Difference between revisions of "TFNR - A first look"

Revision as of 16:12, 21 October 2020

In this section you will find something very essential about this model of description of Reality, which we call Evolutionary Knowledge because of the centrality of the concept of Evolution, beside Creation, as the two complementary sub-processes that compose the Process of Formation. It contains many new proposals and unconventional hypothesis, made to try to explain some of the fundamental unsolved mysteries in physics and cosmology, and to reach a wider and deeper unitary representation of Nature.

I think we have to find the courage, even if only for a few moments, or perhaps as a joke, to abandon the certainties on which we base our current vision of Physical Reality. I believe in creativity and imagination to create hypotheses to be submitted to the inflexible scientific method. To limit our creativity in the cramped cages of existing knowledge, especially when it is taken as a dogma, is really a negative way for me to investigate Nature, especially in these times of profound crisis in Physics and Cosmology.

So, allow me to list here some key points, qualifying elements, supporting arguments on which, more than others, we must evaluate the ability of this model to explain, to describe what we observe in Nature. Strange proposals and heretical hypotheses, that will surely horrify many readers. Give me the opportunity to open the doors to what many of you will consider absurd, inconceivable, inadmissible. Allow me to take you on a short dance in a world where the most of our certainties, on which modern science is based, will disappear, to enter unknown territories.

I will not offer you spells steeped in superstition, new age fascinations, psychedelic delirium. I will only ask you to try to observe the facts with new eyes. We see what we are prepared to see. Knowledge represents the filter through which we observe the world and build our new representations of Reality. To see new things or the same things in a new way we have to move away a little from the beaten path, from the clichés, from our safe, comfortable and shared conceptions of Reality.

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To be included

• FAQ
• Black holes
• No extra dimensions
• Destiny of the Universe
• Spooky action at a distance
• No time travels (neither into the past, nor into the future)
• All particles? (Hadrons and Bosons, Photon particle or wave?) Structures: low density extended structures (vortices: dark halos, waves: G.W., interactions: cosmic web), high density compact structures (vortices: massive particles as leptons, quarks, bosons, waves: EM.W., interactions: composite particles as barions and mesons)
• What we made off?
• What is theoretical physicist? "Someone who studies equations and tries to understand the equations that govern the world we live in." No, it is not correct. It must be someone who tries to understand what is the Physical Reality and how it functions. Nothing less, nothing more. Equations are one of the result of this cognitive process, not the principal. Before there are observations, then ideas (hypoteses, proposals, model). At the end, math and equations, previsions, esperiments or observational searches, matches between previsions and th results of experiments or of observational searches.
• No fundamental bricks, building blocks (like LEGO)
• Discreteness and quantum mechanics are different things
• EM radiation (for example, light): waves or particles (photons), or both?
• Pure vacuum . Quantum vacuum fluctuations?: nothing is very different from absolute vacuum. The different conditions (states) of the Elementary Field
• Telling another story of the birth and the evolutin of the Universe
• Patterns everywhere...

Knowledge

The Evolutionary Knowledge Project

Why this project?

The Evolutionary Knowledge Project is a research project aimed to develop a new System of Knowledge, a comprehensive model of description and explanation of Reality and how it functions, founded on a constructivist paradigm, an integral extension of the evolutionary theory to the whole domain of Nature. A wide approach to the study of the whole Reality, an attempt to develop a model of Reality as a unitary, coherent and integrated Process and a model of the Universe, in both its physical and cognitive aspects, as a whole system in evolution.

A new vision, new unconventional and partly original hypothesis, new semantic categories, different methodologies for a new and wide framework able to incorporate the value of the extraordinary results achieved so far by science and philosophy, both modern and traditional. To overcome the current difficulties in the theoretical field in physics and cosmology, we need to go back to basics, to look at the world and our theories with new eyes. A step forward in the great Adventure of Knowledge.

The Evolutionary Knowledge System

Evolutionary Knowledge is a System of Knowledge focused on the development of an organized and coherent set of theories and models of description and explanation of Reality and how it functions. It deals with all aspects and domains of Reality: the physical and the cognitive, the natural and the human.

It consists of the following parts:

• Evolutionary Physics, that contains the specifications of the general concepts to the physical domain of Reality,
• Evolutionary Metaphysics, that contains the specifications of the general concepts to the cognitive domain of Reality and, finally, the
• Evolutionary Meta-metaphysics, that contains the specifications of the general concepts to the meta-cognitive domain of Reality, the Evolutionary cognitive sciences).

The Evolutionary Knowledge System is the product of a process of construction, which arises from the co-evolutionary interaction of living environments and living beings (Living Forms - Physical aspects and Living Forms - Cognitive aspects) in complex ecosystems.

The structure of the Evolutionary Knowledge System

All the topics of Evolutionary Knowledge are organized in a multidomain and multilevel structure, that can be represented through a very useful matrix, a parallelized representation that clearly shows its multilayer structure.

The matrix consists in four columns so entitled (the domains of Reality):

• Evolutionary Knowledge System (the general principles and concepts that apply to every aspect of Reality)
• Evolutionary Physics (contains the specifications of the general concepts to the physical domain of Reality)
• Evolutionary Metaphysics (contains the specifications of the general concepts to the cognitive domain of Reality)
• Evolutionary Meta-metaphysics (contains the specifications of the general concepts to the meta-cognitive domain of Reality, the Evolutionary cognitive sciences)

The topics in each column are organized in four main parts (the parts of Evolutionary Knowledge):

• Reality (how we can observe and describe Reality in all its dimensions, levels, aspects, etc.)
• Evolutionary Ontology (what exists)
• Evolutionary Phenomenology (what happens in the way it happens)
• Evolutionary Dynamics (why and how what exists produces what happens in the way it happens)

In search of a new and wider system of formalization

We need a good and robust system of formalization, with new mathematic languages and new structures able to quantitatively describe Reality, mostly the Physical Reality, able to recover and give more value to the immense heritage of the mathematic tools now used in physics.

Since we think about Evolutionary Knowledge, and especially Evolutionary Physics, as a knowledge system, a general framework, and not as a mere physical model, also in the search of a useful system of formalization of that framework, more than toward a system of equations, we are driven toward a conceptual representation and a correlated set of tools that can help us to build a logical and mathematical unitary structure, able to collect and organize the various different existing formalizations that nowadays characterize the landscape of science. Formalizations often scarcely compatible, both on the logical and the mathematical side, as that relative to General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.

About Knowledge

What can we aspire to know?

Ideally, with an infinite amount of time and an infinite amount of intellectual / cognitive activity, humanity could know everything about Nature, all the entities, phenomena and dynamics of Physical and Cognitive Reality as well. By Nature, by Reality, we mean the entire manifestation of the Source of Reality.

Indeed, given the limits of the human nature, we cannot imagine knowing everything, but we can aspire to know a significant subset of Nature, the main processes that produce what we observe, both in the physical and cognitive world.

This Project has precisely the purpose of providing a contribution in this sense, a contribution in terms of hypotheses and proposals to describe and explain entities, phenomena and dynamics, but, above all, an attempt to develop a unitary conceptual framework, schemes, categories, tools that can help the search for a deeper and wider understanding of Reality and the Universe in Evolution.

What we will never know

In my opinion, no one will ever be able to describe in intellectual / scientific terms the Source of Reality, to answer the question "why it exists?" and to explain the dynamics that govern its most direct manifestation, the incessant Creation of Reality at its most elementary level.

Of this, the human being can have direct knowledge exclusively in a non-intellectual way, not through the body and the senses, not through the mind and the reasoning, but exclusively through a direct experience, through the attention turned inward and the consciousness of existing as part of the Source itself and of its entire manifestation, the Reality and the Universe in evolution.

Reality

What is Reality

We need new concepts of Reality and Realism

There are many reasons that lead us to seek a new concept of Reality. Among others, the tension between GR (General Relativity) and QM (Quantum Mechanics) about realism. This tension imposes to reconsider that concept and what we intent for Reality. Reality, Realism and the Principle of Reality are not what GR say us and the same for QM.

On one hand, we must accept that Reality is not deterministic, or at least not completely deterministic. The impossibility of predicting the behavior of a physical system with infinite precision does not depend (only) on our not complete or exact knowledge of the system itself, but (also) depends on the very nature of Reality.

On the other hand, we must accept that the renunciation to realism (non locality, a weird kind of causality, non separability, etc.), that almost all interpretations of QM give us, stems from a limited vision of Reality and from some erroneous assumptions at the very fundament of Quantum Mechanics and especially of the nature of quantum objects.

So, if we want to understand the Reality more deeply, we have to try to go further, we have to overcome this paralyzing opposition. We need to go further, and overcome the aspiration to determinism, as well as the renunciation of realism. We must be aware of the strangeness of what we observe, and accept that:

• part of this strangeness comes from the very nature of Reality, mainly at the most elementary levels of Reality, and in the infinitely small,
• part comes from our ignorance about the functioning of Reality and the objects (structures and forms) that populate it,
• part comes from the impossibility of executing observations/measurements that do not affect the Reality itself.

Reality and the Universe “does not exist” in a conventional sense, the whole Reality “happens”

Reality does not exist in a classical or ordinary sense. Reality happens. All that exists appear as existing because at the elementary level of Reality, in the true factory of causality (--> force) and variationality (spatiality and temporality --> space-time), the Source incessantly create and recreate the Elementary Events, that support the basic “substance”, the Elementary Action, from whose organization everything emerges and evolves at the various levels of Reality.

The whole Reality, the Universe in evolution, everything that we consider as existent, is made "by" entities, but is not made "of" entities. Everything is made up of events and relations between them. More precisely, we must say that everything is made up of processes (an evolving mix of stochastic and deterministic processes): Entities (Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields) manifesting themselves producing Events organized by Relations forming Processes.

The Universe, and everything in it, is made of organized Events. In this sense, we can say that also the Universe happens, not that it exists in a conventional sense. We can only say that "it exists because it happens". If the incessant flow of events, which sustain Reality, were stopped, Reality and its present section, the Universe, would instantly disappear (and with it also Space and Time), even if no one (no conscious beings) would notice it.

So, we must say that Reality don't exists in a common sense. It incessantly happens, creating and evolving itself. In short, in the Evolutionary Knowledge System, Reality is considered as the creative and evolutive process (Processes|Process) by which what exists (Entities) produce what happens (Events) in the way it happens (Relations).

Nothing can be defined as entity, only the Primary Source, in its two complementary aspects, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. The Source is the only “entity” in the true sense. Only the fundamental/elementary inseparable couple Force/Field can be considered as an entity. Everything else derive its existence from the fundamental/elementary Source. It is the incessant source, the origin of Existence, because it “causes” the happening, the emergence of the Elementary Events that represent the most fundamental form of Existence. Reality exists because happens, because the Source incessantly produce its happening.

The events which we are perceiving, observing, measuring, the events that compose of natural phenomena, the everyday facts that we are incessantly experiencing in our lives, always are to be considered and can be described as macro-events or Complex Events. Even the simplest events, like the emission of a photon by an excited electron in an atomic nucleus, is a complex structure of organized events. This “simple” interaction between two of the more elementary particles/waves, that we can observe in nature, in facts, involves an enormous number of Elementary Events. Each related to the others, or better, correlated in the complex forms that we call particles, both the massive ones like vortex/particles as electrons and the non-massive ones like wave/particles as photons. We also have to take in consideration all the “non-stable, short life, variable extension and shape” structures that characterize the normal dynamics of the Field, especially in the surrounding of the previously mentioned Structures engaged in a short-range interaction (which in Quantum Mechanics we call virtual particles and, more in general, quantum fluctuations of the void).

Reality is a Process

Reality is a Process of Formation and, at the same time, the result of that process.

In its essence, the Formation of Reality can be represented through a simple but fundamental scheme, everything that exists (exists as it happens) is made up of:

• Events, produced by the internal interaction between the two aspects of the Source of Reality, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. Events are produced by the Action of the Force on the Field, Action which, in its three fundamental components/modes, constitutes the fundamental "substance" from which everything is composed,
• Relations, that links Events into Processes, organized sets/nets of Events. Relations, are produced by the incessant interaction between Events, give form to the Action: In-Form-Action -> Information.

