Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Cosmic megastructures"

Latest revision as of 17:43, 9 March 2026

Cosmic megastructures are the largest known formations in the Universe, spanning billions of light-years and shaping the fabric of the cosmos at the grandest scales. These vast formations comprise galaxies, galaxy clusters, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy—interwoven into a colossal cosmic web of voids, sheets and walls, filaments, and nodes, hosting galaxies, clusters and superclusters.

As our technological vision deepens and reaches further into the darkness of the Universe, we uncover ever more diverse, massive, and intricate megastructures. The cosmological principle begins to falter; uniformity and homogeneity appear to demand ever-expanding realms of Space to manifest themselves—and with them, Time itself. The estimated age of the Universe, as proposed by the Big Bang model, seems increasingly insufficient to account for the complexity of what we observe, especially in ancient times.

Cosmic megastructures can be classified by scale, composition, and formation processes. Here's a structured classification:

• Galactic megastructures
  • Galaxy groups: small assemblies of galaxies bound by gravity
  • Galaxy clusters: turbulent structures consisting of hundreds or thousands of galaxies gravitationally bound within enormous Dark Matter / Dark Energy halos that also contain vast reservoirs of hot intracluster gas
  • Superclusters: massive formations composed of multiple galaxy clusters arranged across vast distances
• Large-Scale cosmic structures
  • The Cosmic Web: the overarching large-scale structure of the Universe, composed of interconnected filaments of galaxies and intergalactic gas stretching over billions of light-years
    • Voids: immense, seemingly empty regions sparsely populated by galaxies (though not truly empty, as they consist primarily of Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
    • Galactic walls or sheets: vast planar aggregations of galaxies
    • Cosmic filaments: vast, elongated, and—according to some models—rotating structures that interconnect galaxies and galaxy clusters across the Universe. These immense formations are composed of Dark Matter, intergalactic gas, and galaxies, often exhibiting a notably high density of galactic content along their length. They serve as cosmic highways, channeling matter and galaxies from their regions of origin toward the dense nodes of the Cosmic Web.
    • Cosmic nodes: dense intersection zones within the Cosmic Web, where multiple filaments converge. These regions rank among the most massive and dynamically evolved, often hosting rich galaxy clusters and superclusters
• Extreme megastructures
  • Giant voids or Supervoids: vast regions with a markedly reduced density of galaxies
  • Large quasar groups (LQGs): enormous formations comprising dozens or hundreds of quasars
  • Gamma-ray burst structures: ultra-large cosmic regions identified by gamma-ray bursts, suggesting coordinated underlying structures

These structures define the Universe's large-scale organization, governing cosmic evolution and the distribution of Matter across Space and Time.

As stated in the previous section, Dark Matter Halos are not merely "invisible structures surrounding galaxies," but are instead "integral structural components" of the galaxies themselves. These halos play a vital role in shaping galactic formation and kinematics. Frequently, we mistake the visible portion of a galaxy for the entire entity, whereas the true structure comprises a vast and invisible Dark Halo—composed of:

• Dark Matter—the inner core characterized by negative Mass, negative Perturbation value, and lower-than-average flow rate of Time,
• Dark Energy—the external shell (still part of the Dark Halo), marked by positive Mass, positive Perturbation value, and higher-than-average flow rate of Time.

Taken together, the Dark Halo and the embedded structures composed of Ordinary (visible) Matter collectively constitute the full galaxy.

This paradigm applies equally to cosmic structures that group galaxies into gravitationally bound systems—namely, the "clusters of galaxies". These assemblies, through their complex formation histories and both internal and external dynamics, acquire a distinct structural identity and evolve as autonomous entities. In turn, they become the constituent units forming larger and more sophisticated architectures, such as superclusters within cosmic filaments, and nodal intersections that constitute the structure of the Web.

Let's now examine in more detail two of the most essential types of cosmic megastructures, which govern the large-scale—and often turbulent—organization of the Universe, influencing its trajectory of evolution. These are the complementary domains of Voids and the other components of the Cosmic Web, together filling and defining the structure of the entire cosmos.

