originate from a specific part of the Process of Formation of Reality''', through which Information becomes organized into Structures.
  
−
For the development of such a complex organization of structures, forms, processes, dynamics, the times and methods proposed by the aforementioned model are not sufficient / compatible. From everything we have hypothesized, it seems clear that much larger times are needed, as well as infinite spaces. Placing temporal and spatial limits on the formation of Physical Reality, of Dark and Ordinary Matter, of the invisible and visible sector, in addition to being profoundly unnatural, seems to be a forcing deriving from a projection of our mind, of us human beings who have a date of beginning and an end (our life), and we are spatially delimited (our body), and we live in a world that manifests similar temporal and spatial limits, albeit broader.
+
This process took '''an infinite Time''', in the sense that there was no real beginning. The spontaneous organization of correlations (Relations) between the pre‑temporal distributions of the pre‑spatial fluctuations (of distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale (Elementary Events) — a process I call Evolution — gradually produced increasing turbulence in the Elementary Field, forming more organized regions, which we can call Potentials, in analogy with the Potential associated with the existence of vortex‑like InfoStructures, and eventually ever larger "vortex bubbles" that came to fill and saturate all available Space ('''infinite and unlimited Space''').
  
−
Astronomical observations, increasingly accurate and "deep", both in a spatial and temporal sense, are ruthless. Things begin to appear that shouldn't exist. There are no longer any patches capable of hiding the evident holes (besides the huge one, the inability to describe 95% of what exists!) in the existing models. Something new is needed. But it can't just be a "model". We need a general "vision" of Physical Reality, of its structure, of the Principles of Dynamics, of the Formation Processes of Invisible / Dark and Visible / Ordinary Matter, of what is called Dark Energy. A vision that must extend from the infinitely small (the continuum, the spatial and temporal resonances, the Planck scale, the particle scale), to the medium dimensions (our scale, the stellar, galactic scale), up to the large cosmic dimensions (the of bubbles / halos of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, from galactic ones to immense voids, to even larger structures that bring together clusters, superclusters, voids, mega structures, etc. in complex turbulent dances), to the infinite Universe as a whole.
+
In this infinite Field '''filled with turbulence''', and especially in the "friction zones" between large cosmic bubbles, smaller bubbles formed and underwent progressive concentration. Turbulence and friction at smaller spatial scales produced increasingly intense interactions, forming ever smaller and eventually infinitesimal vortices.
  
−
The Big Bang / Inflation models and their predictions, as well as the main models of (particle) physics, although representing milestones in the development of scientific knowledge, the result of unspeakable efforts, have become real immovable dogmas, to be defended to the extreme , to be patched up endlessly, are now a clear obstacle to the progress of our understanding of Energy, Matter, the Universe (in terms of the Evolutionary Knowledge System object of this work: Information, Form of Existence, of what exists ).
+
'''An extremely rarefied process of formation of elementary Particles''' took place: the first elementary Particles, micro‑vortices accelerated by gravitational and magnetic (derived) fields, collisions that gradually produced composite Particles of visible / ordinary Matter, more complex ones such as nucleons, then the first atoms and the first gaseous molecules. These, in increasingly dense clouds under the effect of gravity, formed the first stars, explosions, heavier elements, and so on — an evolution that produced the complex current Universe, the result of the co‑evolution of the dark structure (the foamy and turbulent organization of Space, the dark cosmic web) and the visible one (Matter and electromagnetic Radiation that constitute the visible / ordinary part of cosmic structures).
  
−
To proceed we essentially need to start from scratch. Existing models should be used to the extent they are useful, but they cannot and should not limit the search for broader and deeper insight, whether in physics or cosmology. Vision that must be the guide towards a science of complexity, capable of handling chaos / turbulence as fundamental natural elements (let's not forget that the first principle of Evolutionary Dynamics is the Principle of Uncertainty) and a multidisciplinary approach to a multilevel reality. When we talk about levels we refer to levels in all three dimensionality of Reality: causal and variational in its two aspects: spatial and temporal. All three of these dimensionalities are necessary to define the complexity:
+
Formation: an immense Force in Action on an infinite Field, Space and Time without limits, Information / Energy gradually becoming Matter — Dark and Ordinary, invisible and visible InfoStructures — co‑evolving toward the current Universe.
−
*causal aspect, how much action of the force on the field has been necessary to produce a structure, a form,
+
−
*variational (spatial and temporal) aspect, how complex is the organization of the deformations of a homogeneous dynamic / conservative field.
+
  
−
We need an approach capable of resisting the search for the elementary, the beautiful, the elegant, even and above all in mathematical descriptions, which, as said several times, must not guide research, but follow ideas. Although there are aspects of this type in Nature that we can admire around us, it is evident that in the Universe of truly elementary, in the sense of simple, describable with simple laws and related equations, there is nothing, not even a "simple" electron, the particle that seems most elementary. What appears simple to us at a level of observation of Reality, if observed more closely, turns out to be made up of a swarm of action, energy poised between chaos and order, turbulence in fact, so difficult to model, to describe precisely in mathematical language.
+
'''Nature incessantly builds itself, gives itself structure''', creates and evolves Structures, and from these, the Forms — the objects we observe and measure, directly and indirectly.
  
 
=== Classification ===
 
=== Classification ===
  
−
The Physical InfoStructures can be classified in mani different ways, according to their main aspects, their nature, origin, shape, structure and composition, behavior and dynamics, the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization produce, etc.
+
Physical InfoStructures can be classified in many different ways, according to their main aspects: their nature, origin, shape, structure and composition, behavior and dynamics, or the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization and dynamics produces.
  
