Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Cosmic Web"

Revision as of 21:03, 28 July 2025

After everything we've discussed about cosmic objects / bodies and cosmic structures—such as voids and giant voids—it should now be clear what we mean by the Cosmic Web, as well as its nature and collective dynamics, which are precisely identified with the nature and dynamics of the entire Universe.

The Cosmic Web is not limited to its visible components: filaments and nodes, clusters, galaxies, and gases. It is above all the dark (invisible) structure—composed of Dark Matter and Dark Energy—which shapes and hosts the Ordinary (visible) Matter we observe shimmering in the darkness.

Having discussed the voids, let us now examine the most visible part of the contents of the Universe—where, paradoxically, the dark components of Matter / Energy predominate.

The components of the Cosmic Web

In this and the three previous sections—dedicated to substances, objects, bodies, and structures in the cosmos—I have presented numerous hypotheses concerning cosmic objects and their dynamics. These are hypotheses that align with the unconventional vision of Reality and the Universe proposed throughout this work.

Hypotheses and proposals infused with an evolutionary approach, grounded in a view of Reality as a complex process with a multi-level structure, which incessantly emerges from the expression of a Primary Source. Naturally, this also applies to the particular universal structure referred to as the Cosmic Web, named for its distinctive form—a network of filaments of varying lengths and thicknesses, connecting nodes of different sizes and densities.

As previously noted, such a reticular structure—observable in all directions in Space—could not have formed unless vast "empty" regions, through their unique structure and dynamics, had delineated interstitial spaces and given rise to the substances, bodies, objects, and structures that inhabit and animate them. These components undergo complex evolutionary processes, driven by phenomena we are still attempting to understand within the framework of Evolutionary Dynamics.

Let us now attempt to summarize the fundamental aspects of this complex and articulated cosmic megastructure.

Classification

The Cosmic Web is essentially formed by four main structures based on the dynamics of Matter and Energy (Dark and Ordinary) distribution:

• Voids: as discussed, these are vast, under-dense regions where only a few galaxies reside.
• Sheets: large, flat structures where Matter is dispersed across a two-dimensional plane. They function as transitional zones between voids and denser formations.
• Filaments: the most iconic feature of the Cosmic Web, these are elongated, thread-like structures linking galaxy clusters. They contain a substantial portion of the Universe’s total Matter.
• Knots: dense intersections where multiple filaments converge to form galaxy clusters. These represent the most massive and gravitationally bound structures within the Cosmic Web.

Structure

Resuming what has already been said—and simplifying—the Cosmic Web is a cosmic structure extending throughout the entire Universe. It is the skeleton of the Universe itself, composed primarily of Dark turbulence: a mixture of gradients, flows and twists, waves, vortices, and interactions—Processes in constant disequilibrium between chaos and order. These more or less organized dynamics give rise to a foam-like structure, filled with irregular bubbles / vortices / halos of various sizes, in incessant interaction, occupying all available Space in the Universe.

The large voids define the large-scale structure of the cosmos. Medium-sized turbulent bubbles emerge and settle within the broader interstitial zones between the giant voids—these medium bubbles are identified as the nodes of the Web. Smaller-scale bubbles (small clusters, galaxy groups, and individual galaxies) populate the medium bubbles within the nodes, and especially the filaments connecting those nodes, developing within the interstitial spaces between larger bubbles.

Hence, the role of voids composed of Dark Matter / Dark Energy is not merely to fill in gaps left by the absence of concentrated Matter. The skeleton, the true scaffolding of the Cosmic Web, is not formed by sheets, filaments, and nodes packed with galaxy clusters—but by vast voids that define its shape and dynamics through contrast, compressing all other components into the interstitial regions.

This infinite network thus resembles a foam of soap bubbles—ethereal and seemingly ephemeral, yet it dominates and orchestrates the eternal dynamics of the Universe. Galaxies, with their Dark Halos, their cores of Dark Matter, and shells of more or less compressed / dense Dark Energy, resemble the small, mobile bubbles seen in soap foam, or the flickering bubbles that rise when boiling water.

It may seem like a trivial or slightly naïve comparison, but it aptly captures the general condition of the Universe and the Cosmic Web across all cosmic scales. It is as if the Elementary Field, under the relentless Action of the Elementary Force, had undergone—and continues to undergo—a continuous and progressive heating, producing a kind of boiling. Naturally, this is not matter like water in a pot, but the analogy helps convey the concept of the Universe in Formation, in Evolution.

It is the Elementary Field—observed from the standpoint of its dynamics, of the Elementary Action that animates it, in its Component Perturbation—that tends to form Vortex bubbles in its natural turbulence. These InfoStructures arise from flows driven by Perturbation gradients, and by their very nature acquire the aspect that we normally call Mass, negative or positive, according to the differentiation of Perturbation levels around a local or universal average. Thus, immense or tiny bubbles emerge from vortical turbulence, with inner cores of negative Mass (Dark Matter) and outer shells of positive Mass (Dark Energy).

Immense bubbles of extremely low density leave narrow interstitial spaces, filled with thin "sheets" and narrow "filaments". These structures are composed of small bubbles—Dark Halos evolving into galaxies—that gradually incorporate Ordinary Matter. This visible Matter incessantly formed and continues to form due to friction between the external shells of Dark Energy. This friction is particularly intense within the larger bubbles, which exhibit higher angular velocity and greater compressive force. These regions include voids—vast expanses where density is low, as well the largest nodes that host huge superclusters.

In their rotational dynamics and mutual interactions, giant voids tend to draw small bubbles—those hosting galaxies—toward the nodes. Small bubbles that are part of the fine-grained and medium-small dark turbulence". Nodes steadily accumulate those bubble galaxies, condensing into clusters and superclusters, triggering significant dynamic and structural effects across the entire Cosmic Web, including the phenomenon we refer to as "cosmic expansion". This expansion emerges as a result of the continual condensation, structuring / organization, and complexification of the Elementary Field, and thus of the Universe itself, at scales ranging from the size of the smallest galaxies to the largest cosmic megastructures.

As previously discussed, Dark Matter and Dark Energy—the invisible "substances" forming the foundational Structures of the Cosmic Web—comprise the majority of the Mass (negative and positive, respectively) in the Web. Besides driving the Processes of Formation of (that give rise to) Ordinary Matter and enabling its accumulation into galaxies, these components are responsible for much of the Universe’s attractive and repulsive gravitational forces that draw the structure of the Universe.

The invisible structure of the Cosmic Web, with its vastness and astonishing complexity, embodies the essence of the Universe’s turbulent and interconnected nature.

This structure reveals a distinct fractal dimension, akin to many features found across Physical Reality. Such fractality manifests also in the distribution of Mass density (negative and positive). Mass density varies considerably among different structures and substructures of the Web. Even the internal regions of voids are not uniform, displaying marked variation in both density and substructure. The Web exhibits a hierarchical nature, with smaller structures nested within larger ones—voids within giant voids, and filaments and sheets / walls branching out accordingly.

While the overarching structure of the Cosmic Web appears relatively straightforward, the finer details are far more intricate. The filamentary structure, in particular, reveals exceptional complexity, being both hierarchical and multiscale. Its branches vary in width and length, intersecting across diverse angular orientations.

Rather than being a collection of distinct components and objects, it is more accurate to perceive the Cosmic Web as a turbulent fractal continuum with nested levels. Within this framework, the entire Dark structure behaves as an immense continuous "substance", featuring turbulence analogous to known fluid dynamics—flows, waves, vortices, pressure gradients, viscosity, circulation, velocity, current, energy cascades, and fluid motion. Yet this is not a fluid of familiar Matter, made of Particles and Waves interacting to form increasingly elaborate corpuscles. The Dark facet of Matter (Dark Matter and Dark Energy) is less discretized than its Ordinary counterpart, where Particles and Waves are more identifiable—excluding certain multicycle Waves (e.g. radio waves), which, as noted, have a less localized / localizable nature and structure.

Dark InfoStructures should be envisioned as types of regions—both in the case of Dark Waves (like gravitational waves) and especially for Dark Vortices—that exhibit zones of depression and overpressure, areas where Time flows more slowly than the universal average, and regions where it flows more quickly. There are no sharp boundaries. These are impalpable, ultra-low density structures, vastly extended and lacking precise borders, blending into the spontaneous turbulence of the Field and the indeterminacy of its microscopic dynamics.

Regarding the distribution of Mass, estimates suggest filaments contain approximately half of the Universe’s Mass, followed by sheets / walls, voids, and nodes with clusters at roughly 25%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. In terms of cosmic volume, voids dominate with about 78% of the Space, while walls and filaments occupy 18% and 6%. Cluster environments—in nodes—seem to account for only a negligible fraction of the total volume.

These proportions help us deduce where the greatest amount of Mass associated with Ordinary Matter may reside. Naturally, these are regions with high total Mass density—predominantly influenced by the Dark components. Filaments, walls, and the nodes hosting galaxy clusters are the primary candidates.

According to the hypotheses I’ve proposed concerning the nature and dynamics of the Processes responsible for the Formation of Ordinary Matter, the most pivotal zones lie along the boundaries of large voids—blurred border regions saturated with Dark Energy, where Time flows faster than the average rate, and Field turbulence intensifies. Here, friction between vast empty bubbles creates extreme peaks of turbulence. These interstitial domains—largely occupied by filaments and walls, and filled with galaxies dragged by immense rotations towards collection points that manifest as massive attractors, critical intersections of the powerful dynamic generated by the giant voids.

It is within the friction of the turbulent boundaries of these rotating Dark Structures that most of the small dark bubbles originate—the galactic Dark Halos—and, more crucially, all the Ordinary Matter itself is formed. This visible Matter subsequently migrates toward the adjacent interstitial areas—into filaments and walls—where massive flows and swirling gas clouds move with majestic complexity, like mountain streams bending and pooling. In those small bubbles, denser and quieter turbulence depressions, collapsing into the Dark Halos, gas clouds give rise to galaxies that inhabit the densest, most compact Dark Structures in the Universe.

Structure of cosmic filaments and nodes

Yet another bolder hypothesis...

Considering the reconstructions of the surrounding region of the Universe—situated between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller—within an ideal bubble outlined by the streamlines of velocities of galaxies tracing its surface, we may hypothesize the existence of dark bubbles with extensions even greater than the large voids previously discussed. These bubbles, characterized by cores of extremely low-density negative Mass (Dark Matter), can exhibit highly complex internal structures.

Enormous bubbles that appear to encompass substantial segments of the Cosmic Web, functioning almost like miniature Universes. They contain giant voids, smaller voids, sheets / walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies and clusters, as well as immense quantities of gas produced through the dynamics of both the macro-bubbles themselves and the substructures forming a sub-Cosmic Web evolving within them. These are processes of nested sub-bubble formation—components of the Cosmic Web developing and transforming inside broader bubbles. This configuration, both structural and dynamic, diverges markedly from that of a "classic" bubble or elementary Vortex. The peripheral flow patterns—converging toward one pole (the attractor) and emerging from the opposite (the repeller)—are more consistent with a solenoidal configuration.

Immense solenoidal bubbles (which I refer to as Solenoid Vortices) channel flows of galaxies along their peripheries in trajectories seemingly stretching from the repeller to the attractor. This occurs within a spheroidal dynamic framework, hosting colossal amounts of Dark Matter and Energy, alongside Ordinary Matter arranged in irregular aggregations (which are themselves vast and complex, such as Laniakea), where portions of the Cosmic Web are reproduced with their characteristic structures—voids, sheets, filaments, and nodes.

Structure of cosmic solenoid bubbles

By observing the 3D reconstruction of the Universe around the location of our Milky Way galaxy—between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller—one sees the emergence of an ideal toroidal bubble. The intricate, turbulent, and swirling patterns revealed through rotational perspectives suggest the sheer vastness and intricacy of the forms hypothesized here. Turbulent convective motions spanning incredibly large scales, structures that stretch across immense spatial regions and evolve over equally immense temporal intervals. Within these mega-bubbles, one finds denser dark turbulence and structures (as a portion of the Cosmic Web) embedded in a lower-density solenoidal superstructure formed by dark convective motions on very large cosmological scales.

It is, indeed, highly implausible that all this extraordinary structuring, articulation, and complexity could have emerged and matured within the comparatively brief timeframe posited by the Standard Cosmological Model.

Formation

According to conventional cosmology, the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy. Over billions of years, gravity pulled matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. The cosmic web—an immense, large-scale structure composed of filaments and sheets of matter that underpins galaxies and galaxy clusters—is believed to be the result of gravitational interactions and the gradual evolution of matter following the Big Bang.

Science holds that in the early Universe, matter was distributed nearly uniformly, with only minute variations in density. Over time, gravity amplified these variations, pulling matter into filamentary structures that eventually gave rise to galaxies and clusters. Recent observations suggest that the Cosmic Web began to emerge far earlier in cosmic history than traditionally believed within the standard cosmological model.

As is clear from what has been said so far, I do not agree with this vision, which I consider simplistic, abstract, implausible, and incompatible with what we truly observe in the cosmos. In my view, the Universe is not the result of a singular event or a sequence of events within time—no Big Bang, no Inflation. The Universe, as the total manifestation of Reality, has no age. It is eternal—stretching both into the past and the future. Just as it lacks temporal boundaries, it is spatially unlimited and infinite.

