Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Cosmic Web"

Latest revision as of 17:45, 9 March 2026

After everything we've discussed about cosmic objects / bodies and cosmic structures—such as voids and giant voids—it should now be clear what we mean by the Cosmic Web, as well as its nature and collective dynamics, which are precisely identified with the nature and dynamics of the entire Universe.

The Cosmic Web is not limited to its visible components: filaments and nodes, clusters, galaxies, and gases. It is above all the dark (invisible) structure—composed of Dark Matter and Dark Energy—which shapes and hosts the Ordinary (visible) Matter we observe shimmering in the darkness.

Having discussed the voids, let us now examine the most visible part of the contents of the Universe—where, paradoxically, the dark components of Matter / Energy predominate.

The components of the Cosmic Web

In this and the three previous sections—dedicated to substances, objects, bodies, and structures in the cosmos—I have presented numerous hypotheses concerning cosmic objects and their dynamics. These are hypotheses that align with the unconventional vision of Reality and the Universe proposed throughout this work.

Hypotheses and proposals infused with an evolutionary approach, grounded in a view of Reality as a complex process with a multi-level structure, which incessantly emerges from the expression of a Primary Source. Naturally, this also applies to the particular universal structure referred to as the Cosmic Web, named for its distinctive form—a network of filaments of varying lengths and thicknesses, connecting nodes of different sizes and densities.

As previously noted, such a reticular structure—observable in all directions in Space—could not have formed unless vast "empty" regions, through their unique structure and dynamics, had delineated interstitial spaces and given rise to the substances, bodies, objects, and structures that inhabit and animate them. These components undergo complex evolutionary processes, driven by phenomena we are still attempting to understand within the framework of Evolutionary Dynamics.

Let us now attempt to summarize the fundamental aspects of this complex and articulated cosmic megastructure.

Classification

The Cosmic Web is essentially formed by four main structures based on the dynamics of Matter and Energy (Dark and Ordinary) distribution:

• Voids: as discussed, these are vast, under-dense regions where only a few galaxies reside.
• Sheets: large, flat structures where Matter is dispersed across a two-dimensional plane. They function as transitional zones between voids and denser formations.
• Filaments: the most iconic feature of the Cosmic Web, these are elongated, thread-like structures linking galaxy clusters. They contain a substantial portion of the Universe's total Matter.
• Knots: dense intersections where multiple filaments converge to form galaxy clusters. These represent the most massive and gravitationally bound structures within the Cosmic Web.

Structure

Resuming what has already been said—and simplifying—the Cosmic Web is a cosmic structure extending throughout the entire Universe. It is the skeleton of the Universe itself, composed primarily of Dark turbulence: a mixture of gradients, flows and twists, waves, vortices, and interactions—Processes in constant disequilibrium between chaos and order. These more or less organized dynamics give rise to a foam-like structure, filled with irregular bubbles / vortices / halos of various sizes, in incessant interaction, occupying all available Space in the Universe.

The large voids define the large-scale structure of the cosmos. Medium-sized turbulent bubbles emerge and settle within the broader interstitial zones between the giant voids—these medium bubbles are identified as the nodes of the Web. Smaller-scale bubbles (small clusters, galaxy groups, and individual galaxies) populate the medium bubbles within the nodes, and especially the filaments connecting those nodes, developing within the interstitial spaces between larger bubbles.

Hence, the role of voids composed of Dark Matter / Dark Energy is not merely to fill in gaps left by the absence of concentrated Matter. The skeleton, the true scaffolding of the Cosmic Web, is not formed by sheets, filaments, and nodes packed with galaxy clusters—but by vast voids that define its shape and dynamics through contrast, compressing all other components into the interstitial regions.

This infinite network thus resembles a foam of soap bubbles—ethereal and seemingly ephemeral, yet it dominates and orchestrates the eternal dynamics of the Universe. Galaxies, with their Dark Halos, their cores of Dark Matter, and shells of more or less compressed / dense Dark Energy, resemble the small, mobile bubbles seen in soap foam, or the flickering bubbles that rise when boiling water.

It may seem like a trivial or slightly naïve comparison, but it aptly captures the general condition of the Universe and the Cosmic Web across all cosmic scales. It is as if the Elementary Field, under the relentless Action of the Elementary Force, had undergone—and continues to undergo—a continuous and progressive heating, producing a kind of boiling. Naturally, this is not matter like water in a pot, but the analogy helps convey the concept of the Universe in Formation, in Evolution.

It is the Elementary Field—observed from the standpoint of its dynamics, of the Elementary Action that animates it, in its Component Perturbation—that tends to form Vortex bubbles in its natural turbulence. These InfoStructures arise from flows driven by Perturbation gradients, and by their very nature acquire the aspect that we normally call Mass, negative or positive, according to the differentiation of Perturbation levels around a local or universal average. Thus, immense or tiny bubbles emerge from vortical turbulence, with inner cores of negative Mass (Dark Matter) and outer shells of positive Mass (Dark Energy).

Immense bubbles of extremely low density leave narrow interstitial spaces, filled with thin "sheets" and narrow "filaments". These structures are composed of small bubbles—Dark Halos evolving into galaxies—that gradually incorporate Ordinary Matter. This visible Matter incessantly formed and continues to form due to friction between the external shells of Dark Energy. This friction is particularly intense within the larger bubbles, which exhibit higher angular velocity and greater compressive force. These regions include voids—vast expanses where density is low, as well the largest nodes that host huge superclusters.

In their rotational dynamics and mutual interactions, giant voids tend to draw small bubbles—those hosting galaxies—toward the nodes. Small bubbles that are part of the fine-grained and medium-small dark turbulence". Nodes steadily accumulate those bubble galaxies, condensing into clusters and superclusters, triggering significant dynamic and structural effects across the entire Cosmic Web, including the phenomenon we refer to as "cosmic expansion". This expansion emerges as a result of the continual condensation, structuring / organization, and complexification of the Elementary Field, and thus of the Universe itself, at scales ranging from the size of the smallest galaxies to the largest cosmic megastructures.

As previously discussed, Dark Matter and Dark Energy—the invisible "substances" forming the foundational Structures of the Cosmic Web—comprise the majority of the Mass (negative and positive, respectively) in the Web. Besides driving the Processes of Formation of (that give rise to) Ordinary Matter and enabling its accumulation into galaxies, these components are responsible for much of the Universe's attractive and repulsive gravitational forces that draw the structure of the Universe.

The invisible structure of the Cosmic Web, with its vastness and astonishing complexity, embodies the essence of the Universe's turbulent and interconnected nature.

This structure reveals a distinct fractal dimension, akin to many features found across Physical Reality. Such fractality manifests also in the distribution of Mass density (negative and positive). Mass density varies considerably among different structures and substructures of the Web. Even the internal regions of voids are not uniform, displaying marked variation in both density and substructure. The Web exhibits a hierarchical nature, with smaller structures nested within larger ones—voids within giant voids, and filaments and sheets / walls branching out accordingly.

While the overarching structure of the Cosmic Web appears relatively straightforward, the finer details are far more intricate. The filamentary structure, in particular, reveals exceptional complexity, being both hierarchical and multiscale. Its branches vary in width and length, intersecting across diverse angular orientations.

Rather than being a collection of distinct components and objects, it is more accurate to perceive the Cosmic Web as a turbulent fractal continuum with nested levels. Within this framework, the entire Dark structure behaves as an immense continuous "substance", featuring turbulence analogous to known fluid dynamics—flows, waves, vortices, pressure gradients, viscosity, circulation, velocity, current, energy cascades, and fluid motion. Yet this is not a fluid of familiar Matter, made of Particles and Waves interacting to form increasingly elaborate corpuscles. The Dark facet of Matter (Dark Matter and Dark Energy) is less discretized than its Ordinary counterpart, where Particles and Waves are more identifiable—excluding certain multicycle Waves (e.g. radio waves), which, as noted, have a less localized / localizable nature and structure.

Dark InfoStructures should be envisioned as types of regions—both in the case of Dark Waves (like gravitational waves) and especially for Dark Vortices—that exhibit zones of depression and overpressure, areas where Time flows more slowly than the universal average, and regions where it flows more quickly. There are no sharp boundaries. These are impalpable, ultra-low density structures, vastly extended and lacking precise borders, blending into the spontaneous turbulence of the Field and the indeterminacy of its microscopic dynamics.

Regarding the distribution of Mass, estimates suggest filaments contain approximately half of the Universe's Mass, followed by sheets / walls, voids, and nodes with clusters at roughly 25%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. In terms of cosmic volume, voids dominate with about 78% of the Space, while walls and filaments occupy 18% and 6%. Cluster environments—in nodes—seem to account for only a negligible fraction of the total volume.

These proportions help us deduce where the greatest amount of Mass associated with Ordinary Matter may reside. Naturally, these are regions with high total Mass density—predominantly influenced by the Dark components. Filaments, walls, and the nodes hosting galaxy clusters are the primary candidates.

According to the hypotheses I've proposed concerning the nature and dynamics of the Processes responsible for the Formation of Ordinary Matter, the most pivotal zones lie along the boundaries of large voids—blurred border regions saturated with Dark Energy, where Time flows faster than the average rate, and Field turbulence intensifies. Here, friction between vast empty bubbles creates extreme peaks of turbulence. These interstitial domains—largely occupied by filaments and walls, and filled with galaxies dragged by immense rotations towards collection points that manifest as massive attractors, critical intersections of the powerful dynamic generated by the giant voids.

It is within the friction of the turbulent boundaries of these rotating Dark Structures that most of the small dark bubbles originate—the galactic Dark Halos—and, more crucially, all the Ordinary Matter itself is formed. This visible Matter subsequently migrates toward the adjacent interstitial areas—into filaments and walls—where massive flows and swirling gas clouds move with majestic complexity, like mountain streams bending and pooling. In those small bubbles, denser and quieter turbulence depressions, collapsing into the Dark Halos, gas clouds give rise to galaxies that inhabit the densest, most compact Dark Structures in the Universe.

Structure of cosmic filaments and nodes

Yet another bolder hypothesis...

Considering the reconstructions of the surrounding region of the Universe—situated between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller—within an ideal bubble outlined by the streamlines of velocities of galaxies tracing its surface, we may hypothesize the existence of dark bubbles with extensions even greater than the large voids previously discussed. These bubbles, characterized by cores of extremely low-density negative Mass (Dark Matter), can exhibit highly complex internal structures.

Enormous bubbles that appear to encompass substantial segments of the Cosmic Web, functioning almost like miniature Universes. They contain giant voids, smaller voids, sheets / walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies and clusters, as well as immense quantities of gas produced through the dynamics of both the macro-bubbles themselves and the substructures forming a sub-Cosmic Web evolving within them. These are processes of nested sub-bubble formation—components of the Cosmic Web developing and transforming inside broader bubbles. This configuration, both structural and dynamic, diverges markedly from that of a "classic" bubble or elementary Vortex. The peripheral flow patterns—converging toward one pole (the attractor) and emerging from the opposite (the repeller)—are more consistent with a solenoidal configuration.

Immense solenoidal bubbles (which I refer to as Solenoid Vortices) channel flows of galaxies along their peripheries in trajectories seemingly stretching from the repeller to the attractor. This occurs within a spheroidal dynamic framework, hosting colossal amounts of Dark Matter and Energy, alongside Ordinary Matter arranged in irregular aggregations (which are themselves vast and complex, such as Laniakea), where portions of the Cosmic Web are reproduced with their characteristic structures—voids, sheets, filaments, and nodes.

Structure of cosmic solenoid bubbles

By observing the 3D reconstruction of the Universe around the location of our Milky Way galaxy—between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller—one sees the emergence of an ideal toroidal bubble. The intricate, turbulent, and swirling patterns revealed through rotational perspectives suggest the sheer vastness and intricacy of the forms hypothesized here. Turbulent convective motions spanning incredibly large scales, structures that stretch across immense spatial regions and evolve over equally immense temporal intervals. Within these mega-bubbles, one finds denser dark turbulence and structures (as a portion of the Cosmic Web) embedded in a lower-density solenoidal superstructure formed by dark convective motions on very large cosmological scales.

It is, indeed, highly implausible that all this extraordinary structuring, articulation, and complexity could have emerged and matured within the comparatively brief timeframe posited by the Standard Cosmological Model.

Formation

According to conventional cosmology, the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy. Over billions of years, gravity pulled matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. The cosmic web—an immense, large-scale structure composed of filaments and sheets of matter that underpins galaxies and galaxy clusters—is believed to be the result of gravitational interactions and the gradual evolution of matter following the Big Bang.

Science holds that in the early Universe, matter was distributed nearly uniformly, with only minute variations in density. Over time, gravity amplified these variations, pulling matter into filamentary structures that eventually gave rise to galaxies and clusters. Recent observations suggest that the Cosmic Web began to emerge far earlier in cosmic history than traditionally believed within the standard cosmological model.

As is clear from what has been said so far, I do not agree with this vision, which I consider simplistic, abstract, implausible, and incompatible with what we truly observe in the cosmos. In my view, the Universe is not the result of a singular event or a sequence of events within time—no Big Bang, no Inflation. The Universe, as the total manifestation of Reality, has no age. It is eternal—stretching both into the past and the future. Just as it lacks temporal boundaries, it is spatially unlimited and infinite.

The processes that shaped the Universe as we now perceive it are processes initiated in a timeless past, with no definable beginning. If we were to propose a time frame for the emergence of the Universe with its present structure and complexity, we would need to consider a span of time far greater than the one posited by conventional models, based on considerations with which I frankly disagree.

A period much longer than the hypothesized 13.8 billion years. From a human perspective, this time interval may seem vast, yet I believe it is incredibly brief to account for the intricate and multifaceted structure of the Cosmic Web—in both its Dark / invisible and Ordinary / visible components. How could such staggering complexity have arisen within such a "short" period? Short, obviously, from a cosmological perspective.

How is it conceivable that a relatively insignificant event like the predicted 5-billion-year collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda, if it ever happens—among billions of galactic mergers—is said to require nearly half the Universe's entire lifetime, when the rest of the Universe was supposedly assembled in "just" under 14 billion years? This is the kind of plausibility I question. How could a sub-process of an infinite and overarching phenomenon occupy such a disproportionately large fraction of its total duration?

In natural evolutionary processes—while transformative evolutionary leaps do occur—there is typically a steady progression marked by constant micro-adaptations and increases in complexity. Comparing the 5-billion-year merger to the 13.8-billion-year Universe timeline is like asserting that the evolution of the "anatomically modern Homo sapiens" took not 300,000 years, but approximately a third of the total duration of life's development on Earth. That would mean not 300,000 years, but roughly 1.3 billion years since the advent of life 4 billion years ago. A staggering discrepancy!

Of course, these are vastly different domains: fundamental physics versus evolutionary biology. Still, I maintain that the deeper our inquiries into fundamental processes go, the more time Nature needs to generate meaningful increases in Complexity. I dare not imagine the cosmic epochs required to evolve from the first inhomogeneities within the Elementary Field to the vast voids now saturating Space—voids so expansive and potent they catalyzed the emergence of denser Dark Structures and the Ordinary Matter that would go on to populate them, forming the visible scaffolding of the Cosmic Web.