We call:

• Creation the sub-process that from the Source leads to the Action
• Evolution the sub-process that from Action leads to Information, the Structures of Information, the Forms, the entire evolving Universe.

Creation, the production of Existence, and Evolution, the production of Essence / Form, together, compose the Process of Formation of Reality.

Why is there something rather than nothing?

This is the hardest question we can ask ourselves. The possible answers are many. And there are actually many answers that humanity has given itself in the course of its cognitive evolution. In the various religions, philosophies, systems of knowledge, including the "scientific" ones, we find the most varied answers: God, the Gods, time, an uncaused cause, necessity, chaos, chance, quantum fields, the Big Bang, mathematical laws, physical laws, consciousness, the multiverse. This is an unresolved metaphysical question, which has fundamental physical implications.

In reality, in my opinion, it is a question not asked correctly. In the Evolutionary Knowledge System, the question, also here absolutely central, finds an answer, or rather a meta-answer, in the existence of a causal (related to the active aspect of the Source, the Force) and variational (related to the passive aspect of the Source, the Field, from which space, time, and all the physical quantities and the objects of Physical Reality derive), a Source of Events and Action that gives life to the incessant Process of Formation of Reality.

Therefore, the question in object turns into the most fundamental question: "Why is there a Source of Reality?". As expressed at the previous point "What we will never know", in my opinion, this is a question that won't ever have an intellectual / scientific answer. We only can have direct knowledge of the Source exclusively in a non-intellectual way, exclusively through a direct experience, with the attention turned inward and the consciousness of existing as part of the Source itself.

As has always been the case, everyone is free to think or believe what they want, and science should not take the right or the duty to make claims on this very basic question (in my opinion, out of scope for science and more in general for human knowledge and a question with no rational answer). What science, "Knowledge" more in general, can and must do is to investigate and explain how the Source of Reality produces all that exists, of which only a part we are direct or indirect witnesses through the instruments that sharpen and improve our senses in the exploration of our physical world.

The Dimensions of Reality

The elementary dimensions of Reality are three: cause, space and time

Dimensions are intended as ways of observing the world, the Universe and all the forms that compose it.

Cause, the direct manifestation of Causality, the active side of Agency, is the former dimension of Reality. It is about the expression of the Action of the Fundamental Force on the Elementary Field (the two aspects of Primary Source, the Source of Reality) expression that produces the Elementary Events.

Space and Time, the direct manifestations of Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality), the passive aspect of Agency, are the other two elementary dimensions of Reality. They are about the relations among the distributions of the Elementary Events produced by the Action of the Force on the Field, which determine the particular view of the Elementary Field that we call "space-time", or "space-time field". Space can be seen as formed by three dimensions, or directions. The three "directions" of the spatial dimension can be combined with Time, the temporal dimension, to form the four dimensional space-time continuum.

Space and Time are not entities, they are phenomena, they happen

Space and Time are not entities, things "a priori", absolute or relative, however you want to imagine them.

They are phenomena. They happen, are made of Events, Elementary Events, Elementary Action. If the Source of Reality, the Primary Source, that incessantly produces those Events, should stop its causal creative action, immediately Space and Time will disappear, together with Reality itself and the whole Universe in evolution. And no conscious being would notice it, because nothing could exist without those Elementary Events, no beings, no consciousness.

Time-reversal symmetry and the arrow of time

Quantum mechanics predicts full time-reversal symmetry, which seems to collide with the universal manifestation of an arrow of time. Many attempts have been made to find a way to naturally bring out a break in this temporal symmetry in favor of an arrow of time.

In this model of description of Reality, time-reversal symmetry and the arrow of time are considered two aspects of the same property/phenomenon. As any other aspect of Reality, they are subject to evolution. So, in the very elementary levels of Reality, where space and time are incessantly forming, we can admit a (limited) symmetry. The more extensive a system, the more complex it is (the greater the number of events and relationships that organize them), and the lower the possibility of time inversion. The arrow of time, like everything else, is the product of evolution of Reality.

According to quantum time symmetry, events can be reversed in time dimension. This is the theoretical symmetry of physical laws under the transformation of time reversal, that is equivalent to the conservation of entropy (impossible as per the second law of thermodynamics except for special equilibrium states).

I personally think that quantum time symmetry is highly over estimated. That is more theoretical than practical. It can be fully applied to very elementary, single or simple, quantum phenomena. Complex events or whole processes can’t be reversed (the combined probability of the reversal of all the individual elementary events that compose the whole process in the right order is so small that we can easily assume to be null). Events, or better simple events, can ideally be reversed. What can’t be reversed are relations between events. The organization of events in more complex macro events represent the true complexity of Reality, that normally can’t be reversed. This leads to the emergence of the arrow of time, the irreversibility of complex phenomena.

It is a crucial point. It is very important to understand the phenomena that in quantum world are called “wave-function collapse”, due to observation, and “quantum decoherence”, as an explanation for the observation of the wave-function collapse, when the quantum system loses information into the environment. And more, also measurement (a particular form of observation, that always creates relations or a complex set of relations between the observer and the observed), the more complex it is, the more affects the observed system, producing more and more irreversible effects both in the observed and the observer (respectively the object of the measure and the experimental equipment).

Others (derived / complex) dimensions of Reality

The fundamental Dimensionalities of Reality, causality and variationality (spatiality and temporality), the roots of the dimensions through which we observe and measure Reality and everything that exists, as everything else, evolve. Their interactions, their combinations, has produced various different and more complex dimensionalities, new emerging properties of the two components of the Source of Reality and their interaction.

We can start with the four mode of action and their physical significance: mass, motion, charge and spin. For example, when we observe the world focusing on the Mode "Rotation", source of the Charge and electric phenomena, we can observe charges (Entities, Sources, Force - Field couples), their phenomena (Events and Relations) and their dynamics (Processes).

And moving to more complex levels of Reality, where we observe more structured forms of the Elementary Field, of Action, of Information, more complex structures of Information, like the composites particles we call hadrons and mesons, there we will find new and more complex interactions, forces and fields, and therefore, new dimensionalities: the flavours of fermions in the weak interaction, the color charge in the strong interaction, etc.

A Reality without a beginning and without end: no limits at all

In this model of description of Nature, Reality is considered as an infinite and eternal process of formation / complexification / structuration of the Primary Source and has no limits in its three Dimensions / Dimensionalities: Cause / Causality, Space / Spatiality, Time / Temporality.

Time, as Space, must be considered as an emerging phenomenon. It is function of the distribution and the dynamics of the Elementary Events. Time is part of the Formation of Reality. So Reality is "without time". No beginning, no end.

The whole Reality is incessantly empowered by a Source (a Force / Field couple) of Events / Action

We live such a dynamic, ever-changing Reality, in a Universe in constant evolution, with extremely energetic phenomena, which affect immense structures of the cosmos, as well as the infinitesimal particles of matter, in continuous movement and interaction. The forces and fields that incessantly produce this immense dynamism are infinite. Infinite action that forms and construct a multiform Reality, which, in a succession of events, is expressed on ever more complex and articulated levels. How can we think that all these infinite forces in action in the Universe are olny the dynamic inheritance of a remote instant at the dawn of the world, the relics of a single instant, of a single energetic fluctuation, of an immense explosion not yet finished after billions of years?

It seems so impossibile that the Universe goes on in evolving every today and tomorrow, pushed on by the remnant of that original amount of energy. It seems more "realistic", acceptable, plausible, that the incessant formation of Reality is incessantly empowered by a Source of Action, able to produce all the Elementary Events, that forms that Elementary Action, which is the fundamental "substance" by which Reality and the Universe in evolution are incessantly formed. We call that source, the Primary Source, the couple formed by two inseparable aspects, active and passive respectively, represented by the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, whose inner interaction produces the incessant creative flux of Elementary Events.

This very important statement word by word, whose true meaning is: No Source, no Events, no Reality.

The whole Reality: everything that existed, exists and will exist. Past (the history), present (the actual) and future (the possibile). The Universe in evolution.

Incessantly: in every instant in a continuous flowing of time, created by a continuous infinite process of events.

Empowered: to empower, to give power, to propel, to create a potential, the potential, the possibility, to give the power of making something happen, become “real” from a potential state, to produce a change in the state of a field, to de-form a field, to produce events, action… Empowerment is the key of creation and emergence.

Source of Events: the Primary Source (or Source of Creation, Source of Reality), the former agent, the causal origin of those events (deformations of the Field produced by the incessant (inter)action of the Force. The Force and Field being the aspect, active and passive, of the Source itself, the fundamental manifestations of the Source interacting with itself. What is a source? It is a force in action on a field.

Creation (or) "and" Evolution: the two sides of the Formation of Reality

The debate through Creation and Evolution, in my opinion is a non sense. They are the two fundamental sub-process that realize the Process of Formation of Reality. Creation is the sub-process that produces the Elementary Events, the most elementary form of Existence, the fundamental "substance", the causal bricks of Reality. Evolution is the sub-process that produces the organization of the Relations among the Elementary Events in the more and more Complex Events (sets/nets of events), that compose the Essence / Form of the Universe in evolution.

In my opinion, the great debate between creation and evolution, although it is of great importance from the philosophical and religious point of view, and in particular for the understanding of the evolution of human thought, in the perspective of the knowledge of physical reality seems a little irrelevant.

Always with the utmost respect for the opinions of everybody, I think that, for a more wide and deep understanding of physical and cognitive Reality, it is not relevant if at the origin of everything there is a "divine" or "physical" source. I think it is more important to understand whether "creation" (the beginning) occurred in an instant in the past or if we are in the presence of an incessant creation, just as evolution seems to operate, which, in the continuous flow of time, shapes the form of Reality.

Within this evolutionary system of knowledge, Creation and Evolution are the two sub-processes which together incessantly realize the universal “Process of Formation of Reality”. Creation of the existence / existing, Evolution of the essence / form of Reality. These two sub-complementary sub processes, together, represent the whole formative manifestation of the Source of Reality (the complementary interacting couple: Force as source of causality and Field as source of spatiality and temporality).

The main causal chain of Reality: Force - Action - Information - Form

Causality is one of the two fundamental Dimensionalities of Reality. The other being Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality). Causality is relative to the expression of Agents / Forces, while Variationality to the expresssion of Acted / Fields. They represent the two ways of expression of the Sources.

The evolution of Causality toward complexity is the central pillar of the Process of Formation of Reality. From the Force (the active side of the Source) to the Form, through Action and Information, the products of the two formative sub-processes: Creation and Evolution. They respectively represent Existence and Essence / Form. So, this fundamental causal chain, from the Force (the fundamental causal operator), leads to the Forms, which compose the whole Reality, the Universe in evolution.

From level to level: the evolution toward complexity. The nested multilevel structure of Reality

Reality is a whole, a unity, the Universe in evolution. Only for descriptive purposes is very useful to represent it as a multilevel structure, where successive layers of Reality, successive nested levels go from the most elementary (where the Primary Source produces the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action, the "substance" by which all the Reality in constructured, to the most complex that comprehend the cosmic structures, the living beings and all their cognitive expressions, the Universe as a whole.

Always keeping in mind that fundamental unity, we can imagine the various levels of Reality as separate worlds, with different principles, laws, dynamics, etc., different expressions, declination, fundamental principles, laws, dynamics that describe the whole Reality. This abstraction can help us to face more easily the immense complexity of Reality, it can help us to develop better systems of formalization, allowing us to treat high-level structures as macro processes, without necessarily having to describe them in terms of more elementary level structures.

An example... Think of you walking in a street... Hyper simplifying the structure of Reality, for simplicity, reducing the number of levels involved in the existence of that situation...