−
According to '''their nature and structure''', the Physical InfoStructures can be classified in two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type produced by various kinds of physical interactions between them:
+
According to '''their nature and structure''', Physical InfoStructures can be grouped into two fundamental (pure) types and one mixed type produced by various kinds of physical interactions between them:
−
*'''Waves''': they represent the dynamic structures able of carrying Information or, in terms of mainstream physics, vectors of (derived) forces. Here we find the gravitational waves (invisible / dark sector) and electromagnetic waves (visible / ordinary sector), and their particle counterpart / representation, the photon,
+
*'''Waves''': InfoStructures where the dynamic aspect predominates; they manifest as propagating configurations of organized Action. In mainstream physics they correspond to the carriers of (derived) forces. In this family, in the invisible / dark sector we find gravitational waves; in the visible / ordinary sector we find electromagnetic waves, together with their particle‑counterpart representation, the photon.
−
*'''Vortices''' (massive particles): they represent the conservative structures, from whose fundamental nature the mass phenomenon derives. Structured information which, due to its peculiar conformation, acquires an (apparently) permanent form. Dark matter halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, which make up the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary particles, including leptons and quarks, in the visible sector of Matter,
+
*'''Vortices''' (massive Particles and dark halos): InfoStructures in which the conservative aspect predominates; their particular configuration of organized Action gives rise to the phenomenon of Mass. Structured Information that, due to its peculiar conformation, acquires a relatively stable and persistent form. Dark Matter halos — the invisible vortical structures that compose the cosmic web — belong to this family, as do elementary Particles (leptons and quarks) in the visible sector of Matter.
−
*'''Interactions''': from the interaction of these pure type of Structures composite particles arise, which form most of the particles that exist in nature or have been produced in colliders (hadrons: baryons, like protons and neutrons, and mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles).
+
*'''Interactions''': composite InfoStructures produced by the interaction of the pure types. They include most of the particles that exist in nature or have been produced in colliders (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, and the weak and strong nuclear bosons such as gluons and W / Z particles).
  
−
According to '''the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization produce''', we can classify them in:
+
According to '''the kind of Radiation or Matter their organization produces''', we can classify them into:
−
*Invisible structures, the constituents of the Invisible / Dark Matter
+
*'''Invisible Structures''', constituents of the invisible / Dark Matter
 
**Gravitational Waves  
 
**Gravitational Waves  
−
**Dark halos (the diffuse low-density structures that create the texture of the cosmos, the galactic bubbles, and the even larger ones that house immense clusters and the other large cosmic structures)
+
** Dark halos (diffuse, low‑density Structures that create the texture of the cosmos: galactic bubbles and the even larger ones that host immense clusters and other cosmic structures)
−
**Interactions (the dark turbulence and the various (sub-) structures of the cosmic web)
+
** Interactions (dark turbulence and the various sub‑structures of the cosmic web)
−
*Visible structures, the constituents of the Visible / Ordinary Matter
+
*'''Visible Structures''', constituents of visible / Ordinary Matter
−
**Electromagnetic Waves: one cycle waves / massless particles (photon)  
+
**Electromagnetic Waves: one cycle Waves / massless particles (photon)  
−
**Vortices / Particles: massive particles (elementary particles, including leptons and quarks)
+
** Vortices / Particles: massive Particles (elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks)
−
**Interactions (hadrons: baryons, like protons and neutrons, and mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles, particles from whose interaction the atoms are formed and other particles that are created in high-energy phenomena / collisions)
+
** Interactions (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles — Particles whose interactions form atoms and other Particles created in high‑energy phenomena / collisions)
  
 
=== Properties ===
 
=== Properties ===
  
−
Obviously, different kinds of Structures have different '''Properties'''. But what do we mean by "Properties" of Physical Structures of Information? Essentially a characteristic (intensive or extensive) that can be observed / measured without changing the identity of the Structure (without transmuting the nature of the Structure of Information; said in terms of this model: without changing the Information, the Form of the Structure, crucially, such to modify the type of structure, e.g. measuring a property of an electron without transforming it into another particle, such as a quark). In other words, any information on the state and behavior of a Structure, or a kind of Structure. We can identify intensive and extensive properties.
+
The Properties of Physical Structures of Information are essentially '''characteristics (intensive or extensive) that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the Structure''' — that is, without transmuting its nature. In the terms of this model: without altering the Information, the Form of the Structure, in a way that would modify its type (for example, measuring a property of an electron without transforming it into another particle, such as a quark). In other words, any information concerning the state and behavior of a Structure, or of a class of Structures.
  
−
In general, we can say that all the Physical InfoStructures have causal, spatial and temporal extension. Other properties are related to the shape of the structure (the form in space), to its dynamics (the form in time) and to the ways in which it can interact with other structures. Many other properties derive from the way in which the single structure is aggregated with other forms. In other words, the properties of the structures imply the properties of the more complex aggregates to which they take part, and the emerging properties of the aggregates imply the properties of the structures that compose the aggregates themselves. The elementary and the complex co-evolve influencing each other.
+
In general, all Physical InfoStructures possess causal, spatial, and temporal extension. Other Properties relate to the shape of the Structure (its form in Space), to its dynamics (its form in Time), and to the ways in which it can interact with other Structures. Many additional Properties derive from the way in which a given Structure aggregates with other Forms.
  
−
We can identify intensive or extensive, fundamental or derived, properties. Among the fundamental properties, there are those that relate to the most fundamental aspects of Physical Reality, the primary manifestation of the Source of Reality, Agency and its Dimensionalities: Causality and Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality):
+
Among the '''fundamental Properties''', those connected to the most elementary aspects of Physical Reality, we find '''Causal extension (Complexity)''', '''Spatial extension''', and '''Temporal extension'''.
−
*'''Causal extension (Complexity)''': causal distance from absolute homogeneity of / in the Elementary Field. Amount of Action exerted by the Force on the Field needed to produce that Structure. For absolute homogeneity we intend no Elementary Action, zero Perturbation, Translation, Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation. In other words, no correlations (Relations) between Elementary Events, between the distributions in time of the elementary spatial fluctuations in / of the Field)
+
−
*'''Spatial extension''': amount of space occupied by a Structure. Dynamic quantity, dependent on the shape / form, on the Dynamics of the Structure
+
−
**radius (or average / mean radius): be careful, particles are not always points or spheres… Their geometric form is everchanging
+
−
**volume (or average / mean volume)
+
−
*'''Temporal extension''': amount of time a Structure exists. Dynamic quantity, dependent on the Dynamics of the Structure
+
−
**duration, lifespan, stability
+
  