Thus, in alignment with the principles laid out in this work—and in this chapter specifically—the formation of the Cosmic Web as we observe and conceptualize it cannot be attributed solely to gravity, but also, and especially, to the mechanical dynamics and interactions of enormous voids. In my view, Ordinary Matter was not generated by a singular event like the Big Bang, nor was it originally distributed homogeneously. It did not passively migrate into denser regions under the influence of gravity—flowing from voids to walls, into filaments, and finally into cluster hubs.

The universe would have originated as an almost uniform soup of matter and energy, and over the course of billions of years, gravity would have attracted matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. Everything would have formed following gravitational interactions and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. This is not true, or it is not "completely" true. Voids don't form as matter collapses into denser areas, leaving empty spaces behind.

Conventional wisdom asserts that a uniform soup of matter and energy gave rise to all cosmic structures solely through gravitational evolution, which attracted matter into denser regions. This is not true—or at least, not entirely true. Voids, I argue, do not form passively as denser regions attract surrounding matter; they arise from the beginning as empty regions and are active, formative players.

As I will explore in the final section of this chapter, we must tell a different story. A story in which the first major step in cosmic evolution was the emergence of dark bubbles from subtle inhomogeneities within the dynamics of Elementary Field. These anomalies expanded over vast epochs, gradually filling the Universe and saturating all available Space. Through their interactions, a dominant chirality emerged in the progressive formation of large bubbles.

These immense empty bubbles confined smaller bubbles within interstitial regions, shaping a cosmic topology governed by the outer shells of these colossal Dark Structures. Friction between the external dynamics of the voids and the smaller bubbles triggered the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter. Due to the location of the formation sites and the greater density of medium and small bubbles present in the filaments and nodes confined in the interstitial regions of what was evolving toward the structure of the Cosmic Web, Ordinary Matter tended to collapse within what became Dark Halos: the primordial dark cradles of galaxies, clusters, and superclusters.

I believe that the formation, dynamics, and evolution of cosmic voids and the Cosmic Web are indeed linked to gravity and the flow of Matter. However, the formation of cosmic structures was and continues to be driven not only by gravity, but also by the dynamic flow of Matter and its mechanical phenomena. But not in the sense described by conventional cosmology.

In relation to the vision I propose here, I wish to strongly reaffirm what I regard as a vital and paradigm-shifting insight: a fundamental step is missing—the initial conditions are different, and so is the order of formative sub-processes:

• The process of formation of Ordinary Matter is missing from the mainstream account. In my view, this process replaces the conceptual absurdity of the Big Bang. The idea that the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy is, to me, both improbable and misleading. Ordinary Matter only began to form in a second phase—after the dark component of the Cosmic Web had matured structurally, reaching the right conditions to initiate Ordinary Matter formation.
• The starting point is different: voids are not formed by emptying. They are not simply modeled by matter flowing away from low-density regions toward denser ones. Matter doesn't collapse to form voids, nor does it move outward from them into walls, filaments, and nodes to form and grow galaxy clusters. The voids, as discussed, are not empty but filled with Dark Matter and surrounded by shells of extremely low-density Dark Energy. They are bubbles of / in dark turbulence. Dark Matter cores surrounded by Dark Energy shells. They originate this way, and due to inherent dynamics, they tend to remain "empty". Empty in the sense of being free from dark bubbles of smaller extension and greater density and free from structures of Ordinary Matter (galaxies and their groupings).
• The order of formative sub-processes is different:
  • Elementary spatial fluctuations—Elementary Events—which conventional science may liken to "quantum" fluctuations in the Elementary Field.
  • Emergence of microstructures—correlations within the temporal distributions of these elementary spatial fluctuations.
  • Interaction among these microstructures, leading to the progressive formation of Dark InfoStructures with increasing spatial span, temporal persistence and causal permanence.
  • Interaction of Dark Structures that results in the emergence of chirality dominance (prevalence of one direction over the opposite).
  • Saturation of available Space through expansion of dark bubbles, resulting in the foamy structure of the Dark Cosmic Web. This includes smaller, denser Mass bubbles confined within interstitial spaces between vast dark bubbles—commonly referred to (somewhat inaccurately) as giant voids. It would be more correct to call them giant dark bubbles.
  • Interactions along the borders of this foam-like framework initiate and produce the progressive formation of Ordinary Matter.
  • Interaction among Ordinary Matter InfoStructures, especially in filament and wall regions, gives rise to more complex Structures. These are produced through high-energy collisions between charged elementary Particles accelerated by Dark Structure movements / rotations and their magnetic fields—from electrons and positrons, to quarks, to nucleons from quark interactions, eventually forming hydrogen and maybe helium nuclei.
  • Accumulation and densification of these Ordinary Matter InfoStructures, concentrating within filaments and sheets—regions increasingly rich in gas.
  • Gravitational collapse of gas within Dark Halos of nascent galaxies—medium-small bubbles with heightened Dark Matter and Dark Energy density—gravitationally dominant over sheets / walls and filament environments.
  • Formation of the first stars (third-population, with zero or near-zero metallicity), followed progressively by second and first population with increasingly complex chemistry—driven by gravity, rotational dynamics of galactic dark halos, and intragalactic turbulence.
  • Emergence of intragalactic substructures—bulges, arms, and regions of varying shape and density resulting from dark turbulence that strongly influences the concentration and dynamics of Ordinary Matter substances (gas and dust) and objects / bodies (stars and other celestial bodies).
  • Evolution of galaxies, with collisions, mergers, and densification.
  • Migratory dynamics of galaxies—driven by gravity but also by complex feedback and interaction within the Cosmic Web—leading them to flow through sheets and filaments toward nodes, where they condense into increasingly populous, complex and dynamic clusters.
  • And much more—including gravitational, kinetic, and other energetic feedback effects possibly underlying our perception of cosmic expansion and its acceleration.

This is not exhaustive, but I believe we have outlined and enumerated the essential elements of what has occurred—and continues to occur—and what has truly shaped the Cosmic Web and what we see in the Universe.

Evolution

The factors that appear to drive and influence the evolution of the Cosmic Web primarily concern its dark components: the immense Dark Halos perceived as substantially empty bubbles—commonly referred to as "voids" and "giant voids"; the medium-sized Dark Halos, a little denser and somewhat turbulent, forming the network's nodes and hosting clusters and superclusters of galaxies; the walls/sheets and the filaments which represent the peripheral interstitial zones of the large bubbles corresponding to the voids. Additionally, there are the Dark Halos that shape the bubbles constituting the dark component of galaxies themselves.

In essence, these are the elements that weave the dark structure of the Cosmic Web—a complex structure that generates, guides, and governs the visible components made of Ordinary Matter: gas and dust, stars, entire galaxies—arranged like pearls strung along colossal necklaces, or as glittering jewels encased in precious cosmic coffers.

Building on the previously mentioned Processes of Formation, the principal trends observed in the evolution of the Cosmic Web, supported by recent observations, appear to be the following (it should be noted that these are overarching trends; in localized regions, different phenomena or overlapping dynamics may produce varied outcomes).

Progressive increase in the density of Mass and concentration of the dark / invisible components of the Cosmic Web, albeit at varying rates.

The distribution of Mass and the volume occupied by the dark components of the Cosmic Web evolve over Time. Voids that have reached saturation—having exhausted all available spatial capacity—begin to exert pressure on the surrounding interstitial regions, particularly on the narrower and denser Dark Halos concentrated along the sheets and filaments encircling the almost deserted giant voids.

This pressure generates increased friction, which contributes to the formation of greater quantities of Ordinary (baryonic) Matter. Simultaneously, feedback mechanisms emerge, driving progressive compression within the peripheral zones dominated by Dark Energy. In these interstitial domains, the density of Mass intensifies, and the flow of Time becomes increasingly polarized: accelerated in the more turbulent peripheral areas dominated by Dark Energy, and decelerated within the cores of Dark Halos of galactic bubbles, which evolve amid these compressed and dense corridors.

These galactic bubbles—natural collectors of gas arising from turbulence and friction generated by the immense voids and the entire foamy architecture of the Cosmic Web—are propelled by powerful flows coursing through the interstitial structures, especially within the filaments. As a result, they are driven toward the nodes of the Web, which become enriched with dense galactic Halos and populated with Ordinary Matter, forming the resplendent galaxies we observe.

Differentiated evolution times

From a Metrics and Mass standpoint, I once again emphasize that the Cosmic Web must ultimately be envisioned / regarded as a kind of "temporal foam". All that we observe indirectly (the dark components, and portions of Ordinary Matter components that remain hidden due to low emission properties—such as gas clouds and dust), and directly (the majority of visible Ordinary Matter components, excluding the aforementioned scarcely observable Ordinary Matter), all of it—our bodies, surrounding objects, the Earth, the Sun, the Moon, and the planets—constitutes, from the complementary perspectives of Metrics and Mass, nothing but temporal foam at both macroscopic and microscopic scales, structured in infinite, ever-changing forms.

I reiterate: in my conceptualization of Physical Reality, the temporal architecture of the cosmos is not a mere byproduct of Mass and Energy distributed throughout Space-time, but rather that these aspects represent a unified phenomenon—two complementary perspectives of the same foundational reality, sharing both nature and origin. This stems from the presence of inhomogeneities within the dynamics of the Elementary Field—inhomogeneities which we refer to as Elementary Action. The patterns of correlation of these inhomogeneities give rise to the Fundamental Physical Quantities, and their organization within Space-time underpins all the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

Halo Evolution

The population of Dark Matter Halos undergoes a dynamic and differentiated evolution, marked by a rapid proliferation of high-Mass Halos in the densest regions of the Cosmic Web—namely, the nodes densely populated by clusters and superclusters. Filaments exhibit a slower yet steady increase in massive Halos, while sheets, walls, and voids evolve at a more gradual pace.

As anticipated based on the distributions of Mass, Motion, Matter, and Energy, Halo populations in the densest and the most compact nodes and filaments experience swift evolution, particularly among high-Mass structures, which show a pronounced increase over Time. In the less dense filaments, the evolution of Halo population proceeds more slowly: the presence of massive Halos gradually increases, while low Mass Halos decrease, progressively absorbed by their more massive counterparts.

Within sheets/walls and voids, the evolution of Halo populations unfolds even more slowly. The intricate and turbulent dynamics of Matter and Energy flows—especially involving Dark Structures—play a critical role in shaping the developmental trajectories of Halos throughout the Cosmic Web's turbulent foam-like architecture.

Evolution of Ordinary Matter and the substructures formed by it (formation, concentration, and collapse of Ordinary Matter, so-called baryonic matter)

As previously noted, (visible) Ordinary Matter tends to form as a result of friction between the external regions—dominated by Dark Energy with positive Mass—of the vast Dark Halos that shape the skeletal framework of the Cosmic Web, and more broadly within the turbulent, dynamic, and densely structured interstitial zones between the large cosmic voids.

Within the intergalactic medium present in filaments, a considerable portion of baryonic Matter likely resides, existing as fast / hot particles, atoms, and molecules, all swept up by the powerful mechanical flows generated by the rotational dynamics of the Web's structures. In certain conditions—namely, in less dynamic and / or denser regions—these constituents behave much like debris accumulating in the meanders of rivers where the current weakens. These materials tend to coalesce into increasingly dense clouds, eventually collapsing into the dense and compact Halos that form the dark components of the galaxies we observe.

Matter transport and gravitational flows

Let us begin with the vast voids, which serve as the backbone of the Web and the primary source of its kinematic activity. The related flows are especially concentrated in turbulent and dynamic boundary zones. Voids exhibiting peculiar velocity fields display strong outward flows, with velocity vectors directed toward surrounding sheets and walls. Coupled with their low Mass density, these conditions hinder the penetration of more compact and dense Dark Halos and Ordinary Matter substances and structures.

Sheets and walls act as conduits, transporting smaller Halos and Ordinary Matter toward filaments. These filaments function as collection channels, aggregating and funneling Dark and Ordinary Structures toward the dense galaxy clusters forming at the nodes of the Web. Such flows constitute the principal mechanism behind the temporal redistribution of Mass among the various structural components of the Cosmic Web.

Overall, Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—flows from vast regions of low density toward more and more compact high-density Structures, driven fundamentally by universal gravitational dynamics, modulated by the complex peculiar motions described above.

Gas Dynamics and Shock Waves

As Ordinary Matter, in the form of gas, flows through filaments and collapses into less dynamic, denser regions of the dark turbulence that defines the Web, it undergoes heating through multiple mechanisms—chief among them, the generation of shock waves. These energetic interactions are even more pronounced within Galactic Halos, where they play a crucial role in shaping star formation and the growth of galaxies aligned along filaments.

This gravitational tendency toward concentration and collapse—essential for the birth of stars and intragalactic structures—is often counterbalanced by competing phenomena. Feedback from Supernovae and Black Holes, along with intragalactic winds and magnetic fields, disrupt the accumulation process. Supernova explosions and energy emissions from active galactic nuclei (AGN) inject substantial turbulence and radiative pressure into the intragalactic medium, projecting substances of Ordinary Matter into the Cosmic Web itself.

Such injections of Energy influence the thermodynamics and transport of Ordinary Matter, altering its flow patterns and spatial distribution across the large-scale cosmic structures.

Progressive increase in the level of organization, structuring, complexification of the Cosmic Web, of the Universe

The cumulative effect of all the phenomena previously discussed—along with countless others operating across multiple levels and dimensional scales of the Cosmic Web—is the continuous and inexorable increase in organization, structuring, and complexification of the Universe itself.

Vast cosmic voids of extraordinarily low Mass density remain substantially empty, rotating majestically in the shadowy expanse of cosmic darkness, endlessly sketching the architectural framework of the Universe. Dark Halos of medium-small size become denser and more compact over Time, converging within the filaments and nodes of the Web. New Ordinary Matter incessantly arises from interactions across this immense network of Dark Structures. Particles, atoms, and molecules—propelled and scattered by the turbulent dynamism of cosmic flows—at times condense into clouds, then collapsing into the densest dark bubbles.

When cosmic dynamics and galactic winds allow, these clouds collapse further, giving rise to stars which ignite and illuminate the skies with single and multi-cycle electromagnetic waves (light and radio waves covering the entire spectrum from ultra-long radio waves to gamma rays) we observe today.

Thanks to incessant evolutionary processes, increasingly complex interactions yield increasingly sophisticated substructures: star clusters, nebulae, spiral arms, galactic nuclei, and more. From stars to planets—and perhaps, life—this relentless march toward higher degrees of cosmic intricacy continues.

Among the most significant aspects concerning the Evolution of the Cosmic Web—and therefore of the cosmos in general, of the entire Universe—we find the phenomenon commonly referred to as "cosmic expansion" and its acceleration over Time.

In my view, Dark Energy—as conceived in conventional cosmology, the enigmatic form of Energy held responsible for the Universe's accelerating expansion—does not exist.