• Going from complexity to the more elementary levels, at the top there is the entire Universe, the Cosmos and all its structures (including Dark Matter and Dark Energy) influencing everything in the part of the Universe where we life, influencing you, your structure, your dynamics. This is the realm of General Relativity.
• Then, leaving out the cognitive dimension of Reality, concentrating only on the physical side, we must consider the level in which the laws of classical physics govern the motion of your body, the motion and the functioning of the moving parts within your body, your heart, your lungs, your blood, the other solids. liquids and gasses inside you.
• Then we must consider the molecular biochemical and chemical level, with all the reactions that sustain the life of your body.
• Then the atomic level, where the electron interact to perform the chemical reactions. This is also the level in which all the electromagnetic radiation, all the energetic exchange happens inside and outside your body.
• And more, we must consider the nuclei of atoms, their dynamics, everything that gives physical stability to the mass we are composed by. These are the levels where the quantum manifests with all its power and weirdness, the realm of Quantum Mechanics, the domain of quantum information and the relative structures, particles and waves and their strange interactions.
• But we are not at the end of our journey. In facts, there is some more level to explore. They separate us from the most elementary level, where Reality is incessantly formed, where the substrate of the whole Reality, the Elementary Events, that compose the Elementary Action, are incessantly created and participate to the evolution of the Universe.
• Then, we will find the level of the subatomic particles that compose the atoms of the ordinary/baryonic matter, particles (the quarks and gluons, and the other bosons) that stand side by side with electrons and neutrinos in the three "generation" in Standard Model of Particles. All these particles, in this model are considered and named as Structures of Information (waves, vortices and interactions).
• This is the level of Information / Energy, where the three evolutive operators, organization, transformation and selection incessantly act toward the formation and the conservation of those Structures.
• And, digging more in deep, we will find the level of Action, (the Derived) Forces and Fields interact to produce the (Derived) Events from whom organization the Structures form and, in turn, interact and organize to produce atom, molecules, etc. and all the high level, higher complexity structures and forms that compose the Universe in Evolution.
• Then, for many orders of magnitude till the Planck Scale we will see signs of an energetic dynamic "turbulence", that in standard physics is represented by virtual particles, popping up and down in the quantum vacuum, appearing and suddenly disappearing. This is the product of the Action of the Derived Forces on the Derived Fields, creating Events that try to organize in Structures, that evolutively can't reach a state of causal permanence. It is an infinite "ocean" of Derived Action that tries to become more or less stable Information (Energy), the incessant fluctuations of the quantum vacuum.
• One more step lead us to the Planck Scale, where the Fundamental Entities, expressions of the Primary Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, incessantly interActing "create" the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action, the most elementary "substance", the causal and variational (spatial and temporal) substrate from whom the whole Reality "evolve". From the first organization of that "substance", of the Elementary Events, space and time emerge and evolve toward the present vast complexity of the world.

Sources, Forces and Fields

Sources, Forces and Fields

The causal and the variational (spatial and temporal) origin of Reality is founded on Entities. We call them "Entities" (what exists) because they exist and because thet produce Existence. They exist in the act of producing Existence. At every level of Reality, Entities must always be seen and can always be represented as Sources. Sources of Events, of Existence, of Action, of the Creation and Evolution of Reality.

We can identify one Primary Source from which infinite Derived Sources emerge and evolve. Every process of Events produced by the Primary Source can be seen as a Derived Source. Every Derived Source can be seen as a Source of Events that organize in Processes, that in turn become more and more complex Derived Sources.

Sources, the Primary Source and the derived ones, always consist in inseparable couples of sub-entities, Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields. Forces cannot exist without the corresponding coupled Fields, and viceversa.

The Primary Source is the only absolute Entity. All the Derived Sources, all that exists, all that happens is relative.

Sources are the entities that express Agency (Agency: Agent ~ Acted => Action). The inner interaction between the two inseparable aspects of Sources, Forces and Field, Agents and Acted, produces Action, Events, Variations (of the states and dynamics) of the same Sources.

One Source, many sources. One Force, many forces. One Field, many fields. From absolute to relative. The derivation of complexity.

All the Sources we see in the world, collectively operating the incessant Formation of Reality, derive from one fundamental, elementary Source. We call this Source, the origin of everything, including the same causality, spatiality and temporality, the Primary Source. It is the most fundamental entity.

All the Forces and Fields we see in action in the world, both in the microcosm and in the macro, are different visions, different aspects/expressions, manifestations of a couple of more fundamental sub-Entities.

Different kinds of forces/fields: a matter of complexity

Forces and Fields, like everything in the Nature, are subjects of Evolution. They have evolved and continue to evolve from a more fundamental level of Reality, deriving from something more elementary, toward a greater complexity. When we talk of gravity, we identify a gravitational force and a gravitational field. Thinking then to the electrical phenomena, we are dealing with the electric force and the relative field, and again, as in the case of magnetic phenomena, a magnetic force and its field. So different in their manifestation, in the phenomena we observe, Forces and Field that operates in Nature are always derived from something more fundamental, more elementary.

Examples: Gravitational Force/Field, E. an M. F/F...

In investigating the nature of the forces and the fields we commonly deal with in physics, in the quest for a real unification of these entities, to me is very important to distinguish between Fundamental Force / Elementary Fields on one hand and the derived forces/fields on the other.

I think this is not the only very useful distinction. In the land of the derived entities, the derived forces and fields, the products of whose interaction we observe in Nature as different phenomena, we have to distinguish between forces/fields that emerge and operate in the continuum, at a very elementary level of Reality, and forces/fields that emerge and operate in the world of granularity, at a more complex level of organization.

As direct manifestation of the fundamental entities, at an elementary level of Reality, where the fundamental continuity is still dominant and granularity, although starting to occur in a larval and highly unstable form, is not yet become the protagonist of the scene, we can identify the two main derived forces/fields: the gravitational and the electromagnetic.

From these two fundamental entities, from their evolution, their complexification through the causal transition from continuity to granularity, where quantum phenomena manifest themselves in all their weirdness and unintelligibility, where the complex Structures of Information that we commonly call atoms and nuclei, is there that we see new forces/fields emerging and manifesting in the interaction between the sub-components of atoms (more elementary Structures of Information, sub atomic particles like quarks, gluons, leptons, etc.).

It is there that the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field manifest themselves in the emergence of new and more complex derived forces/fields, where continuity slides in the background and granularity takes the scene. It is there that gravitational and the electromagnetic forces/fields, while remaining fundamentally continuous entities, they take on new forms and properties, contributing to the emergence of the weak and strong nuclear forces / fields.

Forces and Fields are inseparable couples: they represent the two indivisible complementary aspects of each Source

As a unit, Primary Source can be represented as a couple of two inseparable sub-entities: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. The inner interaction between these two complementary aspects produces the incessant creation of the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action upon which it is founded and from which the whole Reality evolves.

Every Source, as a derived entity of the Primary Source, the fundamental entity responsible for the Formation of Reality, is always a whole, a non-manifest couple of interacting entities (one active/creative, a Force, and one passive/receptive, a Field) potentially or effectively producing Events, Action. At the same time a source is the causal origin (what acts) and the variational substrate (what varies) of any Event. Force and Field are a unity, different aspects of a unitarian and indivisible expressions of a Source.

The Force is the active, the creative side of the Source. The Field is the passive, its receptive side. The Source express itself in these two entities, the unmanifested, root of any manifestation, physical and cognitive, the everything, the whole Reality, the Universe in evolution. Force and their relative fields (for example the electric force and field) cannot exist as indipendent entities. Their are always complementary aspects of a unitarian Source (in that example, the electric source).

The unmanifested is here intended as the absolute, the pure and formless source of being, from which the existence, the manifestation arise. The Source manifest itself in the complementary expression (that means “pressure to existence”) of a unitarian couple of interacting entities, Force and Field. The Source in itself, as the One, is free from change, a concept close to the “unmoved mover”, or “uncaused cause”, but its direct manifestation, The Action, is the change itself. The absolute/unmanifested and the relative/manifest are different levels of the same reality.

Forces and Field are always inseparable parts of couples, Forces as the active aspects of the couples, while Fields represent the passive ones. They can't exist as separate entities, Forces and Fields can exist and manifest only as complementary aspects of unitary entities. We call these units, these entities, Sources. They are the Sources of Existence at each level of Reality, Forces representing the origin of the causal action, Fields the origin of the variational (spatial and temporal) substrate of Reality. Forces and Fields can be seen as sub-entities, complementary aspects of the only entities that operates the Creation "and" the Evolution of Reality form the most elementary level to the more complex level of Reality, the whole Universe in Evolution.

Everything is relative but the Primary Source (Fundamental Force and Elementary Field)

The whole Reality is an infinite and eternal Process of Events. The incessant Creation (that forms Existence) and the Evolution (that forms Essence / Form) of Reality are based on Events and Relations that organize them in Processes. Events are mutations, variations of the state, of the form of “something”. Because Events need a cause, need to be in space (a transformation of a state in a space - here and there) and need to be in time (a change in zero time is an identity, it can’t be considered a transformation, a change in the form of “something”), we can say that all the basic aspects of Reality are intrinsically relative, and find their fundamental existence in relations among Events. We need to extend the principle of relativity to all the very fundaments of Reality, to the same concepts of Existence and Essence / Form.

Going up in the causal chains, up to the Source where the causal principle, expression of the Force, meets the variational principle, expression of the Field, where the same space and time emerge from the relations between the Elementary Events, produced by the internal interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, everything is relative. Only the Source of Elementary Events, the Source of Existence, the Primary Source, has an absolute dimension, is absolute. Only in the fundamental expression of the Source, that determines the state transition from nothingness, non-existence, to Existence, we can find an absolute, immutable, fixed, universal dimension that transcends cause, space and time.

Nothing absolute in the Reality, but the Source. Only the Force and the Field, the two aspects of the creative power of the Source can be considered. Everything that exists emerges from the inner interaction of the Force and the Field, in a creative and evolutive process the I call the Process of Formation of Reality. It is a process of events that gives form to Reality and the Universe in evolution.

Even the force and causality, even the space and time, emerge from the Source and are not absolute entities. They too are made of events, made by that inner interaction that produces the most elementary form of existence, the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action. Both space and time (local) extensions (distances in space and intervals in time) depend on the (local) average intensities of the distributions of the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuation of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale.

This is also the reason why space and time are linked as stated in General Relativity. Because they are different expressions of the same phenomena, because, as seen above, they both depend on the same fundamental quantity, on the dynamical state of the Elementary Field itself.

And more, in an evolutive run toward complexity, even mass, motion, charge and spin, the fundamental physical quantities that characterize radiation and matter, and so everything that exists in the physical Universe, are relative. They can be described only in relation with the space-time distributions of that Elementary Events that constitute the Elementary Action in its three components: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation (in the two forms of Chirality and Axis orientation).

Microcosm - Physics

Agency - Action - Events

Agency: the inner interaction between Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields

Sources are the entities that express Agency (Agency: Agent ~ Acted => Action). The inner interaction between the two inseparable aspects of Sources, Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields produces Action and its result: Events, Variations (of the states and dynamics) of the same Sources.

In other, and more correct, words, we can say that the "Action of Agents on Acted produce Events". Event is any variation of/in a Source.

Agency can be defined exactly like this: the ability of Sources to produce Events (through the inner interaction between the couples of inseparable sub-entities that compose them: Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields).

Action and Events

Action is the main expression of Agency. It is the primary manifestation of the creative power of the Entities / Sources. Action represents the transition from the possibile to the actual. It represents the causal and the variational root of each Event.

Events are the product of the Action (interaction) of the (active and passive) components of the Entities / Sources: Agents / Forces that act on Acted / Fields, and Acted / Field that react on Agents / Forces.

Events represent Variations of the same Entities / Sources, and their active and passive components.

At the most elementary level of Reality, Elementary Action, the act of producing Elementary Events, can be expressed in three fundamental modes. We call this modes: Perturbation, Translation and Rotation (in its two sub-modes: Chirality and Axis Orientation). These are the fundaments of all that exists in the Universe. From these basic forms of Action derive the fundamental physical quantities and phenomena: mass and gravitation (from Perturbation), motion and kinetics(from Traslation), charge and electrical phenomena (from Rotation Chirality), spin and the magnetic phenomena (from Rotation Axis Orientation). The Modes of Elementary Action relates to the distribution of Elementary Events in the causal, spatial and temporal dimensions of Reality.

From the evolution and the combination of these basic Modes, all the complex forms of Action arise and evolve (the weak and the strong nuclear action and phenomena, etc.).

From a physical point of view, Action can be seen as the physical quantity that express any variation in the distribution of the Elementary Events in the fundamental dimensions of Reality: Causality (Force), Spatiality (Space) and Temporality (Time). In facts, the physical quantity we call Action as these dimensions: Force x Space x Time (the same as Energy x Time or Momentum x Space].