−
Among the derived properties, the main ones are linked to the physical quantities that directly derive from the Modes/Components of the Elementary Action:  
+
Among the '''derived Properties''', the main ones are linked to the physical quantities that directly arise from the Modes / Components of Elementary Action: '''Mass''', '''Motion''', '''Charge''', and '''Spin'''.
−
*'''Mass''': spatial-temporal (Space-time Metric) and Mass form and dynamics / Position of the Structure in space-time, shape in space-time (position of its parts and relations). Amount of Perturbation that characterize the Structure
+
−
**Density: amount of Mass divided by the volume occupied by the Structure
+
−
*'''Motion''': motion form / evolution of the form -> dynamics -> change of position of the structure in space-time, change of shape in space-time (position of its parts and relations...), change of mass, etc. Amount of Translation that characterize the Structure
+
−
**Speed / Velocity (speed as a simplification/reduction of velocity, magnitude of velocity)
+
−
**Acceleration (variation of velocity in time)
+
−
** Jerk (variation of acceleration in time)
+
−
*'''Charge''': Amount of Rotation:Chirality that characterize the Structure
+
−
**Charge density: is the amount of electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume
+
−
*'''Spin''': intrinsic angular momentum, angular momentum not of the entire Structure as an object rotating in space, but angular momentum of each point event in / of the volume of the Field occupied by the Structure. Amount of Rotation:AxisOrientation that characterize the Structure.  
+
  
−
From these properties come all other derived properties that describe the Form and Behavior, and which determine the Dynamics of the Structures. For example:
+
From these arise all '''other derived Properties''' that describe the Form and Behavior of the Structures and determine their Dynamics. For example, the '''other quantum numbers / properties''' and the '''other physical Properties''': thermodynamic, electric and magnetic, mechanical, optical, chemical, etc.
−
*other quantum numbers / properties: particles generation, lepton or baryon number, color charge, flavour of quarks and leptons, weak isospin and weak hypercharge, etc.
+
−
*other physical properties:  
+
−
**thermodynamic properties (temperature, specific heat, heat capacity, melting point, boiling point, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, etc.),
+
−
**electric and magnetic properties (permittivity, permeability, resistivity, electrical conductivity, electrical impedance, electric resistance, capacitance, absorption, polarization, etc.),
+
−
**mechanical properties (elasticity, ductility, brittleness, viscosity, hardness / softness, malleability, plasticity, strength, stiffness, etc.),
+
−
**optical properties (color, emission spectrum, intensity, irradiance, luminance, luminescence, brilliance, opacity, reflectivity, refractive index, polarization, etc.),
+
−
**chemical properties (absorption, concentration, solubility, etc.),
+
−
**etc.
+
−
To all these physical properties, we add properties relating to the shape of the Structures (which in this model are never point-like, but always have a spatial extension, always occupy a volume, virtually infinite, in fact finite, variable because of their dynamics). In fact, InfoStructures. Waves, Vortices and Interactions, in general, despite having a tendential form (at rest), due to their very nature based on the correlation of distributions of spatial fluctuations (Uncertainty Principle), do not have a form absolutely defined, fixed. Their actual form moment after moment fluctuates continuously around the tendential/ideal form. Furthermore, the form is incessantly influenced by the dynamics of the Structures themselves and by the interaction with other Structures and with the Elementary Field (motion, interactions, impacts, etc.).
+
−
Most aspects of the form of Structures can and must be expressed in terms of the Elementary Action and its Modes/Components (which determine both the ideal/tendential form around which the actual instantaneous and average form fluctuates, and the forms gradually assumed because of the dynamics).  
+
  
 
=== Dynamics ===
 
=== Dynamics ===
  
−
In the Process of Formation of Reality, the '''Dynamics of the InfoStructures ''' is that part of Evolutionary Dynamics that specifically describe the level of the InfoStructures. It analyzes all the processes of the two main classes of structures, the Structures of Propagation and the Structures of Conservation, and the Interactions of the two that produce the Structures that compose the Material Forms, the states of matter, the objects of the Physical Reality.  
+
In the Process of Formation of Reality, the '''Dynamics of the InfoStructures''' is the part of Evolutionary Dynamics that specifically describes the level of InfoStructures. It analyzes all the Processes involving the two main classes of Structures — the Structures of Propagation (Waves) and the Structures of Conservation (Vortices) — and the Interactions between them that produce the mixed Structures composing the Material Forms, the states of Matter, and the objects of Physical Reality.
  
−
The interaction among the InfoStructures is the '''bridge toward Material Forms'''. More than the properties of the single structures, the "collective behavior", the emerging properties of the dynamics of nets of Structures, at the same time belonging to the same class and to different classes, is what determines the properties of Material Forms. Here we can thing to the different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma and various types of condensates) to the different chemical elements that forms more and more complex molecules with increasingly amazing properties and behaviors.
+
The interaction between InfoStructures is the '''bridge toward Material Forms'''. More than the Properties of single Structures, it is the "collective behavior" — the emerging Properties of networks of Structures, belonging both to the same class and to different classes — that determines the Properties of Material Forms. Here we can think of the different states of Matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and various types of condensates), or of the different chemical elements that form increasingly complex molecules with increasingly remarkable Properties and Behaviors.
  
−
Looking at Reality at the most complex levels, all the Material Forms, like chemical, geological, organic, biological, cosmic structures, and the most complex forms made by the cognitive action of the Living Beings, show a '''vast and mutating net of properties emerging and incessantly evolving''' from the properties and the dynamics of the underling levels of the Structures that compose them. The properties and the dynamics of the elementary levels of Reality determine, entails, the emergence of the properties and the dynamics of the objects that populate the more complex levels, but in turn this evolution toward complexity enables the emergence of new and more complex properties and behavior of the objects of the more elementary levels, incessantly opening '''new possibilities of further evolution''' toward new levels of organization of Reality. It is an iterative and nested process of co-evolution of the elementary and the complex levels, of what exists and what can exist, the actual and the possible, which interests all the aspect of the Existence and the Essence of Reality.
+
At the most complex levels of Reality, all Material Forms — chemical, geological, organic, biological, cosmic structures, and the most complex forms produced by the cognitive action of Living Beings — display a '''vast and ever‑changing network of Properties that emerge and incessantly evolve''' from the Properties and dynamics of the underlying levels of the Structures that compose them. The Properties and dynamics of the elementary levels of Reality determine, entail, the emergence of the Properties and dynamics of the objects that populate the more complex levels; but in turn, this evolution toward Complexity enables the emergence of new and more complex Properties and Behaviors in the objects of the more elementary levels, incessantly opening '''new possibilities for further evolution''' toward new levels of organization of Reality.
  