The processes that shaped the Universe as we now perceive it are processes initiated in a timeless past, with no definable beginning. If we were to propose a time frame for the emergence of the Universe with its present structure and complexity, we would need to consider a span of time far greater than the one posited by conventional models, based on considerations with which I frankly disagree.

A period much longer than the hypothesized 13.8 billion years. From a human perspective, this time interval may seem vast, yet I believe it is incredibly brief to account for the intricate and multifaceted structure of the Cosmic Web—in both its Dark / invisible and Ordinary / visible components. How could such staggering complexity have arisen within such a "short" period? Short, obviously, from a cosmological perspective.

How is it conceivable that a relatively insignificant event like the predicted 5-billion-year collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda, if it ever happens—among billions of galactic mergers—is said to require nearly half the Universe’s entire lifetime, when the rest of the Universe was supposedly assembled in "just" under 14 billion years? This is the kind of plausibility I question. How could a sub-process of an infinite and overarching phenomenon occupy such a disproportionately large fraction of its total duration?

In natural evolutionary processes—while transformative evolutionary leaps do occur—there is typically a steady progression marked by constant micro-adaptations and increases in complexity. Comparing the 5-billion-year merger to the 13.8-billion-year Universe timeline is like asserting that the evolution of the "anatomically modern Homo sapiens" took not 300,000 years, but approximately a third of the total duration of life’s development on Earth. That would mean not 300,000 years, but roughly 1.3 billion years since the advent of life 4 billion years ago. A staggering discrepancy!

Of course, these are vastly different domains: fundamental physics versus evolutionary biology. Still, I maintain that the deeper our inquiries into fundamental processes go, the more time Nature needs to generate meaningful increases in Complexity. I dare not imagine the cosmic epochs required to evolve from the first inhomogeneities within the Elementary Field to the vast voids now saturating Space—voids so expansive and potent they catalyzed the emergence of denser Dark Structures and the Ordinary Matter that would go on to populate them, forming the visible scaffolding of the Cosmic Web.

Thus, in alignment with the principles laid out in this work—and in this chapter specifically—the formation of the Cosmic Web as we observe and conceptualize it cannot be attributed solely to gravity, but also, and especially, to the mechanical dynamics and interactions of enormous voids. In my view, Ordinary Matter was not generated by a singular event like the Big Bang, nor was it originally distributed homogeneously. It did not passively migrate into denser regions under the influence of gravity—flowing from voids to walls, into filaments, and finally into cluster hubs.

The universe would have originated as an almost uniform soup of matter and energy, and over the course of billions of years, gravity would have attracted matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. Everything would have formed following gravitational interactions and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. This is not true, or it is not "completely" true. Voids don't form as matter collapses into denser areas, leaving empty spaces behind.

Conventional wisdom asserts that a uniform soup of matter and energy gave rise to all cosmic structures solely through gravitational evolution, which attracted matter into denser regions. This is not true—or at least, not entirely true. Voids, I argue, do not form passively as denser regions attract surrounding matter; they arise from the beginning as empty regions and are active, formative players.

As I will explore in the final section of this chapter, we must tell a different story. A story in which the first major step in cosmic evolution was the emergence of dark bubbles from subtle inhomogeneities within the dynamics of Elementary Field. These anomalies expanded over vast epochs, gradually filling the Universe and saturating all available Space. Through their interactions, a dominant chirality emerged in the progressive formation of large bubbles.

These immense empty bubbles confined smaller bubbles within interstitial regions, shaping a cosmic topology governed by the outer shells of these colossal Dark Structures. Friction between the external dynamics of the voids and the smaller bubbles triggered the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter. Due to the location of the formation sites and the greater density of medium and small bubbles present in the filaments and nodes confined in the interstitial regions of what was evolving toward the structure of the Cosmic Web, Ordinary Matter tended to collapse within what became Dark Halos: the primordial dark cradles of galaxies, clusters, and superclusters.

I believe that the formation, dynamics, and evolution of cosmic voids and the Cosmic Web are indeed linked to gravity and the flow of Matter. However, the formation of cosmic structures was and continues to be driven not only by gravity, but also by the dynamic flow of Matter and its mechanical phenomena. But not in the sense described by conventional cosmology.

In relation to the vision I propose here, I wish to strongly reaffirm what I regard as a vital and paradigm-shifting insight: a fundamental step is missing—the initial conditions are different, and so is the order of formative sub-processes:

• The process of formation of Ordinary Matter is missing from the mainstream account. In my view, this process replaces the conceptual absurdity of the Big Bang. The idea that the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy is, to me, both improbable and misleading. Ordinary Matter only began to form in a second phase—after the dark component of the Cosmic Web had matured structurally, reaching the right conditions to initiate Ordinary Matter formation.
• The starting point is different: voids are not formed by emptying. They are not simply modeled by matter flowing away from low-density regions toward denser ones. Matter doesn’t collapse to form voids, nor does it move outward from them into walls, filaments, and nodes to form and grow galaxy clusters. The voids, as discussed, are not empty but filled with Dark Matter and surrounded by shells of extremely low-density Dark Energy. They are bubbles of / in dark turbulence. Dark Matter cores surrounded by Dark Energy shells. They originate this way, and due to inherent dynamics, they tend to remain "empty". Empty in the sense of being free from dark bubbles of smaller extension and greater density and free from structures of Ordinary Matter (galaxies and their groupings).
• The order of formative sub-processes is different:
  • Elementary spatial fluctuations—Elementary Events—which conventional science may liken to "quantum" fluctuations in the Elementary Field.
  • Emergence of microstructures—correlations within the temporal distributions of these elementary spatial fluctuations.
  • Interaction among these microstructures, leading to the progressive formation of Dark InfoStructures with increasing spatial span, temporal persistence and causal permanence.
  • Interaction of Dark Structures that results in the emergence of chirality dominance (prevalence of one direction over the opposite).
  • Saturation of available Space through expansion of dark bubbles, resulting in the foamy structure of the Dark Cosmic Web. This includes smaller, denser Mass bubbles confined within interstitial spaces between vast dark bubbles—commonly referred to (somewhat inaccurately) as giant voids. It would be more correct to call them giant dark bubbles.
  • Interactions along the borders of this foam-like framework initiate and produce the progressive formation of Ordinary Matter.
  • Interaction among Ordinary Matter InfoStructures, especially in filament and wall regions, gives rise to more complex Structures. These are produced through high-energy collisions between charged elementary Particles accelerated by Dark Structure movements / rotations and their magnetic fields—from electrons and positrons, to quarks, to nucleons from quark interactions, eventually forming hydrogen and maybe helium nuclei.
  • Accumulation and densification of these Ordinary Matter InfoStructures, concentrating within filaments and sheets—regions increasingly rich in gas.
  • Gravitational collapse of gas within Dark Halos of nascent galaxies—medium-small bubbles with heightened Dark Matter and Dark Energy density—gravitationally dominant over sheets / walls and filament environments.
  • Formation of the first stars (third-population, with zero or near-zero metallicity), followed progressively by second and first population with increasingly complex chemistry—driven by gravity, rotational dynamics of galactic dark halos, and intragalactic turbulence.
  • Emergence of intragalactic substructures—bulges, arms, and regions of varying shape and density resulting from dark turbulence that strongly influences the concentration and dynamics of Ordinary Matter substances (gas and dust) and objects / bodies (stars and other celestial bodies).
  • Evolution of galaxies, with collisions, mergers, and densification.
  • Migratory dynamics of galaxies—driven by gravity but also by complex feedback and interaction within the Cosmic Web—leading them to flow through sheets and filaments toward nodes, where they condense into increasingly populous, complex and dynamic clusters.
  • And much more—including gravitational, kinetic, and other energetic feedback effects possibly underlying our perception of cosmic expansion and its acceleration.

This is not exhaustive, but I believe we have outlined and enumerated the essential elements of what has occurred—and continues to occur—and what has truly shaped the Cosmic Web and what we see in the Universe.

Evolution

The factors that appear to drive and influence the evolution of the Cosmic Web primarily concern its dark components: the immense Dark Halos perceived as substantially empty bubbles—commonly referred to as "voids" and "giant voids"; the medium-sized Dark Halos, a little denser and somewhat turbulent, forming the network's nodes and hosting clusters and superclusters of galaxies; the walls/sheets and the filaments which represent the peripheral interstitial zones of the large bubbles corresponding to the voids. Additionally, there are the Dark Halos that shape the bubbles constituting the dark component of galaxies themselves.

In essence, these are the elements that weave the dark structure of the Cosmic Web—a complex structure that generates, guides, and governs the visible components made of Ordinary Matter: gas and dust, stars, entire galaxies—arranged like pearls strung along colossal necklaces, or as glittering jewels encased in precious cosmic coffers.

Building on the previously mentioned Processes of Formation, the principal trends observed in the evolution of the Cosmic Web, supported by recent observations, appear to be the following (it should be noted that these are overarching trends; in localized regions, different phenomena or overlapping dynamics may produce varied outcomes).

Progressive increase in the density of Mass and concentration of the dark / invisible components of the Cosmic Web, albeit at varying rates.

The distribution of Mass and the volume occupied by the dark components of the Cosmic Web evolve over Time. Voids that have reached saturation—having exhausted all available spatial capacity—begin to exert pressure on the surrounding interstitial regions, particularly on the narrower and denser Dark Halos concentrated along the sheets and filaments encircling the almost deserted giant voids.

This pressure generates increased friction, which contributes to the formation of greater quantities of Ordinary (baryonic) Matter. Simultaneously, feedback mechanisms emerge, driving progressive compression within the peripheral zones dominated by Dark Energy. In these interstitial domains, the density of Mass intensifies, and the flow of Time becomes increasingly polarized: accelerated in the more turbulent peripheral areas dominated by Dark Energy, and decelerated within the cores of Dark Halos of galactic bubbles, which evolve amid these compressed and dense corridors.

These galactic bubbles—natural collectors of gas arising from turbulence and friction generated by the immense voids and the entire foamy architecture of the Cosmic Web—are propelled by powerful flows coursing through the interstitial structures, especially within the filaments. As a result, they are driven toward the nodes of the Web, which become enriched with dense galactic Halos and populated with Ordinary Matter, forming the resplendent galaxies we observe.

Differentiated evolution times

From a Metrics and Mass standpoint, I once again emphasize that the Cosmic Web must ultimately be envisioned / regarded as a kind of "temporal foam". All that we observe indirectly (the dark components, and portions of Ordinary Matter components that remain hidden due to low emission properties—such as gas clouds and dust), and directly (the majority of visible Ordinary Matter components, excluding the aforementioned scarcely observable Ordinary Matter), all of it—our bodies, surrounding objects, the Earth, the Sun, the Moon, and the planets—constitutes, from the complementary perspectives of Metrics and Mass, nothing but temporal foam at both macroscopic and microscopic scales, structured in infinite, ever-changing forms.

I reiterate: in my conceptualization of Physical Reality, the temporal architecture of the cosmos is not a mere byproduct of Mass and Energy distributed throughout Space-time, but rather that these aspects represent a unified phenomenon—two complementary perspectives of the same foundational reality, sharing both nature and origin. This stems from the presence of inhomogeneities within the dynamics of the Elementary Field—inhomogeneities which we refer to as Elementary Action. The patterns of correlation of these inhomogeneities give rise to the Fundamental Physical Quantities, and their organization within Space-time underpins all the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

Halo Evolution

The population of Dark Matter Halos undergoes a dynamic and differentiated evolution, marked by a rapid proliferation of high-Mass Halos in the densest regions of the Cosmic Web—namely, the nodes densely populated by clusters and superclusters. Filaments exhibit a slower yet steady increase in massive Halos, while sheets, walls, and voids evolve at a more gradual pace.

As anticipated based on the distributions of Mass, Motion, Matter, and Energy, Halo populations in the densest and the most compact nodes and filaments experience swift evolution, particularly among high-Mass structures, which show a pronounced increase over Time. In the less dense filaments, the evolution of Halo population proceeds more slowly: the presence of massive Halos gradually increases, while low Mass Halos decrease, progressively absorbed by their more massive counterparts.

Within sheets/walls and voids, the evolution of Halo populations unfolds even more slowly. The intricate and turbulent dynamics of Matter and Energy flows—especially involving Dark Structures—play a critical role in shaping the developmental trajectories of Halos throughout the Cosmic Web’s turbulent foam-like architecture.

Evolution of Ordinary Matter and the substructures formed by it (formation, concentration, and collapse of Ordinary Matter, so-called baryonic matter)

As previously noted, (visible) Ordinary Matter tends to form as a result of friction between the external regions—dominated by Dark Energy with positive Mass—of the vast Dark Halos that shape the skeletal framework of the Cosmic Web, and more broadly within the turbulent, dynamic, and densely structured interstitial zones between the large cosmic voids.