The Fundamental Principles of Elementary Action: Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, Least Action

Principles are here to be considered as cognitive representations (patterns, cognitive models) on how Reality (or part of it) manifests itself and evolves. They express general behaviors of Reality from the most elementary levels to the more complex ones. Principles, together with Processes, are the back bone of Evolutionary Dynamics. They describe the essential aspects of Process of Formation of Reality, the manifestation of the fundamental operator and the ways of expression of derived Operators of Reality.

Principles express themselves in different forms in the various domains of Reality (physical, cognitive and metacognitive), in relation with the different Dimensions of Reality (Causality and Variationality: Spatiality and Temporality) and with respect to the various levels of complexity of Reality.

The Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics describe why and how Events and Relations emerge and co-evolve, why and how Action takes a form, becoming Information, and determining how Existence takes the Essence / Form we see in the world. They describe the fundamental ways in which Entities manifest themselves in the construction, in the formation of Reality, how the fundamental Processes of Formation, Creation and Evolution, give shape to the world we live in.

The Fundamental Principles of Elementary Action describe how Action, as the main expression of Agency, manifests itself in the formation of Reality at the most elementary level. They describe and characterize the Elementary Action in its fundamental modes and sub-modes (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation Chirality, Rotation Axis Orientation, which lead to the fundamental physical quantities, respectively: mass, motion, charge and spin, and the relative phenomena.

• Principle of Uncertainty

It is the specification at the most elementary level of Reality of the more general Principle of Variation (Everything that exists is in incessant mutation, variation, or better, all that exist "is" incessant variation). The Principle of Uncertainty describes the creation of perturbations (Perturbation), of micro-gradients in the distribution of elementary fluctuations, micro-gradients that compose the Elementary Action, the most basic form of Existence, the "substrate" of everything, the basic "substance" of Reality.

• Principle of Action and Reaction

It is the specification at the most elementary level of Reality of the more general Principle of Propagation (Mutations described by the Principle of Variation, the incessant variations of the states of the Entities, the Events, always tend to propagate). The Principle of Action and Reaction describes the formation of translational reactions (Translation), produced by the interactions among micro-gradients and aimed at restoring homogeneity, or isotropy, in the distribution of elementary fluctuations.

• Principle of Least Action

It is the specification at the most elementary level of Reality of the more general Principle of Conservation (mutations described by the Principle of Variation, that always tend to propagate as described by the Principle of Propagation, the incessant variations of the states of the Entities, the Events, always tend to tend to conserve).

The Principle of Least Action describes the formation of rotational reactions (Rotation), due to the interactions between translational actions, aimed at preserving the inhomogeneities, or anisotropies, in the distribution of elementary fluctuations.

The general principle of equivalence: some remarkable correspondences

This remarkable and, in some way, unbelievable correspondences show the equivalence between the basic "Modes of the Elementary Action" and some of the most important physical quantities (for example, in this model, the mode of Action that we call "Perturbation", the mass, the curvature of space-time, the speed of light, the temperature of space-time are different aspects of the same phenomenon. They are absolutely equivalent physical quantities. The verb "to correspond" is used here in the sense that the different Modes of Action are the roots, the substrates, the underlying more elementary nature of the different cited physical quantities.

• To Perturbation (function of the correlation in the distributions of the intensities of the basic fluctuations of the Elementary Field under the incessant creative Action of the Fundamental Force), correspond:
  • mass density (both positive mass density - that produces attraction, as that of barionic or ordinary matter and dark matter - and negative mass density - that produces repulsion, as dark energy),
  • the curvature of space-time,
  • the temperature of the Elementary Field, already organized in the form of space-time,
  • the limit of the velocity of propagation of Information in the Elementary Field --> the speed of light in the "vacuum".

• To Translation correspond Motion and acceleration (variation of the motion, of the speed, till the limit of the velovity of propagation of Information in the Elementary Field).

• To Rotation:Chirality corresponds the Electric Charge.

• To Rotation:AxisOrientation corresponds the Magnetic Spin.

Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin in the terms of Elementary Action and its components (the Modes of Action)

The fundamental physical quantities and the relative phenomena:

• Mass and gravitational phenomena
• Motion and kinetic phenomena
• Charge and electric phenomena
• Spin and magnetic phenomena

can be described in the terms of Elementary Action and its components (the Modes of Action):

• Perturbation
• Translation
• Rotation in its two sub-modes, or sub-components:
  • Rotation:Chirality (Rot:Chir, or Chir in short)
  • Rotation:AxisOrientation (Rot:AxOr, or AxOr in short)

More complex phenomena, manifestation of more complex Sources (pairs of Forces and Fields), can be explained as various combinations of those Modes of Action. In particular, we refer to weak and strong nuclear forces / fields and related phenomena. And more, to all those complex structures, forms and phenomena that we observe in the world. From the simple case of a charged magnetic massive particle moving in the vacuum, to the whole complexity of the largest cosmic structures that compose the Universe.

Motion in a gravitational field of a massive uncharged piece of matter can be described by the combination of Perturbation, that is the root of Mass, and Translation, that is the root of Motion. In the massive object is a charges particle like and electron, to Perturbation and Translation we must add Rotation:Chirality, that is the root of Electric Charge, and Rotation:AxisOrientation, that is the root of the Magnetic Spin.

Another example. Motion, in a flat space-time, of a photon, a wave/particle object without mass, that represents a quantum of light, can be described by a combination of Rotation:Chirality (Charge), Rotation:AxisOrientation (Spin) and Translation (Motion). But, if the motion of the photon occurs in a curved space-time (where massive structures are present, as dark matter structures), to Rot:Chir, Rot:AxOr and Traslation, we must add Perturbation (Mass), to take account of the gravitational effects of the curvature on the motion of the photon (deviation from a straight line, for a curved line, a geodesic).

Mass, motion, charge and spin: the key is (cor)relation, organization, information

In this model of description of the physical world, “mass, motion, charge and spin”, the fundamental physical quantities that lay at the base of all the physics of matter and radiation, are considered not really fundamental. They are seen as emergent properties/quantities, phenomena, processes of events, something that happens, like everything else in the Universe, like the Structures of Information (particles, waves, atoms, molecules, etc.) that we really study, classify and measure through that quantities.

Or better, they are considered as organizations of relations among events, patterns of processes of events. Information, in short. Mass, motion, charge and spin are Information, at a low-medium level of Reality, where Reality evolves from the world of the Elementary Action, in its peculiar basic modes of manifestation (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation), to the world of the Structures of Information.

It is the world of Information, the physical information that we call “energy” in traditional science language. If we slice Action in time dimension, we can see Information. Information, as the word say, is the form of the Action, "In-Form-Action". And to identify/measure an evolving form, we have to stop the flowing of the action, of the events that incessantly re-create and modify that form. It’s like taking a snapshot. We cannot get the form as reality evolves, changes. We can see, measure, an occurring action, a process of events only, so to say, "stopping" time and observing/measuring the deformation of a (derived) field produced by the (derived) action of the corresponding (derived) force.

So, "mass, motion, charge and spin", these very important properties/quantities, these basic forms of energy (as seen, basic forms of Information), emerge from the organization of the relations among the infinite, incessant, events, the Elementary Events, that represent the fundamental, the more elementary form of existence, the everchanging deformations of the Elementary Field.

The speed of light is a limit, not a constant (as we normally intend it)

"Speed of light in vacuum" is the common expression we use for the more correct: "upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter and light can travel in vacuum". In an even more correct form, we must say: "upper limit for the speed at which Information can travel in the Elementary Field", because "matter" is always Information (or better, structured Information, Structures of Information) and "vacuum" is a (more or less extended local) dynamical condition of the Elementary Field. We should also discuss the meaning of vacuum further, because this term in conventional scientific language is too vague.

Absence of matter is not sufficient to precisely define the state of the Elementary Field. We must consider various different kinds of structures, different from those that compose ordinary matter aggregations, like the visible parts of galaxies and clusters. The dark structures that imply modifications of the speed of propagation of Information in the structured Field are the gravitational waves, the dark matter halos and the dark energy boundaries of the dark matter structures. So, this speed limit must be expressed with reference to the "unstructured Elementary Field", state/condition that we call "absolute vacuum".

This speed can change in space and time. Its "local" (a point in space) "instantaneous" (an instant in time) value depends on the first component of Action, that we call Perturbation. In each point of space-time, Perturbation is function of the correlation in the distributions of the intensities of the basic fluctuations of the Elementary Field under the action of the Fundamental Force, in the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source).

The amount of Perturbation in a point in space depends on the presence and motion of Structures of Information in that point. For example, in a point located in a galactic dark matter halo with no null mass density Information can't travel at the absolute vacuum speed limit.

Due to the progressive complexification, the structuration of the cosmos produced by the incessant formation of Reality, we aspect that the absolute vacuum speed limit slightly diminish in time.

Information / Energy

From Action to Information / Energy: the meaning of the word Information in a physical perspective

Uncertainty and indetermination are about the relation between Information, and its most elementary physical form that we call Energy, and Time.

Energy is an elementary form of Information (or Information is a complex form of energy)

What is energy? A central question in physics. Normally we think to Information as something complex, and to energy as something more elementary. But I think they are the same. Or better, energy is an elementary form of Information. So, we can convert the basic question “what is energy?”, into a more general question: “what is Information?”.

The central part of Evolutionary Physics model is represented by the Process of Formation of Reality: how the Source creates Elementary Events/Action and how this Action organize, takes form in Information (In-Form-Action), whose evolution produce all the Structures and the Forms that compose the Universe in evolution.

So, in this model of description of Reality Information is action that has taken a form through relation. At the most elementary levels of Reality, Information is represented by the set/net of Relations that organize the Elementary Events/Action. Only inhomogeneous sets/nets of events manifest, represent, is, Information. Homogeneity represents the minimum level/amount of Information (absolute homogeneity is equal to zero Information).

The more elementary form of inhomogeneity is an Elementary Event, a local basic deformation of the Elementary Field (a local fluctuation of the Field at the Planck scale). But looking at the Field, animated by those fluctuations, at a more distance, a volume with an extension that can include a statistically significant number of point-events, we will see again a little less elementary form of homogeneity, but always homogeneity. It is the “without form”, Action without form. Again, considering not a single point, but a 3D interval, a volume, we will find no Information, cause all the stochastic distributions of the fluctuations of each point-event in that volume are equal.

At this point, a new form of inhomogeneity can emerge. It is what we will consider the most elementary form of Information: a gradient in the stochastic distributions of the Elementary Events. We call this: Perturbation, the most elementary form of Action, the component of Action related to the intensity of the elementary fluctuations. Perturbation, with Translation and Rotation are the three basic forms of the Elementary Action, the basic components of Action. They are the building block of Reality. Relations among these forms of Action, the basic ways in which Events can organize, represent the fundamental Information, the basic forms of Energy. Because they are the basic ways in which the Force manifests itself, producing the derived forces that we see at work in the Nature, we can represent them in terms of the vector algebra: gradient, divergence, rotation/curl.

Every other more complex form of Energy/Information emerge from the evolution (organization, transformation, selection) of more and more complex relations among these three elementary forms of Action, this Elementary Information.

Energy, Time and Uncertainty: at the very basics of the Physical Reality

The ubiquitous central role of Relation, of co-relation or, better, "(cor)relation" in the formation of Reality

Mass, motion, charge and spin: the key is (cor)relation, organization, information

The measurement problem: the weirdness of the quantum world

Structures of Information: Matter Particles and/or Waves

Matter is not fundamental, or, better, is not so fundamental...

It is natural that we are searching the basic constituents of matter, that hope to find a fundamental particle, the “first” particle, that we try to find the origin of all that we can observe in Nature, digging in the deep of matter. It is natural because we are made of matter, we are matter. Even the cognitive aspect of living beings and humanity, in an evolutionary perspective, seem to raise from the emerging complexity produced by the evolution of matter. And even religions focus on the act of creating matter by god (s).