−
=== Observation ===
+
It is an iterative and nested process of co‑evolution between elementary and complex levels — between what exists and what can exist, '''the actual and the possible''' — involving all aspects of the Existence and the Essence / Form of Reality.
  
−
What is different observing Structures from '''absolute or relative perspectives''', from the point of view of the Field (the absolute perspective) or from the point of view of the Structures themselves (the relative perspective)?
+
=== Observation ===
  
−
In a further section, we will describe, the '''same Structures viewed from the two perspectives'''. In particular, Vortex-like Structures, at rest or moving (uniform or accelerated motion), observed by:
+
What changes when observing Structures from '''absolute or relative perspectives''' — either from the point of view "of" the Field (the absolute perspective) or from the point of view of the Structures themselves "in" the Elementary Field (the relative perspective)?
−
*the '''absolute perspective''' of:
+
−
**a point event, represented as a micro-state, of the Field,
+
−
**a space domain, a portion of the Field, a set of points events, represented by a net of micro-states,
+
−
*the '''relative perspective''' of:
+
−
**the same observed structures, moving in the Field.
+
  
−
'''From the point of view of the Field''' (the absolute perspective), we can see a Structure as a pattern of organization of the elementary fluctuation of the Field itself, a scheme of correlation of the micro-states that describe the dynamics of the point events of the Field, a space time domain that shows same Information, organized Action with a form. In the unstructured Elementary Field, the absolute, for definition, no reference points can be found. Reference points are always constituted by Structures or by Forms as net of Structures. So, from the point of view of the Field, we will always see a Structure as a scheme of organization forming, propagating, conserving, transforming or disappear, a pattern in the organization of the point distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the space time itself.  
+
In a later section I will describe '''the same Structures viewed from both perspectives'''. In particular, I will consider a uniformly moving vortex‑like Structure (a simple case), observed from:
 +
* the '''absolute perspective''' of:
 +
** a point‑event "of" the Field -> a point in Space,
 +
** a portion "of" the Field -> a set of point‑events, a Space domain;
 +
* the '''relative perspective''' of:
 +
** the same InfoStructure, moving "in" the Field.
  
−
And more, observing a Structure from the absolute perspective, not as a point event, but '''as a domain in the Field''', with a non-null space and time extension, will give us a close vision of the dynamics of the Elementary Field that underlines the dynamics of the particles and the waves and their multiform interactions.
+
'''From the point of view of the Field''' (the absolute perspective), a Structure appears as a pattern of organization of the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial elementary fluctuations of the Field itself — a scheme of correlation among the micro-dynamism of the point‑events of the Field. It is a Space‑time domain exhibiting the same Information, organized Action with a Form. In the unstructured Elementary Field — the absolute, by definition — no reference points exist. Reference points (relative, by definition) can only be provided by some form of structure, of organization of / in the Field, or by Forms understood as sets or networks of Structures. Thus, from the point of view of the Field, a Structure is always seen as an organizational pattern: forming, propagating, conserving, transforming, or disappearing — a pattern in the organization of the point‑distributions of the pre-spartial fluctuations of the Elementary Field, which, through organization, becomes the Space‑Time itself, the Metric. Moreover, observing a Structure from the absolute perspective, not as a point‑event but '''as a portion of the Field''' with non‑zero Space and Time extension, provides a close view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field underlying the dynamics of Particles, Waves, and their multiform Interactions.
  
−
Observing a Structure from the '''relative perspective, from the point of view of the structure''' resting or moving in the Field, we will see a variation of the parameters of the same structure, or a changing in the same Information that forms the Structure, caused by the continuous interaction between the Action in the Field, with the eventual Information that gives it a structure, and the Information of the Structure. For "eventual Information" we always intend some part of one or more Structures that include in their space time extension the considered domain.  
+
Observing a Structure from the '''relative perspective — from the point of view of the Structure itself''', resting or moving in the Field, we see variations in the parameters of the same Structure, or changes in the Information that forms it, caused by the continuous interaction between the spontaneous dynamism of the Field — manifesting as turbulence at various scales, any non‑structured or weakly structured organization of Action in the Field — and the Information of the Structure. By "any Information" I always mean some part of one or more Structures whose Space‑Time extension includes the considered portion of the Field.
  
−
At the end, we can say that the '''continuous interaction between Action''' (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation) of the Field '''and Information''' (the pattern of organization of the correlations between P-T-R) of the Structure determines mass, motion, charge, spin and the dynamics of the Structure itself and, at the same time, modifies the physical quantities of the Field and, at the same time, the shape in space, the permanence in time and the physical quantities of the Structure.
+
Ultimately, we can say that the '''continuous interaction between Action''' (Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation) of the Field '''and Information''' (the pattern of organization of the correlations between P‑T‑R) of the Structure determines the Fundamental Physical Quantities of the Structure (Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin), and the dynamics of the Structure itself. At the same time, it modifies the Physical Quantities of the Field (Potentials) and, simultaneously, the shape in Space of the Structure, its permanence in Time, and its Physical Quantities.
  
  
 
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Latest revision as of 18:35, 19 October 2026

Everywhere we look, observe, measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... Everything has structure, everything is structure: structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of larger and more complex Forms, Systems, the Universe itself. Structures composing structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation. In this sense, everything is structured Information in incessant interaction.

Information, In-Form-Action...

Structures of Information make up the entire evolving Universe, from elementary quantum objects to stars, galaxies and living beings. And not only in the physical domain. In the cognitive domain as well, everything appears as structure: Structures of Cognitive Information (perceptions, sensations, emotions, memories, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge, and so on) continuously interact, forming consciousness, internal states, representations of ourselves and of the world in which we live.

Information and Structures everywhere!

As seen in the previous chapters, in the causal chain that leads from the Source to Reality, after Action we encounter Information: the Form of Action. Information, however, does not remain isolated. It tends to organize itself into coherent patterns, becoming structured Information.