Three considerations.

The first pertains to the phenomenon known as cosmic expansion. In the interpretative framework of cosmological Reality I propose in this work, and the connected Evolutionary Cosmological Model previously discussed in this chapter, the expansion of the Universe—and its perceived acceleration—is merely an apparent phenomenon. It arises not from the increasing spatial separation between cosmic structures, but from the progressive deformation in the organization of the Elemental Field, stemming from the rise in metric inhomogeneities within Space-time—more precisely, Time (since, as noted repeatedly, at scales significantly larger than Planck—already at the Particle scale—Space is absolutely flat). These deformations in the dynamics of the Field, and the apparent expansion of the cosmos, are growing temporal inhomogeneities spread across the Universe.

The second relates to the distribution of Matter within the Universe. As argued, and increasingly supported by high-resolution observations, the cosmos is not truly uniform, even at the grandest scales. While the structural logic of the cosmos (its organization, underlying Complexity) appears consistent throughout, the actual distribution of Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—is highly inhomogeneous. This might seem paradoxical, but what remains uniform is not the content itself, but the pattern of inhomogeneity—its fractal-like repetition across Space and Time throughout the Universe's evolution.

The third regards the Big Bang and its so-called "echo"—the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)—which I believe is wrongly considered primordial radiation. Within this model, there was no Big Bang and no Inflationary epoch. Thus, the CMB is not a fossil remnant or historical trace of a past cosmic event. Instead, it is a black-body emission generated by the incessant and continuous Dynamics of the Elementary Field: a naturally spontaneous and indeterminate turbulence forming the essential substrate from which all structures emerge through the progressive organization of the Relations among the Elementary Events of the Field. This turbulence—the fundamental expression of Elementary Action manifested through its Modes / Components—is the true Essence (Form) of Existence. It can be imagined as the sound of Creation unfolding—from whose Evolution Physical Reality is formed and the Universe as its temporal slice we call the Present.

These reflections on the CMB—paired with those on Matter distribution—lead to the belief that the conventional model of cosmic origin and expansion is founded on a profound misunderstanding. A collective ideological misstep. A set of flawed conclusions derived from weak assumptions and an idealized conception of Reality.

Thus, I do not accept that the supposed cosmic expansion, and its acceleration, are caused by the mysterious and elusive Dark Energy described by the Standard Model of Cosmology (ΛCDM). Instead, I argue that—viewed through lenses more aligned with relativistic physics—what we observe is driven by relativistic effects produced by the Universe's non-uniform distribution of Matter: both Dark and Ordinary. Or rather, Dark Matter and a redefined Dark Energy (as proposed herein, not a force, but a form of repulsive Matter), characterized by positive Mass, correlated regions of elevated Perturbation, or—in metric terms—zones with Time-flow rates exceeding the universal average (or the average within a significant local domain), in concert with Ordinary Matter.

I take this opportunity to reiterate once again a fundamental concept—one that permeates all my research, both in the dynamics of the microcosm and in the cosmological vision proposed here. Mass does not curve or deform Time. Mass and the curvature of Time are not merely equivalent—they are exactly the same phenomenon, different facets of a singular natural dynamic: the Dynamics of the Elementary Field, driven by the Action of the Fundamental Force—the incessant expression of the Primary Source of Reality.

It is precisely the inhomogeneity of the Component of Elementary Action—what we here refer to as Perturbation—that constitutes the origin of Mass and the alterations in the flow of Time, which we perceive as a deformation of Space-time. We interpret this as curvature in Space-time—namely, elongated spatial distances and contracted temporal intervals. Yet, in truth, it is solely a contraction of temporal intervals—occurring in the absence of any true spatial distortion.

The curvature of Time, therefore, is accompanied by a local, variably extended and inhomogeneous shift in the limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action 7 Information within the Elementary Field.

Everything that exists in the Universe is inhomogeneity, or rather, correlations between inhomogeneities in the dynamic aspects of Reality. These manifest as inhomogeneities in the distribution of "things"—or more precisely, Processes.

At the most infinitesimal level, this appears as inhomogeneity in the distribution of Elementary Events, which can be characterized as temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations, resonating around the Planck scale.

At intermediate dimensional and complexity levels, we encounter inhomogeneity in the spatial and temporal distributions of InfoStructures populating the Microcosm—Waves, Particles, and their Interactions.

At the broadest dimensional and Complexity scales, we find inhomogeneity in the distribution of atoms, molecules, materials, bodies, objects, stars, galaxies, clusters—and again, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, and nodes of the Cosmic Web.

Inhomogeneity permeates everything, at every dimensional scale and in every facet of Reality. Dynamic inhomogeneity—when not very organized, quite disordered—is what we refer to as turbulence. And when we observe refined organization, we call these objects, Structures, Systems, Forms. Organizational patterns immersed in a sea of chaos and turbulence.

Dynamics and Interactions

All the phenomena described above—those that define the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web—are manifestations of universal dynamics, as well as dynamics specific to the typologies of Structures involved and to their particular local interactions (local, albeit vastly extended across Space and Time, considering the immense dimensions of the Structures in question and the finite upper limit of the speed at which Causality / Action / Information can propagate).

What remains to be said that hasn't already been stated or at least alluded to? Let us attempt to summarize, in a more structured manner, the principal dynamics that define the Cosmic Web in terms of the relationships and interactions between its constituent components and the underlying phenomena.

Polydynamism

Even the vast Vortex-type InfoStructures found at cosmic scales—as well as the microscopic Particles exhibiting surprising quantum behavior—are marked by dynamic properties I call "Polydynamism" (here, of course, I am speaking of "dark" or "cosmic" Polydynamism). This refers to the capacity of these Structures to exhibit, within the volume of the Elementary Field they momentarily occupy, multiple and even opposing dynamic behaviors.

For instance, throughout the ordinary evolution of quantum states in the life of an elementary Particle—and more intensely during quantum state transitions—a Particle can present different or divergent Spin orientations across its spatial extent. The overall Spin of the Particle emerges as a resultant of these diverse dynamic processes, coexisting and evolving in parallel, whether separately or through various degrees or ways of interaction. This perspective offers a conceptual grounding for the phenomenon of quantum state superposition—an idea that continues to challenge physicists, particularly in contexts involving "measurement".

Even Dark Structures display polydynamic behavior—indeed, they necessarily do this, given their vast spatial scale—especially during interactions with the complex environment of the Web, such as in fusion processes. In cosmic Dark Structures, where dynamic developments often span enormous expanses and unfold over extended periods, we can distinguish between internal and external polydynamism. We've discussed internal polydynamism; the external variety may be easily visualized thinking of a large, soft bubble—such as a soap bubble—that expands to fill available Space or retracts under compression, oscillating with interacting internal and external motions, like an elastic and fluctuating object. These characteristics heavily influence the kinetic and mechanical phenomena, interactions, and other dynamic properties of these cosmic structures.

General Motion

Everything in the Universe is "in" motion; everything "is" Motion. Reality, in its entirety, is fluctuation, variation, change, and evolution. The Cosmic Web is an intrinsically dynamic, turbulent, and complex system, whose components engage in the Universe's overarching Motion through their own unique dynamics—both external (as constituents of universal systems and subsystems) and internal (as the movements within the more or less turbulent internal environments of each component, between their elements and subsystems).

These are motions within the continuum—motions that occur "in" the Elementary Field and are motions "of" the Elementary Field. Although we distinguish Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures—visible or invisible—as separate fragments for descriptive clarity, within this Field continuity, such divisions fade. Observed from the viewpoint of the Elementary Field, we would not perceive voids, sheets and walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies, or stars—but rather, an infinite ocean of fluctuations, intricately correlated: endless patterns of organized Action—Information—which interact, propagate, conserves, and evolve.

Even though, ultimately, all phenomena can (and perhaps must) be traced back to the primal Component of Action—Perturbation—the root of Metric / Mass and their associated metric / gravitational effects (metric phenomena: deformation of spatial-temporal distances "of" the Field; gravitational phenomena: deformation of Motion of InfoStructures "in" the Field), much of the Motion observed in the cosmos—both at a general level and peculiar to the individual components of the Dark Cosmic Web (voids, sheets, filaments, nodes)—cannot be "directly" attributed to gravitational attraction or repulsion.

Perturbation—visualized as temporal gradients—drives the formation and development of Translation (stress, turbulent flows within temporal geometry), which in turn gives rise to Rotation (torsion, vorticity within that same geometry). Once formed, Translation and Rotation tend to propagate through Space and conserve across Time, evolving and self-sustaining through linear and rotational motions. These are precisely the kinetic phenomena we observe in the Dark Cosmic Web and its constituents. For Ordinary Matter, although largely influenced by drag effect exerted by Dark Matter and Dark Energy dynamics, the processes of concentration, collapse, and the formation of massive bodies and dense structures are predominantly governed by gravitational phenomena. Thus, while kinetic aspects appear to predominate within Dark Structures, gravitational dynamics tend to take precedence in the formation of the Structures of Ordinary Matter.

Motion of the Cosmic Web as a whole (of the entire Universe)

Given the impressive and incessant movement—particularly rotational—of the immense dark bubbles known as giant voids, which form the skeletal framework upon which the Cosmic Web is built and within which the largest observed moving structures form and evolve, it is plausible that the entire Universe is subject to a global motion with locally differentiated dynamics. This motion can be envisioned as a seamless flow and rotation—boundless and continuous—whose extent and boundaries we may never fully grasp. In this work, I have hypothesized that the Universe is infinite and eternal—unbounded in both Space and Time, in the past (with an origin independent of Time itself; Time, like Space, is conceived as an emergent property arising from the Dynamics of the Elementary Field) and in the future (an unceasing and limitless process of evolution, continuous creation of new Dark and Ordinary Matter/Energy, and an ever-extending organization of Matter. This infinite cycle of Matter and Energy is perpetuated through efficient feedback and recycling mechanisms, continually giving rise to new forms and complexities in the unfolding Process of Formation of Reality).

Another intriguing aspect of the global Motion of the Cosmic Web and the Universe involves the predominance of chirality in the Dark Structures. Based on previous considerations—and especially in light of the hypotheses I've proposed regarding the formative processes that drive the evolution of the Dark Cosmic Web—I anticipate a distinct dominance of one chiral orientation over the other. This asymmetry should become increasingly apparent as the size of the observed structures expands. A notable prevalence should be detectable even at the scale of galactic dark bubbles, which, in their formation and transformation, are clearly influenced by both local and global dynamics of the Cosmic Web—presumed to be strongly chiral. However, at the scale of the giant voids, this chiral dominance should approach an almost absolute prevalence.

The Universe in its entirety should exhibit a prevailing chirality on a very large scale, a feature likely mirrored in both a possible global rotation of the universal cosmos, and in the observed predominance of matter over antimatter for the Ordinary Matter Particles. I propose that this large-scale asymmetry arose from random fluctuations and from prolonged interactions—fusion, annihilation, restructuring—among Dark Structures throughout the infinitely long evolutionary saga of the Universe.

Relative motion of the components of the Web

Each type of component of the Cosmic Web—here referring primarily to the Dark components composed of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, turbulent flows, vortices, and bubbles within bubbles—exists within a system of interlinked turbulence, governed predominantly by collective interactive kinematics, a sort of correlated and coevolving dynamics. Other contributing factors include, albeit to a lesser extent, the chirality ratios (Dark Charge), the orientation of rotation axes (Dark Spin), and the competing gravitational influences—concentrated attractive gravity in the Dark Matter internal cores versus distributed repulsive gravity across the Dark Energy outer shells of these bubbles.

The voids and giant voids—immense vortical bubbles with low Mass density (negative for DM, positive for DE), and typically diffuse or lightly varied Mass density profiles—tend to rotate upon themselves, deforming under compression as they interact with surrounding bubbles and neighboring components. They inhabit the interstitial volumes between structural sheets/walls, filaments (edges), and angular regions left free by multiple converging bubbles (nodes). Due to their enormity, extremely slow rotation rates, long reaction times, and the enormous "quantity of motion" they embody (even with minimal density, their vast volume amplifies their dynamic impact), their motion heavily influences the dynamics of adjacent components, especially sheets/walls and, even more strongly, the filaments.

Within this intricate framework, we must envision these interstitial components—including the nodes—as regions not occupied, and essentially not occupiable, by the vast void bubbles. Subcomponents inhabiting these spaces undergo motion shaped by the peculiar dynamics of the hosting structures. For instance, imagine the sliding of galactic bubbles along a filament—an "edge" nestled between vast voids, where interactions between the bubbles involved overlay the filament's internal motion. Phenomena such as "dark attractors" and "dipole repellers" appear to be influenced more by the compression and rotational stress exerted by the adjacent massive voids than by the gravitational effects produced by the distributions of positive and negative Masses. It is akin to observing soap foam gently stirred by a breeze: the larger bubbles define the foam's overarching structure, while smaller bubbles glide across their surfaces, occupying the spaces they leave open.

All motions—whether proper/intrinsic or relational/extrinsic—within the Dark Cosmic Web generate cascading effects, chief among them compression and concentration/densification. Together with kinematic factors, gravitational tension, chirality, and rotational axis orientation, these phenomena constitute the principal factors orchestrating the delicate dynamic equilibria (and disequilibria) that drive the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web, and thus the overall architecture of the Universe.

Internal Motion of the individual component types — Voids, Sheets / Walls, Filaments, Nodes (let's quickly summarize aspects already variously treated above)

Voids

Voids are dark bubbles, substantially devoid of internal structure or subdivided regions or parts. They should not contain substructures or smaller bubbles, even though they remain turbulent formations capable of exhibiting internal regions that are more or less dense compared to their idealized Mass density profile. They are generally characterized by:

- linear kinematics: relatively limited, as they are essentially trapped within the matrix of the Cosmic Web. Their mobility is constrained by neighboring large voids bubbles—the larger the bubble, the more restricted its movement within the dark framework of the Web.

- extrinsic rotational kinematics (of the bubble as a whole): typically slow, regular, and marked by a gradual adaptation and deformation process. These deformations arise from the extrinsic rotation and occur as a response to the compression in the confined space the bubble occupies within the saturated environment of the Web. The extrinsic rotation is a key factor in the formation of dark bubbles of medium extension (such as galactic cluster and supercluster bubbles), smaller bubbles (e.g., galactic bubbles), and even the production of Ordinary Matter—primarily consisting of elementary Particles like leptons. These, through acceleration, high-energy collisions and other phenomena, contribute to the formation of protons, which make up the bulk of hydrogen gas distributed throughout interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web (sheets, filaments, and nodes) and support the birth and sustenance of galaxies.