Voids and Giant voids

Cosmic voids are fundamental components of the Dark Cosmic Web, representing the invisible scaffolding woven by Dark Matter and Dark Energy within the universal Cosmic Web—both visible and invisible.

Typically, a void is described as "a vast empty region in the Universe where galaxies are few or altogether absent." This conventional portrayal reflects the current state of consolidated knowledge regarding the nature, structure, and dynamics of these enigmatic, expansive formations. Void representation itself offers insight into our evolving understanding of the deep cosmic architecture—and thus of the Cosmic Web.

As with galaxies, in this case as well, the dominant role (or exclusive role, in the absence of luminous Matter) is played by the dark components: Dark Matter and Dark Energy. As will be explored more thoroughly in the final section of this chapter, entitled "A brief history of the Universe", cosmic voids—despite their invisibility—are dynamic entities in continuous evolution. They are responsible for shaping the entire universal structure, both its hidden, dark substrate and its visible side: the radiant galaxies with their star systems that punctuate the darkness of the cosmos.

Despite being primordial and fundamental structural elements formed in the distant past (likely extending far beyond the epoch suggested by the standard Big Bang chronology), voids are not highly structured entities. Though dynamically complex and internally turbulent—marked by polydynamics (polydinamism)—they resemble immense elementary particles. They are Dark Vortex-type InfoStructures, structures that rotate slowly and majestically through cosmic space, expanding endlessly within the spatial boundaries imposed by the other surrounding voids and supervoids.

A little reminder on "polydynamism". Here, of course, I am speaking of "dark" or "cosmic" polydynamism. This term—derived from the concept of being polydynamic—refers to the presence of multiple, overlapping, and interacting dynamic Processes within a System, different dynamical domains within the same InfoStructure. It's a way of describing complexity not just in structure, but in motion, transformation, and behavior. Here's a breakdown of what it typically implies:

• Multiplicity of ways of expression of the same force / cause—A polydynamic system is influenced by many simultaneous and coexisting manifestation of the same forces or energies, each contributing to its overall evolution.
• Interwoven dynamics—Rather than a single dominant motion or interaction, polydynamism involves layered and often competing dynamics within the same Structure in the different Components of Elementary Action, manifesting as different Fundamental Physical Quantities (Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin) and phenomena (gravitational, kinetic, chiral / electric, magnetic).
• Cross-scale activity—These dynamics can operate at different scales, within the same Structure, and interact vertically across those scales, as well as horizontally in the space occupied by the Structure, in the region of the Elementary Field which from time to time supports the aforementioned Structure.
• Non-linear behavior—Polydynamic systems often exhibit non-linear responses, meaning small changes can lead to complex or unpredictable outcomes.
• Cosmological relevance—In the context of the cosmic structure and dynamics, polydynamism can describe the turbulent, multi-modal behavior of Dark Halos, as cosmic voids, galaxies Halos—where various Processes shape their structure and evolution simultaneously.

The immense centrifugal forces and minimal gravitational pull, due to their low Mass density, propel free Ordinary Matter—such as gas, dust, and even entire galaxies—toward the interstitial zones separating these dark bubbles. These interstitial regions, characterized by a relatively higher Mass density (i.e., denser dark filaments, smaller dark bubbles), possess stronger gravitational attraction. This explains why voids appear largely empty; the sparse Ordinary Matter and the few observable galaxies located within them are present due to intricate dynamical processes tied to the behavior of the Cosmic Web. Under certain circumstances—cluster collisions, galactic interactions, mergers between voids with opposite chirality—substantial entities such as entire galaxies (inclusive of both their dark and luminous constituents) can be pushed into voids, or engulfed by them. Once inside, these galaxies may adopt transient motions or enter equilibrium states, occasionally arranging themselves in curious patterns, like radial alignments or globular aggregations. Following the dissipation of the forces that propelled them inward, these objects are likely to migrate back toward interstitial regions, observed as filaments and nodes within the Cosmic Web.

Being rotational structures, voids possess both intrinsic rotation (expressions of Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, assigned to each point of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports their Existence and Essence / Form) and extrinsic rotation (the motion of the overall structure itself). As such, they exhibit a specific chirality—either left-handed or right-handed. Based on their origination, evolution, and interactions, it is reasonable to anticipate that voids—particularly supervoids—display a statistical preference for one dominant chirality (the same handedness that appears to predominate in galactic rotation directions).