Structures of Information are organized Forms of Action.

Relations between Events form Processes and patterns of organization. These patterns progressively acquire coherence, persistence and individuality, becoming Structures. Structures, in turn, become the building blocks of Forms and of all higher levels of Reality.

Within this knowledge system, and with reference to the most elementary level of Physical Reality, the expression Structure of Information refers to a pattern of organization of Action in the Field.

Structures therefore represent the forms assumed by the incessant dynamism of Reality: Processes of Events organized by Relations, correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of pre-spatial fluctuations in / of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force.

In this sense, Structures are not containers of something else. They are not passive objects. They are organized Action, and therefore organized Information / Energy.

Throughout this chapter, we will examine the origin, classification, properties and dynamics of the Structures of Information, with particular attention to the Physical Structures of Information that constitute Matter, Radiation and the physical world.

Important! For the sake of brevity and simplicity, instead of the extended expression "Structure of Information" I will often use the term InfoStructure (IS), or simply Structure whenever no ambiguity is possible.

What is structure, and what are Structures?

Where does all this structure come from? Where do Structures originate? And what does structure represent in Reality and of Reality? And likewise for Structures?

Structure is one of the fundamental aspects of Reality, both in the physical and in the cognitive domain. The other aspect, which we examined in previous chapters — especially in the one dedicated to Action — is dynamism: the incessant variation of form, deformation, what I call an Event. Structure consists of more or less mutable Relations among Events that give form to dynamism. And "structure" is precisely the "form" of "dynamism". It represents the evolving Essence / Form of dynamism, while dynamism itself represents Existence in its unfolding.

Structures should not be viewed as static objects. They are evolving organizations of Action, emerging from and sustained by the continuous evolutionary dynamics of the Elementary Field. Their existence, persistence, transformation and disappearance are all aspects of the same Process of Formation.

Just as Information is the form of Action, so "structure" is the form of "dynamism". Structure is the configuration that Action assumes when we observe it as a state. And therefore, what has been said for Information / Energy and for informational / energetic states also applies to "structure": to observe a form, to capture a state, to measure the energy of a system, we must stop Time — we must take a snapshot of a process in incessant evolution.

Between "flow" quantities (Action) and "state" quantities (Information / Energy), complementary quantities, a deep connection emerges. It recalls the uncertainty principle and the complementarity of physical observables: it highlights the intrinsic limits of nature in the simultaneous determination of certain properties of a system. If a structure is the instantaneous configuration of an ever‑changing dynamism, how could we capture its form with infinite precision if that form is itself continuously transforming?

To grasp the form, we must freeze Time; but if we freeze Time, we no longer see the flow. The two aspects — dynamism and structure — are inseparable, yet mutually exclusive in observation. The more fundamental the level of Reality we explore, the sharper this tension becomes. As we descend toward the infinitesimal dimensional scales of Physical Reality, toward the particle domain and beyond, transformation becomes extremely rapid, dynamism becomes fundamental and incessant, and capturing the form becomes an impossible mission.

In this context, where dynamism becomes ever faster and more incessant, "form" — and therefore "structure" — becomes progressively less precise, less identifiable, less sharply definable. Form and structure acquire increasingly statistical connotations: average values, average shapes, average structures. Determinism gives way to the probabilistic character of uncertainty and indetermination.

Turbulence, Potentials, InfoStructures

Within the general framework of this knowledge system, InfoStructures represent the most organized and individuated level of Action in the Field. They emerge from a deeper physical genealogy composed of progressively more organized conditions of Action. At the most elementary level lies Turbulence, the minimal and non‑coherent form of Action. Above it, we find the Potentials, extended but non‑self‑sustaining configurations of the Field. InfoStructures constitute the third level: highly organized, coherent and self‑sustaining forms of Action, endowed with their own Properties, Behaviors, Dynamics and evolutionary trajectories.

In this chapter we focus exclusively on InfoStructures — their physical forms (Waves, Vortices, Interactions), their Properties and their dynamics. Turbulence and Potentials are not treated here systematically, as they belong to the more elementary levels of Action and have been analyzed in previous chapters. Nevertheless, it is useful to recall that every InfoStructure originates from evolutionary processes involving these simpler levels: Turbulence spontaneously emerges from the elementary dynamism, Potentials provide the first extended organization of the Field, and InfoStructures represent the structured and individuated form of Action that constitutes the basis of Matter and Radiation, both ordinary / visible and dark / invisible.

In turn, Turbulence and Potentials are also influenced by the nature and dynamics of the InfoStructures themselves. The presence, Motion and interactions of InfoStructures continuously reshape the surrounding Field, modifying local turbulence and generating or transforming Potentials. In this way, the genealogy of Action is not a one‑directional hierarchy but an incessant co‑evolution: the elementary levels give rise to InfoStructures, and InfoStructures continuously reorganize the elementary levels from which they emerged.

Various definitions of Structures of Information

Observing the InfoStructures from the different perspectives of the profound nature of Reality, we can formulate different definitions, all complementary and equivalent, each capable of providing a peculiar image that helps us build a more complete and detailed vision.

Strictly speaking, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, by Structures I mean those small entities, so to say, that represent the discrete, quantized aspect of Reality: waves, particles, and their more or less complex interactions. These are not "objects" in the conventional sense, but elementary forms of organized Action that make up ordinary / visible Matter (radiation, particles, atoms, etc.). In the representation of what exists within this system of knowledge, these InfoStructures represent only a small fraction of the Matter and Energy believed to exist in the Universe (Information). To this we must add all the Matter and Energy of the dark / invisible sector of Physical Reality, which we will discuss later.

Speaking of terms and definitions, for Matter and Energy whose existence is supposed but whose nature and form are not known, rather than using the adjective "dark", it is more appropriate to use the term "invisible", because this is what it refers to: the impossibility of observing these entities as they do not seem to emit electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, x or gamma rays, etc.). Symmetrically, we should use the term "visible" for Matter and Energy that we can observe by collecting electromagnetic radiation, and which we call "ordinary" or "bright". In the text, given common usage, I will continue to use both "dark and invisible" and "ordinary and visible" or "bright".