- intrinsic rotational kinematics (internal to the bubble): linked to vortical motion, which defines the bubble's dynamic structure and helps conserve its shape. At macroscopic scales, this motion tends to be fairly uniform, though it's substantially turbulent especially at smaller scales. Such vortical activity can drag any extraneous substructures accidentally present within the bubble—much like a drop of water on a spinning disk. Should galactic bubbles inadvertently enter a void (e.g., through the merging of voids that traps galaxies within a new, larger bubble), the substructures would exhibit movement arising from a mix of factors: their own motion, the centrifugal force caused by the void's rotation, and its inherent vortical flow. This results in a complex trajectory which, over the vast temporal scales typical of immense void dynamics, leads to the gradual expulsion of these galactic bubbles from within. The intrinsic rotational kinematics are governed by two key parameters (in addition to others such as mean angular velocity): chirality—referred to here as "Dark Charge"—and the orientation of the intrinsic rotational axis, which we might similarly denote as "Dark Spin".

Sheets / Walls

Sheets or Walls are interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web—surfaces of large bubbles (voids) compressed against other large bubbles. Imagine observing soap suds. We would unmistakably perceive their texture—the matrix of larger bubbles determining the distribution of smaller ones. By observing a sufficiently large volume, we would notice extended surfaces that, despite potential curvature or discontinuities, behave as substantial planes. These surfaces collect and, so to speak, squash smaller bubbles into more or less regular alignments, appearing almost magically ordered.
Unlike voids, which are elementary InfoStructures with blurred but nonetheless identifiable boundaries, sheets are composite InfoStructures—formed by smaller structures which, through compression and dynamic drag, settle onto planes of varying extent and regularity. These structures are immersed in, or rather constitute part of, a vast and dynamic dark turbulence within interstitial regions characterized by positive Mass—what we call Dark Energy. Therefore, sheets/walls are not marked by an "active" kinematic profile (linear, external/extrinsic and / or intrinsic rotational), but rather (more or less passively) adapt to the dynamics of the more extensive and massive components—voids and, to a lesser extent, nodes.

The kinematics of these dark sheets/walls is primarily governed by adaptations to compression dynamics and the sliding of dark bubbles, even of very small dimensions (such as galactic bubbles). Typically, we observe a nearly planar arrangement of a multitude of galaxies on a more or less extensive and regular surface—its thickness variable depending on the compressive forces exerted by surrounding voids and the internal dynamics of galactic bubbles, which attract, orbit, and interact with one another.

The consequence of compression results in varying degrees of coplanarity and thickness across the sheet—a sheet marked by non-uniform shapes and densities over large expanses, due to the differential influence of bordering voids and other components of the Cosmic Web.

The effect of sliding leads to the confluence of galactic bubbles and gaseous material—formed in frictional interstitial zones between voids—as they flow along the sheet toward one or more filaments, which in turn delineate its edges, or innervate its more massive internal regions, like rivers crossing a plain. These filaments effectively outline the contours of irregular, curvilinear solids—the compressed voids adopting soap-bubble-like forms when interacting and adhering to one another.

Filaments

For Filaments, what was stated for sheets/walls remains essentially valid—but in a more linear, not planar, dimension. Here, the effects of compression and flowing/dragging/sliding—if you will—are more intense, producing more evident phenomena, with a heightened influence on the dynamics of the structures that move and evolve within them. I am, of course, referring to all the materials that form, migrate, and transform within the Cosmic Web, such as:

• dark turbulence at medium scales (small clusters/groups of galaxies) and small (galactic scale),
• bubbles/systems of Dark Matter/Dark Energy of medium size (aggregates encompassing small clusters or groups of galaxies) and small (galactic bubbles), evolving within dark turbulence,
• bubbles as above, but populated with Ordinary Matter,
• substances/objects/bodies of Ordinary Matter (free particles, gas, dust, complex molecules, stars, planets, wandering black holes, etc.)—drawn into or carried by the dark turbulence, but not integrated into fully formed bubbles like galactic bubbles (which include the Dark Halo and the galaxy's visible Ordinary Matter component).

From the sheets—especially within the filaments they feed—a vast amount of gas flows, mostly in the form of hydrogen nuclei and atoms (protons, with varying degrees of electron neutralization). This elementary form of Ordinary Matter originates in the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, via friction in the peripheral zones of large dark bubbles, vacuums, and giant voids. Commonly referred to as the "missing baryonic matter"—the elusive 50% of Ordinary Matter, this component has been intensely pursued by researchers and was recently traced via astronomical observations of Fast Radio Bursts from distant galaxies.

In light of the hypotheses outlined here, Ordinary Matter is expected—logically and structurally—to be distributed primarily (three quarters) in the space between galaxies, particularly within sheets/walls and filaments. Roughly 15% resides in galactic bubbles (within Dark Halos), the rest found within bubbles—but segregated between condensed Ordinary Matter structures (stars, cold clouds of galactic gas) embedded in intragalactic dark turbulence depressions.

Filaments act as transition zones where galaxies stream and transform on their path toward the nodes of the Cosmic Web. These nodes host and enrich what we define as galaxy clusters or superclusters (aggregates of clusters). Filaments can reach truly cosmic dimensions (70-120 Mpc or 230-370 Mly). The density of Matter transiting the filaments tends to be highest in their central regions, decreasing radially—not solely due to gravitational attraction but especially due to the filament's internal density profile. Imagine the filament as a quasi-cylindrical cavity exhibiting a gradient in the level of positive Mass (Dark Energy) that tapers toward its center (lower density of positive Mass). A sort of "wave guide", or a pipe, forms, channeling Dark and Ordinary Matter, gas, and galaxies. The filament's central axis harbors regions of diminished repulsion, requiring less Action to traverse—similar to faster lanes on a highway.

Galaxies and gas within filaments follow spiral or helical paths—oscillating and rotating symmetrically around the filament's central axis—as they stream toward the node they sustain. Contrary to common belief and in line with the hypotheses developed here, this spiraling flow is not primarily governed by gravity, or not completely. The dominant forces are those produced by rotation, compression, and friction among the large-scale components that comprise the Cosmic Web's dynamic backbone.

In my view, attributing galaxy migration within filaments to gravitational attraction by the denser nodes is a mistaken simplification. These nodal regions—rich with galaxies—should, under this theoretical framework, be those most dominated by repulsive dark energy (positive Mass). Thus, their contents would push outward vigorously due to a steep drop in internal pressure—more so than the surrounding voids that border and compress the filaments.

They push but cannot expand, precisely, due to the confining action produced by the large voids, which are also, for different causes and phenomena, in continuous pressure for expansion. All the components of the Cosmic Web, for different causes and phenomena, tend to expand, in a cosmic and eternal tug-of-war, which sees the Universe in a state of perpetual creative and evolutionary dis-equilibrium.

All Cosmic Web components, due to varying causes and dynamics, exhibit expansive tendencies. The Universe remains locked in an eternal, creative tug-of-war—an evolutionary dis-equilibrium. Sheets/walls, constrained by expanding voids, discharge into filaments; filaments channel into nodes. Nodes, in turn, release flows into outbound filaments, connecting to distant nodes. Matter within a node can be extruded into these exiting filaments, accelerating to tremendous speeds—reaching up to 1% the speed of light. Upon exiting, the flow decelerates as it enters the comparatively dense and static environment of a cluster—where collisions, mergers, and deformations become significantly more probable.

Filaments themselves can rotate—a consequence of compression and frictional forces from bounding voids. Such rotation heightens the complexity of filamentary internal dynamics and, in turn, enriches the evolution of the Cosmic Web as a whole.

Key characteristics of galaxies—morphology, gas content, efficiency of gas consumption, star formation rate—are profoundly shaped by transit through dense filaments. These filaments, receiving newly formed galaxies and gas from sheets/walls, connect and supply populous cluster nodes. As galaxies traverse filaments, they undergo substantial structural and evolutionary changes. Collisions and mergers with other Web structures or with void boundaries may distort their spiral forms, favoring more irregular or elliptical shapes. Star formation may slow or halt—perhaps due to shape alterations impacting internal dynamics or diminished inflow of gas (atomic and molecular hydrogen) into the galaxy's dark halo.

Additionally, the extreme velocities encountered within filaments—this high-speed galactic race—may hinder cooling, condensation, and collapse of gas clouds, processes vital for robust star formation. Shock waves within the intragalactic dark environment may also exacerbate this suppression.

As a result—just as the temperature of the Elementary Field fluctuates in the regions that periodically host the filaments' Existence and Essence/Form—the temperature (both micro and macro) of Matter, Dark (medium and small bubbles immersed in evolving dark turbulence) and Ordinary (gas, dust, wandering bodies, galaxies and their small groups/clusters) tends to be higher than within other Web structures, such as sheets/walls and nodes. This elementary thermodynamic principle encompasses: -Microscopic thermodynamics: particle speeds (mostly hydrogen atoms), vibrational motion of atoms/molecules, -Macroscopic thermodynamics: motion of cosmic objects and substructures (galaxies), conceptualized as particles in a cosmic fluid—where the average velocity represents the "macroscopic" temperature of the system.

Nodes

Here we arrive at the final typology of components of the Cosmic Web—last from the evolutionary, structural, functional, and dynamic perspectives.

From the evolutionary point of view—during the formative processes of the Web, the large bubbles we now call voids and giant voids—its structural skeleton and dynamic engine—were generated first. Compression led to the emergence of the first sheets/walls, followed by filaments that inherited both dynamic and material contributions. Finally, in the interstitial regions where multiple bubbles intersect, nodes formed. Over time, these nodes became the regions most densely populated by medium and small dark bubbles—many of which are populated by Ordinary Matter structures: galaxies, groups of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and superclusters (clusters of clusters).

From the structural point of view—within the hierarchy of structures occupying the available cosmic space—nodes come after voids and the entities that occupy the interstitial regions (sheets and filaments), subject to the compression exerted by voids. The residual volumes, less affected by such compression, are referred to as nodes—regions more stable and less dynamic.

From the functional point of view—nodes occupy the final position in the classification of Web components because they serve as repositories for the culmination of the Universe's Dark and Ordinary Matter formation, transport, and conservation chains. Voids initiate the formation of medium and small-scale dark bubbles and the entire suite of Ordinary Matter: gas, wandering bodies, and galaxies. These populate sheets/walls, flow into filaments, and eventually concentrate in nodes—where Matter gathers into colossal galaxy clusters and superclusters.

While some Matter exits nodes via outbound filaments—re-entering circulation—a significant portion of Dark and Ordinary Matter remains embedded in nodal structures. These provide an environment that, despite intense localized activity (e.g., galactic collisions and mergers), is globally less dynamic—ideal for forming larger, more stable structures. In particular, central nodal regions experience diminished rotational, frictional, and compressive influence from large voids.

From the point of view of dynamics—as previously noted—nodes occupy the lowest rung. The largest-scale motion in the Universe originates in vast voids, followed by extended sheets/walls, then filaments. Nodes exhibit the lowest levels of large-scale dynamic intensity. However, the small-scale momentum—motion expressed by the smallest Cosmic Web entities (e.g., small dark bubbles, galaxies, intragalactic structures, objects/bodies, stars, substances, gas, dust)—is concentrated within the nodes, followed by filaments and sheets, and almost absent in large voids. Both linear and intrinsic / extrinsic angular velocities are extreme in void peripheries, moderate in sheets/walls, and very high in filaments (due to dragging effects from void bubbles and gravitational forces, velocities tend to be higher in more compressed, narrower filaments). In nodes, velocities are generally lower—particularly as one moves away from incoming filaments, and to a lesser extent, from outgoing ones. The central areas of nodes, as discussed, tend to be shielded from large-scale motions and exhibit reduced speeds.

A clarification regarding flows of Matter in the filaments. We can envision filaments exhibiting unidirectional flows that span their entire length—terminating in an inflow toward one node, and an outflow from that node to another. Alternatively, certain filaments may collect material from sheets, especially in their central regions. Compression from surrounding voids can redirect these flows toward both ends—making them tributaries to two interconnected nodes.

Motion of Dark Matter / Energy and of Ordinary Matter

Let's briefly revisit the foundational concepts, focusing on the types of Matter formed and transported by the different components of the Web. This exploration centers on Dark Matter and Dark Energy—"stuff" respectively formed by negative and positive Mass—structured within extended dark turbulent formations of low Mass density.
From the vast expanses of giant voids, to the immense interstitial surfaces known as sheets/walls, into filaments, and finally to nodes, we observe a continuum: structures that become progressively less extended, displaying decreasing prevalence of Dark Matter / Dark Energy and increasing concentrations of Ordinary Matter (although the latter remains quantitatively inferior, as widely acknowledged).

Void regions are composed almost exclusively of dark stuff—featuring a core of negative, attractive Mass (Dark Matter) and a surrounding shell of positive, repulsive Mass (Dark Energy)—with the exception of minor Ordinary Matter incursions (e.g. gas or galaxies captured during void fusions or exceptional interactions). Sheets/walls serve as arenas for friction-driven formation of Dark Matter (medium and small-scale dark structures) and especially of Ordinary Matter, engaged in complex processes that yield gas clouds, objects, bodies, protogalaxies, and more.
These emergent structures are increasingly funneled into filaments, where the Dark Matter-Ordinary Matter balance tilts further towards Ordinary Matter. The culmination of this accumulation is found in the central regions of nodes—while still preserving the overall ratio between Dark and Ordinary Matter, often estimated at approximately 5:1.

Regarding this canonical ratio, I contend that prevailing estimates suffer from a misinterpretation of the nature, role, and dynamics of Dark Energy. A re-evaluation of the Universe's composition—encompassing Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Ordinary Matter—is warranted, grounded in the hypotheses presented in this work on the Universe's nature, structure, and dynamics (Evolutionary Cosmological Model), with particular focus on the Cosmic Web.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy, forming the central and peripheral components of dark bubbles, inevitably move together. The peripheral zones of positive, repulsive Mass—along with homo-chirality (same Dark Charge) and the alignment or misalignment of intrinsic rotation (Dark Spin)—account for the "intangibility" of dark bubbles when interacting with other bubbles of similar size/density. This concept parallels the one already illustrated for vortical Ordinary Matter particles, known in conventional physics as the Pauli Exclusion Principle for quantum states in atoms. Reformulated here: within the Elementary Field, no Vortex-type InfoStructure can simultaneously occupy the same portion of the Field, the same volume, the same Space, in the same Time.

This is because the external Dark Energy shell (positive Mass) exerts a repulsive force that grows quadratically as two Vortex Structures approach each other. In overlapping regions, the level of Perturbation—the inhomogeneity in Field dynamics—increases rapidly with proximity. As overlap intensifies, the repulsive force escalates, demanding greater Action to force convergence (to get closer).

Layered atop this are multiple phenomena that may amplify or dampen the total repulsive force, including:

• intensity of approach Motion,
• degree of acceleration and inertia,
• concordance or opposition of Chirality (Charge),
• alignment or misalignment of Spin.

Even when particles are drawn together by opposite Electric Charges—or by opposite Chirality/Dark Charge, in the case of Dark InfoStructures—fusion (or annihilation) demands a sufficiently energetic collision to breach a critical proximity threshold. One must use Energy, produce Action, apply Force. The same holds true for the Dark Vortices comprising the dark bubbles discussed throughout these pages.