But I think there must something else. Or better, maybe matter is a particular form, state, of something else, something more fundamental, hiding in the deep processes in the true factory of Reality. Philosophy, science, physics, in their histories, have given us various representations of matter and what we think matter is. The evolution of those representations toward covariant fields, and then, quantum fields, the current attempts to go even beyond, to get a quantum theory of gravity (through the synthesis of quantum covariant fields) and to grasp the grand unification, in my opinion is always too much focused-on matter as we know it.

I think that we must do one more step beyond, to forget matter and atomism for a while, and to focus on something that in the evolutionary perspective proposed by this research project, by this new coming system of knowledge, appear more fundamental: Action (events) and Information (relations among events). Action is the emerging product of Creation, while Information is the emerging product of Evolution. Everything (even matter!) is made of that.

Radiation and particles are not the main part of what exists (or rather, “happens”) in Nature

Radiation and particles, their interactions and their dynamics are very important parts of Reality (we and almost all that we can observe and measure in the Universe are made of these two classes of structures). But we need to stop thinking that everything that exist is made of these stuffs. To understand the dark side of Nature and the most elementary levels of Reality, in the study of natural phenomena we have to go far beyond the atomistic vision.

It is like to watch the surface of a volcanic lake. We observe vapor, bubbles, whirls, the mineral composts floating in and above water, potent geysers rising high. But it seems like we are not able to look under the surface, to look at the water, that transfers the heat and the motion from the deep of the earth to the surface and to the structures that catch our attention.

It is like, unable to see under the surface, we concentrate on all the phenomena above the surface, trying to explain them only in terms of what we can directly see, even if we do not completely understand them. I think we are forgetting the main part of what is happening! Our cognitive system is specialized to recognize structures, patterns and changes in them. So, it is natural that we focus on particles and waves, and their interactions, ignoring what hosts them, what supports them.

Watching at the sky, we must not just look at the clouds moving around. We have to look at the (apparently) calm blue sky which represents the background of all that happens in it and which captures our curious attention. Observing and measuring the clouds, without studying the blue sky that, like the emptiness, apparently lies between them, does not allow us to fully understand what clouds are, why they exist and how they behave and interact producing all the meteorological phenomena that influence our lives.

I wrote “apparently lies between them”, apparently because the background, the sky in our metaphor, and the structures, the clouds, are not different kind of things. They are always atoms, molecules, only differently organized, combined, structured. The same with space-time and the structures that we call waves and particles. They are really not “in” the space-time field, they are the space-time field, or better, the Elementary Field differently organized. Different “Information”, In-Form-Action, what gives a different form to the Elementary Action.

The “inconstancy” of natural constants and a deeper vision of an amazing equivalence

The speed of light in the vacuum, the quantum of action, etc. are no longer to be considered as constant. Although they always can be considered basic reference quantities, their values, their intensities are strongly dependent on the (universal and local) state of the “void” and on our comprehension of its true nature and dynamics.

Void is not “empty”, is not like nothingness. Void, as QM suggests, is full of incessant fluctuations. It is animated by “something”, in the way stated by the uncertainty principle. Space-time, and, more in deep, the Elementary Field is full of what we call Elementary Action, the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations at the Planck scale, the most elementary form of existence.

Natural constants are dependent on the (universal and local) distributions (in form and intensity) of those fluctuations. In the case of “c”, the speed of light, its intensity is determined by the distributions of the intensities of those fluctuations. It is a measure of the stress of space-time, its curvature. Light does not speed off due to space-time curvature produced by the presence of a massive object. The curvature “is” the mass. Mass, the curvature of space-time and the (local) speed at which light travels are all effects of a particular form of the organization of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations in/of the Field.

These physical quantities are the same thing, the expression of the nature and dynamics of something more fundamental. This is an amazing equivalence: mass density, speed of light (velocity of propagation of information), curvature of space-time, temperature of the Field = distribution of the intensities of the elementary fluctuations in the Field (we call this “Perturbation”, a fundamental form of Elementary Action, the fundament of metrics, mass and gravitation).

So, the relevant question is: why these distributions are not homogeneous in space and time dimensions? This question is very important because all that exists emerges and evolves from the organization of these fluctuations. In short, it is true that everything is made of void, but the central matter is: “why the void is not really void and how it behaves in the particular ways that allows/forces Reality to organize and evolve the way we see?”

The shape of particles and atoms is different from what we think and ever changing

The greater the mass of a particle, the higher its mass density, the smaller its wavelength (the spatial extension in the direction of the motion of the particle), and the smaller the front area of the particle (the spatial extension in the direction orthogonal to that of the motion of the particle, the "width" of the particle, its impact area extension).

The shape of particles and atoms is different and ever changing. The greater the speed of motion of the particle, the greater its mass, then its density, the smaller the particle (both its wavelength and its front area). As in the macrocosm, even in microcosm, the spatial dimensions of a junk of matter are inversely proportional to the its mass. The same for the other variational dimension, time. The greater the mass, the smaller its spatial dimension, the slower the "flow of time" (intended as the density of the elementary events, from which descends the quantitative representation of the phenomenon that we call Time (interval, duration, extension in the temporal dimension, or using a common, even if erroneous expression, "flow of time". Erroneous because it pushes us to think at Time as it were an absolute dimension, as an absolute time would exist, absolute because external to Reality, independent from the dynamics of the Primary Source, of the incessant inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field).

We often think to particles as solid object, in the sense that we give to macro objects (iron balls, for instance), or that they are abstract entities, that can only be described through probabilities and complex math equations, or that they exist and not exist, at the same time, that they are here and there in the same instant, and so on.

When we think to a particle (even if, we know, it is a very tiny piece of matter), we have to imagine something (a huge amount of correlated elementary events) distributed in space. In facts, even the imagine of something distributed in space is not correct. We should say “a part of space (even space is made of events, it incessantly happens as everything else) organized in a form that we can recognize as a particle” (in the form of a 3D vortex, characterized by properties that we call mass, motion, charge and spin). Or better, we have to say: “a part of the Elementary Field where the distributions of the tiny fluctuations (Elementary Events) that we call Elementary Action are correlated in a form that we can recognize as a particle of matter”.

Even this short definition is not completely true. But I’m trying to move from a more or less familiar image (something distribute in space) to a completely new and strange image where is something more elementary than mass, matter, particle, some more elementary than space, that is organized by something else (Information) in a particular form. A particle of matter, moving in the Field (organized in a space), with its mass, charge and spin, due to the organization (Information) of the basic components of Elementary Action, its spatial modes (correlations in the intensities of the distributions of the point events that host that particle [mass], in their point directions in space [motion], in their point rotation/chirality [charge] and in their point rotation/direction in space of the axis [spin]).

These are the ways in which the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at Planck scale, express themselves in the incessantly emerging space-time that supports the Structures of Information (waves and vortices, the massive particles, and their interactions). Structures of Information are what organize, give a form to the Field in its fluctuating essence that we call Elementary Action, and, at same time, the manifest result of the coherence/correlation among the tiny fluctuations (in their intensities and modes of expression) of the Field, the Elementary Events, the unmanifest (directly non-observable).

This is result of the process of Formation that we can think as ideally composed by two sub-processes: Creation (the formation of the unmanifest) and Evolution (the formation of the manifestation through the incessant organization, transformation and selection of the unmanifest).

Events organized by Relations that give a Form to the Field perturbed by the Force. So, like anything else in the Universe, a particle:

• exists (“is”) because it happens (events),
• has a form determined by the relations that organize those events,
• behaves like the principles of dynamics allow it, through the interactions with the structured Field (DM and DE, OM/other particles and radiation).

A particle is not a point, is not a sphere, has not an immutable form, has not a fixed and definite limit in space, does not exist as we commonly think to objects and even our bodies. A particle is something that happens, an organized set, a net of events. Its form in space depends on the correlations among the modes of expression of the Elementary Action of the point events that host the Information that represents its form/essence and its happening/existence. And more, it depends on the interactions among the correlated elementary fluctuations that support the particle and the elementary fluctuations of the Field both casual and correlated (sign of the presence of derived forces/fields), the interactions with the environment, the other Structures that, for their existence and dynamics, influence the local states of the Field, the Forms that exist, that interact in the surrounding.

Where is the electron? No point particles. No “solid”, unchangeable particles

And more... As particles, as everything in the Physical Reality, has a spatial ("physical extension") and a temporal extension ("life duration"), never we can think to point like entities. An example for all... and electron in an atom.

One of the strangest issues in the quantum world is the declared impossibility of knowing the position of a particle before a measurement or between successive measurements, and, even more, the impossibility of achieving infinite precision in measuring simultaneously conjugate quantities, such as position and speed. Moreover, it is stated that it is even absurd to think that a particle has a unique and certain position, located in space-time.

I think that at least a part quantum weirdness comes from a misunderstanding about what really is a particle. If we think that a particle is a solid object in the sense that we give to a macro object (an iron ball, for instance), all the "descriptions" of the world made by Q.M. are obviously absurd, even if all the “predictions” of the behaviors of quantum objects are completely correct. The same if we think that a particle is only a cloud of the probabilities to detect it.

An electron is not a solid body as we intend objects in our everyday life. Is not a rigid, intangible, immutable sphere, or cube, or egg, or whatever form you prefer. It is not made of matter as we normally intend it, like a marble ball, or a drop of oil, or a gas bubble... It is a pattern of organization of a huge number of Elementary Events that locally deform the Elementary Field (the Events represent the actions of deforming the Field). It is a particular configuration of Elementary Action.

Like everything else in the Universe, an electron is a complex event, a process of events, a structure of Information that gives a local form to the Field. It is a pattern of correlations of the dynamic and conservative states of the point events in the Field. It derives from the organization of the dynamics of the microstates associated to those point events.

So, where is the electron? Where is it when we "observe" it, when we "measure" its position? What is an observation, a measure? And when we don’t observe it, when no interactions occur? Is it really a set of possibility, a quantum wave function that express probabilities of existence in different places? Or can we say that the electron exists, or better, happens even if no one observe, no one get a measure, no interactions with something else occur?

I think that also quantum objects (Structures of Information in this System of Knowledge) continue to exist, or better, to happen, even if no one observe them. All the Elementary Events of/in the Field, witch participate to existence the electron, or other elementary particles, that support the Information that give it a form in causal, space and time sense, that give it its mass, motion, charge and spin, that make it interact with the causal fluctuation of the Field, the other Elementary Events that represent the environment with which that particle incessantly interact, that make it interact with other particles, with waves, with the whole Universe.

We can’t reach a perfect measure of position and velocity of quantum objects, as stated by the Uncertainty Principle. To me, there is something even more uncertain in the way we can get precise measures of the position of a particle. This uncertainty is due to the intrinsic nature of these objects, and, more in general, of the most elementary levels of Reality. Their forms are ever changing, fluctuating around a “mean” shape, a complex attractor, in incessant interaction with the Field itself, all the Information propagating in the Field, all the Structures moving around, the influence of the measurement equipment, our presence, everything…

The elementary levels of Reality are characterized by a high level of instability, in the sense of lack of stability, of incessant mutability. This prevents the possibility to know positions, velocity, etc. with perfect precision, but this is the sign of the wonderful creativity and evolutive potential of Reality. That is the reason why we exist, the reason why the whole Universe exists and evolve.

Snapshot of a 2D section of the Field through an atom's nucleus and an electron (proportions are not real

So, at the end, where is the electron? I think we can say that the electron is in the Field. It is a configuration of the Field. It is distributed in space. Its shape, its position, velocity, mass, etc. incessantly changes due to the interactions with everything else locally around it. So, it is true that its position is not certain, not perfectly certain, not only for what the Uncertainty Principle states, not only because its shape is everchanging, but also due to the differ modes in which we observe, measure it. Due to the quantum uncertainty, every measure is different from everyone else. We cannot really completely control the photons, of the forces and the fields we use to measure, and more, they influence particles, in the microcosm everything is so fast moving, variables involved are so many, etc.

The only thing that I can say is that, in the case of the electrons located in an atom, to me atomic orbitals are not only mere mathematical functions that describes their wave-like, functions that can be used to calculate the probability of finding electrons in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. I think that the orbitals are the real causal-space-time form that electrons assume when they are in the atom structures. An orbital, to me, is not expressing the probability of an electron being in any particular volume of space. An atomic orbital is the measure of what part of an electron is in any part of space around the nucleus. The same electrons, when they escape the positive electric force of the nucleus, when they move free in space, they change their shape to adapt to the new conditions of the region of the Field in which they are moving, to their velocity, acceleration, to the attraction or repulsion that they are detecting in every instant of their physical lives.