Similarly, we will talk about the dark / invisible sector or side to collectively refer to the invisible InfoStructures hypothesized to populate the Universe, and the ordinary / visible / bright sector or side for the Structures that we can observe through gravitational and electromagnetic radiation.

Extending our hypotheses a little, we could say that the invisible sector is composed of massive Structures with low density and wide spatial distribution (halos of dark matter / dark energy and gravitational waves, the complex dark structure of the cosmic web), expressions of the Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation, root of Space-time and Mass, source of metric and gravitational phenomena and dominated by gravity (and therefore observable through gravitational effects, e.g. gravitational dynamics of celestial bodies, strong and weak lensing, etc).

On the other hand, the visible sector is composed of massive Structures with high density and narrow spatial distribution (Particles of ordinary, or even "exotic" but still visible / detectable Matter, ordinary Energy and electromagnetic waves, the Matter and Radiation that make up the "non-dark" part of the Universe), expressions, as well as of the Perturbation Mode, primarily of the Component of Elementary Action called Rotation, in its two sub-modes Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Charge and Spin, source of electrical and magnetic phenomena and dominated by electromagnetism, and a fundamental contributor to the dynamism and the form that characterize vortex‑like Structures.

Let's try to put things in order:

  • from the perspective of what exists in terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes, InfoStructures can be defined as Processes, dynamic networks of Relations between Events, produced by Entities / Sources (Force / Field couples), which show correlation in the basic dynamism of the Field. They are networks of organized Events that show consistent collective expressions / behaviors and common properties emerging from the more elementary levels of Reality, from the dynamism of Elementary Action. At the level of the Elementary Field, InfoStructures represent networks of Elementary Events that show some level of correlation (organized by Relations) and manifest a collective behavior from which a condition of individuation emerges such that the Structures themselves can be configured as independent entities.
  • from the perspective of Sources (Forces and Fields couples), Action, Information, Form, Structures can be seen as (Derived) Entities, causal and variational centers of Action, produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field. A Structure represents an organized portion of the Elementary Field, which can then be seen as a (Derived) Field (for example, the electric field manifested by a charged particle), which becomes source of a (Derived) Force (for example, the electric force manifested by that same charged particle acting on another charged particle through the Field). The InfoStructures in turn become (Derived) Sources of Causality and Variationality, centers of derived Action, which constitute the derived aspect of the fundamental sub-Entities (Force and Field) in which the Source of Reality manifests itself. Formed by Elementary Action and being centers of Derived Action, the Structures manifest form, properties, behaviors and dynamics that depend on their particular constitutive profiles of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, in the two sub-modes Rotation-Chirality and Rotation-AxisOrientation). These Derived Entities populate both the dark / invisible and ordinary / visible sides of the Universe.
  • from the perspective of the relation between the continuous and the discrete, Structures represent the discrete (quantized) aspect of Reality emerging from a continuous Field. Although composed of correlations among an enormous number of Events in Space-time domains, nets of dynamical micro-states in a continuous Field, Structures can be considered as units, organizations or systems, "individualities" that show emergent properties and behaviors. The key element for this emerging unity / individuality of each Structure of Information is the level of correlation between the Elementary Events that support its existence. When the intensity of the correlations between the Elementary Events of a dynamic set is greater than the intensity of the correlations between such Events and all the other Events that animate the Field outside the set, the correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of / in the Field, or equivalently the Relations between the Elementary Events of the dynamic whole, constitute a Structure of Information. The border between the continuous and the discrete is often blurred, only sometimes clearer. Everything we perceive or imagine as distinct, separate, confined, is in fact not so if we observe its boundary at the smallest dimensional scales. Already at the molecular level, even more so at the atomic and subatomic level. In the ordinary conception, we imagine electrons as elementary, "simple", unitary, point-like particles, of which, net of quantum indeterminacy and their peculiar dynamics, it is possible to determine their position with infinite precision, while at the same time renouncing similar precision infinite for the measurement of the speed of movement in Space-time (position and velocity, or better "momentum", are conjugate quantum quantities). In this model of Reality, an electron, as a Structure of Information of the "Vortex" type / "Particle" sub-type, is hypothesized to be a portion of the Elementary Field organized with a particular configuration of correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of the Field, a configuration with the shape of a three-dimensional "Vortex" whose blurred boundaries reflect the indeterminacy of the correlations. What matters here are not the Events themselves, which can enter and exit the set, but the Relations that bind them, the correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial fluctuations of the Field which constitute the Elementary Events. These Relations represent Information, or, in its most basic sense, Energy: the form of Action when observed as state.
  • from the perspective of the role they play in the construction of Reality, InfoStructures are the (Derived) Entities that compose the physical world: force carriers, Radiation, Dark Matter, Particles of Ordinary / Visible / Bright Matter, and all the connected (derived) fields and forces, as their expressions. As Entities, Waves, Vortices (massive particles) and Interactions, the elementary and composite structures of Matter and Radiation, can be defined as Agents; specifically, Quantum Agents, as their interactions mainly follow the principles of Quantum Dynamics and the formulation of Quantum Field Theory. InfoStructures represent the causal sources of the quantization of Matter and Energy in the continuous Elementary Field. Structures are the building blocks of Material Forms, the objects of Physical Reality. As nets of Physical InfoStructures in incessant interaction (like Waves and Particles), Material Forms evolve into more and more complex objects (atoms, molecules, bodies, etc.), showing emergent features and properties, behaving according to the dynamics proper to that peculiar kind of Structure / Form. Transcending the level of the Structures, new Properties and Behaviors emerge with the evolution of Material Forms. And vice versa, the new Properties and Behaviors of the Forms make the Structures evolve, modifying their Behavior and Properties, in an incessant co-evolution that gives form to the Universe (Process of Formation of Reality).

Importance

As said above, everything we observe, everything we measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... Everything has / is structure, or better, dynamism that can be observed as structure. We and everything around us are made of Structures, objects, Forms or parts of Forms, systems of Forms. Structures that compose Structures, systems of Structures in dynamic relation: everything is "structured Information", incessantly interacting.