Returning to the central theme of this section, the Motion of/in the dark component of the Cosmic Web (turbulence and structures)—in short, we can state:

• the entire Elementary Field—or, when observed from the perspective of the Component of Elementary Action termed Perturbation—suggests that all Space-time, with its more or less deformed Metric, is animated by turbulence at all spatial and temporal scales. On the immense scales that define cosmic dimensions and structures, dark turbulence dominates the scene and stands as the primary dynamic factor—a fundamental dynamics from whose organization dark cosmic structures emerge (dark bubbles of voids, clusters, galaxies, and the turbulent flows forming the dark frameworks of sheets and filaments).
  This prompts a deeper focus on the Principle of General Equivalence within this specific cosmological context. To assert that "the entire Elementary Field, or, viewed through the lens of the Component of Elementary Action known as Perturbation, all Space-time with its more or less deformed Metric" serves as the substratum for the existence of what forms the Universe, is to affirm that Physical Reality may be observed and interpreted from different—yet precisely equivalent—perspectives.
  Extending this equivalence, we recognize that inhomogeneities / deformations in the dynamics of the Elementary Field (Perturbation) may be equivalently represented as:
  • density of Elementary Events—defined by the temporal distribution of elementary spatial fluctuations that incessantly reverberate across the Elementary Field, resonating near the Planck scale—equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or the average over a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of Elementary Action, the value of Perturbation—equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the Space-time Metric—at scales significantly above the Planck scale, Space is flat—rate of Time flow equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of Mass—zero, negative, or positive—forming respective Matter structures: vacuum, Matter (Dark and Ordinary), Dark Energy (peripheral regions of Vortex structures both in the dark domain—bubbles/Halos—and the ordinary domain—particles),
  • in terms of the limit velocity of propagation of Causality/Action/Information—known conventionally as the speed of light in vacuum—velocity equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average limit or that of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the temperature of the Elementary Field—equal to, lower than, or higher than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood.
• the largest structures of the Cosmic Web, the large voids—vast expanses composed almost entirely of dark substances (save for incidental Ordinary Matter, such as gas and galaxies acquired through events like void fusions)—are intrinsically more dynamic due to their internal and especially extrinsic rotational components. They act as the true dynamic engine of the Web—continuously imparting Motion to other structures, especially sheets and filaments situated in the interstitial regions compressed by these massive, spinning formations. And within these interstitial zones, it is not only the sheets and filaments themselves that receive Motion—but also all the constituents flowing within them en route to the nodes of the Web, including dark bubbles of medium and small extension, along with the Ordinary Matter born and organized at the peripheries of the great voids.
• all this turbulence, and all dark structures at medium and small scales—formed and flowing within interstitial regions—propel and carry Ordinary Matter toward the nodes. These movements occur within the interstitial components of the Web—namely sheets and filaments—and culminate in the nodes.
• all substances (gas and dust), objects/bodies (stars, black holes, planets—solitary / wandering, or part of aggregations), and structures of Ordinary Matter—which arise and migrate through interstitial zones—also move within these Web components (sheets, filaments, and eventually nodes). Their motion is governed by the dark turbulence, by flows that are more or less chaotic, and by the migration of dark structures interacting within these turbulent dynamics. Across the immense Cosmic Web, galaxies seem to exhibit coordinated motion over distances spanning millions of light-years. This synchronicity defies conventional expectations of current cosmological models and points to mysterious forces or interactions shaping the architecture of the Universe.

Apparent cosmic expansion

In light of everything said about the evolution of the Cosmic Web, among the main dynamics that define its behavior, I deliberately do not include the phenomena called "cosmic expansion". As previously stated, this is an (apparent) phenomenon not tied to a genuine expansion of Space, but rather to the increasing organization, structuring, and complexification of Space-time itself. Ultimately, it stems from the growing inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of Elementary Events within the Elementary Field—or, phrased in terms closer to conventional physics, an increase in the inhomogeneities of temporal flow rates—the temporal geometry of the cosmos.

It is emblematic that the phenomenon we observe and interpret as "expansion, distancing motion"—the most conspicuous movement in the Universe—is not a true Motion at all. Rather, it is the effect of a differentiation in Time's flow across various domains of the cosmos, and of the corresponding variation in the limit speed for the propagation of Causality/Action/Information.

And now, to complete the picture, let us turn to some considerations on the most relevant forms of interaction that characterize the Cosmic Web:

Gravitational interactions

Gravitational interaction is commonly viewed as the silent yet powerful conductor of the grand cosmic symphony played across the Cosmic Web. However, as previously discussed, I believe this role—while undeniably fundamental—is somewhat overestimated. Or at least, the direct influence of gravity is. Indirectly, I fully acknowledge gravity as the principal engine at large cosmic scales. Yet I contend that the attractive action of Dark and Ordinary Matter, and the repulsive action of Dark Energy, are not the predominant direct drivers of the Cosmic Web's internal dynamics.

Allow me to explain. Much of the gravitational impact generated by the diffuse but potent inhomogeneities in Perturbation values across the Elementary Field—that is, in the InfoStructures of Dark Matter and Dark Energy (large bubbles/Dark Halos known as Voids and Giant Voids)—is expressed through their own growth and rotational dynamics. From these processes emerge mechanical actions such as compression of interstitial regions and friction along their peripheral boundaries—which in turn are transferred to other components of the Web: sheets, filaments, and nodes. These receive and propagate that momentum (linear and extrinsic angular, resulting from the correlation of Translation), and within them evolve the contents of the Universe—substances, objects and bodies, galaxies, systems, clusters.

As previously emphasized, I do not subscribe to the hypothesis that the Universe began with a Big Bang, followed by gravitational growth of structures initiated by minute density fluctuations. Nor do I accept that Dark and Ordinary Matter were born from such an event and subsequently pulled together to form the filaments, sheets, and nodes of the Cosmic Web. In my view, the story begins with infinitesimal fluctuations/inhomogeneities in the dynamics of the Elementary Field—developing over inconceivably long periods of time (billions of billions of years—a timeless time—a Universe with no true beginning)—which eventually became the giant voids, from whose dynamics all other components of the Web emerged.

The progressive expansion and occupation of Space by these giant voids—driven by gravity and the structured organization of Elementary Action through its Perturbation Component—led to the formation of dark bubbles with increasingly greater size and Mass density. These, through progressive compression at the edges, defined increasingly narrow and turbulent interstitial regions. Kinetic/mechanical processes—and to a lesser extent gravitational ones—intensified the turbulence and caused the emergence of other dark structures that evolved into sheets/walls, filaments, and nodes.

Gravity grows increasingly dominant in interactions among Dark Structures as we move from giant voids toward medium (clusters of galaxies) and small bubbles (galaxies), and eventually toward intragalactic turbulent substructures and Ordinary Matter formations. Specifically, gravity is pivotal in keeping galaxies bound together within groups and clusters, and in linking these into superclusters. Moreover, as noted earlier, gravity, in tandem with kinetic and mechanical forces, exerts a continuous shaping influence on the Web and its constituents—driving the expansion of voids, the compression and collapse of dense interstitial zones, and amplifying the inhomogeneities embedded within the cosmic fabric.

Gravitational attraction and repulsion

We commonly consider gravity as an attractive phenomenon—or predominantly attractive. While conventional science does acknowledge a repulsive entity, it does so not as a structured or functional counterpart to the attractive gravity generated by Masses in Space-time. Repulsive phenomena—namely cosmic expansion and its progressive acceleration—are typically attributed to the elusive entity known as Dark Energy, endowed with gravitationally repulsive characteristics.

In this work, I attribute to Dark Energy a nature and function that far transcend a mere justification of cosmic expansion and its acceleration. Here, Dark Energy acts as the analogue of Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—but correspondent to positive rather than negative Mass, with flow rates of Time and propagation speeds of Causality / Action / Information exceeding the universal average or that of a significant local domain. This interpretation aligns with the Principle of General Equivalence.

Then, in my view, Dark Energy represents the structural component of the external regions—the shells—both of Dark Vortex Structures (bubbles, Dark Halos) and Ordinary Matter Vortex Structures (elementary Particles). In this framework, the repulsive action dominating the peripheral regions of these Vortex Structures becomes a fundamental trait driving their dynamics and interactions. Though less intense than the attractive action exerted by the cores of Dark and Ordinary Matter (where gravitationally attractive "negative" Mass is concentrated within a compact region), the repulsive action of Dark Energy, spatially distributed across significantly broader regions, is less intense, more widespread, "diluted", diffuse, so to speak. Except under compression. In such cases, mechanical interaction between compressed external layers of Dark Energy leads to localized condensation, with increasing mutual repulsion, and surface friction.

I reaffirm that Dark Matter and Dark Energy are not two distinct "substances"—they are the same thing—even if of opposite "polarity". Both are manifestations of inhomogeneities within the dynamics of the Elementary Field, distinguished by negative (the negative Mass that compose Dark and Ordinary Matter) or positive (the positive Mass that compose Dark Energy) values of Perturbation. That is: Mass, rhythm of Time, and limit speed—values that are higher or lower than average. The only natural Structures capable of generating and maintaining such inhomogeneities are Vortex-type Structures: central depressions surrounded by more elevated peripheral levels, especially under conditions of compression.

What sustains vorticity? The attractive or repulsive dynamics emerge from two interdependent factors:

• Translation, arising from Perturbation inhomogeneity in Space, due to the shape of the Vortex structure;
• Rotation, produced by multipoint Translation interaction, Translation that is generated by the reaction of the Field to compensate and reduce that inhomogeneity.

The result of the expression of the three components of Elementary Action, Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, and of their incessant interaction, if the necessary conditions of Field equilibrium are satisfied, leads to the conservation of the Vortex Structure, whether it constitutes a Dark Halo or a tiny Particle of Ordinary Matter, both with their core of negative Mass and their shell of positive Mass, or Dark Energy precisely. From a temporal point of view, we can say that these Structures are "temporal Vortices", wherein the rhythm of Time flows more slowly at the core (negative Perturbation, negative Mass) and more rapidly at the periphery (positive Perturbation, positive Mass). This inhomogeneity induces a reactive Translation within the Elementary Field that seeks to neutralize the temporal flow differential—thus self-feeding the Vortex and favouring its conservation.

Invisible attractors

Invisible attractors are not "attractors" due to the concentration of large masses—or at least, in my opinion, this is not the primary source of the significant, albeit apparent, attractive phenomena. It is precisely the predominance of gravitational attraction that we must question here, since, in my opinion, this may not be the dominant factor behind the peculiar dynamics of these regions and the profound effects they have on the behavior of vast sectors and components of the Cosmic Web.

I believe the most relevant factor lies in the intrinsic dynamics of the Web's components. In this light, the notable dynamics observed are not (primarily) caused by the gravitational pull of the specific region we label as invisible attractor, but rather the reverse is true: the Matter we observe is in Motion toward that region—and therefore appears to us as if attracted by something.

I often illustrate this with the metaphor of a sink: when we sprinkle flower petals on water in a basin and pull the plug, the petals drift toward the drain not because the drain exerts an "attractive force," but due to the dragging effect generated by the water flowing toward the drain. True, gravity causes the water to descend—but its effect on the petals is indirect, mediated by the water's flow. What prevails is the dragging effect.

This is analogous to visible Matter: luminous galaxies seem inexorably drawn toward an invisible point, imagined to be massively dense and gravitationally dominant. In reality, the main contribution to the motion of visible Matter toward the invisible attractor is provided by the dragging dynamics of dark turbulence—by the interplay of Dark Matter and Dark Energy within the Cosmic Web's architecture.

In different words, we must visualize the same principle in action for the motion of Ordinary Matter—which likewise appears drawn toward some vast invisible Mass. As I have often asserted, within the dynamics of the Motion of Ordinary (visible) Matter through the Cosmic Web, the rotational effects of large empty bubbles—and their associated dragging influences on the compressed interstitial regions (filled with Dark Energy, and thus positive Mass, wherein smaller, denser dark bubbles, hosting galaxies, are embedded) play a more vital role than mere gravitational attraction and repulsion generated by Matter and Energy that make up the Web's constituents.

It seems no coincidence that the large attractor—like other similar regions depicted in visualizations and simulations of cosmic Matter flow—is located at a node where the walls of giant voids converge, compressing it, alongside filaments that collect and channel vast numbers of galaxies and unstructured Matter.

In summary, the pivotal aspect, in my view, lies in the flows of dark turbulence that reach their maximum within the interstitial zones compressed between the large voids. It is within these zones—through drag—that the motions manifest. Motions that we interpret as sliding and gravitational attraction toward apparently massive yet unseen regions. And naturally, where convergence exists, divergence must also occur. Thus we observe the phenomenon of dipole repellers—zones from which dark turbulent flows "exit," dispersing in directions that ultimately lead to regions of attraction and convergence.

Regions and flows of Dark and Ordinary Matter that take the form of "giant solenoids", perhaps deformed by the irregular cosmic structure, but still characterized by the typical spindle structure, where, instead of the lines of force that exit and enter the magnetic poles, we find sheets and filaments, which flow towards the attractors exiting the repellers, compressed between the large voids, conveying the flows of Matter that we observe.

Mechanical interactions

I know. I am repeating and revisiting the same concepts, the same arguments over and over again. This may render the reading less fluid, more laborious. I apologize. Yet each time I revisit a topic, I try to contribute something I consider essential—to deepen understanding, to clarify, to complete the framework, to contextualize across different domains and through complementary perspectives. Beyond conveying concepts that diverge from conventional scientific frameworks, my intent is to offer a distinct lens for observing nature—the entities, phenomena and dynamics responsible for what we perceive in the world around us, from micro to macro—and to reveal the profound links between these spheres, microphysics and cosmology, which must converge if we are to attain a deeper and broader comprehension of the Universe in all its subtle tones.

The mechanical interactions within the dynamics of the Web, its constituents, and the materials forming therein, are ultimately governed by temporal inhomogeneities—or more precisely, by the temporal distribution of elementary spatial fluctuations, resonating near the Planck scale, which through expansion and self-organization tend to amplify across Space and Time. These fluctuations evolve into increasingly vast and persistent Dark Structures, eventually saturating—by way of collisions and fusions—all available Space. Perturbation that self-organizes, correlations that consolidate, interact, propagate, prevail—until giving rise to the large voids we have described. These voids, in turn, swirling across the Universe, give birth to other Web components, including smaller bubbles and Halos. Swirling depressions in dark turbulence—bubbles everywhere. Like a dark cosmic foam—immersed and part of the universal turbulence.

And then Ordinary Matter, which within these bubbles condenses, aggregates, and evolves—into gas clouds, stars, galaxies, clusters—ceaselessly moving, sometimes slowly, sometimes swiftly like rushing torrents, until reaching calmer yet more crowded lakes. In essence, all mechanical interactions must trace their origin to the aforementioned dynamics: to Perturbation, to inhomogeneities in the rhythm of Time—or equivalently, the distribution of negative and positive Mass—as characterized in this work, and to gravitational attraction and repulsion (Translation arising from Perturbation, Variation of Motion / Acceleration—induced by differences in Mass, in Time rhythm).