Within the intergalactic medium present in filaments, a considerable portion of baryonic Matter likely resides, existing as fast / hot particles, atoms, and molecules, all swept up by the powerful mechanical flows generated by the rotational dynamics of the Web’s structures. In certain conditions—namely, in less dynamic and / or denser regions—these constituents behave much like debris accumulating in the meanders of rivers where the current weakens. These materials tend to coalesce into increasingly dense clouds, eventually collapsing into the dense and compact Halos that form the dark components of the galaxies we observe.

Matter transport and gravitational flows

Let us begin with the vast voids, which serve as the backbone of the Web and the primary source of its kinematic activity. The related flows are especially concentrated in turbulent and dynamic boundary zones. Voids exhibiting peculiar velocity fields display strong outward flows, with velocity vectors directed toward surrounding sheets and walls. Coupled with their low Mass density, these conditions hinder the penetration of more compact and dense Dark Halos and Ordinary Matter substances and structures.

Sheets and walls act as conduits, transporting smaller Halos and Ordinary Matter toward filaments. These filaments function as collection channels, aggregating and funneling Dark and Ordinary Structures toward the dense galaxy clusters forming at the nodes of the Web. Such flows constitute the principal mechanism behind the temporal redistribution of Mass among the various structural components of the Cosmic Web.

Overall, Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—flows from vast regions of low density toward more and more compact high-density Structures, driven fundamentally by universal gravitational dynamics, modulated by the complex peculiar motions described above.

Gas Dynamics and Shock Waves

As Ordinary Matter, in the form of gas, flows through filaments and collapses into less dynamic, denser regions of the dark turbulence that defines the Web, it undergoes heating through multiple mechanisms—chief among them, the generation of shock waves. These energetic interactions are even more pronounced within Galactic Halos, where they play a crucial role in shaping star formation and the growth of galaxies aligned along filaments.

This gravitational tendency toward concentration and collapse—essential for the birth of stars and intragalactic structures—is often counterbalanced by competing phenomena. Feedback from Supernovae and Black Holes, along with intragalactic winds and magnetic fields, disrupt the accumulation process. Supernova explosions and energy emissions from active galactic nuclei (AGN) inject substantial turbulence and radiative pressure into the intragalactic medium, projecting substances of Ordinary Matter into the Cosmic Web itself.

Such injections of Energy influence the thermodynamics and transport of Ordinary Matter, altering its flow patterns and spatial distribution across the large-scale cosmic structures.

Progressive increase in the level of organization, structuring, complexification of the Cosmic Web, of the Universe

The cumulative effect of all the phenomena previously discussed—along with countless others operating across multiple levels and dimensional scales of the Cosmic Web—is the continuous and inexorable increase in organization, structuring, and complexification of the Universe itself.

Vast cosmic voids of extraordinarily low Mass density remain substantially empty, rotating majestically in the shadowy expanse of cosmic darkness, endlessly sketching the architectural framework of the Universe. Dark Halos of medium-small size become denser and more compact over Time, converging within the filaments and nodes of the Web. New Ordinary Matter incessantly arises from interactions across this immense network of Dark Structures. Particles, atoms, and molecules—propelled and scattered by the turbulent dynamism of cosmic flows—at times condense into clouds, then collapsing into the densest dark bubbles.

When cosmic dynamics and galactic winds allow, these clouds collapse further, giving rise to stars which ignite and illuminate the skies with single and multi-cycle electromagnetic waves (light and radio waves covering the entire spectrum from ultra-long radio waves to gamma rays) we observe today.

Thanks to incessant evolutionary processes, increasingly complex interactions yield increasingly sophisticated substructures: star clusters, nebulae, spiral arms, galactic nuclei, and more. From stars to planets—and perhaps, life—this relentless march toward higher degrees of cosmic intricacy continues.

Among the most significant aspects concerning the Evolution of the Cosmic Web—and therefore of the cosmos in general, of the entire Universe—we find the phenomenon commonly referred to as "cosmic expansion" and its acceleration over Time.

In my view, Dark Energy—as conceived in conventional cosmology, the enigmatic form of Energy held responsible for the Universe’s accelerating expansion—does not exist.

Three considerations.

The first pertains to the phenomenon known as cosmic expansion. In the interpretative framework of cosmological Reality I propose in this work, and the connected Evolutionary Cosmological Model previously discussed in this chapter, the expansion of the Universe—and its perceived acceleration—is merely an apparent phenomenon. It arises not from the increasing spatial separation between cosmic structures, but from the progressive deformation in the organization of the Elemental Field, stemming from the rise in metric inhomogeneities within Space-time—more precisely, Time (since, as noted repeatedly, at scales significantly larger than Planck—already at the Particle scale—Space is absolutely flat). These deformations in the dynamics of the Field, and the apparent expansion of the cosmos, are growing temporal inhomogeneities spread across the Universe.

The second relates to the distribution of Matter within the Universe. As argued, and increasingly supported by high-resolution observations, the cosmos is not truly uniform, even at the grandest scales. While the structural logic of the cosmos (its organization, underlying Complexity) appears consistent throughout, the actual distribution of Matter—both Dark and Ordinary—is highly inhomogeneous. This might seem paradoxical, but what remains uniform is not the content itself, but the pattern of inhomogeneity—its fractal-like repetition across Space and Time throughout the Universe’s evolution.

The third regards the Big Bang and its so-called "echo"—the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)—which I believe is wrongly considered primordial radiation. Within this model, there was no Big Bang and no Inflationary epoch. Thus, the CMB is not a fossil remnant or historical trace of a past cosmic event. Instead, it is a black-body emission generated by the incessant and continuous Dynamics of the Elementary Field: a naturally spontaneous and indeterminate turbulence forming the essential substrate from which all structures emerge through the progressive organization of the Relations among the Elementary Events of the Field. This turbulence—the fundamental expression of Elementary Action manifested through its Modes / Components—is the true Essence (Form) of Existence. It can be imagined as the sound of Creation unfolding—from whose Evolution Physical Reality is formed and the Universe as its temporal slice we call the Present.

These reflections on the CMB—paired with those on Matter distribution—lead to the belief that the conventional model of cosmic origin and expansion is founded on a profound misunderstanding. A collective ideological misstep. A set of flawed conclusions derived from weak assumptions and an idealized conception of Reality.

Thus, I do not accept that the supposed cosmic expansion, and its acceleration, are caused by the mysterious and elusive Dark Energy described by the Standard Model of Cosmology (ΛCDM). Instead, I argue that—viewed through lenses more aligned with relativistic physics—what we observe is driven by relativistic effects produced by the Universe’s non-uniform distribution of Matter: both Dark and Ordinary. Or rather, Dark Matter and a redefined Dark Energy (as proposed herein, not a force, but a form of repulsive Matter), characterized by positive Mass, correlated regions of elevated Perturbation, or—in metric terms—zones with Time-flow rates exceeding the universal average (or the average within a significant local domain), in concert with Ordinary Matter.

I take this opportunity to reiterate once again a fundamental concept—one that permeates all my research, both in the dynamics of the microcosm and in the cosmological vision proposed here. Mass does not curve or deform Time. Mass and the curvature of Time are not merely equivalent—they are exactly the same phenomenon, different facets of a singular natural dynamic: the Dynamics of the Elementary Field, driven by the Action of the Fundamental Force—the incessant expression of the Primary Source of Reality.

It is precisely the inhomogeneity of the Component of Elementary Action—what we here refer to as Perturbation—that constitutes the origin of Mass and the alterations in the flow of Time, which we perceive as a deformation of Space-time. We interpret this as curvature in Space-time—namely, elongated spatial distances and contracted temporal intervals. Yet, in truth, it is solely a contraction of temporal intervals—occurring in the absence of any true spatial distortion.

The curvature of Time, therefore, is accompanied by a local, variably extended and inhomogeneous shift in the limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action 7 Information within the Elementary Field.

Everything that exists in the Universe is inhomogeneity, or rather, correlations between inhomogeneities in the dynamic aspects of Reality. These manifest as inhomogeneities in the distribution of "things"—or more precisely, Processes.

At the most infinitesimal level, this appears as inhomogeneity in the distribution of Elementary Events, which can be characterized as temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations, resonating around the Planck scale.

At intermediate dimensional and complexity levels, we encounter inhomogeneity in the spatial and temporal distributions of InfoStructures populating the Microcosm—Waves, Particles, and their Interactions.

At the broadest dimensional and Complexity scales, we find inhomogeneity in the distribution of atoms, molecules, materials, bodies, objects, stars, galaxies, clusters—and again, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, and nodes of the Cosmic Web.

Inhomogeneity permeates everything, at every dimensional scale and in every facet of Reality. Dynamic inhomogeneity—when not very organized, quite disordered—is what we refer to as turbulence. And when we observe refined organization, we call these objects, Structures, Systems, Forms. Organizational patterns immersed in a sea of chaos and turbulence.

Dynamics and Interactions

All the phenomena described above—those that define the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web—are manifestations of universal dynamics, as well as dynamics specific to the typologies of Structures involved and to their particular local interactions (local, albeit vastly extended across Space and Time, considering the immense dimensions of the Structures in question and the finite upper limit of the speed at which Causality / Action / Information can propagate).

What remains to be said that hasn't already been stated or at least alluded to? Let us attempt to summarize, in a more structured manner, the principal dynamics that define the Cosmic Web in terms of the relationships and interactions between its constituent components and the underlying phenomena.

Polydynamism

Even the vast Vortex-type InfoStructures found at cosmic scales—as well as the microscopic Particles exhibiting surprising quantum behavior—are marked by dynamic properties I call "Polydynamism". This refers to the capacity of these Structures to exhibit, within the volume of the Elementary Field they momentarily occupy, multiple and even opposing dynamic behaviors.

For instance, throughout the ordinary evolution of quantum states in the life of an elementary Particle—and more intensely during quantum state transitions—a Particle can present different or divergent Spin orientations across its spatial extent. The overall Spin of the Particle emerges as a resultant of these diverse dynamic processes, coexisting and evolving in parallel, whether separately or through various degrees or ways of interaction. This perspective offers a conceptual grounding for the phenomenon of quantum state superposition—an idea that continues to challenge physicists, particularly in contexts involving "measurement".

Even Dark Structures display polydynamic behavior—indeed, they necessarily do this, given their vast spatial scale—especially during interactions with the complex environment of the Web, such as in fusion processes. In cosmic Dark Structures, where dynamic developments often span enormous expanses and unfold over extended periods, we can distinguish between internal and external polydynamism. We've discussed internal polydynamism; the external variety may be easily visualized thinking of a large, soft bubble—such as a soap bubble—that expands to fill available Space or retracts under compression, oscillating with interacting internal and external motions, like an elastic and fluctuating object. These characteristics heavily influence the kinetic and mechanical phenomena, interactions, and other dynamic properties of these cosmic structures.

General Motion

Everything in the Universe is "in" motion; everything "is" Motion. Reality, in its entirety, is fluctuation, variation, change, and evolution. The Cosmic Web is an intrinsically dynamic, turbulent, and complex system, whose components engage in the Universe’s overarching Motion through their own unique dynamics—both external (as constituents of universal systems and subsystems) and internal (as the movements within the more or less turbulent internal environments of each component, between their elements and subsystems).

These are motions within the continuum—motions that occur "in" the Elementary Field and are motions "of" the Elementary Field. Although we distinguish Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures—visible or invisible—as separate fragments for descriptive clarity, within this Field continuity, such divisions fade. Observed from the viewpoint of the Elementary Field, we would not perceive voids, sheets and walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies, or stars—but rather, an infinite ocean of fluctuations, intricately correlated: endless patterns of organized Action—Information—which interact, propagate, conserves, and evolve.

Even though, ultimately, all phenomena can (and perhaps must) be traced back to the primal Component of Action—Perturbation—the root of Metric / Mass and their associated metric / gravitational effects (metric phenomena: deformation of spatial-temporal distances "of" the Field; gravitational phenomena: deformation of Motion of InfoStructures "in" the Field), much of the Motion observed in the cosmos—both at a general level and peculiar to the individual components of the Dark Cosmic Web (voids, sheets, filaments, nodes)—cannot be "directly" attributed to gravitational attraction or repulsion.

Perturbation—visualized as temporal gradients—drives the formation and development of Translation (stress, turbulent flows within temporal geometry), which in turn gives rise to Rotation (torsion, vorticity within that same geometry). Once formed, Translation and Rotation tend to propagate through Space and conserve across Time, evolving and self-sustaining through linear and rotational motions. These are precisely the kinetic phenomena we observe in the Dark Cosmic Web and its constituents. For Ordinary Matter, although largely influenced by drag effect exerted by Dark Matter and Dark Energy dynamics, the processes of concentration, collapse, and the formation of massive bodies and dense structures are predominantly governed by gravitational phenomena. Thus, while kinetic aspects appear to predominate within Dark Structures, gravitational dynamics tend to take precedence in the formation of the Structures of Ordinary Matter.