All levels of Reality are equally important for understanding existence, but the level of InfoStructures, together with that of Forms, is the one most directly before us. It is therefore natural that it appears the most attractive and accessible to study. The products of their incessant cosmic dance affect our senses, inducing perceptions that become sensations, emotions, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge. A cognitive complexity that reflects the complexity of the Structures and Forms that compose Physical Reality. It is no coincidence that "traditional" science — mainstream research (physics, chemistry, astrophysics, cosmology, ...) — deals above all with InfoStructures and Forms and their dynamics, even if these classes are named differently (particles, waves, interactions, objects, stars, galaxies, etc.).

Because of this proximity, the space occupied by this field of research in modern physics and the amount of theoretical and experimental activity devoted to it are enormous. The intellectual and experimental effort is impressive, with huge investments concentrated on the development of increasingly powerful colliders, in search of new particles and increasingly accurate measurements of their properties. Particles, particles, particles... InfoStructures. Studying them is essential, but to understand their nature, origin, internal dynamics and mutual interactions, and their role in the construction of Physical Reality, it is not enough to observe collisions at ever higher energies. Since the physical world is not composed only of InfoStructures (visible and invisible), to go deeper and attempt to understand the Fundamental Nature of Reality, it is not enough to study particles, waves and their interactions; it is necessary to observe Nature with new eyes and an open mind. Particle models, useful for classifying particles and their interactions, if they saturate the theoretical and experimental landscape, risk becoming an obstacle to understanding Reality at a deeper level, and to constructing a unified vision of Reality, of Nature, of the Universe.

It is therefore crucial to grasp the true nature of InfoStructures, to build a correct representation — a more accurate, plausible and realistic vision. In my opinion, much of the apparent weirdness and difficulty of interpretation associated with Quantum Mechanics may derive from an incomplete representation of quantum objects and their internal dynamism. This possibility motivates the analysis developed in the second part of this chapter, dedicated to the reinterpretation of quantum phenomena through the framework of InfoStructures and, more generally, through the broader descriptive framework of Reality proposed in this work.

They have even led to a redefinition of the very concepts of Reality and realism, when it would have been sufficient to abandon classical and relativistic determinism in favor of indeterminacy and probabilities. Faced with this theoretical impasse, the response was "Shut up and calculate!", or interpretations that, to me, made little sense (many worlds, pilot waves, deterministic hidden-variable models, etc.). The erroneous conception of the nature and form of quantum objects has led to counterintuitive deductions that have influenced the entire landscape of fundamental physics, scientific research, philosophy, culture, and even the everyday vision of Reality.

Origin

Where do InfoStructures come from? What is their origin? How do they take form?

The simple and concise answer is that they arise from the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field, the dynamism of Elementary Action governed by the three Fundamental Principles (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, and Least Action). By origin or origination I therefore mean Formation: construction through creative and evolutionary Processes that, starting from the sub-elementary fluctuations of the Field, first give rise to invisible / Dark structures (Dark Halos / Bubbles / web, and gravitational waves) and then, through their dynamics, to visible / Ordinary Structures (massive Particles and electromagnetic waves). This formation occurs essentially through two aspects of evolutionary Processes.

The first, self‑organization, is a fundamental aspect of the evolutionary dynamics of Reality. Structures emerge from the Field, co‑evolving in an incessant interaction with the dynamism of the Field itself.

The second, interaction, is the aspect through which many Structures are produced by the dynamics of already existing Structures.

InfoStructures (Invisible and Visible, or Dark and Ordinary) originate from a specific part of the Process of Formation of Reality, through which Information becomes organized into Structures.

This process took an infinite Time, in the sense that there was no real beginning. The spontaneous organization of correlations (Relations) between the pre‑temporal distributions of the pre‑spatial fluctuations (of distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale (Elementary Events) — a process I call Evolution — gradually produced increasing turbulence in the Elementary Field, forming more organized regions, which we can call Potentials, in analogy with the Potential associated with the existence of vortex‑like InfoStructures, and eventually ever larger "vortex bubbles" that came to fill and saturate all available Space (infinite and unlimited Space).

In this infinite Field filled with turbulence, and especially in the "friction zones" between large cosmic bubbles, smaller bubbles formed and underwent progressive concentration. Turbulence and friction at smaller spatial scales produced increasingly intense interactions, forming ever smaller and eventually infinitesimal vortices.

An extremely rarefied process of formation of elementary Particles took place: the first elementary Particles, micro‑vortices accelerated by gravitational and magnetic (derived) fields, collisions that gradually produced composite Particles of visible / ordinary Matter, more complex ones such as nucleons, then the first atoms and the first gaseous molecules. These, in increasingly dense clouds under the effect of gravity, formed the first stars, explosions, heavier elements, and so on — an evolution that produced the complex current Universe, the result of the co‑evolution of the dark structure (the foamy and turbulent organization of Space, the dark cosmic web) and the visible one (Matter and electromagnetic Radiation that constitute the visible / ordinary part of cosmic structures).

Formation: an immense Force in Action on an infinite Field, Space and Time without limits, Information / Energy gradually becoming Matter — Dark and Ordinary, invisible and visible InfoStructures — co‑evolving toward the current Universe.

Nature incessantly builds itself, gives itself structure, creates and evolves Structures, and from these, the Forms — the objects we observe and measure, directly and indirectly.

Classification

Physical InfoStructures can be classified in many different ways, according to their main aspects: their nature, origin, shape, structure and composition, behavior and dynamics, or the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization and dynamics produces.

According to their nature and structure, Physical InfoStructures can be grouped into two fundamental (pure) types and one mixed type produced by various kinds of physical interactions between them:

  • Waves: InfoStructures where the dynamic aspect predominates; they manifest as propagating configurations of organized Action. In mainstream physics they correspond to the carriers of (derived) forces. In this family, in the invisible / dark sector we find gravitational waves; in the visible / ordinary sector we find electromagnetic waves, together with their particle‑counterpart representation, the photon.
  • Vortices (massive Particles and dark halos): InfoStructures in which the conservative aspect predominates; their particular configuration of organized Action gives rise to the phenomenon of Mass. Structured Information that, due to its peculiar conformation, acquires a relatively stable and persistent form. Dark Matter halos — the invisible vortical structures that compose the cosmic web — belong to this family, as do elementary Particles (leptons and quarks) in the visible sector of Matter.
  • Interactions: composite InfoStructures produced by the interaction of the pure types. They include most of the particles that exist in nature or have been produced in colliders (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, and the weak and strong nuclear bosons such as gluons and W / Z particles).