The chief forms of mechanical interaction among Cosmic Web components, which sculpt and evolve its structure and dynamics, are "compression / expansion" of bubbles / Dark Halos and "friction" arising from the sliding of peripheral zones of those rotating bubbles / Dark Halos—caused by proximity induced by the compression of interstitial regions, themselves prompted by the expansion tendency of those bubbles.

Compression and expansion

Expansion and compression are two foundational phenomena in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web, underlying the formation and evolution of its components and the materials that form, evolve and move therein.

Their expressions are not confined to gravitational collapse and cosmic expansion alone. Every constituent of the Web and all embedded material are influenced in multifaceted ways by these fundamental dynamics.

We've seen how the expansion of voids led to saturation—to the complete dark structuring of all available Space. Moreover, how large voids—alongside dark bubbles of varied extension and density—undergo mutual interactions that generate compression (size contraction) and densification (rise in average Mass density), as well as increasing inhomogeneities in the Mass distribution profile (negative and positive) and in vorticity and angular velocity (intrinsic rotation)—conservation of the Dark Charge and Dark Spin, which modulate the extrinsic rotational velocity—conservation of angular momentum.

Compression of interstitial regions produces sheets / walls and filaments, which become crushed and experience intensified flow velocities of materials within them and toward the nodes—accompanied by densification of both Dark and Visible Structures.

In high-density domains—filaments and nodes—the compression exerted by large voids is compounded by gravitational forces, which draw Matter inward, thereby facilitating aggregation and collapse into more compact and complex structures. These are the cosmic cradles where galaxies and clusters are born and continue to form.

Generally, on both the dark and visible sides of Web components and embedded materials, expansion and compression are localized phenomena. Global tendencies may exist, but the direction, intensity, and cadence of these processes are fundamentally local—contingent on internal dynamics, mutual interactions, geometric configuration, and reciprocal relations. From this perspective, the discourse surrounding tensions in different measurements of parameters supposedly defining cosmic expansion becomes evidently misplaced. There is no intrinsic cosmic expansion of Space-time—therefore, no universal parameters.

We should be content if we succeed in determining a range of values, and perhaps an average distribution across that spectrum—by category of Web components, for example: average expansion rate of voids as a function of their size and density; average compression rate of nodes based on compressive forces from surrounding voids. Always bearing in mind that each specific local configuration arises from intricate interplay among numerous components—each possessing its own distinct dynamics—and substructures that exert various degrees of resistance or force in multiple directions. The cosmic dynamics are profoundly complex, and in my view, defy representation by universal parameters or reduction to standardized models.

It is a turbulent cosmos. Chaos and order vie for dominion over Space-time's architecture, over the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Forces and Fields, Action, Information / Energy, InfoStructures, Forms—everything, across all the levels of Reality, across all dimensional scales, originates and evolves within this formative crucible of perpetual disequilibrium between uncertainty and determination, chaos and order. Turbulence, everywhere. The great challenge—perhaps even the nightmare—of science, especially physics, which seeks above all to predict outcomes of observation and experimentation.

And yet, compression and expansion also permeate the materials formed and evolved within the Cosmic Web. These processes affect gas clouds, dust, stars that form, swell, explode, collapse—and likewise star clusters, galaxies, and their substructures. Active galactic nuclei and accretion disks, their jets—protoplanetary disks, planets, everything comprising the Universe. All objects appear to reflect—in some measure—compressive and expansive dynamics. Consider the human heart, sustaining life through rhythmic expansion and contraction. A dynamic dance fueled by attraction and repulsion—manifesting as condensation and rarefaction, approach and retreat, contact and separation, and so on.

Compression and expansion also pertain to the genesis of the very materials just mentioned. The formation, evolution, and dynamics of medium and small dark bubbles, and the turbulence they are part of, in which they move, are intimately linked to the emergence of Ordinary Matter—particularly through the friction between large dark bubbles.

The role of friction and dynamical friction

As already expressed in this section, friction—especially between the large dark bubbles of the voids, across their external regions dominated by Dark Energy—friction only partly mitigated by the smaller bubbles scattered throughout the interstitial spaces, sheets / walls, filaments, and nodes, which serve as a kind of "lubricating cushion," so to speak—is one of the most relevant aspects of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web, and the source of many cosmic phenomena.

Among these phenomena are the formation of "smaller" bubbles in the cosmic dark turbulence (Dark Halos of galaxies, clusters, and superclusters), peculiar motions of Matter (gas, galaxies, etc.) in the interstitial regions (sheets, filaments, and—partially—in the nodes), processes of Ordinary Matter formation, and the addressing of such materials toward gravitational concentrations. Dynamical friction is also essential for characterizing intra-component dynamics, particularly the behavior of galactic bubbles within turbulent nodal domains hosting clusters and superclusters.

Chiral interactions

Chirality is present almost everywhere in the Universe. It originates from one of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, which I have named Rotation:Chirality. It may manifest both at the level of intrinsic rotations (the inner rotation of each point of a Structure, of the Space it occupies—in essence, of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that temporarily sustains the Existence and Essence / Form of that Structure), and at the level of extrinsic rotation (the rotation of the entire Structure as a unified body). It plays a major role in many phenomena—both within the infinitesimally small and across cosmic scales.

The topic is deeply tied to questions regarding the role of symmetries, the modalities of fundamental forces and interactions, and the large-scale architecture of the Universe. As previously indicated, chirality on the dark side of Reality manifests as what I refer to as the Dark Charge of cosmic megastructures.

In cosmology, as far as I know, we have only recently begun considering that chiral asymmetries do exist—and are significant—at cosmological scales. Research is increasingly exploring how cosmic chirality may affect and may have affected particle behavior (e.g. neutrino oscillations), the matter-antimatter imbalance in the early Universe, and even the dominance of certain chiral modes in organic molecules dispersed throughout the cosmos—which could underlie the emergence of life and its molecular asymmetries.

Is it legitimate to ask whether the Universe itself displays a preferential chirality? Whether it rotates globally with a defined orientation.

In my vision of the nature, origin, evolution, structure, and dynamics of the Universe and the Cosmic Web—and of the components described above—it is evident that chirality, the rotational direction of the Dark Vortex InfoStructures forming the dynamic skeleton of the Web, is central to understanding key phenomena in cosmic development. These include the interaction of large void bubbles, formation of smaller dark structures, compression of interstitial regions, formation of Ordinary Matter, and processes of collapse leading to star formation and galactic development.

Through the Universe's immense evolutionary arc—from early homogeneity to present-day intricate differentiation—extended cycles of interaction, collision, and fusion have, in my view, led to an emergent chiral prevalence, especially on the largest cosmological scales. The evidence is mounting in observational data, particularly at the level of galactic bubbles. I believe that, if similar analyses were conducted on large voids, the signs of chiral dominance would be even more apparent.

For smaller dark bubbles to emerge within universal dark turbulence, large bubbles must expand and develop frictional dynamics along their outer boundaries (formed by Dark Energy—positive Mass). When two vortices of comparable size / density are forced to remain in contact, they tend to repel. If repulsion fails, they begin developing turbulent friction in the overlapping peripheral zones. But only if their chirality is concordant. If discordant, once the Dark Energy repulsion due to overlapping regions of positive Mass is overcome, the vortices tend to attract chirally, interpenetrate, and annihilate—mirroring what occurs when an electron-positron pair is forced within a critical proximity threshold.

In my interpretation, the dominance of a single chirality direction among the large dark bubbles—the vast voids that orchestrate the Web's dynamics—is the key to explaining the prevalence of what we call Matter, and the scarcity of what we call antimatter. In the incessant generation of new Ordinary Matter (leptons) inside friction zones, and during acceleration and interaction of the resulting Particles (giving rise to more complex entities—quark, nucleons, etc.), a global chiral bias, in my opinion, would underlie the imbalance. Said in evolutionary terms: the environment shapes the formation processes of Ordinary Matter, guiding the selection of Matter Particles over antimatter Particles, and sculpting the processes of their formation.

Chiral attraction and repulsion

The concept of chiral attraction and repulsion arises in systems where chirality governs the way the constituent structures interact. This becomes particularly meaningful in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and its components.

Here, chiral interactions may intersect with other types of interactions, such as mechanical and gravitational ones—dampening or amplifying their strength, as well as modifying direction, orientation, velocity, time flow rate, and more. These influences can lead to symmetry breaking and the emergence of distinctive, local dynamics that may substantially affect the overall behavior, structure, and composition of the Web.

Attraction and repulsion, modulated through chiral interaction, can initiate and direct processes of expansion or contraction, can foster or inhibit fusion events, or stimulate frictional dynamics that generate further turbulence and structures of smaller extension and greater density.

In essence, the concordance or discordance of chirality—expressed via chiral attraction and repulsion—does not merely affect the trajectories of processes unfolding in the Cosmic Web. It can fundamentally shape the very dynamics of interaction among its components: voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes, and all the materials—dark and visible—substances forming and evolving within them.

Chiral evolution

Let's summarize. As reiterated numerous times throughout these pages, everything evolves. Evolution is one of the two foundational subprocesses—only separated for descriptive clarity—within the unitary Process of Formation of Reality. As detailed in several sections of this chapter, even the chirality of the large-scale structures that dominate the Web—namely the voids—has evolved, playing a central role in evolutionary paths that determined chirality directional prevalence.

A minimal random bias in chirality, present during the earliest expansions of elementary spatial fluctuations (within the Component of Elementary Action I've termed Rotation:Chirality), when the large dark voids had not yet formed and Space remained unsaturated by dark structures, over the immensely stretched timescales of cosmic development, grew progressively stronger—and through countless interactions, annihilations, and mergers, resulted in what I hypothesize as the current large-scale chiral prevalence.

Voids and giant voids—specifically through their chiral concordance—have saturated available Space. Their kinetic, mechanical, and gravitational interplay compresses their boundaries and the surrounding interstitial regions. Within these frictional zones, they have generated—and continue to generate—new Dark Structures of smaller size and higher density, down to microscopic InfoStructures referred to as elementary Particles: the seeds of structures that gradually emerged and continue to assemble Ordinary Matter.

Even here, we uncover the Cycle of Information, and its evolutionary operators that shape the dynamics of the Elementary Field, manifesting—from our medium-scale perspective—as large dark bubbles, voids, and giant voids. Organization, Transformation, and Selection are the operators. In general terms—and with some conceptual approximation—Organization allows the birth and growth of void seeds, each with their random chirality. Transformation, through interaction, leads to destructuring, annihilation, and absorption of bubbles exhibiting discordant chirality relative to the emerging dominance. Selection ensures survival and causal persistence of bubbles aligned with the prevailing cosmic chiral environment, while eliminating those that are not.

Spin-related / magnetic interactions

The Cosmic Web is threaded with magnetic fields that exert a subtle yet profound influence over cosmic evolution. Recent studies in astrophysics and cosmology suggest that magnetic interactions within the Web stem from both primordial origins (such as those presumed to arise during cosmic inflation) and astrophysical processes (like galactic winds and jets from active galactic nuclei). These magnetic phenomena are considered especially pertinent in filaments, where they remain relatively uninfluenced by galaxy formation dynamics and could retain ancient magnetic signatures. Supporting evidence comes from radio observational techniques—such as rotation measurement (RM) and synchrotron emission accumulation—used to estimate the intensity and structure of magnetic fields in intergalactic space. Recently, magnetic shock waves—faint radio signals caused by gravitational compression within filaments—have been observed.

Clearly, I do not agree with references to primordial formative processes such as the Big Bang and Inflation. And furthermore, I believe there is more to understand in the nature of these magnetic fields, their origin, their structural and dynamic properties, and the roles they play in the formative and evolutionary processes governing the Web.

We are not referring here to the orientation of the extrinsic rotation axis—Dark Spin—as previously discussed in relation to the chirality of extrinsic rotation, Dark Charge within the Web. Extrinsic rotation carries substantial relevance for the dynamic processes of the Web and the interactions between its components.

What I want to address here is the intrinsic rotation of the structures composing the Cosmic Web, which manifest as magnetic phenomena. These phenomena involve both active and passive contributions from the magnetic properties of Ordinary Matter structures inhabiting many Dark Structures—excluding, of course, the large voids, which, as noted, either do not contain Ordinary Matter or contain only minimal traces.

Just as with Particles, the immensely larger Vortex-type Dark InfoStructures exhibit a foundational characteristic often considered the source of magnetic phenomena: the spatial correlation in the orientation of rotation axes of event points within the region of the Elementary Field that moment-by-moment sustains the Existence and Essence / Form of these Structures. In terms of Elementary Field dynamics and Elementary Action, this aspect is termed Rotation:AxisOrientation. This is the root of Spin—both for InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter / Energy.

Thus, beyond extrinsic rotation—the rotation of cosmic structures as unities, especially large voids, which is key to kinetic and mechanical processes and component interactions in the Web—there exists an intrinsic rotation dimension encapsulated by the concept of Dark Spin, comprising two complementary parameters: chirality and axis orientation. I note that both extrinsic and especially intrinsic rotation can, due to the extensive Space-time domains involved, exhibit what I have called "polydynamism", allowing different internal and/or external dynamic processes to co-exist within a single structure. This is analogous to behavior in quantum objects like Particles—what we may term "superposition" of different multiple quantum "states", or better, different multiple "dynamics".

Our focus here is on intrinsic rotation—not Dark Spin as the rotation of the entire structure, but Spin in the context of Vortex-type Structures constituting Ordinary Matter, namely Particles. This Spin pertains not to the rotation of the Particle as a solid unified body, but to the Rotation (as a component of Elementary Action) of each event point in the region of the Elementary Field that continuously sustains the Existence and Essence / Form of the Particle. The correlation of the Elementary Action Component I call Rotation:AxisOrientation across event points in the Elementary Field forms the basis—alongside Particle shape—of its Spin and associated magnetic phenomena.

Dark bubbles, across all dimensional scales—from the most expansive and rarefied to the smallest and densest (such as those that host galaxies, complete with Dark Halos and embedded structures composed of Ordinary Matter)—can display patterns of correlation that generate magnetic fields of varying intensity and irregular morphology. Due to the inherently low densities of negative and positive Mass characterizing Dark Matter / Dark Energy within these bubbles, it stands to reason that the strength of such correlations is not especially high, and thus the resulting magnetic fields may be weak. Yet, given the sheer spatial scale involved, the impact of these fields could still be quite significant.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion

Exposed—immersed—in a magnetic field (correlation of the orientation of the rotation axis of the event points of the Elementary Field surrounding a Particle or a Dark Structure with non-zero Spin), the Spin of both a particle and a Dark bubble / Halo (correlation of the orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field that time by time support such Structure, both for a Particle and a Dark Structure—both Vortex-type InfoStructures) tends to reorient itself in Space (all event points supporting the Structure undergo an "intrinsic" rotation) so as to minimize total Action. parallel orientation of the spin in the Field and the Spin of the observed Structure) or repulsion (in the opposite case of antiparallel orientation).

If the Structure is constrained by interactions with the Field and/or other Structures, the reorientation may lead to a parallel or antiparallel alignment. These conditions generate interactions in which magnetic forces manifest as either attraction (parallel orientation between the Field's Spin and the Structure's Spin) or repulsion (antiparallel orientation).