It is not the Universe itself (or better, the entire Space-time) that rotates—as some recent speculative models suggest—but rather its vast constituent structures: the framework underpinning cosmic organization. Past interactions likely favored one chirality over the other through random initial fluctuations, resulting in voids of matching chirality prevailing in successive mergers. Voids with opposite chirality may merge or even mutually annihilate if their size and density are compatible. Conversely, voids of matching chirality tend to repel each other, leading to compression and increased Mass density of the dark structure of the cosmos—thereby intensifying rotational dynamics. This repulsive interaction may offer a foundational and causal explanation for the phenomenon commonly referred to as "cosmic expansion", as well as the process of "Ordinary Matter formation".

Let us now delve into these themes with greater granularity.

Voids in the structure of the Cosmic Web

Classification

Cosmic voids vary in both size and structural features, generally classified into:

• Mini-voids: compact regions with significantly reduced galaxy density, typically spanning tens of millions of light-years
• Standard voids: more expansive, these voids measure 100-200 million light-years across and are frequently observed as part of the cosmic web
• Giant voids: the most immense known voids, stretching across hundreds of millions of light-years, sometimes exceeding 500 million light-years in diameter

Structure

As mentioned above, void regions are not completely empty; they contain sparse galaxies, turbulent Dark Matter sub-structures, and diffuse intergalactic gas. These regions are encased by filaments and clusters that contain the visible components of the Cosmic Web — the immense and intricate network of Matter that shapes the Universe's large-scale structure.

Structure of a cosmic void

Cosmic voids can exhibit almost spherical shapes or, due to their particular dynamics and interaction with surrounding cosmic objects, they can assume deformed shapes. The shape evolves over time, as does the density of Mass, the distribution of Mass within it, the dynamics of the turbulent flows that characterize it, and so on. Naturally, given the vastness of the spatial extension of these objects, the times of their formation and evolution are immense, well beyond that of the evolution of galaxies, which form, aggregate, evolve, merge around them, in an endless dance.

Beyond the shape, which can be more or less spherical or deformed, the structure and nature of cosmic voids is absolutely standard. Ignoring any Ordinary Matter-in the form of gas, dust, etc. or entire galaxies, focusing on the void itself-the structure is quickly said.

The entire immense bubble that appears empty to us is a single Dark Halo, composed of:

• an internal part, the core, formed by Dark Matter, Matter with negative Mass, characterized by a gradient of Perturbation values ​​that shows a negative peak in the central region, with a Mass density profile that degrades towards the center to an extremely modest extent (remember that Dark Halos are extended Structures, with low or very low Mass density),
• an almost spherical boundary (as mentioned, it can also be very deformed) that separates the Dark Matter core from the external shell of dark Energy,
• an external part, precisely, a shell, formed by Dark Matter, Matter with negative Mass, characterized by a gradient of Perturbation values ​​that shows a positive peak at a certain distance from the aforementioned boundary, with a Mass density profile that from the maximum region degrades towards the boundary and towards the outside of the Halo.

For greater clarity, please refer to the images shown here.

The outer shell, due to the greater freedom of redistribution of Dark Energy over volumes vastly exceeding those associated with the core of Dark Matter, tends to exhibit a much more rarefied mass density profile. Its repulsive effects are therefore significantly weaker than the attractive influence exerted by the Dark Matter concentrated in the core of the Dark Halo which represents the bubble we call a "void", precisely.

However, when the dynamics of a given Halo differ from those of surrounding Halos—especially within densely packed, highly structured regions—the resulting intense interactions can favor the compression of the persistent Dark Energy shells. These shells thicken, especially their outer part in the regions of greatest interaction and compression, potentially leading to a marked increase in their repulsive force.

Adding to this phenomenon is the repulsion potentially induced by the concordance of rotational chirality among the Dark Halos that form the Voids involved in the interaction. Similar to the electromagnetic repulsion between same-sign electric charges, this additional repulsion arises not only from mechanical compression, and the relative concentration of Dark Energy, but also from the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic rotational dynamics—a product of their chirality ratios.