Motion of the Cosmic Web as a whole (of the entire Universe)

Given the impressive and incessant movement—particularly rotational—of the immense dark bubbles known as giant voids, which form the skeletal framework upon which the Cosmic Web is built and within which the largest observed moving structures form and evolve, it is plausible that the entire Universe is subject to a global motion with locally differentiated dynamics. This motion can be envisioned as a seamless flow and rotation—boundless and continuous—whose extent and boundaries we may never fully grasp. In this work, I have hypothesized that the Universe is infinite and eternal—unbounded in both Space and Time, in the past (with an origin independent of Time itself; Time, like Space, is conceived as an emergent property arising from the Dynamics of the Elementary Field) and in the future (an unceasing and limitless process of evolution, continuous creation of new Dark and Ordinary Matter/Energy, and an ever-extending organization of Matter. This infinite cycle of Matter and Energy is perpetuated through efficient feedback and recycling mechanisms, continually giving rise to new forms and complexities in the unfolding Process of Formation of Reality).

Another intriguing aspect of the global Motion of the Cosmic Web and the Universe involves the predominance of chirality in the Dark Structures. Based on previous considerations—and especially in light of the hypotheses I’ve proposed regarding the formative processes that drive the evolution of the Dark Cosmic Web—I anticipate a distinct dominance of one chiral orientation over the other. This asymmetry should become increasingly apparent as the size of the observed structures expands. A notable prevalence should be detectable even at the scale of galactic dark bubbles, which, in their formation and transformation, are clearly influenced by both local and global dynamics of the Cosmic Web—presumed to be strongly chiral. However, at the scale of the giant voids, this chiral dominance should approach an almost absolute prevalence.

The Universe in its entirety should exhibit a prevailing chirality on a very large scale, a feature likely mirrored in both a possible global rotation of the universal cosmos, and in the observed predominance of matter over antimatter for the Ordinary Matter Particles. I propose that this large-scale asymmetry arose from random fluctuations and from prolonged interactions—fusion, annihilation, restructuring—among Dark Structures throughout the infinitely long evolutionary saga of the Universe.

Relative motion of the components of the Web

Each type of component of the Cosmic Web, we are talking here essentially about the Dark components, composed of Dark Matter and Energy, bubbles and turbulent flows and vortices of bubbles, in a system of turbulent systems dominated essentially by their collective interactive kinematics, and to a lesser extent by the chirality ratios (Dark Charge), and orientation of the rotation axes (Dark Spin), and by the concentrated attractive gravity of the internal cores and distributed repulsive gravity of the external shells of the bubbles.

Each type of component of the Cosmic Web—here referring primarily to the Dark components composed of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, turbulent flows, vortices, and bubbles within bubbles—exists within a system of interlinked turbulence, governed predominantly by collective interactive kinematics. Contributing factors include, albeit to a lesser extent, the chirality ratios (Dark Charge), the orientation of rotation axes (Dark Spin), and the competing gravitational influences—concentrated attractive gravity in the internal cores versus distributed repulsive gravity across the outer shells of these bubbles.

The voids and giant voids, being vortical bubbles, very large, with low Mass density (negative, DM, and positive, DE) with a little varied, or very "dispersed", Mass density profile, will tend to rotate on themselves, deforming due to the compression resulting from the interaction with the other large surrounding bubbles and the other components that surround them, occupying the interstitial spaces between the walls (sheets / walls), the "edges" (filaments), the angular spaces between multiple interacting bubbles (nodes). But given their immensity, the extremely slow rotation and reaction times, the enormous "quantity of motion" that characterizes them (even in the presence of extremely low densities, but given the vast volumes occupied), their dynamics heavily influences the dynamics and dynamism of the other components involved, especially the sheets / walls and even more so the filaments.

The voids and giant voids—immense vortical bubbles with low Mass density (negative for DM, positive for DE), and typically diffuse or lightly varied density profiles—tend to rotate upon themselves, deforming under compression as they interact with surrounding bubbles and neighboring components. They inhabit the interstitial volumes between structural sheets/walls, filaments (edges), and angular regions where multiple bubbles converge (nodes). Due to their enormity, extremely slow rotation rates, long reaction times, and the sheer "quantity of motion" they embody (even with minimal density, their vast volume amplifies their dynamic impact), their motion heavily influences the dynamics of adjacent components, especially sheets/walls and, even more strongly, the filaments.

In this complex context, we must imagine these interstitial components, including the nodes, as spaces not occupied and substantially not occupiable by the large bubbles of the voids, where the subcomponents that occupy them move influenced by the peculiar motion of the components that host them. As an example, we can visualize the sliding of galactic bubbles inside a filament, in an "edge" between large voids, where the motions produced by the interactions between the galactic bubbles themselves are superimposed on the motions inside the filament, e.g. effects of "dark attractors, dipole repellers", etc. driven by the rotation and compression exerted precisely by the large voids that delimit and trap the filament). It is like observing a soap foam caressed by a light breeze. The large bubbles determine the global structure of the foam, the smaller bubbles move on the surface of the larger bubbles, in the spaces left free by them.

Within this intricate framework, we must envision these interstitial components—including the nodes—as regions not occupied, and essentially not occupiable, by the vast void bubbles. Subcomponents inhabiting these spaces undergo motion shaped by the peculiar dynamics of the hosting structures. For instance, imagine the sliding of galactic bubbles along a filament—an "edge" nestled between vast voids, where intra-bubble interactions overlay the filament’s internal motion—driven by phenomena such as "dark attractors" and "dipole repellers" that respond to compression and rotational stress from the adjacent massive voids. It is akin to observing soap foam gently stirred by a breeze: the larger bubbles define the foam’s overarching structure, while smaller bubbles glide across their surfaces, occupying the spaces they leave open.

All the motions, proper and relative, of the components of the Dark Cosmic Web lead to various effects, the most relevant of which are compression and concentration / densification, which, together with the kinematics, gravity, circularity and orientation of the rotation axes, represent the main factors that govern the delicate dynamic balances / disequilibria that characterize the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web, the organization of the Universe.

All motions—whether intrinsic or relational—within the Dark Cosmic Web generate cascading effects, chief among them compression and concentration/densification. Together with kinematic factors, gravitational tension, chirality, and rotational axis orientation, these phenomena constitute the principal forces orchestrating the delicate dynamic equilibria (and disequilibria) that drive the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web, and thus the overall architecture of the Universe.

Internal Motion of the individual component types—Voids, Sheets / Walls, Filaments, Nodes (let's quickly summarize aspects already variously treated above)

Voids

Voids are dark bubbles, substantially devoid of internal structure for parts, they should not contain substructures, smaller bubbles, even if they always remain structures of turbulent nature that can highlight internal regions more or less dense compared to the ideal profile of the density of Mass. They are generally characterized by:

- linear kinematics rather limited being substantially trapped in the matrix of the Cosmic Web, limited by the other large bubbles / voids, the larger the bubbles, the less their mobility within the dark matrix of the Cosmic Web,

- extrinsic rotational kinematics (of the bubble as a whole) rather slow, regular and with slow adaptation and deformation (deformations are produced in the extrinsic rotation due to the opposition to the compression in the available volume that the bubble undergoes in the saturated environment of the Web). The extrinsic rotation of the bubble is one of the main phenomena that contribute to the formation of dark bubbles of medium extension (galactic cluster and supercluster bubbles) and small (e.g. galactic bubbles), and of Ordinary Matter (in the form of elementary particles, leptons, which through other phenomena, high-energy collisions, etc. produce the protons that constitute the majority of the hydrogen gas present in the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, sheets, filaments and nodes, and which fuel the formation and feeding of galaxies),

- intrinsic rotational kinematics (of the bubble inside it), related to the vortical motion that constitutes its nature both from the structural dynamic point of view and from the conservative of the shape point of view, rather uniform at large scales, although substantially turbulent especially at smaller scales. This vortical motion drags any substructure possibly present in the bubble, as if it were a spot of color on a hard disk. In the case of accidental entry of galactic bubbles into a void (for example due to a fusion of voids that traps galactic bubbles inside the larger and more complex resulting bubble) we should see this substructure move with a motion resulting from the combination of various components, that of the galactic bubbles themselves, that determined by the centrifugal force produced by the rotation of the void that contains them and that of its structural vortex motion. The result will be a complex trajectory that, in the extremely dilated time characteristic of the dynamics of the immense void bubbles, will realize the complete expulsion of the galactic bubbles that accidentally find themselves inside them. The intrinsic rotational kinematics is characterized by two fundamental parameters (in addition to other very important ones such as the average angular velocity): chirality, which we can call "Dark Charge", and orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation, which we can similarly call "Dark Spin".

Sheets / Walls

Sheets or Walls are interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, surfaces of large bubbles (voids) compressed against other large bubbles. Imagine observing soap suds. We will certainly be able to see its texture, the matrix of larger bubbles that determine the distribution of the smaller bubbles. Observing a sufficiently large volume, we would see surfaces that, even if perhaps slightly curved or slightly discontinuous, can be considered as real planes, surfaces that extend considerably, collecting, and so to speak squashing, on a more or less regular plane smaller bubbles that appear as if magically aligned.
Unlike voids, which are elementary InfoStructures, with blurred boundaries, but all in all well identified and identifiable, sheets are composite InfoStructures, formed by smaller structures that, as mentioned, by compression and dragging arrange themselves on a more or less extended and regular plane. Structures immersed, or rather, part of a large and dynamic dark turbulence, in interstitial regions characterized by positive Mass, what we call Dark Energy. The sheets / walls are therefore not characterized by an "active" kinematics (linear, external or intrinsic rotational), but they adapt to the dynamics of the most extensive and massive components (voids and partly the nodes).

The kinematics of the dark sheets / walls, as we want to call them, is characterized mainly by adaptations to compression dynamics and by the sliding of dark bubbles of even very small size. Typically we will see an almost planar arrangement of a large number of galaxies on a more or less extensive / regular plane, which can be more or less thick depending on the compressive force exerted by the voids that delimit the sheet and the dynamics of the galactic bubbles that move in it, attract each other, orbit each other, etc.

The result of compression will be a greater or lesser coplanarity, a greater or lesser thickness of the sheet. Sheet that will be characterized by non-uniform shapes and thicknesses especially over very large extensions, due to the different dynamic influences of the voids that delimit it, and of the other components of the Cosmic Web.

The result of sliding will be the confluence of the galactic bubbles and the gaseous material (which forms in the interstitial regions of frictional boundary between the voids) that move in the sheet towards one or more filaments that in turn delimit the sheet, filaments that substantially represent the edges of irregular curvilinear solids (the voids that, compressed, assume irregular curvilinear shapes like soap bubbles when they interact by adhering to each other).

Filaments

For Filaments, what was said for sheets / walls is essentially valid, but in a linear, not planar, dimension. Here the effects of compression and flowing / dragging / sliding, if you will, are more intense, and produce more evident phenomena, with a more marked influence on the dynamics of the structures that move and evolve within them. I am obviously referring to all the materials that form, move and evolve in the Cosmic Web, such as:

• dark turbulence at medium scales (small clusters / groups of galaxies) and small (galactic scale),
• bubbles / systems of Dark Matter / Energy of medium size (bubbles that group small clusters or small groups of galaxies) and small (galactic bubbles), bubbles that evolve as part of the dark turbulence,
• bubbles as in the previous point, but populated by Ordinary Matter,
• substances / objects / bodies of Ordinary Matter (free particles, gas, dust, more complex molecules, stars, planets, wandering black holes, etc.) dragged by / into the dark turbulence, not incorporated into fully formed bubbles such as galactic bubbles (which include the Dark Halo and the visible component of the galaxy, composed of Ordinary Matter).

In the sheets, but especially in the filaments, into which it flows from the sheets, a very large amount of gas (mostly in the form of hydrogen nuclei and atoms, essentially protons, more or less neutralized by electrons, the most elementary form of Ordinary Matter that forms in the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, through the friction of the peripheral regions of the large dark bubbles, vacuums and giant voids). This is what is commonly called the "missing baryonic matter", the 50% of the missing Ordinary Matter, so strenuously sought by researchers, and recently identified through astronomical observations focused on Fast Radio Bursts coming from distant galaxies. Ordinary Matter should in fact (and as is logical in light of the hypotheses formulated here regarding the formation of this type of Matter) be distributed mainly (three quarters) in the space between galaxies, therefore in the sheets / walls and in the filaments, where it forms, or flows after formation, for about 15% in the galactic bubbles (in the Dark Halos), the rest always in the galactic bubbles but between the structures of Ordinary Matter that condense in the depressions of the intragalactic dark turbulence (stars and cold clouds of galactic gas).

Filaments represent a transition region where galaxies flow and transform in their race towards the nodes of the Cosmic Web, where they compose or enrich what we call clusters of galaxies or superclusters (clusters of clusters). Their length can be truly immense (70 - 120 Mpc or 230 - 370 Mly). The density of Matter in transit in the filaments tends to be higher in the central regions, decreasing with the radial distance, as one would expect not (only) due to the effect of gravity that could attract the greatest amount of Matter in transit, but above all due to the density profile of the dark structure of the filament (imagine it as an almost cylindrical cavity, which shows a gradient in the level of positive Mass (Dark Energy) that degrades towards the center of the filament (lower density of positive Mass). A sort of "wave guide" is created that conveys Dark and Ordinary Matter, gas and galaxies, where the regions around the longitudinal axis of the filament are less repulsive and therefore require less Action to be able to be traveled. Just as in a highway there are faster lanes, which offer less resistance to the flow of cars, so the filaments tend to have central regions of less resistance.