Double Slit

We must remake this crucial experiment in infinite different ways to find something very deep...

Entanglement

We would be tempted to say: "Not possibile, so not true"... But, the right question is: "Where is the error, the misunderstanding?"

Evolution at work in colliders

Evolution is everywhere. Even in the strangest places in the Universe. Even in the focus of a collider, where the beams head-on collide producing powerful bursts of energy and matter that reach the detectors. There, in those energetic events, matter and energy undergo extraordinary transmutations. Everything can turn into something else, in a mix of casuality and causality, following the strangest laws of the quantum world. In extreme synthesis, transmutation, in following those weird laws, works through evolutionary processes that occur at the speed of light, processes that favor some results, instead others less probable.

All the physical laws, all the forces and fields involved, all the quantum operators at work, in a flash, to realize the rarest events in the Universe, in the incessant search for a more stable dynamic equilibrium. The most suitable (in the sense of the evolutive adaptation) configurations of forces, fields, action, energy, matter, information, particles / waves will survive, in search of a causal permanence that can produce a chain of new events and new balances between least action and incessant further evolution.

When mass rises, volume (space extension) lowers

When a particle acquires mass, its space dimension (volume) diminishes… The more massive/denser a particle is, the more compact it is. Its space extension is smaller than that of a less massive/dense particle.

The same if a particle acquires more motion, when its velocity rises it becomes more massive, denser, as its space extension becomes smaller.

The shape in space of a particle (i.e. an electron) incessantly changes due to the various forces acting on the portion of the Field that we identify with that particle, due to its continuous interaction with its environment (the rest of the Field non occupied by the particle, all the Information that gives form to the rest of the Field) and due to its motion, its acceleration, its velocity.

The same happens to the charge of a particle. As the particle becomes more compact from a space extension point of view, because of the rise of its mass and density, its charge density (due to Rotation in its form that we call “Rotation Chirality”) becomes more intense. Due to the fact that its space extension is minor, the total charge of the particle remains constant.

The same again for the spin of the particle. The component of Rotation on the orientation the “Rotation Axis” becomes more intense, but, due to the smaller space extension, the total spin (the intensity of the correlation of the orientation of the Rotation Axis of all the point events in the Field that take part to the existence of that particle) remains constant.

Therefore, in the terms of the components of Action (in curly brackets), when we accelerate a particle, according to GR, its mass and its density rise (Perturbation). Its velocity too (Translation). Its charge (Rotation Chirality) remains constant, even if its density of charge rises. The same for spin and spin density (Rotation Axis Orientation).

Macrocosm - Cosmology

Origin and Evolution of the Universe

Universe is the present section of Reality

What do we mean by Universe in this knowledge system? Universe is essentially everything that exists. "That exists!". Present. Present in the sense of Special Relativity, where it is impossible to say in an absolute sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. No absolute time reference system. If events are not causally connected, precedence order is not preserved in all frames of reference.

So, with the word Universe we intend the present (in the sense and with the limitations above cited) section of Reality. Reality is everything that existed, exists and will exist. It is the product of an incessant Process of Formation. New Reality is incessantly constructed through the transition of potential in actual.

Reality and its present section, the Universe, comprehend a physical domain (the cosmos and the cosmic structures, all (dark and ordinary) matter, all Information/Energy, the physical substrate of living beings, etc.) and a cognitive domain (Metareality, or Cognitive Reality, formed by all the cognitive activity, dynamics, structures, etc. produced by living being in their lives). Everything.

No Big Bang! No inflation! We don’t really need things like these…

No static Universe, no Big Bang. To explain what we see in the Universe, a third way is needed. Let's call it: the Evolutionary Cosmological Model (ECM). In this model we can "easily" accomodate phenomena like the expansion of the cosmos and its acceleration in time (whatever they represent), the inconstancy of Hubble's Constant in space, as well as in time, the strange super homogeneity of CMB, the existence of well formed cosmic structures in the early Universe, just a few hundred millions years from the supposed birth date on the Universe. And it is not enough. There are rooms for a dark matter not made of particles, that does not need to reject or modify gravity, and the strange stuff we call dark energy, theoretically required to account for the acceleration of the cosmic expansion.

Those “theories” don’t really explain what we observe in the Universe. They were the best explanations possible at the time when they were conceived and developed. But, after many decades, nonetheless the many patches studied to explain the more and more accurate and divergent observations made and nonetheless the comprehensible defense by all the people that have funded on them their research and their scientific identity, now their appear a lot aged, tired, unable to support the theoretical and observational effort needed to reach a more deep comprehension of the Universe, its birth and evolution, and its past, present and future dynamics. Let’s think of the source of all this energy, all this motion, all the power that works incessantly to ensure that the universe continues to exist and evolve.

So, it is absurd to think about a time before the big bang, Because, no big bang, and because Time, as Space, has emerged and incessantly emerges form the Process of Formation of Reality. As Causality and Spatiality, also the Temporality is the result of the incessant manifestation of the Primary Source, depending on that Elementary Action composed by all the Elementary Events coming from the incessant interaction of the two aspects of the Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field.

No real evidences...

The Universe is older, larger and more complex than we think

A Universe without beginning and end. A Universe without spatial boundaries (no explosion of space time, but incessant organization/formation) A Universe without limits in the level of complexity it can reach, because infinite, eternal, and expression of an infinitely powerful causal and variational Source.

In this model of description of Physical Reality, the Universe is seen as infinitely old. No beginning in a classical sense. Not a start point, as in the Big Bang model. This evolutionary model implies an incessant creation “and” evolution, where even space and time emerge as manifestations of the Source.

A beginning and an end are so unrealistic in a process of events where time is not something a priori, external, absolute, but something emerging as part of that same process, whose existence is ontologically related to the Elementary Events that are the more elementary “substance” of the Universe. Only if we consider time as an external entity, we can think to a beginning in the time dimension.

So, even if this can appear absolutely absurd to our mind, we that are finite beings, we that born and die, we that live from a beginning to an end, I think that we have to accept the fact that Reality have no start and will have no end. That the Universe has evolved from a dynamical state of infinite elementary homogeneity without time to a dynamical state of infinite complex inhomogeneity in future that will never stop, where new space and new time incessantly are and will be created, in a complex feedback mechanism that ensures the continuous existence of a constantly near to equilibrium creative and evolutive dynamical process that will never stop.

An unlimited Universe: no limits in cause, space and time. No limits at all

We are limited beings, limited in space (we perceive our physical boundaries, as foundations of our physical identity) and in time (birth and death are the two fundamental ontological events that limit our existence as physical beings). Thus, we cannot really conceive of a condition without limits.

But we are complex forms, made of complex nets of complex processes of events. What we are is Information, relations that give a form to the Action, events... at the end. Information (organization of relations among events) is inherently relative. We are relative beings, living at a relative level of Reality, dominated by Information. We, as everything else in the Universe, are incessantly emerging from the absolute level of Reality, from the Source, the couple Fundamental Force and Elementary Field, and its product the Elementary Action, that, so to say, supports our existence, while Information supports our essence, our form.

In this absolute level of Reality, limits are absurd. Limits are intrinsically relative.

Reality cannot have physical limits in the fundamental dimensions. Even if it can sound mystical, this model of description of Reality postulates a cosmos with no limits in all the three dimensions of Reality: causality, spatiality and temporality:

• no limits in causality: Reality, the Universe began from an elementary state of maximum chaotic homogeneity and has evolved till the today state of maximum inhomogeneity and (incessantly growing) complexity.

• no limits in spatiality: no limits in the 3D space extension of the cosmos. Space emerges from the primary organization of the Field, in the interaction with the Force. Space extension depends on the (local / universal) distribution of the Elementary Events. We are living in an infinite Universe.

• no limits in temporality: no limit in the 1D time extension of the cosmos. Time emerges from the primary organization of the Field, in the interaction with the Force. Also the time extension depends on the (local / universal) distribution of the Elementary Events. For this co-dependence, space and time are linked together in a structure that we call space-time. We live in an eternal Universe, with no begin, no end.

Limits in the dimensions of Reality are not natural. Limits are not compatible with this vision of Reality.

In the Universe, there are no evidences about the presence of spatial boundaries. The cosmos extend itself so far as we can observe it. The farther we observe it, the same large scale homogeneity we see. A big bang with creation and expansion of the same space is not geometrically compatible with this great large scale homogeneity independent from the observation direction.

And also, no evidences of temporal boundaries (a begin of time in classical sense, a start as that postulated by the inflationary big bang theory). Looking far in space, in the "supposed" early ages of the Universe, a few hundreds of millions years after the"supposed" big bang, we can see well formed huge galaxies in a number compatible with the successive cosmic evolution. I believe that, if we were able to look more far in space-time, we will observe well formed cosmic structures even in epoch older than the age of the Universe as "supposed" by the big bang theory.

Only one universe is needed, not many or an infinite number

Only a deviant, unrealistic, interpretation of some aspects of quantum theories seems to involve the need for more than one Universe. It is the multiverses hypothesis. I personally think that we have no need to build such a complicate landscape, where multiples unrealistic worlds have to interact to ensure a minimum credibility to a misleading vision of the (admittedly weird) quantum world.

So, why complicate the already complex description of Reality with unrealistic hypothesis that we scarcely will be able to test? Simplicity is definitively a good virtue, even in physics. Building more and more complicate and unrealistic hypothesis, one on top of another, seems not to me a good way to follow to reach a deeper and wider understanding of the Nature. Rather, let us focus on understanding and simplifying our representation of the foundations of Reality better. So, let us be content with just one universe, that the road is already so difficult.

The Shape of the Universe

The (inner) shape of the Universe

• Artificial intelligence probes dark matter in the universe

Facial recognition for cosmology While there are no faces to be recognized in pictures taken of the night sky, cosmologists still look for something rather similar, as Tomasz Kacprzak, a researcher in the group of Alexandre Refregier at the Institute of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, explains: "Facebook uses its algorithms to find eyes, mouths or ears in images; we use ours to look for the tell-tale signs of dark matter and dark energy." As dark matter cannot be seen directly in telescope images, physicists rely on the fact that all matter -- including the dark variety -- slightly bends the path of light rays arriving at the Earth from distant galaxies. This effect, known as "weak gravitational lensing," distorts the images of those galaxies very subtly, much like far-away objects appear blurred on a hot day as light passes through layers of air at different temperatures.

The Universe is intrinsically flat

The cosmos is constitutionally, intrinsically, naturally flat. While curvature is a more or less local form that the Elementary Field can assume (that we associate to the presence of massive structures of dark and ordinary matter) the Universe at the largest scales or as whole cannot simply be curved. Because what we call space-time curvature is related to the gradient in the average intensities of the distributions of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary the Field at the Planck Scale.

The Fundamental Force, as described by the three fundamental principles of the Elementary Dynamics (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action), interacting with the Field (as complementary manifestations of the unitarian Primary Source of Reality), produce what we call Elementary Action (the sum of the Elementary Events in the Field). The simplest form or “component” of the Elementary Action is Perturbation, that represent a gradient in the distributions of the intensities of the Elementary Events in the Field. In a close system as the Universe, where energy is a conservative quantity, the total result of a gradient can only be zero (the positive and the negative contributions are exactly equal, even if the concentration/density in space of the gradient is not symmetrical).

The cosmos is constitutionally, intrinsically, naturally flat. While curvature is a more or less local form that the Field can assume (that we associate to the presence of massive structures of dark and ordinary matter) the Universe at the largest scales or as whole cannot simply be curved. Because what we call space-time curvature is related to the gradient in the average intensities of the distributions of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary the Field at the Planck Scale.

The Fundamental Force, as described by the three fundamental principles of the Elementary Dynamics (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action), interacting the Field (as complementary manifestations of the unitarian Source of Reality), produce what we call Elementary Action (the sum of the Elementary Events in the Field). The simplest form or “component” of the Elementary Action is Perturbation, that represent a gradient in the distributions of the intensities of the Elementary Events in the Field. In a close system as the Universe, where energy is a conservative quantity, the total result of a gradient can only be zero (the positive and the negative contributions are exactly equal, even if the concentration/density in space of the gradient is not symmetrical).