This repulsion may be mitigated by the presence of Halos of smaller spatial extent but with greater Mass density. Consider the Dark Halos of galaxies: surrounding the vast Halos that represent the Voids, they may act as lubricating cushions, forming sheets, filaments, nodes (hosting superclusters, clusters, galaxies) and extragalactic turbulent flows—whether linear or torsional in nature.

Formation

In conventional cosmology, voids are believed to originate from primordial density fluctuations in the early Universe—during the nascent phases following the Big Bang and the Inflationary epoch. As matter aggregated into filaments, clusters, and galaxies, the surrounding regions were depleted of Mass, giving rise to vast empty spaces. Over billions of years, gravity would have further deepened these voids.

In the alternative model proposed in this work, I hypothesize that Reality has no age; it has eternally existed, having emerged from Nothing in a timeless formation. Space and Time themselves are here regarded as emergent properties, forming gradually within the prolonged Evolution of the Universe.

The initial Structures—Dark InfoStructures—would have arisen from infinitesimal seeds within the dynamics of the Elementary Field, governed by the Action of the Fundamental Force. Subtle gradients of Elementary Action, expressed through its various Modes / Components, layered within other gradients and shaped by uncertain flows / Waves and turbulent torsions / Vortices, evolved over vast epochs—leading to the formation and expansion of the first Dark Structures.

Ever more expansive vortices, always extremely rarefied, gradually evolve—conquering infinite space. They interact, merge, or annihilate. These increasingly vast and sluggish Vortices rotate upon themselves, permeated by their nascent form, Vortices of currents of Elementary Events, organized by Relations (correlations), stochastic Processes which—within the dimensional Space-time expansion—acquire growing deterministic flavor and consistency.

Such immense Vortices eventually develop into the giant voids that sculpt the profile of the Cosmic Web. Smaller bubbles—still vast by cosmological standards—at the network's nodes serve as the cradles of superclusters. Nested within their turbulent Halos, more compact bubbles give rise to clusters of galaxies. Even smaller vortex bubbles form the Dark Matter/Dark Energy halos that constitute the dark parts of galaxies. And within them, part of the intragalactic turbulence, we can find even smaller vortices, bubbles that lead to the formation of star clusters, and so on in an infinitely nested turbulent structure.

Vortices, bubbles, and halos—of indeterminate geometries, approximate shapes—interwoven and nested, engage in an eternal cosmic ballet that fills all Space and Time. These are shaped by the continuous unfolding of Elementary Events, by the temporal correlations among their distributions, and by the underlying dynamics of the Field propelled by the relentless Action of the Force.

Evolution

Voids tend to grow over time, increasing their spatial extension, owing to the intrinsic tendency of the Elementary Field towards vorticity. The spontaneous turbulence of the Field self-organizes, aggregating and conforming to pre-existing Structures—such as the Voids—which then expand spatially, incorporating increasingly large quantities of Elementary Action into their Form.

Here are some of the most common evolutionary events in the history of cosmic megastructures:

• Expansion and Thickening — This occurs, naturally, if they have free Space in which to expand. When located within regions densely populated by multiple Structures—where turbulence in the interstitial zones may be very high—the tendency to grow clashes with the compressive forces arising from intense interactions between the Dark Halos, especially between their Dark Energy shells. This dynamic, aside from generating robust Ordinary Matter production processes, compels the Halos—particularly the largest ones—to contract in order to mitigate the rising density of Dark Energy (positive Mass, positive Perturbation), towards new balances. This contraction in the spatial extension of rotating objects produces an increase in angular velocity and a greater density of the Dark Matter core, all dynamics contributing to the phenomenon known as "cosmic expansion".
• Fusion — Among the processes that mark Void evolution, fusion is prominent. Smaller voids may merge to form larger ones, or larger voids might be absorbed, reshaping cosmic structures, the Cosmic Web. This fusion can occur when Voids in compressed interaction possess opposite chirality. Only in these conditions—where no repulsion arises from concordant rotation, but instead an attraction from counter-rotation—a partial or total annihilation of the two involved Dark Halos can occur (if dimensions are compatible), or otherwise their fusion. A facilitating or obstructing factor to fusion is also the possible divergence or convergence—i.e., the angular displacement—of the Spin orientation directions of the Dark Structures involved. From the perspective of Information / Energy and the Fundamental Physical Quantities, this can be represented by the ratio between the magnetic fields of the interacting Structures.
• Voidness — Another significant trait is the principle we may call "tendency toward the preservation of voids", or "voidness". This phenomenon comprises two key aspects:
  • The tendency of cosmic objects and structures not to penetrate the Dark Halos we perceive as empty spaces, a tendency manifesting through two cooperative aspects:
    • The difficulty in entering, in interpenetration, driven by various factors—including, in the most crowded regions of the Cosmic Web, a natural barrier formed by external shells of extremely compressed, dense, repulsive Dark Energy; the rotational power of void Halos; the possible concordant chirality; the possible divergence angular divergence in spin orientation among Halos and other possibly entering cosmic structures (e.g., galaxies), etc.
    • The greater gravitational attraction exerted by the Dark Halos of smaller, denser Cosmic Structures located in the interstices between large Voids. These denser Cosmic Structures form the filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web, hosting galaxies often grouped into clusters, superclusters, and other megastructures.
  • The tendency of massive Cosmic Objects and Structures to exit from voids and go towards denser regions of the Cosmic Web. This dynamic is powered by rotational dynamics that override centripetal forces, by the absence of stable gravitational equilibrium positions within voids (which prevents Mass aggregation to form a gravitational nucleus), and by the significant kinetic Energy possessed by Cosmic Objects and Structures that might have been thrust into voids. This same kinetic Energy propels them outward along trajectories blending the linear paths of transit with the rotational motion of the hosting voids.

Dynamics and Interactions

Despite their (seemingly) "empty" nature, large cosmic voids profoundly influence the structure and behavior of the Universe.

We have already discussed above the dynamics and interactions between the gigantic voids that shape the structure of the Cosmic Web. We will revisit the topic in the section "A brief history of the Universe", placing it within the broader evolutionary narrative of the cosmos.

Here, we recall only some fundamental aspects.

Voids are cosmic structures in the form of Dark Halos, composed of Dark Matter (the core, i.e., the internal region of the Halo) and Dark Energy (the external shell of the Halo), which interacts with surrounding cosmic structures. These are Vortex-type InfoStructures, characterized by vast spatial extension, slow rotation and temporal evolution, and low or very low Mass density.

Their internal dynamics, governed by the rotating Dark Matter core, repel cosmic objects that are forced to enter them, pushing them back toward the outer regions and eventually ejecting them, returning them to the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web—filaments and nodes that host less extensive Dark Halos than the voids, such as those of superclusters, clusters, galaxies, gas / dust clouds, etc.

The external dynamics, driven by the rotating Dark Energy shell, which extends the inner Dark Matter core, when compressed against other giant void Halos in crowded zones of the Cosmic Web, triggers significant processes of formation of bubbles of even much smaller scale, such as the Dark Halos that compose galaxies. These nested, swirling turbulences, as their spatial extension diminishes and Mass concentrates, become cradles for increasingly compact cosmic structures and objects like superclusters, clusters, galaxies. Within these galactic bubbles, the turbulent/vortical dynamics replicates itself at increasingly smaller dimensional levels, leading to the formation of sub-structures and cosmic objects/bodies that make up galaxies (e.g., dwarf satellite galaxies, star clusters, stars, etc.)

The interactions between voids—specifically, between their external Dark Energy shells, not only generate additional Dark Matter/Energy structures in increasingly dense and compact Halos, forming a kind of turbulent foam that outlines the Cosmic Web, but also lead to the emergence of Ordinary Matter. This appears in the form of particles, then atoms and molecules of gas, stars, black holes, and more.

Yet the story does not end there. The interaction of these vast empty regions, through the compression of the Structures, especially their Dark Energy shells, gives rise to the phenomenon known as "cosmic expansion". The interaction and aggregation of structures gradually forming and evolving in the Web's interstitial regions (sheets, filaments and nodes), along with the increasingly extensive and complex structuring of Space-time, of the Elementary Field, generate immense thrusts that cause the progressive contraction of the giant voids, accelerating both their intrinsic and extrinsic rotation and thickening.