In the intricate environment of the Cosmic Web, magnetic attraction and repulsion arise from interactions between magnetic fields (magnetic field = structured Elementary Field, observed through the lens of correlated Rotation axis orientations associated with the Megastructures that comprise it).

These magnetic fields, by producing attraction / repulsion, influence both the Dark Structures of the Cosmic Web and the Ordinary Matter Structures—specifically, the Particles of Ordinary (visible) Matter possessing Spin.

Charged particles spiraling along magnetic field lines can emit synchrotron radiation, observable via radio telescopes. These emissions—along with rotation measurements tracking how magnetic fields influence light—help researchers map the strength and configuration of magnetism in the Web, and both intrinsic and extrinsic rotation of the involved Dark Structures.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion also play a decisive role in the formation and evolution of galaxies, through mechanisms that regulate star formation (influencing gravitational collapse of gas and dust), shape galactic morphology (in spiral galaxies, magnetic fields often align with the spiral arms), and direct galactic winds and outflows (which can remove star-forming gas and dust, affecting chemical composition and metallicity). Intergalactic magnetic fields also structure the environments in which galaxies evolve and guide flows of gas and dust in Web components such as sheets, filaments, and nodes. Rotational dynamics of galaxies—and the behavior of charged Particles, atoms, and molecules within them—can amplify weak magnetic fields, further energizing surrounding ionized gas in feedback loops that reinforce and preserve the magnetic architecture of galaxies and clusters.

A little more about these cosmic magnetic generators. Galaxies—through their motions of conductive substances / fluids / plasma—generate and sustain magnetic fields (similar to a dynamo effect), converting kinetic energy into magnetic energy within the turbulent and chaotic currents of the dark environment that permeates the Cosmic Web. But, as previously emphasized, it is not solely the vortical movements of ionized gas that generate and amplify the magnetic fields of the Web's Structures. The Dark Structures themselves—through mechanisms that correlate the orientation of intrinsic rotation axes of the event points of the Field supporting them—also produce magnetic fields (less intense, but extremely widespread and persistent).

These magnetic fields—both those generated by Ordinary Matter Structures (intense and spatially concentrated), and those linked to the dynamics of Dark Matter / Dark Energy InfoStructures (weaker, rarefied, but vast in extension)—are further shaped by kinetic inhomogeneities in cosmic dynamics, such as differential rotation and helical turbulence. Broad, coherent magnetic fields can endure for billions of years, continually influencing the Cosmic Web's evolution, its Components, galaxies, and interactions among Dark and Ordinary Structures. Collisions and mergers—whether between galaxies or larger Web structures—can dramatically reconfigure these fields, which, over extended timescales, may reconstruct and reorient themselves from the residual magnetism of past configurations.

Electromagnetic interactions

Electromagnetic interactions are believed to be one of the four fundamental forces of nature and govern how electrically charged particles engage with one another. These interactions arise from the union of electric forces (acting between stationary charges) and magnetic forces (between moving charges), and are mediated by electromagnetic waves—Wave-type InfoStructures, subtype "Multi-cycles"—and by photons, commonly referred to as "light particles", which are Wave-type InfoStructures, subtype "Single-cycle". Multi or single cycle depends on the nature of the phenomenon that triggers their emission. Electromagnetic waves / photons are understood to consist of electric and magnetic fields oscillating together, forming structures we see as light, radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays—propagating at light speed and described by Maxwell's equations.

Returning to the Cosmic Web, numerous phenomena embody electromagnetic interactions in various forms. Indeed, our understanding of the cosmos is almost entirely shaped by electromagnetic interactions—through both the emission of electromagnetic messengers (light, X-rays, etc.) and their detection, analysis, and interpretation. We ourselves are electromagnetic systems: our existence, life, and perception of Reality mainly rely on electromagnetic interactions. Among the most significant phenomena and structures we can identify:

• plasma and magnetic fields: the intergalactic medium contains ionized gas (low density plasma), which interacts with magnetic fields—amplified by shocks due to structure formation and turbulence driven by Matter flows along filaments, as well as by the configuration and dynamics of large cosmic structures. These interactions can lead to synchrotron radiation, observable in radio wavelengths,
• radio and X-ray emissions: radio telescopes capture synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons spiraling through magnetic fields. X-ray instruments detect hot gas in filaments and cluster edges—often energized by shocks and mergers—revealing emissions that help map the otherwise elusive cosmic web,
• non-thermal energy conversion: when gas and dark matter accumulate in filaments and clusters, kinetic energy transforms into non-thermal energy (e.g., cosmic rays, magnetic fields).

All these mechanisms—and many others—are essential for deciphering the energy budget of the Universe. Standard Dark Matter appears not to engage in electromagnetic interactions. However, this view stems from a limited grasp of these phenomena's underlying nature—a gap this work, even in its introductory scope, seeks to narrow. In light of the hypotheses advanced here concerning the Matter and Energy of both Dark / invisible and Ordinary / visible domains—and the InfoStructures that shape their forms and behaviors—it becomes evident that electromagnetic interactions between these dual facets of Reality must be affected by vast disparities in spatial scale, temporal evolution, and intensities / densities of Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin.

A photon emitted during an electron's energy level transition within an atom—occurring within minuscule space and infinitesimal time—will possess an extremely short wavelength and a high action potential density. Conversely, a photon (still a Single-cycle Wave) released during the deceleration of a galactic bubble—bearing intrinsic chirality (akin to an electron's electric charge, though vastly lower in density)—in collision with another bubble, will exhibit an exceptionally long wavelength and very low action potential density. What does this difference imply? A near-zero interaction. The photon emerging from Dark InfoStructure dynamics (one might call it a dark photon—but to avoid confusion with speculative constructs in contemporary conventional physics, this term is best used with caution) will exert only minute effects on Ordinary InfoStructures, and vice versa.

Let's now consider some forms of electromagnetic interaction that carry notable cosmological weight.

Dispersion

Dispersion occurs when radio waves from distant sources such as Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) traverse ionized gas within the Cosmic Web. Electromagnetic interactions between free electrons and radio waves cause lower frequencies to slow more than higher ones. This phenomenon is quantified as the Dispersion Measure (DM), which enables tracking of electron density along the line of sight. The majority of dispersion arises from filaments in the Cosmic Web, revealing the locations of the Universe's "missing baryons". Studying dispersion provides insights into the Universe's large-scale structure and its plasma and magnetic field characteristics.

Ionization

The conventional narrative holds that after the Big Bang, the universe cooled, allowing neutral hydrogen to form—only to be later reionized in a process termed reionization. This reionization is thought to have been driven by ultraviolet radiation emitted by the earliest stars and galaxies, which stripped electrons from hydrogen atoms. The filaments of the Cosmic Web are rich in ionized gas (plasma), particularly in regions energized by shock waves, star formation, and AGN activity. This ionized gas alters the propagation of light through space, affecting scattering and Faraday rotation measurements of radio waves. Investigating ionization helps locate missing baryons and reconstruct the thermal and magnetic history of the cosmos.

Let's consider a different view. In the interstitial regions between large cosmic voids, mechanical interactions—fueled by friction between Dark Energy shells—initiate and sustain the formation of Ordinary Matter in the form of elementary Particles (leptons), with high temperatures and intense kinetic energy. These Particles are accelerated both by the kinetic forces that birthed them and by the pervasive magnetic fields threading the Cosmic Web. Accelerating these light Particles acquire Mass, and through collisions with other Particles—or other Matter already present in the Web—evolve into more massive and complex structures—turbulent clumps of Ordinary Matter such as quarks, the constituents of protons. These are the first ionized atomic nuclei, which eventually capture electrons, neutralize themselves, and under favorable conditions aggregate into diatomic molecules of neutral hydrogen—the star-forming fuel of galaxies.

These two visions, the conventional perspective and the alternative presented in this work diverge profoundly in concept—the process that gives rise to ionized gas is essentially inverted. Or at the very least, the phenomenology underlying its cosmic presence is starkly different. In the Standard Model of Cosmology: Big Bang, production of ionized hydrogen atoms, followed by neutralization by electron capture and then reionization. In my alternative scenario: continuous particle production, accelerated motion, and high-energy collisions give rise to increasingly complex and massive particles, forming protons and ionized hydrogen nuclei. These later capture slower-moving electrons to become neutral atoms. The sequence is more direct, more linear, more logical—a clearer evolutionary trajectory.

Heating

When addressing heating in cosmological contexts—within the System of Knowledge I propose—we must contemplate Reality on multiple levels. At the most fundamental, and in alignment with the Principle of Equivalence, the emergence of inhomogeneity in Elementary Field dynamics may be interpreted as a process of gradual elemental heating driven by the incessant Action of the Force upon the Field. This results in the progressive emergence of InfoStructures in the Field, both Dark and Ordinary, bearing Fundamental Physical Quantities, multifaceted Energy profiles, and interactions.

At the Elementary Field level, this structuring unfolds as a differential emergence of regions defined by higher or lower Elementary Action, especially for the Perturbation Component. The Mass of Structures—positive or negative—can be portrayed as variations in the flow rate of Time, the velocity of Causality / Action / Information propagation, and ultimately, as a variation in the Field's temperature, reflecting the temporal distributions of spatial fluctuations resonating near the Planck scale. A choreography of elementary events arranged through Time and structured in Space. A dynamism that ascends progressively from the elementary to the more complex levels of Reality.

This dynamism engages both Dark and Ordinary Structures. Thus we observe a temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (the Universe's average temperature), of the components that constitute it (voids, walls / sheets, filaments, nodes), and of the entities populating it (particles, gas and dust, stars, planets, black holes, galaxies, etc.), and so on, in an infinite chain down to the deepest levels, to the Planck scale and beyond. Each level of Reality, each level of Complexity, has its own thermodynamics, made up of cosmic megastructures, galaxies, molecules and atoms, Particles, up to the thermodynamics of Elementary Events, which I have called the Dynamics of Elementary Action.

Regarding the Cosmic Web's intrinsic temperature (either globally or across vast regions), my hypothesis suggests a trend of progressive heating. Interpreted differently, this trend manifests as: increasing average Time flow rate (observed as accelerated cosmic expansion), heightened propagation speed (perceived as redshift, the rationale behind hypothesizing expansion), enriched complexity in Field structuring, and a growing presence of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Ordinary Matter with its dual nature of negative and positive Mass.

Within the Cosmic Web's dark components, this heating may be envisioned as a subtle (but vast-scale and time-stretched) thermal agitation of Dark Structures, or as increased differentiation and density within these Structures. They compact, condense, multiply, and compress within finite Space—therefore, heat up, like a gas compressed to a restricted volume.

Heating mechanisms affecting Ordinary Matter Structures are well-established. Key phenomena include:

• gas falling into filaments, nodes, and galactic bubbles, heated by gravity and shock waves—migrating inward to galactic centers, recycled through progressive stellar births, evolution and deaths,
• nuclear fusion in stars, converting gravitational energy into kinetic energy (heat)—partly counteracting gravity and partly radiated outward,
• supernovae and black holes, injecting energy and elevating gas temperatures,
• relativistic jets, galactic fountains, etc.,
• collisions and mergers between clusters, groups, galaxies.

Temperature, combined with the surrounding medium's density, determines the modes and pathways through which cosmic structures form, evolve, and birth stars within galaxies.

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

This analytical approach, this methodology, is extremely complex and demanding, especially when applied to a structure as intricate and "universal" as the Cosmic Web. I will limit myself to a few brief notes, with the intent of offering additional insight into this method—which involves the description and quantification of contributions to the Existence and Essence / Form of a structure or object in terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities and related phenomena, as synthetic expressions of the contributions from the Modes / Components of the Elementary Action.

Metric (correlations of Perturbation of the point events of the Elementary Field)

As discussed, around the Planck scale, infinitesimal fluctuations in spatial distances—and their temporal distributions—represent the most fundamental expression of Existence. At scales vastly larger than the Planck length, even many orders of magnitude below subatomic Particle sizes, spatial curvature is effectively zero. Across these microscopic to cosmological scales—up to the entire infinite Universe—Space remains absolutely flat, even within black holes, where Mass density reaches extraordinarily high (yet finite) values. What is commonly referred to as Space-time curvature, observable through phenomena like gravitational lensing, is actually attributable entirely to Time curvature. This deformation in the local metric—whether slight or substantial—gives rise to metric phenomena and, through its "structural" counterpart, Mass, generates gravitational phenomena. Metric and Mass emerge as complementary manifestations resulting from inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of Elementary Action, in the Mode / Component identified as Perturbation.

How can we visualize the Space-time Metric—more accurately, its temporal component—across the Cosmic Web? This vast system, composed of countless cosmic megastructures, functions as the pattern of organization of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, and of Elementary Action in its Components across universal spatial and temporal distances. Following the equivalence: "Curvature of the Metric" ≡ "density of Mass" ≡ "inhomogeneity in the rate of time flow".

Ideally, this implies that to measure Mass, one needs a clock—not a balance. More precisely, a network of clocks. Similarly, to gauge the curvature of Space-time—essentially the same phenomenon—one must interpret Metric as the temporal curvature "of" the Field, and Mass as the temporal curvature associated with (or represented by) an InfoStructure "within" the Field, in the region that time by time supports its Existence and the Essence / Form.

Therefore, observing a portion of the Universe from the standpoint of Metric—that is, from the point of view of the "correlations of Perturbation" of the event points in such portion of the Elementary Field, immersed in a vast turbulence that embraces an immense number of orders of magnitude—we would discern:

• immense vortical structures (Dark Halos / bubbles forming voids and supervoids), with cores exhibiting lower-than-average Perturbation values (universal or "local", spanning billions of light-years), or negative Mass, negative temporal Metric curvature, slower-than-average time flow rates, and peripheral shells with positive Perturbation (positive Mass, positive curvature, faster-than-average time flow). The density profile of Mass—and thus Metric curvature—is smoother in larger voids. So, we observe a slight negative Mass density (Dark Matter, attractive) in the core, and a slight positive Mass density (Dark Energy, repulsive) in the shell. The compressive dynamics of the Cosmic Web can distort this profile. Especially in external shell regions, Dark Energy may intensify, steepening the positive Mass density due to compression from inter-void friction. This behavior supports the compaction of smaller dark bubbles—including galactic bubbles—within tighter spaces, the so-called interstitial regions, where sheets / walls and filaments channel matter, bodies, and galaxies toward the nodes, which accumulate Dark bubbles and Ordinary Matter structures within clusters and superclusters,
• denser interstitial zones, exhibiting sharper, steeper Metric curvature profiles—primarily of positive Mass (Dark Energy)—and containing smaller, denser Dark Structures with intensified Metric curvature,
• also embedded in this positively curved turbulence, dark bubbles of increasingly smaller scale and higher density / curvature, where time flows more slowly—representing the dark galactic Halos,
• within these galactic bubbles, immersed in further vortical turbulence and hosting dark substructures with Ordinary Matter counterparts (bulge, arms, etc.), a stellar sea—stars grouped in clusters of varying population and density, embedded in galactic structures of diverse organization, wandering intragalactically, or ejected into extragalactic realms by specific gravitational phenomena.