In the filaments, galaxies and gas tend to move following spiral, helical trajectories, in the direction of the flow towards the node that they feed, with a more or less symmetric rotation and oscillating around the central axis of the filament. The spiraling flow of galaxies and gas towards the clusters, which are concentrated in the nodes of the Web, contrary to what is commonly believed, in my opinion, and in coherence with everything I have hypothesized in this chapter, is not governed by gravity, or not completely. The prevailing forces that produce the movement are those deriving from the rotation, compression, friction of the large components that constitute the backbone and the dynamic engine of the Web itself. In my opinion it is not true that the materials flow in the filament towards the node by attraction of the denser regions in the nodes (clusters). This is the apparent cause, and in any case not the main one. Moreover, in a theoretical context such as the one stated here, especially in light of the hypotheses formulated on the nature and shape of galaxies and components of the Web, the most densely populated regions of galaxies (filaments and nodes) should be those most dominated by Dark Energy (positive mass) with a marked power repulsive.

Therefore, these regions and their content of gas and galaxies would push strongly towards expansion due to a decrease in internal pressure, higher than that of the large voids that outline, confine and compress sheets, filaments and nodes. They push but cannot expand, precisely, due to the confining action produced by the large voids, which are also, for different causes and phenomena, in continuous pressure for expansion. All the components of the Cosmic Web, for different causes and phenomena, tend to expand, in a cosmic and eternal tug-of-war, which sees the Universe in a state of perpetual creative and evolutionary dis-equilibrium. The sheets / walls, compressed by the expanding voids, find an outlet in the filaments, the filaments find an outlet in the nodes. The nodes can vent by pushing and feeding filaments with flow exiting from the node (which will vent in another node). The Matter in the node is almost as if extruded into the exiting filament, increasing in speed and reaching extremely high speeds (it seems even at 1% of the speed of light). Upon exiting the filament, Matter, depending on its composition, structure, spatial extension, density, etc., slows down as it enters the much more static and dense environment of the clusters, where the probability of collisions and fusions, deformations, etc. are therefore much higher.

The filaments can themselves rotate due to the compression and friction forces produced by the large voids that delineate their boundaries. This rotation can increase the complexity of the internal dynamics of the filaments themselves, and of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web as a whole.

Basic characteristics of galaxies (morphology, gas content and efficiency of its consumption, star formation rate, ) are greatly influenced by the transit in the dense filaments that receive from the sheets / walls the newly formed galaxies and the gas and connect, feeding them, crowded nodes of galaxy clusters. Galaxies are, therefore, deeply influenced by the transit in the filaments. Their shapes and internal evolution processes are significantly affected. Collisions, mergers, frictions with other structures of the Cosmic Web, with the walls of large voids, etc. can alter their spiral shape and favor more irregular, elliptical shapes. Furthermore, the star formation processes can slow down or stop, I believe because of the change in shape that modifies the internal dynamics of galaxies, and the lower availability of gas (atomic and molecular hydrogen) that enters the dark halo of the galaxy. Furthermore, I believe that the crazy speed race in the filaments to which galaxies are subjected makes the cooling / condensation / collapse processes of gas clouds, a process necessary for intense star formation, together with the shock waves in the dark intragalactic environment, less likely.

The consequence of all this is that, just like the temperature of the Elementary Field in the regions that from time to time support the Existence and Essence / Form of the filaments, also the temperature (at micro and macro level) of Matter, Dark (dark bubbles of medium and small size drowned and evolving in the dark turbulence) and Ordinary (gas, dust, wandering objects, galaxies and their small groups / clusters) is on average higher than that reached by the same when lying in the other structures of the Web, sheets / walls and nodes (elementary thermodynamic aspect). Obviously, temperature refers both to the speed of particles, mainly hydrogen atoms, substances and dust, objects (vibrational speed of the atoms and molecules that compose them), the thermodynamic aspect properly speaking, or microscopic thermodynamic aspect, and to the speed of the movements of objects and sub-structures (e.g. galaxies), macroscopic thermodynamic aspect (let's think of medium and small sized cosmic objects and structures as particles of a cosmic "fluid"; the average speed of their movements can be considered as the "macroscopic" temperature of that system).

Nodes

Here we are at the last typology of components of the Cosmic Web. Last from the evolutionary, structural, functional and dynamic point of view.

From the evolutionary point of view because in the process of formation of the Web, the large bubbles that today we call voids and giant voids, the structural skeleton and the dynamic engine of the Web, were developed first. By compression, the first sheets / walls were formed, then the filaments that receive the dynamic and material contributions. And finally, in the interstitial regions at the intersection of multiple bubbles, those that we call nodes and that over time would become the regions most densely rich in medium and small dark bubbles, many of which are populated by structures of Ordinary Matter, which we call galaxies, groups of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and superclusters, that is, clusters of clusters.

From the structural point of view because the nodes, in the hierarchy of structures that occupy the available space, come after the voids, and the other structures that occupy the peripheral regions of the voids, and which are compressed by them. The remaining spaces are those that we call nodes, and which, less subject to compression forces, are more stable, less dynamic.

And here we come to the functional point of view. The nodes are last in the classification of the components of the Cosmic Web because they are the regions, the structures that collect the effects of the entire chain of formation, transport and conservation of the Dark and Ordinary Matter of the Universe. The voids are responsible for the formation of medium and small-sized dark bubbles and all the Ordinary Matter, gas, wandering objects and galaxies, which populate the sheets / walls, and flow into the filaments, to end up in the nodes, where all the Matter tends to gather in gigantic clusters of galaxies and super clusters. From the nodes, a part of the Matter returns to this circuit, through the filaments that exit the nodes. But a large amount of Dark and Ordinary Matter remains in the structures that populate the nodes. These offer an environment, although locally very dynamic, with galactic collisions and mergers, globally less dynamic, suitable for the formation of larger and more stable structures. Especially in the central regions of the nodes, the dynamic influence of the rotation of the large voids, of the friction and compression exerted by them, is less intense.

Finally, from the dynamic point of view, as already mentioned, here too the nodes appear to be in last position. The largest amount of "large scale" motion in the Universe is expressed by large voids, secondly by super extended sheets / walls, then by filaments, up to the nodes, where, as mentioned, the large scale dynamic intensity is lower. The small scale momentum is instead concentrated in the nodes, a little more in the filaments and sheets, almost zero in the large voids. By small scale momentum I obviously mean the amount of motion expressed by the smallest structures that make up the Cosmic Web, small dark bubbles, galaxies, intragalactic structures, objects / bodies, stars, substances, gas, dust, etc. The linear and angular velocity, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is immense in the peripheral regions of the voids, more modest in the sheets / walls, very high in the filaments (with the same dragging effect by the void bubbles, and gravitational effects, we should expect velocities that are tendentially higher in the filaments of smaller section, more compressed). In the nodes the velocity should be lower, especially moving away from the inflowing filaments, and to a lesser extent from the outflowing ones. The central areas of the nodes, as mentioned, should be less affected by the large-scale movement, and show lower velocities.

A clarification regarding the flows of Matter in the filaments. We can imagine unidirectional flows that extend to the entire filament, which therefore will have a terminal inflowing towards a node, and a terminal outflowing that descends from that node and transports towards another node. But we can also imagine filaments that collect the material from sheets especially in the central regions of the filament, and, due to the compression exerted by the voids that outline and surround it, convey the Matter towards both ends, which become tributaries of two nodes thus connected.

Motion of Dark Matter / Energy and of Ordinary Matter

Let's briefly review what has already been said, focusing on the type of Matter formed and transported by the different components of the Web. Let's focus on Dark Matter / Energy, negative and positive Mass respectively, organized in extended dark turbulent structures with low Mass density.
From giant voids, to the immense structures that we call sheets / walls, to filaments, up to nodes. Structures that are increasingly less extended, with a lesser prevalence of Dark matter and an ever greater presence of Ordinary Matter (although in a minority proportion, as is known). This means that the voids are composed almost entirely of Dark Matter (core of negative, attractive Mass = Dark Matter, shell of Positive, repulsive Mass = Dark Energy), except for possible small quantities of Ordinary Matter (e.g., gas and galaxies incorporated as a result of particular events, e.g. void fusions). The sheets / walls are the scene of the frictional formation of Dark Matter (dark structures of medium and small extension) and especially of Ordinary Matter, all interacting for the formation of complex structures, such as gas clouds, objects and bodies, protogalaxies, etc.
All these structures are progressively conveyed towards the filaments, where the balance Dark Matter vs. Ordinary Matter leans more and more towards Ordinary Matter, which tends to concentrate more and more, until the final peak in the central regions of the nodes (always without prejudice to the ratio between Dark Matter and Ordinary Matter which is estimated at about 5 to 1). Regarding this ratio, I believe that the estimates are affected by an incorrect evaluation of the nature, function and dynamics of Dark Energy. It would be necessary to re-evaluate the composition of the Universe (in terms of Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Ordinary Matter) on the basis of the hypotheses that I have formulated in this work regarding the nature, structure, dynamics of the Universe (Evolutionary Cosmological Model), and in particular of the Cosmic Web.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy, being the central and peripheral components of the dark bubbles, obviously move together. The peripheral regions with positive, repulsive Mass (together with the homo-chirality, Dark Charge, and the greater or lesser concordance of orientation of the intrinsic rotation axis, Dark Spin, are responsible for the "intangibility" of the dark bubbles by other dark bubbles of comparable extension / density. A concept analogous to that, already illustrated for the vortical particles of Ordinary Matter, which in conventional physics is called the Pauli Exclusion Principle and which we could reformulate here as follows: in the Elementary Field no Vortex-type InfoStructure can occupy the same portion of the Field, the same volume, the same Space, in the same Time. This is because the external region, the Dark Energy shell, positive Mass, exerts a repulsive force that increases quadratically as the two Vortex Structures approach each other. In the overlapping areas the level of Perturation, of inhomogeneity of the dynamics of the Field, increases more and more as the approach and therefore the overlapping increases. This produces increasing repulsive forces which gradually increase the force needed to force the two structures to get closer.

To this, many other phenomena are added that can decrease or increase the total repulsive force (among others, the intensity of the Motion that leads to the approach, acceleration and inertia, the concordance or opposition of the chirality (Charge), the greater or lesser alignment of the Spin). This is the reason why, even if attracted by opposition of Electric Charge, or of Chirality / Dark Charge in the case of Dark InfoStructures, to fuse (annihilate) two particles (e.g. an electron and a positron) a sufficiently energetic collision is needed to bring them closer beyond a certain limit, it is necessary to provide Energy, express Action, exert Force, therefore. And the same thing is true for the Dark Vortices that constitute the dark bubbles we talk about in these pages.

Returning to the central theme of this section, the Motion of / in the dark component of the Cosmic Web (turbulence and structures), in short we can say that:

• the entire Elementary Field, or, observing the Field from the point of view of the Component of Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, all Space-time with its more or less deformed Metric is animated by turbulence at all spatial and temporal scales. At the large scales that characterize cosmic dimensions and structures, it is dark turbulence that dominates the scene and constitutes the predominant dynamic factor from whose organization cosmic structures in the dark component arise (dark bubbles of voids, clusters, galaxies, etc. as well as the turbulent flows that constitute the dark structure of sheets and filaments, etc.).
  I take this opportunity to focus attention on the Principle of General Equivalence applied to the specific context. To say that "the whole Elementary Field, or, observing the Field from the point of view of the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, all Space-time with its more or less deformed Metric" is the substratum of everything that exists, means observing Physical Reality from different, but precisely equivalent, points of view. Continuing the equivalence, we can say that the deformations of the dynamics of the Elementary Field that we call Perturbation can be, equivalently, represented as follows:
  • density of Elementary Events (in terms of the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations that incessantly shake the Elementary Field with resonance around the Planck scale) equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or a significant neighborhood,
  • said in terms of Elementary Action, value of Perturbation equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the Space-time Metric, at scales much higher than the Planck scale, Space is flat) rate of flow of Time equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of Mass, zero Mass, negative or positive, that forms structures of Matter respectively: vacuum, Matter (Dark and Ordinary), Dark Energy (regions peripherals of Vortex structures both in the dark domain, bubbles / Halos, and in the ordinary domain, particles),
  • in terms of the limit velocity of propagation of Causality / Action / Information, so-called speed of light in a vacuum, velocity equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average limit velocity or of a significant neighborhood,
  • in terms of the temperature of the Elementary Field, temperature respectively: equal to, lower than or higher than the universal average or of a significant neighborhood.
• the largest structures of the Cosmic Web, the large voids, are the structures (almost totally dark, except for a small amount of Ordinary Matter that entered a bit by chance) intrinsically more dynamic (due to their intrinsic and especially extrinsic rotational component). They represent the true dynamic engine of the Web, incessantly transferring Motion to the other components, to the sheets and above all to the filaments that move in the interstitial regions compressed between these monsters in incessant rotation. And together with the sheets and the filaments themselves, everything that flows inside them towards the nodes of the Web, therefore dark bubbles of medium and small extension and all the Ordinary Matter that has formed and aggregated in the peripheral dynamics of the large voids,
• all this turbulence and all this dark medium and small scale structures that form and flow in the interstitial regions, and drag Ordinary Matter towards the nodes, move within the interstitial components of the Web (in the sheets and filaments, and eventually into the nodes),
• all substances (gas and dust), objects / bodies (stars, black holes, planets, solitary / errant or aggregated in structures), the structures of Ordinary Matter, which form and flow in the interstitial regions, also move within the interstitial components of the Web (in the sheets and filaments, and finally flow into the nodes), dragged by the dark turbulence, by the more or less chaotic flows, and by the movement of the dark structures that flow and interact in such turbulence. Galaxies across the vast Cosmic Web appear to exhibit coordinated motion across distances spanning millions of light-years. Their synchronized movements challenge conventional expectations set by current cosmological models. This unusual behavior hints at the presence of mysterious forces or interactions influencing the architecture of the Universe.