This contraction—alongside the general thickening of the cosmos due to the continual formation of increasing quantities of Matter (especially Dark Matter, which accounts for the largest share and is more widely distributed, while Ordinary Matter exists in smaller quantities and is more densely concentrated)—balanced by a mirror-image quantity of Dark Energy at a universal (though not local) level, due to its different distribution and concentration in Space—leads to a gradual slowing of the average universal flow of Time.
This process also induces a progressive reduction in the speed limit of propagation of Causality / Action / Information (commonly known as the speed of light in vacuum).
Such effects manifest observationally as a redshift in the detected electromagnetic radiation—one that grows with the increasing distance between the emitter and the observer. This phenomenon, referred to as "cosmic expansion," is thus interpreted as the apparent receding motion of cosmic structures from one another, or, better, as the dilation of the space between objects.

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

Here as well, we seek to analyze what has been illustrated above and to express it in terms of the models proposed in this work—first through the lens of Fundamental Physical Quantities, and subsequently through the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components.

The graphic representations (although imperfect and not proportionally accurate—the analyses are still underway) can serve as a valid example of how I believe the analysis of cosmic objects and structures can / should be conducted using the conceptual tools proposed within the context of this research project.

Let us imagine a well-formed, nearly spherical Giant Void.

We will attempt to graphically depict the radial distributions of the Fundamental Physical Quantities as described in this work—namely: Metric / Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin. Subsequently, we will transition to a representation framed by the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components.

For the sake of simplicity and improved visual clarity, spatial proportions are not always represented faithfully or accurately.

Metrics (correlations of Perturbation of point-events within the Elementary Field) — As previously noted, Space at cosmological distances is absolutely flat (the curvature of Space becomes significant only at scales around the Planck length, or marginally larger). In contrast, temporal curvature reveals a gradient: it exhibits a central minimum (i.e., negative curvature, corresponding to negative Mass of Dark Matter) that gradually diminishes toward the boundary separating the Dark Matter core from the Dark Energy shell, before rising again toward positive values—peaking at a radial distance located between the core-shell interface and the outer boundary of the Void's Dark Halo.
In practice, Voids are far from perfectly spherical: they can undergo significant deformations due to internal dynamics, and especially interactions with other structures of the Cosmic Web in the surrounding region. Consequently, the curvature gradient described is not perfectly uniform or symmetrical. Likewise, the boundaries between the core of Dark Matter and the shell of Dark Energy, as well as the outer edge of the Dark Halo (which constitutes the Cosmic Structure we call the Void), are not perfectly uniform and spherical.