Large scale homogeneity of the cosmos

At any level of Reality, observing the details of the structures relating to that level, we see a more or less wide inhomogeneity, a more or less large diversity of structures and forms. At any level, if we look at the same landscape from a more distant point of view, the greater the distance, the less detail we see. The landscape tends to appear more and more uniform as we move away. The examples can be infinite. If we look closely at a sand dune, we will the singles grains of sand, different from each other. If we move away, we see less details. At a great distance, we will see only the dune. We will no longer see grains of sand, as if the dune were formed by a continuous homogeneous material. And again, if we move further away, we will see a desert, with an uninterrupted sequence of dunes, which will became more and more homogeneous with increasing distance, up to an indistinct area of ​​uniform sand color. Is there something that changes in the Reality that we are observing during our step away process? No, nothing changes, but our visual distance and the consequent possibility of resolving the details.

That said, let's try to approach this question, very important for the comprehension of the structure and the evolution of the Universe.

We observe large scale homogeneity beside a great complexity at the medium/small cosmological scales. This topic is strictly connected to the cosmological principle. This states that" Viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe are the same for all observers." It implies two aspects/properties closely related: homogeneity (the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the universe) and isotropy (the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the universe).

A "Big Bang/Inflation" cosmological model struggles to explain this peculiar landscape, mostly why it is extremely sensitive to initial conditions and implies a singularity. Attempts to bypass the problem seems to come from the development of quantum gravity theories.

In my opinion, only diffused processes of formation can ensure such a structure where we have large scales homogeneity and small scale increasing diversity/complexity. And this means that we have to abandon the "Big Bang/Inflation" models, that involve the idea of a singularity to be explained with the development of daring theories, in favor of evolutionary models which does not imply such strange and challenging situations. The main consequence of a diffused creation and evolution of the Universe is the change in its spacial and temporal horizon. If the Universe is not born in an explosion and inflationary expansion of energy and space time 13.7 billions years ago, it is not necessary to imagine unnatural spatial and temporal limits. A universe never born and without limits has had all the time and space to evolve from a state of almost absolute homogeneity to the current complex form.

So, we postulate an "initial" condition of complete homogeneity of the distribution of the fluctuations of the dimensions of Reality at Planck Scale. We call this state as absolute void, produced by the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Source, the Force and the Field. Their fundamental properties and this mechanism of creation of the Elementary Events determines the Process of Formation of Reality and the evolution of the Universe. Space-time is unlimited and infinite in all three space dimensions and in time dimension. No singularities are needed, every point event of the Field can potentially have the same dynamics and evolution. Inhomogeneities are produces by events. Inhomogeneities in those distributions, are always produces by that interaction between force and Field. We call these, Elementary Action. Inhomogeneities can grow in structures, more and more large. The wider the inhomogeneity, the higher the number of events needed to produce it, the greater the reached complexity. At the present age of the Universe, the so grown inhomogeneities have extended to the cosmological maximum scale, forming the large scale cosmic structures that we observe.

Thus, a unique Field, homogeneous by it nature, perturbed by the Force, allows an organization and evolution of those perturbations that leads to the structures that we see in the Universe. If look the Universe at the larger scales, we will see the same unity that we recognize as a natural characteristic of the Field. From one to one, passing through the infinite complexity of an incessantly evolving Reality.

No singularities: neither in the case of the Big Bang, nor in Black Holes

Cosmic structures: the dark and the visible side of the Universe

The further we look in the cosmos, the greater the selection effect on the sources we can observe

• Giant radio galaxies defy conventional wisdom

Professor Smith said: 'We already know that once you are far enough away, the Universe acts like a magnifying glass and objects start to increase in size in the sky. Because of the distance, the objects we observed are extremely faint, which means we can only see the brightest parts of them, the hot spots. These hot spots occur at the outer edges of the radio galaxy and so they appear to be larger than ever, confounding our initial expectations.

• Monstrous galaxy from dawn of the universe accidentally discovered

The discovery may solve a long-standing question in astronomy, the authors said. Recent studies found that some of the biggest galaxies in the young universe grew up and came of age extremely quickly, a result that is not understood theoretically. Massive mature galaxies are seen when the universe was only a cosmic toddler at 10% of its current age. Even more puzzling is that these mature galaxies appear to come out of nowhere: astronomers never seem to catch them while they are forming.

• Going against the flow around a supermassive black hole

Supermassive black holes already existed when the Universe was young -- just a billion years after the Big Bang. But how these extreme objects, whose masses are up to billions of times the mass of the Sun, had time to grow in such a relatively short timespan, is an outstanding question among astronomers. This new ALMA discovery could provide a clue. "Counter-rotating gas streams are unstable, which means that clouds fall into the black hole faster than they do in a disk with a single rotation direction," said Impellizzeri. "This could be a way in which a black hole can grow rapidly."

Cosmic structures in an unlimited Universe

From the unexpected rotation of galaxies, to the puzzling cosmic dynamics, to dark matter...

And then came the light... The dark side: a causal and variational precursor of the visible side

Dark matter is not made of particles

Observations, experiments fail to find answers to the questions "Does dark matter exist?" and if it exists, "what is it made of?". It is estimated that about 85% of the matter in the universe is invisible, the so-called Dark Matter. How can it be possible that such a large amount of matter, which influences in a decisive way the dynamics of cosmic structures, of the entire Universe, escapes all attempts to reveal its nature. Maybe we are searching in the wrong direction, or better we are searching something wrong. Perhaps we are guided by a fundamentally wrong idea: that all matter must be made up of particles. Perhaps it is the ancient atomistic vision, in its increasingly accurate and spectacular versions, such as the Standard Model of Particles, that conditions our observations, our experiments.

The only evidence we should consider in this strange and difficult research is that dark matter appears to be low-density stuff distributed in large clumps over vast regions of space. We see the effects of the presence of such a strange and invisible stuff, we presume it exists, but no one is able to reveal its nature and composition. Just a large number of hypotheses about more or less strange particles or changes to the laws that we think regulate gravitational phenomena, hypotheses that become less and less plausible every day, as observations and experiments place ever more stringent constraints. We see the effects of the presence of such a strange and invisible stuff, we assume that it exists, but no one is able to reveal its nature and composition.

What can we do to get out of this impasse? My opinion is that we should stop looking for "particles". Instead, we should look for something very large, with a very low density. Nothing that is now present in the Standard Model of Particles can help us. We need to try to better understand the infinitely small, what particles are in terms of what is most fundamental. We hypothesize that the same "substance" of which elementary particles are made, beyond quarks and leptons, bosons, is something that can be structured with various intensities of organization of various forms and densities. Not by chance. But following the laws that govern the dynamics of that hypothetical "substance", dynamics that rules the conditions of equilibrium that permit the existence of structures characterized by masses, charges, spins, dynamics like those collected in the Standard Model. But not only. Also other structures, low density large extension structures precisely. And as in the case of ordinary matter particles (where it is present in a absolutely hidden, undetectable way), for those large cosmic structures made of Dark matter, Dark energy represents an inseparable element. These two dark stuffs being two complementary manifestations of that same hypothetical substance.

That "substance" is not "strings", nor "spin networks", nor "ether", nor "modified gravity", etc. That "substance" is the Elementary Action. In particular, speaking of mass and gravity, the first mode of Elementary Action, that we call Perturbation. Its dynamics is the Dynamics of Physical Action.

Why cannot we find dark matter? Basically, because we are looking in the wrong direction! Or rather, we are looking for the wrong thing. We are looking for particles ... Elusive, strange, exotic, light, heavy, warm, cold ... but always "particles" ... Someone thinks to change the laws of dynamics, to overcome Relativity, to reform gravity ... Let's change! Let's try something different ...

Particles are only a part of Reality. They are the protagonists of the level of Reality where granularity prevails and the building blocks of matter and radiation form, interact and organize in the object that we observe in the Universe.

Under this level, another layer hosts the processes that organize the Action and its components that incessantly emerge in the Elementary Field. This is a world of continuity.

Between these two layers of Reality, we can find an entire continuum of intermediate levels in which the first seeds of granularity emerge, organize and evolve towards the huge structures of dark matter that we indirectly observe through their gravitational effects on the ordinary visible matter and the radiation that crosses them. These large structures are characterized by a weak density and the vast spatial extension that we can observe in the galactic structures, in the clusters and the even more large-scale cosmic objects.

Ordinary matter particles and dark matter halos are made of the same “substance” (what we call Perturbation, the component of the Elementary Action that represents gradients in the intensities of the distributions of the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuation of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale. What matters are mass densities and spatial extensions. Finally, the forms of these structures.

What is dark matter?

• New hunt for dark matter

"There is overwhelming astrophysical and cosmological evidence that dark matter exists, but the question 'What is dark matter?' is one of the biggest outstanding problems in modern physics," said Nagano. "If we can detect axions and say for sure they are dark matter, it would be a truly exciting event indeed. It's what physicists like us dream for."

Dark energy as anti-mass (or positive mass density)

In this vision of Physical Reality, mass is represented as an inhomogeneity in the Elementary Field. If the average intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events at a point-event in the Field is lower than that in its neighborhood, we can call this a negative density inhomogeneity, or a negative Perturbation value, or negative mass density in the more complex level of Reality, where the Structures of Information, dark and ordinary massive structures, halos and particles, with their attractive gravitational effects, emerge.

If it is greater, we find a positive density inhomogeneity, in other words a positive Perturbation value, that we call dark energy (positive mass density), with its repulsive gravitational effects.

Only in presence of Vortices, a type of Structures of Information, that we can find at various levels of Reality, either in the microcosm as the elementary massive particles, like electrons or quarks, and in the macrocosms, as the large-scale low-density massive halos, that host galaxies, as well as clusters of galaxies and super-clusters, we will find the inhomogeneities, as above described, in a more or less stable form.

Table of correspondences: energy, mass, curvature, speed of light, Perturbation, Structures of Information

Vortex structures, together with waves, are the only structures that can conserve inhomogeneities in a dynamic field. The vortex one, in particular, is the only kind of structure that can conserve an inhomogeneity in a dynamical equilibrium where a central region is characterized by, so to say, a negative pressure (negative values of Perturbation), that we call “mass”, while its boundaries are characterized by a positive pressure(positive values of Perturbation), that we call “dark energy”.

Dark energy, for its repulsive effects that we see as a cosmic expansion, can be seen as “anti-mass”. It has nothing to do with anti-matter. In facts, if we were able to map in 3D the structure of an elementary particle as an electron, we will find a central region, a volume characterized by negative inhomogeneity and a surrounding region with a positive inhomogeneity in the intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events. The same result we will find mapping an anti-particle, as a positron, whose mass correspond exactly to that of the coupled matter particle (in this example, an electron).

The same structure of central negative and outer positive inhomogeneities in the intensity of the distributions of the Elementary Events characterize the structure of dark matter cosmic halos, where we will find dark matter in the central regions and dark energy in the outer regions. The basic difference is the level of concentration in space of these inhomogeneities, the levels of Perturbation, very high in the case of the elementary particles, electrons, quarks, and very low in the case of the so-called dark matter halos.

Positive and negative mass - Dark/ordinary matter and dark energy - Actraction and repulsion

• Quantum vacuum: Less than zero energy. Is it possible to borrow energy from an empty space?

According to quantum physics, energy can be 'borrowed' -- at least for some time. Energies lower than zero are possible, much like a bank account that can be overdrawn. There are, however, certain restrictions to that. Scientists have now shown that these restrictions are very fundamental properties of our universe and must be true for various possible quantum theories.

Energy is a quantity that must always be positive -- at least that's what our intuition tells us. If every single particle is removed from a certain volume until there is nothing left that could possibly carry energy, then a limit has been reached. Or has it? Is it still possible to extract energy even from empty space?

Ordinary matter (and antimatter) formation from dark matter/energy structure dynamics (galaxies and clusters/super clusters)

• Milky Way raids intergalactic 'bank accounts'

Gas blown out of the Milky Way disk from exploding stars falls back onto the galaxy to form new generations of stars. In an effort to account for this recycling process, astronomers were surprised to find a surplus of incoming gas. "Studying our own galaxy in detail provides the basis for understanding galaxies across the universe, and we have realized that our galaxy is more complicated than we imagined," said Philipp Richter of the University of Potsdam in Germany, another co-author on the study.