According to the kind of Radiation or Matter their organization produces, we can classify them into:

  • Invisible Structures, constituents of the invisible / Dark Matter
    • Gravitational Waves
    • Dark halos (diffuse, low‑density Structures that create the texture of the cosmos: galactic bubbles and the even larger ones that host immense clusters and other cosmic structures)
    • Interactions (dark turbulence and the various sub‑structures of the cosmic web)
  • Visible Structures, constituents of visible / Ordinary Matter
    • Electromagnetic Waves: one cycle Waves / massless particles (photon)
    • Vortices / Particles: massive Particles (elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks)
    • Interactions (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles — Particles whose interactions form atoms and other Particles created in high‑energy phenomena / collisions)

Properties

The Properties of Physical Structures of Information are essentially characteristics (intensive or extensive) that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the Structure — that is, without transmuting its nature. In the terms of this model: without altering the Information, the Form of the Structure, in a way that would modify its type (for example, measuring a property of an electron without transforming it into another particle, such as a quark). In other words, any information concerning the state and behavior of a Structure, or of a class of Structures.

In general, all Physical InfoStructures possess causal, spatial, and temporal extension. Other Properties relate to the shape of the Structure (its form in Space), to its dynamics (its form in Time), and to the ways in which it can interact with other Structures. Many additional Properties derive from the way in which a given Structure aggregates with other Forms.

Among the fundamental Properties, those connected to the most elementary aspects of Physical Reality, we find Causal extension (Complexity), Spatial extension, and Temporal extension.

Among the derived Properties, the main ones are linked to the physical quantities that directly arise from the Modes / Components of Elementary Action: Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin.

From these arise all other derived Properties that describe the Form and Behavior of the Structures and determine their Dynamics. For example, the other quantum numbers / properties and the other physical Properties: thermodynamic, electric and magnetic, mechanical, optical, chemical, etc.

Dynamics

In the Process of Formation of Reality, the Dynamics of the InfoStructures is the part of Evolutionary Dynamics that specifically describes the level of InfoStructures. It analyzes all the Processes involving the two main classes of Structures — the Structures of Propagation (Waves) and the Structures of Conservation (Vortices) — and the Interactions between them that produce the mixed Structures composing the Material Forms, the states of Matter, and the objects of Physical Reality.

The interaction between InfoStructures is the bridge toward Material Forms. More than the Properties of single Structures, it is the "collective behavior" — the emerging Properties of networks of Structures, belonging both to the same class and to different classes — that determines the Properties of Material Forms. Here we can think of the different states of Matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and various types of condensates), or of the different chemical elements that form increasingly complex molecules with increasingly remarkable Properties and Behaviors.

At the most complex levels of Reality, all Material Forms — chemical, geological, organic, biological, cosmic structures, and the most complex forms produced by the cognitive action of Living Beings — display a vast and ever‑changing network of Properties that emerge and incessantly evolve from the Properties and dynamics of the underlying levels of the Structures that compose them. The Properties and dynamics of the elementary levels of Reality determine, entail, the emergence of the Properties and dynamics of the objects that populate the more complex levels; but in turn, this evolution toward Complexity enables the emergence of new and more complex Properties and Behaviors in the objects of the more elementary levels, incessantly opening new possibilities for further evolution toward new levels of organization of Reality.

It is an iterative and nested process of co‑evolution between elementary and complex levels — between what exists and what can exist, the actual and the possible — involving all aspects of the Existence and the Essence / Form of Reality.

Observation

What changes when observing Structures from absolute or relative perspectives — either from the point of view "of" the Field (the absolute perspective) or from the point of view of the Structures themselves "in" the Elementary Field (the relative perspective)?

In a later section I will describe the same Structures viewed from both perspectives. In particular, I will consider a uniformly moving vortex‑like Structure (a simple case), observed from:

  • the absolute perspective of:
    • a point‑event "of" the Field -> a point in Space,
    • a portion "of" the Field -> a set of point‑events, a Space domain;
  • the relative perspective of:
    • the same InfoStructure, moving "in" the Field.

From the point of view of the Field (the absolute perspective), a Structure appears as a pattern of organization of the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial elementary fluctuations of the Field itself — a scheme of correlation among the micro-dynamism of the point‑events of the Field. It is a Space‑time domain exhibiting the same Information, organized Action with a Form. In the unstructured Elementary Field — the absolute, by definition — no reference points exist. Reference points (relative, by definition) can only be provided by some form of structure, of organization of / in the Field, or by Forms understood as sets or networks of Structures. Thus, from the point of view of the Field, a Structure is always seen as an organizational pattern: forming, propagating, conserving, transforming, or disappearing — a pattern in the organization of the point‑distributions of the pre-spartial fluctuations of the Elementary Field, which, through organization, becomes the Space‑Time itself, the Metric. Moreover, observing a Structure from the absolute perspective, not as a point‑event but as a portion of the Field with non‑zero Space and Time extension, provides a close view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field underlying the dynamics of Particles, Waves, and their multiform Interactions.

Observing a Structure from the relative perspective — from the point of view of the Structure itself, resting or moving in the Field, we see variations in the parameters of the same Structure, or changes in the Information that forms it, caused by the continuous interaction between the spontaneous dynamism of the Field — manifesting as turbulence at various scales, any non‑structured or weakly structured organization of Action in the Field — and the Information of the Structure. By "any Information" I always mean some part of one or more Structures whose Space‑Time extension includes the considered portion of the Field.

Ultimately, we can say that the continuous interaction between Action (Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation) of the Field and Information (the pattern of organization of the correlations between P‑T‑R) of the Structure determines the Fundamental Physical Quantities of the Structure (Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin), and the dynamics of the Structure itself. At the same time, it modifies the Physical Quantities of the Field (Potentials) and, simultaneously, the shape in Space of the Structure, its permanence in Time, and its Physical Quantities.


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