Mass (correlations of Perturbation of point-events that support an InfoStructure within the Elementary Field) — According to the Principle of General Equivalence, the curvature of Space-time—or more precisely, curvature of Time—and the density of Mass (both negative and positive, which compose DM and DE respectively) are fundamentally the same phenomenon. They share a common origin: the inhomogeneity in the spatial distribution of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action referred to here as Perturbation. Hence, what applies to the Metric also applies to Mass. These two quantities represent the same reality viewed from two complementary perspectives—Metric from the standpoint "of" the Elementary Field, and Mass from the perspective of InfoStructures "in" the Field.
The total Mass of a Vortex Structure in the Field is always zero, as its negative and positive components inherently compensate each other. In the case of a void—composed solely of a Dark Halo, devoid of Ordinary Matter—the quantities of Dark Matter and Dark Energy are equal. However, since Dark Matter is confined to the inner region of the Vortex Structure (the core), its density is significantly greater than that of Dark Energy, which resides in the outer region and is free to distribute across vaster volumes—potentially throughout the entire causally connected Universe. This density contrast causes the gravitational attraction exerted by the Dark Matter core toward nearby Matter (e.g. galaxies and clusters in the filaments and nodes adjacent to the void within the Cosmic Web) to overcome the repulsive effect produced by the Dark Energy shell, locally resulting in a net positive gravitational pull.
This situation may reverse. When the outer shell of Dark Energy is even partially compressed by the interaction with other voids, the density of Dark Energy in the compression region can grow to very high levels and overwhelm or at least strongly attenuate the gravitational pull produced by the Dark matter Cores. Gravitational repulsion from the DE shell may dominate over attraction from the DM core—in regions of the Cosmic Web that are densely populated. In such cases, compression of multiple structures along one portion or the entirety of the Dark Halo's boundary causes the DE shell to become highly compressed, potentially reaching a density capable of producing dominant repulsive gravitational forces.
But what does "gravitational attraction or repulsion" mean in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, specifically the Translation Component? Imagine a point in Space situated along the line joining the Mass centers of two Vortex-type InfoStructures (Elementary subtype). For simplicity, consider both Structures as ideal, perfectly spherical. This specific point in Space-time—whose position is "relative" to the centers of Mass of the two Structures—at a given instant will be supported by a particular event-point of the Elementary Field, which possesses its own spontaneous dynamics. This natural behavior—representable by a stochastic process describing the intrinsic dynamics "of" the Elementary Field—is continuously overlaid, instant by instant, by a dynamics that captures the Shape of the Structure(s) present "in" the Field—this can be modeled via one or more (quasi-)deterministic processes.
If we observe this combined stochastic / (quasi-)deterministic behavior from the standpoint of Translation at the chosen event-point, we will detect a degree of order within the chaos. Elementary spatial fluctuations will tend to be preferentially oriented in the direction of attraction for longer intervals than in other directions. To borrow a familiar expression among physicists: spatial-spatial symmetry is broken. Spatial directions at that particular event-point of the Field are no longer equivalent—dynamic inhomogeneity, anisotropy emerges...
Expanding the observation to an infinitesimal, yet non-null neighborhood, we can evaluate the interactions among the dynamics of individual event-points within this tiny region of the Field. We would observe "non-zero correlations between the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations" (Elementary Events), resonating around the Planck scale. With regard to Translation, there would be a directional bias in the fluctuations—favoring the line connecting the two centers of Mass and pointing toward the center exerting greater gravitational influence. A non-zero Translation value in the Elementary Field signifies the physical quantity we define as Potential Motion—commonly termed "acceleration." Any Structure or Form in this region of the Field will experience acceleration toward the source of gravitational pull.
Of course, Reality rarely presents such ideal scenarios. Even for an elementary Vortex Structure, gravitational behavior relative to surrounding regions results from the equilibrium between several contributions—at minimum, those exerted by the Dark Matter core and the Dark Energy shell. The shell, through its repulsive power, effectively acts as a screen on the attraction from the core. Yet under standard, non-compressed conditions—in which Dark Energy is distributed over immense volumes compared to the concentrated Dark Matter in the core—this screening effect remains negligible. It only becomes significant when the Dark Energy shell is compressed due to interaction with adjacent shells from other voids—thus returning to the thematic focus of this section.

Motion (correlations of Translation of point-events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field) — Having just addressed potential Motion—namely acceleration induced by gravitational influences from massive bodies, objects, or structures—we now turn our attention to effective Motion, the kinetic behavior of these entities. This includes their role as individual elements and as components within complex systems governed by intricate gravitational, chiral, and magnetic interactions. The kinetic dynamics, effective Motion, arise from Translation inhomogeneities stemming from inhomogeneities in other Components of Elementary Action: Perturbation, Rotation:Chirality, and Rotation:AxisOrientation.
We refer both to the inertial Motion of such Structures in isolation—free from interactions with other Structures or and structured states of the Elementary Field—and to their accelerated Motion when subject to the aforementioned interactions.
Inertial Motion of a void within an otherwise empty cosmos—devoid of causally connected surrounding Structures—would be an idealized abstraction, rarely encountered in practice, due to the pervasive presence of such Cosmic Structures that form the backbone of the Cosmic Web (new and ever-larger voids continue to be discovered). Nonetheless, we can assert that the dynamics of the event-points (an immense number, owing to the resonance of spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale) that sustain the shape of the void across time exhibit a deterministic component. They reveal a structured organization of correlations in the temporal distribution of directional orientations of elementary spatial fluctuations—a dominant pattern that points toward the direction of the Structure's inertial Motion.
Superimposed on this linear inertial trajectory is an extrinsic angular Motion of the entire Structure—characterized by a defined chirality (handedness) and a specific orientation of its rotational axis (the axis around which the Structure rotates upon itself).