• This is how a 'fuzzy' universe may have looked - Fuzzy Dark Matter

Fuzzy dark matter is made up of particles that are so light that they act in a quantum, wave-like fashion, rather than as individual particles. This quantum, fuzzy nature, Mocz says, could have produced early galaxies that look entirely different from what standard models predict for cold dark matter.

"Even though in the late universe these different dark matter scenarios may predict similar shapes for galaxies, the first galaxies would be strikingly different, which will give us a clue about what dark matter is," Mocz says.

To see how different a cold and a fuzzy early universe could be, the researchers simulated a small, cubic space of the early universe, measuring about 3 million light years across, and ran it forward in time to see how galaxies would form given one of the three dark matter scenarios: cold, warm, and fuzzy.

The team began each simulation by assuming a certain distribution of dark matter, which scientists have some idea of, based on measurements of the cosmic microwave background -- "relic radiation" that was emitted by, and was detected just 400,000 years after, the Big Bang.

"Dark matter doesn't have a constant density, even at these early times," Vogelsberger says. "There are tiny perturbations on top of a constant density field."

The researchers were able to use existing algorithms to simulate galaxy formation under scenarios of cold and warm dark matter. But to simulate fuzzy dark matter, with its quantum nature, they needed a new approach.

The gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic structure of the Cosmos

The Cosmic Web: the 3D structure of the Universe

Cosmic expansion as an effect of the rising complexity of Reality

A complex retroactive (with feedback) process or phenomenon...

From red shift, to cosmic expansion, to dark energy...

I know. This hypothesis sounds very mystical, too much "systemic", maybe a new age slogan. I thought a lot about this aspect of cosmic reality before I matured this conviction. I have been trying to reproduce in my mind many and many times the evolutive steps that, through the expansion and the interaction of the first structures of dark matter, determine the formation of ordinary matter and lead to the formation of the complex cosmic web that we can observe in the Universe. Medium and small extension dark matter halos (like those hosting clusters and galaxies), incessantly capturing more and more ordinary matter, formed by self organization through interaction of their overlapping dark energy boundaries, acquire more mass and contract, reducing their space extension.

This rising of the quantity of the inhomogeneities in the Field, this extremization of gradients centrality in the structure of the Physical Reality, this increase in the intensity of the organization, of the structuration of the Field, gradually increases the level of complexity of the Universe (a more and more complex organization, a more structured cosmos) through an increase of formation and separation of "positive mass density / negative pressure" structures (dark matter halos and ordinary matter concentrations) and "negative mass density / positive pressure" structures (dark energy boundaries surrounding and separating dark matter halos). It is in this process of complexification of the organization of the Field, in the fundamental phenomenon that we call mass (in its widest sense) that the cosmic expansion really manifests itself.

That said, some provocative questions:

• are we sure that the observed expansion is a "real" expansion? Are the distances among the larger cosmic objects, like galaxy clusters and super clusters, "really" increasing? Is this a question which have a sense in a space time characterized by a variable metric both in space and in time dimensions?
• whatever it is, this expansion is "really" accelerating?
• why this accelerating expansion seems to act much more at the large cosmological scales (i.e. the repulsion among cluster of galaxies, and even more among super clusters (clusters of clusters), seems to be stronger than in its manifestation at smaller scales, i.e. at the scale of galaxies?
• why the distribution of dark matter seems to be more diffused at the smaller scales, with smoother edges among the different structures we can directly or indirectly observe (i.e. galactic halos) and more concentrate, with sharper edges, at the larger cosmological scales?
• what would happen to our vision of the Universe, to our cosmological models, if "c" (the speed of light) could vary in time and space?
• and more, what do the words "real, really" mean? Can we say that a relative entity like space time is real? What does it mean "real" about space time positions, distances, velocities and accelerations?

Cosmic expansion - Two galaxies

Let’s try to make some considerations:

• if we do not really understand the fundamental nature of space, I think that, only through the observation of the cosmos, it will be impossible to be sure that the observed expansion is a "real" expansion (true increase of spatial distances among the cosmic objects), that space is "really" increasing its extension, as if, so to say, it was stretched by an immense force, what we call dark energy. Can space be "really" stretched and compressed, bent, curved?
• and more, are we really sure that this expansion will increase over time? An answer to this question needs a good understanding of what time "really" is,
• furthermore, if we want to investigate the seemingly different behavior at different cosmological scales of this supposed cosmic force, the dark energy, we have to clearly understand the nature of the cosmic structures that populate the Universe (super clusters, clusters, galaxies with their dark matter halos), in the terms of what is "really" fundamental (in this theoretical model, the Elementary Events that compose the Elementary Action, the basic "substance" of everything, the simplest form of existence, direct and incessant manifestation of the Source, the unitary couple Force and Field, in their fundamental creative expression, in other words, the dynamics of the Elementary Action).

And now, going back to the title of this section, in the light of the above questions and considerations, let's try to postulate some unconventional hypotheses:

• the dynamics of the cosmos and the phenomenon that we call cosmic expansion and its apparent acceleration in time are caused, are deeply influenced by the rising of the level of organization of the Universe itself. The more diffused and stronger the inhomogeneities in space time, the more extended and sharpen the gradients in the density of the Elementary Events (the elementary fluctuations of the Elementary Field, that we call Elementary Action, in the basic mode/component that we call Perturbation), the more evident the effect of the dynamics of the dark matter halos, of their dark energy boundaries and of the dynamics of the ordinary matter formed in the interactions of those dark matter/dark energy components of the cosmic structures. This dynamics produces a contraction in the dark matter halos, with an increase of their mass densities, and, at the same time, a decrease of the densities of their dark energy boundaries, that expand in the space areas released by the compression/concentration of the dark matter halos. This produces a general decrease of the mean distribution of the Elementary Evens, of the amount of Perturbation in space time,
• like per electric phenomena (whose root is the "charge") and the magnetic phenomena (whose root is the "spin"), even for gravitational phenomena, mass comes in two opposite polarities: positive mass density (what we normally call mass in dark and ordinary matter objects) and negative mass density (what we call dark energy in the cosmic expansion phenomena). Positive density masses attract each other, while negatine ones repel each other.
• as per the fundamental Principle of Equivalence, the amount of Perturbation is equal to the ratio between the local mass density and the mass density of the surrounding areas :
  • negative amounts of Perturbation = positive mass density = negative energy pressure = dark and ordinary mass = velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (i.e. "c" the speed of light in the vacuum) lower that the mean universal limit velocity,
  • positive amounts of Perturbation = negative mass density = positive energy pressure = dark energy = velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (i.e. "c" the speed of light in the vacuum) greater that the mean universal limit velocity,
• when the velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (speed of light) lowers in time and space, we see an apparent expansion of the cosmos,
• due to the inhomogeneous dynamics of the dark and ordinary cosmic structures as above described, the expansion rate of cosmos and its variations in time (the observed acceleration) are naturally different in different places and in different phases of the evolution of the Universe,
• we expect to observe more intense rates of expansion in the more organized, structured areas of the cosmos (like in the high populated link and nodes of the cosmic web, hosting the bigger super clusters), in the densest regions of the Universe,
• we also expect to observe more intense accelerations in the rate of expansion during the phases of the evolution of the cosmos when, due to the peculiar configuration and distribution of the gradients in Perturbation, the interaction between dark matter structures and dark energy boundaries produces a more intense formation of ordinary matter (that falling and collapsing in the medium and small size halos, increases the mass concentration in the same halos) and an increase of the velocity of rotation of those structures. Consequently, the amount of the concentration of dark matter structures rises and their spatial extension contracts at a higher and higher rate till the intensity of the interactions of the same structures and their dark energy boundaries returns to a "normal" level, to an more or less stable equilibrium, till a new phase of acceleration and successive deceleration,
• this is a cosmic feedback process that auto regulates the dynamics of the cosmos, and the dark and ordinary structures that compose the Universe, and controls its evolution in time and space,
• at the end, on the basis of this hypotheses, we can say that the expansion of the cosmos is an apparent phenomena, due to the effective decrease of the limit in the velocity of propagation of Information in the Field (in the form of e.m. and g.w. radiation and matter), in other word of a general (but non uniform in space and time) decrease of the quantity that we call "speed of light in the vacuum".

The Hubble constant is not constant, neither in space nor in time

If it were, nothing could exist... The same as "c", the speed of light in vacuum.

Not because of a different expansion rate of space time or the Universe, as you want.

But because of the non homogeneity of space time/Universe (or better the Elementary Field), due to its organization produced by the creation/existence and the evolution/essence-form of the Field itself.

In the EF / space time / Universe, Structures of Information, at the same time, "are" and "determine" the distribution in space and time of the distribution of the mass density (that we ordinary call st curvature), the kinetic energy distribution (motion / acceleration), the distribution of the density of charge and spin.

The Hubble constant does not seem to be so constant

New measurements of the rate of expansion of the universe give more different results. Discrepancies seem to become more and more significant. Is there something wrong with the way we measure the Hubble's Constant or is there something wrong with the way we conceive the Universe and the dynamics of the cosmos?

Maybe both. But I think the second question is more true and more relevant to try to explain why the current measured values of this important natural constant are so far apart.

The Hubble's Constant describes the expansion of the universe (in kilometers per second per megaparsec) and give us the possibility to make hypotheses about the size and age of the universe and estimate distances between objects in the cosmos.

That H.C. is not constant in time is a science fact since the observation of the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe. But I think that its (supposed) constancy in space is not a scientific fact, and it comes from a profound misconception about the true nature of the the (derived) field we call space-time, or, even more, from a incorrect comprehension of the nature of the entire Physical Reality.

Hubble's law tell us that the recessional velocity is proportional to the distance to distant bodies. As we can see in a medium subject to uniform expansion. This conception implies uniformity, homogeneity, isotropy, at least when viewed on a large enough scale. No special places, both for the parts of the cosmos that we see in expansion and for the part that include the observer. This is the Cosmological Principle. It implies that the forces act uniformly throughout the Universe. But, this its true only if we consider the Fundamental Force acting of the Elementary Field. All the derived forces (as gravity) don't act uniformly. They (always) relative intensities are determined by the shape of the organization of the Elementary Field itself, in other words, the derived fields associated to those derived forces.

In my opinion, Hubble constant is not constant also in space dimensions, so it cannot be considered a support to the Big Bang model. The polarization of the dispute on cosmological models between static and Big Bang, for me, is one of the most destructive errors in cosmology. It has addressed all the further researches in a theoretical cul de sac that has produced inflation, the standard cosmological model, and a full series of theories father and farther from the observation. I thing that even the observation, of better, the way we observe the Universe has been deeply influenced by that wrong ideas.

So, let's go. No static Universe, no Big Bang. To explain what we see in the Universe, a third way is needed. Let's call it: the Evolutionary Cosmological Model (ECM). In this model we can "easily" accomodate phenomena like the expansion of the cosmos and its acceleration in time, the inconstancy of Hubble's Constant in space, as well as in time, the strange super homogeneity of CMB, the existence of well formed cosmic structures in the early Universe, just a few hundred millions years from the supposed birth date on the Universe. And it is not enough. There are rooms for a dark matter not made of particles, that does not need to reject of modify gravity, and the strange stuff we call dark energy, theoretically required to account for the acceleration of the cosmic expansion.

In conclusion, even if - by definition - we postulate that it is absolutely flat as a whole in all its infinite extension, space-time is not uniform. It does not have a uni-form, a unique form, the same shape in all places, even at the largest scales. It appears to us as uniform, because we can span a sufficiently large portion of the (for me, infinite) Universe. So, at medium and small scales, we clearly see that space-time is not uniform. We see immense cosmic structures, super-clusters, cluster, galaxies, stars and planets...

At these scales, a lack of uniformity is the cause and, at the same time, the effect of the presence of those cosmic structures.

At the larger scales, a more slight non-uniformity is the cause and the effect of the existence of extremely large structures and the entire dynamics of the (infinite and unlimited) Universe as a whole.