Apparent cosmic expansion

For all that I have just said about the evolution of the Cosmic Web, among the main dynamics that characterize the Cosmic Web I deliberately do not include cosmic expansion. As said, it is an (apparent) phenomenon linked not to an actual expansion of Space, but to an ever greater organization, structuring, complexification of Space-time. Linked, ultimately, to the increase of inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of the Elementary Events of the Elementary Field, or, said in terms closer to Conventional Physics, increase of inhomogeneities in the rates of temporal flow, of the temporal geometry of the cosmos.

It is emblematic that precisely what we observe and interpret as "expansion, movement of distancing", the most significant movement that we can observe in the Universe, is not a movement, Motion, but the effect of a differentiation of the flow of Time in different domains of the cosmos, and of the consequent different limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information.

And, to complete the picture, let's now turn to some considerations on the most relevant forms of interactions that characterize the Cosmic Web:

Gravitational interactions

Gravitational interaction is commonly considered the silent but powerful director of the great dynamics of the Cosmic Web. As said above, I believe that this role, although fundamental, is a little overestimated. Or at least, the weight of its direct influence is. Indirectly, I agree in considering gravity the most relevant dynamical engine on large cosmic scales. But, in my opinion, the gravitational action of attraction by Dark and Ordinary Matter and repulsion by Dark Energy are largely not directly responsible for the dynamics of the Web and its components.

I try to explain. Much of the gravitational action produced by the extensive, albeit impalpable, inhomogeneities of the Perturbation values ​​in the Elementary Field, those that we call InfoStructures of Dark Matter and Energy, the large bubbles / Dark Halos that we call Voids and Giant Voids, is expressed in the growth processes and rotational motions of these same structures, and from these, as Motion and mechanical actions of compression of the interstitial spaces, of friction in the peripheral regions, etc. (Translation), it is transferred to the other components of the Cosmic Web, sheets, filaments and nodes, with all the sub-structures that form, propagate and evolve in those components (substances, objects and bodies, structures, systems, galaxies, groups and clusters).

As already said several times, I do not believe that in the history of the Universe we have seen a Big Bang, with subsequent formation of structures, starting from tiny fluctuations in the density of matter grown under the effect of gravity. And that the Dark and Ordinary Matter produced in a Big Bang attracted each other, giving rise to the filaments, walls and nodes of the Cosmic Web. For me, the story began with infinitesimal fluctuations / inhomogeneities of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, which grew over immense periods of time (billions of billions of years, a time without time, a Universe without a beginning in fact) and became the giant voids on which the other components and the universal structure of the Cosmic Web were formed.

The progressive expansion and occupation of all available Space by these giant voids, processes dominated by gravity, by the organization of the Elementary Action in the Perturbation Component, produced the formation of dark bubbles of increasingly greater extension and density of Mass, which due to compression progressively concentrated in the interstitial regions. Kinetic / mechanical processes, and to a lesser extent, gravitational ones, produced the thickening of the turbulence and of the aforementioned dark structures with the formation of sheets / walls, filaments and nodes.

Gravity becomes increasingly important and dominant in the interactions between Dark Structures as we move from large voids to medium and small bubbles (galaxies), and then to intragalactic substructures, to the structures of Ordinary Matter. In particular, gravity is crucial in holding galaxies together in groups, clusters, and these in superclusters. Furthermore, as mentioned, gravity, together with the mechanical and kinetic forces, plays a continuous action that shapes the Web and its components, favoring the expansion of large voids, the compression and collapse of dense interstitial regions, amplifying the inhomogeneities in the fabric of the Universe.

Gravitational attraction and repulsion

We commonly consider gravity as an attractive phenomenon, or predominantly attractive. Yes, conventional science does contemplate a repulsive entity, but not as a structural and functional counterpart of the attractive gravity produced by Masses in Space-time. The repulsive phenomena, the cosmic expansion and its progressive acceleration, are commonly attributed to the phantom Dark Energy with gravitationally repulsive characteristics.

In this work, I have attributed to Dark Energy a nature and a function that go far beyond the justification of the phenomenon of cosmic expansion and its acceleration. Here Dark Energy represents the analogue of Matter, both Dark and Ordinary, but composed of positive rather than negative Mass, flow rates of Time and propagation speeds of Causality / Action / Information higher than the universal average or of a significant neighborhood, and so on as seen on the basis of the Principle of General Equivalence.

Dark Energy, therefore, as the structural component of the external regions, the shells, both of the Dark Vortex Structures (bubbles, Dark Halos) and of the Ordinary Matter Vortex Structures (elementary particles). Here the repulsive action that characterizes the peripheral regions of the Dark and Ordinary Vortex Structures becomes a fundamental element that characterizes the dynamics and interaction of these Structures. Although it is less intense than the attractive action exerted respectively by the nuclei of Dark and Ordinary Matter (Dark or Ordinary Matter, gravitationally attractive, is concentrated in a limited region, while Dark Energy is distributed in much larger regions and therefore much less intense, diluted, so to speak, except in cases of compression of the Structures with consequent mechanical interaction of the external regions of Dark Energy which, condensing precisely due to the compression, repel each other/enter into friction, etc.).

I reiterate once again that Dark Matter and Dark Energy are not two different types of "substance". They are the same thing, inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, negative or positive values ​​of Perturbation. Mass, rhythm of Time, limit speed, etc. higher or lower than average. The only Structures in nature that can produce and maintain a inhomogeneity of this type are Vortex-type Structures. Central depression, and if the vortex is compressed, raising of the level in the constant, external regions of the Vortex.

What maintains the vorticity? The attractive or repulsive dynamics is due to Translation, which is produced by the effect of the inhomogeneity of Perturbation, and Rotation, produced by the effect of the multipoint interaction of Translation, which tries to compensate and reduce the inhomogeneity of Perturbation. Vortices that we can define as "temporal". The rhythm of Time flows more slowly inside (negative Mass) and faster outside (positive Mass). This inhomogeneity generates a further reaction of the Elementary Field (Translation) which tends to reduce/cancel the difference in the rhythm of the flow of Time, self-feeding the Vortex, producing its conservation.

Invisible attractors

Invisible attractors are not "attractors" because of the concentration of large Masses, or at least this is not the main reason for their great attractive power. It is even the gravitational attractive power that we must question, as it may not be the main factor of the particular dynamics of these peculiar regions and of the intense effects it produces on the dynamics of large regions and components of the Cosmic Web.

I believe the most relevant factor lies precisely in the dynamics of the components of the Web. So that the particular dynamics are not (so much) caused by the gravitational attractive power of the "particular region", which we call invisible attractor, but the opposite is true: the Matter we observe is in Motion towards the particular region and therefore it seems to us attracted by something. I always like to use the simile of the sink. If we sprinkle flower petals into the water in a sink and then remove the plug, we will see the petals move toward the drain not because of an "attractive force" exerted by the drain, the Earth, etc., but because of the dragging effect exerted by the water flowing toward the drain.

It is true that the action of gravity causes the water to flow into the drain. But the effect of gravity on the petals is substantially indirect, mediated by the flow of water. What prevails is the dragging effect. This is the case for visible Matter, the glittering galaxies that we imagine inexorably attracted toward an invisible point that we think is extremely massive, capable of exerting an immense gravitational attraction. In fact, the prevalent contribution to the movement of visible Matter toward the invisible attractor is given by the dragging effect exerted by the peculiar dynamics of dark turbulence, by the Matter and Dark Energy that make up the components of the Cosmic Web.

We must imagine the same thing for the dynamics of Ordinary (visible) Matter that appears to us attracted toward a large invisible Mass. As I have said several times, I believe that, in the dynamics of the Motion of Matter in the structure of the Cosmic Web, the effects of the rotations of the large empty bubbles and the related dragging effect on everything that is compressed in the interstitial regions (characterized by Dark Energy, therefore by positive Mass, in which the smaller and denser dark bubbles are immersed) are more important than the gravitational attraction and repulsion produced by the Matter and Energy of the same components of the Web.

I do not believe it is a coincidence that the large attractor, as for other regions of this type that appear in the visualizations and simulations of the movements of Matter in the Cosmic Web, lies in a node where the flows of the walls of the giant voids that compress it and several filaments that collect and convey a large number of galaxies and other unstructured Matter converge.

In short, what is relevant in my opinion are the flows in the dark turbulence that is maximum in the interstitial regions compressed between the large voids. It is here that, due to the drag, the motions that we observe as effects of sliding and gravitational attraction from regions that we imagine as massive, yet invisible, manifest themselves. And of course, if there is convergence, there must also be divergence. This is how we observe what are called dipole repellers. Areas from which dark turbulent flows "exit", so to speak, diverge in directions that lead to the areas of attraction, of convergence.

Mechanical interactions

I know. I am repeating and revisiting the same concepts, the same arguments over and over again. This can make reading less fluent, more tiring. I apologize. But every time I touch on a topic, I try to add something that I consider important to improve understanding, to clarify, to complete the picture, to contextualize in different areas, and according to different and complementary perspectives. I would like to be able, in addition to explaining concepts far from conventional scientific approaches, to expose a different way of observing nature, the entities, phenomena and dynamics that produce what we see in the world around us, in the micro and macro, and the connections between these areas that seem so far away, micro physics and cosmology, which must meet, to allow us to reach a deeper and broader understanding of the Universe in all its different nuances.

The mechanical interactions in the dynamics of the Web and its components, and of the materials produced within them, are influenced, ultimately, by temporal inhomogeneities, or rather by the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations that resonate around the Planck scale and that by expansion and self-organization tend to grow in Space and Time, evolving into increasingly larger and more persistent Dark Structures, until they saturate, even through collisions and fusions, all available Space. Perturbation that organizes itself, correlations that consolidate, interact, spread, impose, until they form the large voids that we have described. And these in turn, swirling in the Universe, form the other components of the Web, and then bubbles, Halos. Bubbles everywhere, swirling depressions in dark turbulence.

And then Ordinary Matter, which in those bubbles condenses, aggregates, evolves, towards clouds of gas, stars, galaxies, clusters, moving incessantly, sometimes more slowly, sometimes faster, like in rushing torrents, up to calmer, but more crowded lakes. All mechanical interactions, in the end, must be traced back to what we have just said, to Perturbation, to inhomogeneities in the rhythm of Time, or, in equivalent terms, of the distribution of negative and positive Mass, as described in this work, and to gravitational attractive and repulsive phenomena (Translation produced by Perturbation, Variation of Motion / Acceleration—produced by differences in Mass, in the rhythm of Time).

The main forms of mechanical interaction between the components of the Cosmic Web, which design and evolve its structure and characterize its dynamics, are the "compression / expansion" of the bubbles / Dark Halos and the "friction" resulting from the sliding of the peripheral regions of the rotating bubbles / Dark Halos due to the proximity produced by the compression of the interstitial regions produced by the tendency of the bubbles themselves to expand.

Compression and expansion

Expansion and compression are two fundamental phenomena in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web, in the formation and evolution of its components and the materials that form, evolve and move in them.

They are not expressed and do not consist only in the processes of gravitational collapse and cosmic expansion. All the components of the Web and the materials in them are affected in various ways by these fundamental processes.

We have seen how the expansion of the voids has led to saturation, to the complete dark structuring of all available Space. And, furthermore, how the large voids, as well as in general all dark bubbles of any extension and density, in the dynamics of mutual interaction experience forces that produce compression (reduction of extension) and densification (increase in the average density of Mass), as well as an increase in the inhomogeneity of the distribution profile of the Mass (negative and positive) and of the vorticity and angular velocity (intrinsic rotation)—conservation of the Dark Charge and of the Dark Spin, which influences the speed of the extrinsic rotation—conservation of the angular momentum.

The compression of the interstitial regions that produce sheets / walls and filaments, and crush them producing significant increases in the speed of flow of the materials inside them and towards the nodes, as well as densification of the Dark and Visible Structures, etc.

In the regions of greater density, such as filaments and nodes, to the compression exerted by the large voids, gravitational forces are added, which attract the matter towards the inside and cause it to compress, aggregate, collapse into more compact and articulated structures. These are the birthplaces of galaxies and clusters.

What we can say in general, both on the dark and visible side of the components of the Web and the materials that form and evolve in them, is that expansion and compression are local phenomena. There are general trends, but the direction, intensity, timing, etc. of these processes are exquisitely local, as they depend on the local dynamics, the interactions of these components, their shape, mutual relations, and so on. In this sense, the whole issue of tensions between different measures of the parameters that characterize what is called cosmic expansion is obviously meaningless. There is no cosmic expansion of Space-time in itself, so there are no universal parameters.