Charge - Electric Energy (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point-events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field) —Charge and Spin pertain to the intrinsic rotation of the Structure, and not to its extrinsic rotation—which defines, as previously stated, the chirality of the entire Structure and the orientation of its rotation in Space. These extrinsic aspects play a major role in "mechanical" interactions (friction, collisions, fusions, annihilations, etc.) with other Cosmic Structures that constitute the Cosmic Web.
Charge, as the source of electrical phenomena, derives from the torsion of elementary spatial fluctuations that continually animate the dynamics of event-points. If, within a given region of the Field, there exists a non-zero correlation among degrees of chirality, we can say that a Charge is present in that region, and electrical phenomena may manifest accordingly.
In Cosmic Structures such as voids—whose scale is so vast that "they could be seen as gigantic elementary particles"—the extreme rarefaction of Mass densities makes it difficult for correlation intensities to reach significant levels, especially with the coherence needed across the entire Structure.
In such cases, there appear to be no sufficiently intense Processes capable of generating strong chirality correlations over extended spatial domains with consistent coherence—conditions necessary to produce a significant global electric Charge, compared to the very concentrated and intense one of charged particles. Furthermore, it is likely that dark bubbles with opposite chirality are present nearby, further attenuating the net Charge. Consequently, it is unlikely that such Structures will exhibit notable or widespread electrical phenomena. Within the turbulent sub-structures of these immense voids, there may exist localized regions with marginal signs of electric Charge—though always of extremely modest magnitude. One would expect electric potential differences between internal regions of these Structures to be essentially zero, or at least very small (if measurable at all).

Spin - Magnetic Energy (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point-events supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field) — Even in the case of Spin and magnetic phenomena, given the immense scale of the Structures involved—and consequently, the very long propagation times for Causality / Action / Information—in my view, it is extremely unlikely that correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation among the event points may naturally arise with enough intensity to generate global magnetic effects.
It seems more plausible that the large-scale magnetic fields which, alongside gravitational forces, help shape the Cosmic Web and its cosmic dynamics, are primarily generated by Processes involving comparatively smaller Structures / Bodies / Objects: the flows of Matter along the filaments, and the rotation and constant interaction of galactic Halos within the clusters occupying the nodes of the Cosmic Web.
In this context, massive voids and their associated Dark Halos lack the coherent, high-intensity conditions required to produce significant correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation across extended regions. As a result, any magnetic effects linked to Spin within these Structures would likely be weak, localized, and structurally incoherent, especially when contrasted with the magnetic dynamics of smaller, more active cosmic entities.

In conclusion

Voids do not form as a consequence of gravitational forces pulling Matter toward denser regions, leaving behind immense gaps—vast empty spaces, giant voids that may span hundreds of millions of light-years—as posited by standard cosmology.

In contrast, we propose the reverse mechanism. That the formation of voids actively constructs the causal and variational—both spatial and temporal—scaffolding, upon and within which finer-grained structural frameworks arise. These, in turn, promote the formation of Ordinary Matter which, through gravitational collapse, populates increasingly compact and dense bubbles. These bubbles manifest observationally as galaxies, clusters, and superclusters, organized within the sheets / walls, filaments and nodes that compose the Cosmic Web.

Thus, voids play a fundamental role in universal dynamics—in the formation of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, of Ordinary Matter, and of the cosmic Structures composed of them. Their formative and evolutionary behavior constitutes the causal and variational underpinning of the phenomenon we recognize as cosmic expansion.

Despite their emptiness, these vast gaps shape the structure of the Universe by influencing the Motion of the surrounding Matter (both Dark and Ordinary). They highlight the delicate balance between the cosmic void and the dense clusters of galaxies.

Despite their apparent emptiness, these vast regions sculpt the architecture of the Universe by influencing the Motion of surrounding Matter—both Dark and Ordinary. They highlight the delicate balance between cosmic voids and the dense clusters of galaxies—revealing that emptiness itself may be the engine of cosmic structure.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"