Mass (correlations of Perturbation of the point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

For Mass, the considerations made for the Metric still apply. Here is a brief additional note. Since all is turbulence—and the visible structures are embedded within this dark turbulence which hosts, nurtures, and governs the genesis, evolution and distribution of Ordinary Matter—the cosmic structures we observe or infer are Vortices, Waves, and other exotic forms within a grand turbulent continuum. Chaos reigns, and the visible organization of Forms across the Universe arises from cosmic-scale expressions of chaos-order Processes.

With regard to dark bubbles—spanning from immense voids down to structures enclosing planetary systems—one guiding principle emerges: In the absence of compressive forces capable of altering the Mass density (negative / positive) or the Metric curvature profile, the larger the spatial extension of a dark bubble, the lower its density and curvature. And vice versa.

Motion (correlations of Translation of point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

Motion—and its origin within the Dynamics of Elementary Action, specifically in its Component called Translation—is omnipresent. Chaotic, turbulent motion and ordered, coordinated motion. Motion at all levels of Reality, across every scale of magnitude. Motion within motion, nested in hierarchical layers of rising Complexity. Motion that evolves—and causes everything to evolve.

Translation manifests at the most elementary level through infinitesimal spatial variations resonating around the Planck scale. Motion gradually self-organizes into "turbulent" flows that begin to exhibit nascent regularity, order, and structure. Complexity emerges progressively within increasingly vast bubbles—expanding in a Universe initially void of macroscopic formations. A Cosmos populated by ever-new bubbles of intangible Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Bubbles that move, expand, interact—with dynamics that sometimes synchronize, sometimes conflict.

Through compression and friction, ever-increasingly tiny bubbles and Vortices emerge, moving swiftly, colliding and amalgamating into increasingly dense, structured clumps of Ordinary Matter—into atoms and molecules. Ordinary Matter immersed in turbulent Dark Structures that influence its motion—shaped, driven, and aggregated through multidimensional influences. Motion arising from gravitational phenomena and the associated derived forces. Motion stemming from electric and magnetic interactions and the involved electromagnetic forces. And further still, motion driven by nuclear forces and more complex levels of interaction. Motion that converges and concentrates. Motion that disperses. Motion across both the dark and visible components of the Cosmic Web. Motion of its constituents. Motion of the Web itself—and of the entire Universe within the infinite and eternal Elementary Field.

- Potential Motion - Gravitational Potential Energy (combination of Metric and Mass — correlations of Translation in the Elementary Field produced by the correlation of Perturbation representing the Mass of one or more InfoStructures in the Field)

Potential Motion is a curious notion—seemingly contradictory. Yet it can be viewed as the capacity to generate acceleration on InfoStructures embedded in the Elementary Field, or—more traditionally—on a body in Spacetime (e.g. gravitational acceleration as derived from gravitational potential energy). An analogous form of potential Motion arises from electric and magnetic fields via attraction and repulsion produced by charges and magnets. And again—within atomic nuclei and nucleons—via nuclear forces.

It always involves Translation correlation within a Field region, induced by the presence of a Vortex-type InfoStructure. Within the Dynamics of the Elementary Field, potential Motion may be seen as a reorientation (more or less intense) of the directional correlations of elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) resonating around the Planck scale. The stronger the spatial orientation correlation in a Field region, the greater the Potential Motion—that is, the power of acceleration experienced by any InfoStructure (test Structure) present therein. The Field's Translation correlation interacts with that of the Structure (expressing its inertial Motion and kinetic Energy), leading to a progressive increase. The longer the interaction persists, the greater the transfer of Translation correlation from the Field to the Structure within the Field—growing with the square of Time.

Throughout the Cosmic Web, within Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures—both elementary and complex—potential Motion pervades. Present at every scale:

• small (planets and stars, and their constituent materials, substances and objects),
• medium-small (galaxies and substructures),
• medium (groups and smaller clusters),
• medium-large (clusters and superclusters),
• large and vast (voids and giant voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes).

Gravitational potential Motion (acceleration) dominates most scales. Next comes potential Motion from magnetic interactions—within and between galaxies, and across cluster regions. On microscopic scales, gravity's role wanes as potential Motion arises instead from electric, magnetic, and nuclear forces in the tightest spaces.

- Effective Motion - Speed / Velocity (translational motions and extrinsic rotational motion)

Effective Motion describes the actual motion of an InfoStructure (whether Wave or Vortex) in the Elementary Field. From the perspective of Elementary Events, effective Motion manifests as a non-zero correlation in the orientation of spatial fluctuations within the Field region that supports the Structure's Existence and Essence / Form. This orientation pattern shifts within the Field as the InfoStructure moves within it, interacting with the different patterns correlation present in the Field due to other InfoStructures .

A Structure's Effective Motion is inertial when no Translation correlation exists within the Field region it traverses. However, if such Translation correlation does exist (e.g. gravitational potential, gravitational acceleration), the Structure undergoes accelerated Motion—as Translation correlation from the Field progressively transfers to the Structure.

Effective inertial and accelerated motion is omnipresent in the Cosmic Web, within both Dark and Ordinary components. Observational data confirms that everything in the Universe is in Motion and the entire Universe is in perpetual Motion. At every level of complexity, across all magnitudes: from rapid, chaotic and unpredictable motion of elementary Particles, to slow and majestic motion of massive cosmic megastructures, and in between the semi-predictable drift of galaxies through sheets and filaments, and the coordinated migration of galaxies within groups and clusters. And more, the stellar, gaseous, and dusty flows in galactic and intergalactic domains. All this in infinite different forms, all due to the correlation of the Translation Component.

Velocity—or speed, understood as the magnitude of the velocity vector—is a fundamental quantity in characterizing effective Motion. Alongside it stands acceleration—the change in velocity over time. From the standpoint of Elementary Action Dynamics, velocity corresponds to the intensity of spatial orientation correlation in Translation. Higher correlation density in an infinitesimal Field volume supporting a portion of a moving Structure results in greater speed of that portion. If all infinitesimal regions support equal correlation intensity, the Structure undergoes linear Motion (uniform if no potential Motion is present; otherwise, accelerated). Divergent correlation intensities across Structure regions lead to rotational Motion (extrinsic, as seen in rigid bodies), or even more intricate dynamical forms.

The Cosmic Web hosts an immense spectrum of velocities:

• from the propagation of Ordinary Radiation (electromagnetic waves and photons), dark radiation (gravitational waves)—at the ultimate velocity limit of Causality / Action / Information in the Elementary Field,
• down to human-scale motions,
• and slower still, the movement of colossal Web structures (not the contents within—substances, objects, or embedded structures—but the motion of the containers themselves, of the components of the Web's structure).

- Effective Motion - Kinetic Energy (translational motions and extrinsic rotational motion)

Another quantity through which effective Motion may be described is kinetic Energy. This quantity is computed—and possesses distinct nature depending on the type of InfoStructure: Waves or Vortices. Within Waves, as previously highlighted, we identify two subtypes: multicycle Waves (e.g. electromagnetic waves as radio waves—emitted by periodic phenomena such as charge oscillation in conductors or antennas) and single-cycle Waves (e.g. photons, light quanta—emitted by non-periodic phenomena such as an electron's transition between atomic energy levels, known as quantum jumps). Within Vortices, we observe primary subtypes: elementary Vortices (particles like leptons—electrons, positrons, muons, tauons) and composite Vortices (hadrons—mesons and baryons, such as protons and neutrons composed of quarks).

For Waves, characterized by zero Mass (null Perturbation) and velocities equal to the propagation speed limit in the Elementary Field, kinetic Energy is governed not only by the Planck constant but also by their period (rather than frequency). Period—the duration of a cycle—is appropriate even for non-periodic events, where frequency lacks physical meaning. A fundamentally temporal quantity, therefore.

For Vortices, bearing non-zero Mass (non-zero Perturbation) and velocities below the propagation speed limit of the Elementary Field, kinetic Energy—beyond the classical factor of half the square of the velocity and the relativistic Lorentz gamma factor—is also shaped by the Structure's Mass. By the Principle of General Equivalence, Mass corresponds to the deformation of the Time Metric. Here as well, kinetic Energy is encoded as a temporal quantity.

In Vortex-type InfoStructures, kinetic Energy—a form of correlation among inhomogeneities within the Elementary Field—involves not only the Translation component of Elementary Action (the spatial orientation of elementary fluctuations), but also Perturbation (the correlation intensity among inhomogeneities in temporal distributions of fluctuations resonating near the Planck scale).

As with Mass and other Fundamental Physical Quantities, the distribution of kinetic Energy across the Cosmic Web reveals immense complexity. Multiple levels of Reality and Complexity. Infinite degrees of structural nesting, in coexisting domains—Dark and Ordinary. Turbulence everywhere. Everything in Motion.

Charge (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field - "Chirality" of Dark Vortex Structures and "Charge" of Ordinary / visible Vortex Structures)

In the Universe—and thus in the Cosmic Web, its large-scale structure—within whose components reside all medium and small-scale structures, including the microscopic ones that constitute the building blocks of Ordinary Matter, wherever there is turbulence and, above all, wherever there are Vortices, we find Chirality, which is one of their fundamental characteristics. The intrinsic / extrinsic rotational orientation of Vortex-type Structures plays a critical role in their interaction dynamics. The concordance or discordance of Chirality among these Structures influences whether they attract or repel, and underlies phenomena such as friction, among others. In Dark Structures, this quantity is called Chirality; whereas in Ordinary Matter, we identify it as Charge—placing it at the foundation of electrical phenomena.

It is self-evident that in the Dark Cosmic Web, among its components, everything exhibiting extrinsic rotation possesses Chirality. This refers primarily to elements showing Vortex configurations, such as dark bubbles—voids and giant voids. The Chirality of these voids is fundamental to compression and friction phenomena that can initiate and sustain the processes forming Ordinary Matter. Then there are the nodes—components nestled within the compressed interstitial spaces between major voids—which can express "dirty," multifaceted, partial, or even polychiral Chirality. Even filaments, shaped like tunnels or two-dimensional Vortices in three-dimensional space, may manifest a unique form of Chirality.

Furthermore, within the Web's architecture, we observe dark bubbles of varying dimensions, including galactic bubbles, whose Chirality is pivotal in governing interactions and, more broadly, the extra- and intra-galactic dynamics. The evident asymmetry in Chirality—favoring one rotational direction over its opposite—suggests an evolutionary backdrop wherein Chirality stood as a decisive factor, alongside spatial extension, Mass density, Spin alignment, and the orientation of the axis of vorticity in these dark bubbles.

And finally, transitioning to the visible side of the Universe, into the realm of Ordinary Matter, where gravity, descending through dimensional levels, becomes increasingly marginal, Charge emerges with crucial and growing relevance in directing the attractive and repulsive mechanisms that organize elementary structures—the constituents of atoms and molecules that shape the Forms populating the visible Universe.

Spin (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

Like Chirality and Charge, Spin—the spatial orientation of the (intrinsic and/or extrinsic) rotation axis of the vorticity of Vortex-type InfoStructures—is ubiquitously present across all scales, from the vast cosmic formations to the atomic and subatomic realms, as well as in all structural organizations of the Elementary Field. Concordance or discordance of Spin between interacting Structures is critical, as it influences their attraction or repulsion—reminiscent of the subtle dynamics we observe when manipulating two small magnets.

At the level of Dark Structures, Spin mainly refers to the extrinsic rotation of an entire structure or its prominent portions. Let us recall that Vortex-type InfoStructures often exhibit a property I previously termed "polydynamicity" (produced by the phenomenon of "polydynamism")—introduced and detailed in the preceding chapter on Structures of Information.

At the level of Ordinary Structures (Particles), Spin properly refers to intrinsic rotation—the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component of Elementary Action expressed by each event-point within the localized region of the Elementary Field that temporarily supports the Existence and Essence/Form of the Particle. This concept does not involve any extrinsic rotation of the overall Structure.

Within the Dark Cosmic Web, Spin—especially in the large bubbles of Dark Matter / Energy—operates alongside Chirality to profoundly shape the dynamics and interactions of these structures, including friction phenomena. These processes can produce the formation, aggregation, and ongoing evolution of both dark and visible structures throughout the Universe.

Put simply, magnetic phenomena permeate everything: in Dark Structures—though elusive to direct observation—and in Ordinary Matter, in the realm of visible structures—in the extra- and intra-galactic domains—where continued observational advances increasingly highlight the decisive role of magnetism in the evolution of the Universe's constituents. Magnetism and gravity are the two cosmic sculptors. To evoke a mystical metaphor: gravity and magnetism could be considered the two arms of God, ever engaged in the ceaseless crafting of the Universe.

Complex physical quantities and phenomena (complex organizations of the correlations of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, here I consider only the quantities associated with nuclear phenomena)

Unlike the Fundamental Physical Quantities arising from Information/Energy and the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Complex Physical Quantities and Phenomena—especially those concerning nuclear interactions—represent complex organizations of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, observable in the cosmos solely within the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter, namely Particles.

Their distribution in the Cosmic Web is therefore confined to the Ordinary Matter Structures that populate its components. This includes, in particular, Particles generated through the formation processes of Ordinary Matter—which occur in regions marked by compression and friction within vast Dark Structures; the atoms and molecules forming the gas and dust found throughout the interstitial zones of the Web; and the celestial bodies, formations, and systems we observe, such as galaxies, stars, and planets.

This is an aspect of the nature and dynamics of Energy and Matter that is more concentrated and intense than that of the Dark Structures, whose expressions are more diffusely spread across Space and Time, and comparatively less concentrated and energetic.

In conclusion

The Cosmic Web is the Universe, and the Physical Universe is the Cosmic Web. Of course, the Universe is much more, but everything that exists at all scales of size and compression is formed, evolves, moves in the Cosmic Web and its components. It is the stage on which the forces responsible for the Formation of Physical Reality incessantly express themselves, through which Space is organized, Time unfolds, in the incessant occurrence of Elementary Events and the formation of Relations that organize them into Processes, increasingly more durable, extensive and complex.

In my opinion, all the complexity of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web cannot be reduced to a few, universal, cosmological parameters. We must look at the local dynamics, the structures involved, the forces expressed, the reactions produced. I understand that this approach may be disappointing and disheartening for those who are used to going back to the general from the particular, who aspire to formulate laws and calculate universal parameters. But these are well hidden under locally complex dynamics, at the cosmological level even more than in the depths of the quanta, and beyond, where everything appears more standardized, even if so weird.

Here too, in my opinion, the key is to combine the general synthetic vision with the analytical observation of the details, to overcome the dogmas and approach with an open mind, free from preconceptions. We cannot reach the understanding of the most elementary levels of Reality, if we do not understand the more complex ones, if we do not carry this complexity with us, if we do not understand how these complex levels are formed through the elementary dynamics. A difficult and arduous task. But fascinating and challenging.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"