We should already be happy to be able to determine a range of values ​​and an average distribution in that range, perhaps, by type of Web components involved. For example, average rate of expansion of voids as a function of their extension and density. Average rate of compression of nodes as a function of the compression forces exerted by the voids that surround and compress them. Always taking into account that each specific local configuration is the result of the complex interaction between many components, each with its own peculiar dynamics, and of substructures that oppose greater or lesser resistance, or exert greater or lesser forces, in different directions, etc. The dynamics of the cosmos is truly complex, and in my opinion, cannot be represented by universal parameters, and reduced to standardized processes.

It is a turbulent world. Chaos and order compete for the organization of Space-time, of the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Forces and Fields, Action, Information / Energy, InfoStructures, Forms. Everything, at all levels, is formed and evolves in this formative process in perpetual disequilibrium between uncertainty and determination, between chaos and order. Turbulence everywhere. The nightmare of science, especially physics, which has among its main purposes the prediction of the results of observations, of experiments.

And again, compression and expansion also concern the materials that form and evolve in the Cosmic Web. They concern gas clouds, dust, stars that form, swell, explode, collapse, and so on. And they concern star clusters, galaxies and their internal substructures. The accretion disks of active galactic black holes, their jets, but also protoplanetary disks, planets, and everything that is part of the Universe. The dynamics of everything that exists seems to be characterized in some way by processes of compression and expansion. Let's think of our heart, which allows us to live thanks to these rhythmic dynamics. A dynamic dance that feeds on attraction and repulsion, and manifests itself as condensation and rarefaction, approach and distance, contact and distance, and so on.

Compression and expansion also concern the formation of these same materials that we have just mentioned. The formation, evolution and dynamics of medium and small dark bubbles, and of the turbulence in which they move, are also related to the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, in the friction between large dark bubbles.

The role of friction and dynamical friction

As already expressed in this section, friction, especially between the large dark bubbles of the voids, between their external regions dominated by Dark Energy—friction only partly mitigated by the smaller bubbles located in the interstitial spaces, in the sheets / walls, filaments and nodes, which play the role of a sort of "lubricating cushion" so to speak—is one of the most relevant aspects of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and is the origin of many cosmic phenomena.

Among these, the formation of dark bubbles of smaller dimensions (Dark Halos of galaxies, clusters and superclusters), peculiar motions of materials (gas, galaxies, etc.) in the interstitial regions (sheets, filaments, and partly in the nodes), processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, and of its addressing towards the areas of gravitational concentration, etc. Dynamical friction is also fundamental in characterizing intra-component dynamics, especially the dynamics of galactic bubbles within the turbulent nodal areas hosting clusters and superclusters.

Chiral interactions

Chirality is present almost everywhere in the Universe. It comes from one of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, which I have precisely called Rotation:Chirality. It can manifest itself both at the level of intrinsic rotations (the intrinsic rotation of each point of the Structure, of the Space it occupies, ultimately, of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that time by time supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the aforementioned Structure) of Vortex-type InfoStructures, and in their extrinsic rotation (the rotation of the entire Structure as a whole body). It plays an important role in many of the dynamics that concern the structures of the infinitely small and the cosmic dynamics. The topic is deeply rooted in questions regarding the role of symmetries, the ways of expression of fundamental forces and interactions, and the large-scale structure of the Universe, among the most relevant. As previously stated, chirality on the dark side of the world manifests itself in what we can call the Dark Charge of cosmic megastructures.

In cosmology, as far as I know, only recently are we starting to take into consideration that at the cosmic level chiral asymmetries exist and are relevant in the large-scale structures of the cosmos. We are also starting to evaluate how chirality at the cosmic level can influence and have influenced the behavior of particles (e.g. neutrinos, such as their oscillations) and the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the early Universe. Without forgetting the possible impact on the prevalence of chiral modes defined on organic molecules present in the Universe, which could be responsible for the appearance of life and its biomolecular peculiarities.

Is it possible to ask whether the Universe itself can express a preferential "chirality"? Whether the Universe itself is globally rotating in a defined direction.

In my vision of the nature, origin, evolution, structure and dynamics of the Universe and the Cosmic Web, and of its components that we have described above, it is clear that chirality, the direction of rotation of the Dark Vortex InfoStructures, which constitute the dynamic skeleton of the Web, is fundamental to understanding central phenomena in the development of the Universe, such as the interaction of large void bubbles, the formation of dark structures of smaller extension, the formation and compression of interstitial regions, the formation of Ordinary Matter, the processes of compression, collapse and formation of large gas clouds, galaxies, and so on.

That in the very long evolution of the Universe, from homogeneity to the current complex differentiation, extended processes and repeated interactions, collisions and mergers, we have brought out a prevalent chirality, especially at the largest cosmological scales, I do not think there can be many doubts. More and more signs of such prevalence are emerging in observations, especially at the level of galactic bubbles. But I believe that, if such an observational investigation could be conducted on large voids, the result would be even more clear in favor of a chiral prevalence.

In order for bubbles of increasingly smaller extension to form in the universal dark turbulence, it is necessary for the large bubbles to expand and develop frictional dynamics in their peripheral regions (formed by Dark Energy, positive Mass). Two vortices kept in contact tend to repel each other and, if they cannot do so, they tend to develop turbulence in the external regions in friction. But only if their chirality is concordant. If it is discordant, once the repulsion of the Dark Energy regions due to the overlapping of areas with positive Mass is overcome, they will tend to attract each other chirally, to interpenetrate, to annihilate. Just like what happens to an electron / positron pair that we force to approach beyond a certain minimum distance threshold.

In my opinion, the prevalence of one direction in the chirality of the large dark bubbles, in the large voids that dominate the dynamics of the Web, is the key to explaining the prevalence of what we call matter to the detriment of what we call anti-matter. In the incessant processes of formation of new Ordinary Matter (leptons), in the regions of friction, in the processes of acceleration and interaction of the elementary particles thus produced, which produce more complex particles (quark nucleons), a prevailing chirality at a universal level, in my opinion, would be the reason for the scarcity of antimatter. To put it in evolutionary terms, the environment influences the evolutionary processes of formation of Ordinary Matter, causing the selection of matter particles to the detriment of antimatter particles, as well as influencing the processes of their formation.

Chiral attraction and repulsion

The concept of chiral attraction and repulsion arises in systems where chirality plays a role in the way the structures that compose such systems interact. This is particularly interesting in the dynamics of the Cosmic Web and its components.

Here, chiral interactions can interfere with other types of interactions, mechanical and gravitational, attenuating or emphasizing their intensity, but also their direction, verse, speeds, times, etc. These influences can contribute to the breaking of symmetries and the development of peculiar, local dynamics, which can also significantly affect the general dynamics of the Web, its structure and composition.

Attraction and repulsion, modulated by chiral interaction, can trigger and influence processes of expansion or contraction, can favor or prevent fusions, or productive frictions of other turbulence and structures of smaller extension and greater density, and so on.

In short, the concordance or discordance of chirality, through chiral attraction and repulsion, does not limit itself to influencing the trajectories of the processes that are expressed in the Cosmic Web, but can influence the very dynamics of the interactions between its components, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes and all the materials that form and evolve within it.

Chiral evolution

Let's summarize. As said countless times in these pages, everything evolves. Evolution is one of the two fundamental subprocesses into which, only for descriptive needs, we can ideally divide the unitary Process of Formation of Reality. As described in several sections of this chapter, even the chirality of the large structures that dominate the Web, the voids, has undergone an evolution, and has been at the center of evolutionary processes that have determined a prevalence in the direction.

A minimal random prevalence of chirality in the first expansions of elementary spatial fluctuations (in the Component of Elementary Action that I called Rotation:Chirality precisely), when the large dark bubbles that we call voids were still very far from forming, Space was not yet saturated with such dark structures, in the extremely dilated times of the development of the Universe, expanded more and more and through interactions, annihilations and fusions transformed into what I hypothesize is the current chiral prevalence of large and very large scale.

Voids and giant voids that, precisely because of their concordance of chirality, having saturated the entire available Space, interacting kinetically, mechanically and gravitationally, compressing themselves and compressing the interstitial regions, in the friction areas have produced and produce other Dark Structures of lesser extension and greater density, up to the microscopic InfoStructures that we call Elementary Particles, the first seeds of the structures that have progressively formed and continue to form to compose Ordinary Matter.

Here too we find the Cycle of Information, and the evolutionary operators that structure the dynamics of the Elementary Field in the peculiar ways that in our medium-scale perspective we observe as large dark bubbles, voids and giant voids precisely. Organization, Transformation and Selection. Broadly speaking, and expressed in an approximate and not completely rigorous form, Organization allows the structuring of the seeds of the voids, and allows their growth, with their own random chirality. Transformation, through interactions, produces the destructuring, the annihilation, the disappearance by incorporation of bubbles with discordant chirality with respect to the emerging prevalence. Selection allows the survival and causal permanence of bubbles that are compatible with the cosmic chiral environment, and determines the elimination of non-compatible bubbles.

Spin-related / magnetic interactions

The Cosmic Web is woven with magnetic fields that play a subtle but profound role in shaping cosmic evolution. Recent studies in astrophysics and cosmology suggest that magnetic interactions in the Cosmic Web arise from both primordial origins (such as those seeded during cosmic inflation) and astrophysical processes (such as galactic winds and jets from active galactic nuclei). These magnetic phenomena are thought to be particularly relevant in filaments, where they would be less influenced by the dynamics of galaxy formation and could preserve ancient magnetic signatures. Evidence from radio observation techniques such as rotation measurement (RM) and accumulation of synchrotron emissions for estimating the intensity and structure of magnetic fields in intergalactic space is supported. Magnetic shock waves, weak radio signals produced by the gravitational compression of filaments, have recently been observed.

Obviously I do not agree with the references to primordial formative processes, Big Bang and Inflation. And furthermore, in my opinion there is more. Both from the point of view of the nature of these magnetic fields, and from the point of view of their origin, structure, dynamics, and role in the formative and evolutionary processes that affect the Web.

Here we are not talking about the topic of the orientation of the extrinsic rotation axis, the Dark Spin, a complementary topic to the one we discussed above, i.e. the chirality of the extrinsic rotation and the Dark Charge in the Web. Extrinsic rotation that has a notable relevance in the dynamic processes of the Web, of the interaction between its components.

Here I want to discuss the topic of the intrinsic rotation of the structures that make up the Cosmic Web, which manifest themselves as magnetic phenomena in which the magnetic characteristics of the structures of Ordinary Matter that populate many of the Dark Structures actively and passively participate, except obviously the large voids that, as we have seen, do not contain Ordinary Matter, or contain only traces of it.

As with Particles, the immensely larger Vortex-type Dark InfoStructures also exhibit a characteristic that we consider to be the root of magnetic phenomena, namely the correlation of the spatial orientation of the rotation axis of the event points in the region of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the Structures themselves. From the point of view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field and Elementary Action, we call this as Rotation:AxisOrientation. It is the root of Spin, both at the level of the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter and those of Dark Matter / Energy.

So, in addition to the extrinsic rotation, the rotation of cosmic structures in their unity and entirety, especially of large voids, which is relevant for kinetic and mechanical processes and for the interactions between the various components of the Web, there is a dimension of intrinsic rotation that I summarize in the concept of Dark Spin, which shows two complementary parameters, chirality and orientation of the rotation axis. I remember that both for the external rotation, and even more for the intrinsic one, these structures can manifest and, given their relevant Space-time extensions, manifest what I called "polydynamism", which leads to the coexistence in the same structure of different internal and/or external dynamic processes at the same time. Condition that, in analogy to that which manifests itself in the dynamics of Particles, of quantum objects, we can call "superposition".

We therefore focus on the intrinsic rotation, not on the Dark Spin (the Spin of the structure as a whole), but on the Spin that we spoke about in relation to the Vortex-type Structures that make up Ordinary Matter, the Particles. The Spin that has to do not with the rotation of a Particle in its entirety, as a solid and unitary body, but with the Rotation (as a component of the Elementary Action) of each event point of the region of the Elementary Field that time by time supports the Existence and the Essence / Form of the Particle itself. The correlation of the Component of the Elementary Action that I call Rotation:AxisOrientation of the event points of the Elementary Field is the root (in addition to the shape of the Particle) especially of its Spin and related magnetic phenomena.

Dark bubbles, at all dimensional scales, from the most extensive and rarefied, to the smallest and densest (such as the bubbles that host galaxies, with their Dark Halo and the more or less visible structures formed by Ordinary Matter) can show correlation patterns that produce magnetic fields that are more or less intense and also have very irregular shapes. Given the very low densities of negative and positive Mass, characteristic of the Dark Matter / Energy that composes the bubbles, it is clear that the intensity of the correlations cannot be very high and consequently the relative magnetic fields will not be very intense. Nevertheless, considering the extensions involved, the effects could be quite significant.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion

Exposed, immersed in a magnetic field (presence of correlation of the orientation of the axis of rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field in the surrounding region of a Particle or a Dark Structure with non-zero Spin) the Spin of both a particle and a Dark bubble / Halo (presence of correlation of the orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation of the event points of the Elementary Field that time by time support such Structure, both of a Particle and a Dark Structure, both Vortex-type InfoStructures) tends to reorient itself in Space (all event points that support such Structure undergo an "intrinsic" rotation) so as to minimize the total Action.

If the Structure is constrained by other interactions with the Field and/or with other Structures, the reorientation can lead to a parallel or antiparallel alignment. And this condition leads to situations, to interactions where a magnetic force manifests itself that causes attraction (in the case of parallel orientation of the spin in the Field and the Spin of the observed Structure) or repulsion (in the opposite case of antiparallel orientation).

In the complex environment of the Cosmic Web, magnetic attraction and repulsion derive from the interaction of magnetic fields (magnetic field = structured Elementary Field, observed from the point of view of the correlations of the orientations of the Rotation axes associated with the Megastructures that compose it).

These magnetic fields, producing attraction / repulsion, influence both the Dark Structures of the Cosmic Web and the Ordinary Matter Structures, the Particles of Ordinary (visible) Matter with Spin.

Charged particles that spiral along the lines of the magnetic field can create synchrotron radiation, which are detected by radio telescopes. Observations of this radiation, along with rotation measurements (which track how magnetic fields distort light), help scientists map the strength and structure of magnetism in the Web, and the intrinsic and, to some extent, extrinsic rotation of the Dark Structures involved.

Magnetic attraction and repulsion also influence the formation and evolution of galaxies, through important mechanisms / phenomena, including regulating star formation (by influencing the gravitational concentration and collapse of gas and dust clouds), shaping galactic structure (in spiral galaxies, magnetic fields are often aligned with the spiral arms), and the orientation of galactic winds and outflows from galaxies (winds that can remove the gas needed for star formation and dust that determines their chemical composition/metallicity). Intergalactic magnetic fields can also shape the environment in which galaxies evolve and influence the flows of gas and dust in Web components such as sheets, filaments, and within nodes. The rotational dynamics of galaxies and the charged particles/atoms/molecules within them can amplify weak galactic magnetic fields, causing additional ionized gas to rotate, effectively amplifying these fields in feedback loops that tend to preserve and amplify the magnetic structure of both galaxies and clusters.

A little more about these cosmic magnetic generators. We have just talked about how galaxies, with their movements of conductive substances / fluids / plasma, generate and sustain magnetic fields (a phenomenon that we could associate with the image of a dynamo, which, acting on the turbulent and chaotic motions of the dark turbulence that characterizes the entire dark environment of the Cosmic Web, converts the kinetic energy of charged Structures into magnetic energy). But, as I have already said, in my opinion, it is not only the vortical, rotating movements of the ionized gas that generate / amplify the magnetic fields of the Structures that make up the Cosmic Web and the galaxies that populate them, it is the Dark Structures themselves that by various mechanisms show correlations in the orientation of the intrinsic rotation axes of the event points of the Field that support them (magnetic fields, in fact, weak, but extremely extensive and pervasive).

All these magnetic fields, both those generated by the dynamics of the Structures of Ordinary Matter (more intense and spatially concentrated), and those associated with the dynamics of the InfoStructures of Dark Matter / Energy (less intense, more rarefied, but very extensive in the Cosmos) are further influenced by inhomogeneities of the kinetic dynamics of the Cosmic Structures, such as, for example, differential rotation (galaxies rotate faster at the center than at the edges) and helical turbulence. Extended and coherent magnetic fields that can persist for billions of years, influencing, as mentioned, the life and shape of the Cosmic Web, its Components, galaxies, the interactions between the Dark Structures, as well as those between the Structures of Ordinary Matter that populate them. Collisions and mergers between galaxies, or between megastructures of the Web, can also significantly alter these magnetic fields that, in extremely dilated times, can reform and/or reconfigure starting from the residues of the previous fields.

Electromagnetic interactions

Electromagnetic interactions are believed to be one of the four fundamental forces of nature and govern the way in which electrically charged particles interact with each other. They result from the combination of electric forces (between stationary charges) and magnetic forces (between moving charges), are mediated by electromagnetic waves, Wave-type InfoStructures subtype "Multi-cycles", and by photons, what are commonly called "light particles", Wave-type InfoStructures subtype "Single-cycle", depending on the type of phenomenon that generates their emission. It is believed that electromagnetic waves / photons are made up of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate together, forming waves such as light, radio waves, X-rays, gamma rays, etc., structures that travel at the speed of light and are described by Maxwell's equations.

To return to the Cosmic Web, there are many phenomena that in some form include electromagnetic interactions. Let's say that our knowledge of the cosmos is almost entirely produced by electromagnetic interactions both in the production of electromagnetic messengers (light, x-rays, etc.) and in their detection, processing, interpretation, etc. We ourselves are electromagnetic systems: we exist, we live and we observe the world through electromagnetic interactions. Among the most significant phenomena and structures we can find:

• plasma and magnetic fields: the intergalactic medium is rich in ionized gas (plasma), which, as mentioned, interacts with magnetic fields (amplified by shocks of structural formation and by turbulence caused by the flow of matter along the filaments, as well as by the structure and dynamics of large cosmic structures). These interactions can generate synchrotron radiation, observable at radio wavelengths,
• radio and X-ray emissions: radio telescopes detect synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons spiraling in magnetic fields. X-ray observations reveal hot gas in filaments and cluster outskirts, often energized by shocks and mergers, emissions that help trace the otherwise invisible cosmic web,
• non-thermal energy conversion: as gas and dark matter accumulate on filaments and clusters, the kinetic energy is converted into non-thermal energy (e.g., cosmic rays, magnetic fields).

All these processes, and many more, are crucial for understanding the energy budget of the Universe. Standard Dark Matter seems not to interact electromagnetically. But this assumption is born from the poor understanding of the fundamental nature of these phenomena, which in this work, despite its introductory nature, I have tried to improve. In the context of the hypotheses that I have put forward in the description of Matter and Energy of both the Dark / invisible and the Ordinary / visible side, of the InfoStructures that compose them and give them form and phenomenology, it is clear that the electromagnetic interaction between these two aspects of Reality cannot but be influenced by the immense differences in spatial extension, temporal dynamics, density of Mass, Charge and Spin.

A photon emitted by a level jump of an electron in an atom, which occurs in a very small space and an infinitesimal time, will have a very small wavelength and a rather high action potential density. A photon (always a Single-cycle Wave) emitted in a deceleration of a galactic bubble, endowed with intrinsic chirality (similar to the electric charge of an electron, although with infinitely more modest density) in a collision with another galactic bubble, will have an extremely longer wavelength and a very low action potential density. What can we expect from this extreme difference in wavelength and action potential density? Zero or almost zero interaction. The photon produced by the dynamics of Dark InfoStructures (be careful, one could call it a dark photon, and that would also be correct, but let's avoid creating confusion with recent models proposed in the field of conventional physics, which see phantom dark photons at the center of attention) will produce only infinitesimal effects on Ordinary InfoStructures, and vice versa.

Let's now see some types of electromagnetic interactions that have a particular cosmological significance.

Dispersion

Dispersion occurs when radio waves from distant sources like Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) travel through ionized gas in the cosmic web. Electromagnetic interactions between free electrons and radio waves cause lower frequencies to slow down more than higher ones. This effect is measured as the Dispersion Measure (DM), which helps trace the density of electrons along the line of sight. Most of the dispersion comes from filaments in the cosmic web, revealing where the universe’s "missing baryons" are. Studying this helps map the large-scale structure of the universe and understand its plasma and magnetic field properties.

Ionization

The conventional story is that after the Big Bang, the universe cooled and formed neutral hydrogen, but then ionized again in a process called reionization. This ionization was caused by the first stars and galaxies, whose ultraviolet light stripped electrons from hydrogen atoms. The filaments of the cosmic web contain ionized gas (plasma), especially in regions heated by shock waves, star formation, and AGN activity. Ionized gas affects the way light travels through space, affecting measurements of scattering and the Faraday rotation of radio waves. Studying ionization helps track down missing baryons and understand the thermal and magnetic history of the universe.

Let's try a different story. The mechanical interaction between the large voids that structure the Cosmic Web, in the interstitial regions, the friction of Dark Matter / Energy triggers and fuels the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter in the form of elementary particles (leptons), at high temperature, great kinetic energy, accelerated both by the same mechanical forces responsible for their formation, and by the extensive magnetic fields present in the Web. Light particles that accelerate acquire Mass, which, in collisions with other particles, or with the substances that populate the Web, produce more complex massive particles, turbulent lumps of Ordinary Matter, such as the quarks that make up protons. The first ionized atomic nuclei, which in their evolutionary life will tend to capture electrons, neutralizing themselves and, in the right conditions, aggregating into diatomic molecules of neutral hydrogen, the raw material for the formation of stars.

These two visions, the conventional one and the alternative one that I propose in this work of mine, are conceptually very different, the process that leads to ionized gas is completely reversed. Or at least, the phenomenology that underlies its presence in the universe is completely different. In the conventional view, Big bang, production of ionized hydrogen atoms, which capture electrons and then re-ionize. In the alternative view, continuous production of particles, which are accelerated, and through high-energy collisions evolve towards more complex and massive types of particles, which constitute protons, ionized hydrogen atoms, until the capture of slower electrons that make these atoms neutral. The sequence is simpler, more linear, logical. A clear evolutionary process.

Heating

When we talk about heating in the cosmological context, within the framework of the System of Knowledge that I propose here, we must observe Reality at many levels. At the most elementary level, and in light of the already mentioned Principle of Equivalence, the appearance of inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field can be seen and represented as a process of progressive elementary heating produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field. The progressive formation of Structures of Information in the Field, both Dark and Ordinary, with their Fundamental Physical Quantities, their multifaceted Energy, their interactions.

At the level of the Elementary Field this structuring can be seen as a progressive differentiation of regions characterized by greater or lesser Elementary Action, in particular in the Component called Perturbation. Mass of the Structures, negative and positive, which can be represented as a different rate of flow of Time, a lower or higher speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information in the Field, and finally, precisely as a lower or higher temperature of the Field, of the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial variations in resonance around the Plank scale. Elementary events and their distribution in Time, and organization in space. Dynamism that progressively moves from the most elementary level to increasingly more complex levels.

Dynamism that affects both the Dark and Ordinary Structures. We will therefore have a temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (average temperature of the Universe), of the Structures that compose it (voids, sheets /walls, filaments, nodes), and a temperature of the substances, bodies, structures that populate it (particles, gas and dust, stars, planets, black holes, galaxies, etc.).

Regarding the temperature of the Cosmic Web itself (average temperature of the Universe or large regions of it), as mentioned, my hypothesis is that there is a tendency towards progressive heating. Seen from another perspective, this increase means a progressive increase in the average rate of flow of Time (observed as cosmic expansion and its acceleration), or increase in the speed of propagation (observed as redshift, the reason why a cosmic expansion is hypothesized), or increase in the complexity of the organization of the structuring of the Elementary Field, or increasing amount of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, and of course Ordinary Matter, with its two components, negative and positive Mass.

In the Cosmic Web, in its dark components, we can imagine this heating both as a sort of (very slow, given the spatial extensions and the dilated times) thermal agitation of the Dark Structures, and as an increase in the differentiations, densities, of the structures themselves. Structures that tend to compact, to condense, to multiply, to compress in the available Space, which is finite, and therefore to heat up, as a gas would do if compressed to the same volume.

For the Structures of Ordinary Matter, the heating phenomena are well known. I will limit myself to mentioning the main phenomena involved:

• gas that falls into the filaments, nodes, bubbles that host galaxies, which is heated by gravity and shock waves, in its progressive migration towards the galactic centers, used and reused over and over again in the formation, evolution and death of stars and various bodies,
• nuclear reactions in stars, which transform gravitational energy into kinetic energy (heat) that partly compensates for gravity itself, and partly is radiated,
• supernovae and black holes that inject energy, increasing the temperature of the gas,
• relativistic jets, galactic fountains, etc.
• collisions and mergers between clusters, groups, galaxies.

The temperature, together with the density of the surrounding medium, influences the way in which cosmic structures form and develop, and how galaxies form stars and evolve.

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

This activity of analysis, this methodology, is very difficult and expensive especially in the case of such a complex and "universal" structure as the Cosmic Web. I will limit myself to a few notes, precisely to provide a further indication of this method, which foresees precisely the description and quantification of the contributions to the Existence and Essence / Form of a structure / an object in terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities and the related phenomena, synthetic expressions of the contributions of the Modes / Components of the Elementary Action.

• Metric (correlations of Perturbation of the point events of the Elementary Field)

As we have seen, while at the Planck scale the fluctuations of spatial distances (infinitesimal), in their temporal distributions, represent the most elementary form of Existence, at distances much larger than the Planck scale, already many orders of magnitude below the scale of size of subatomic particles, the spatial curvature is zero. Space, from these microscopic scales to cosmological scales, up to the entire infinite and unlimited Universe, is absolutely flat, even in black holes, where the density of Mass is extraordinarily large (but not infinite). What we commonly mean by curvature of Space-time, which we observe for its gravitational effects for example on the propagation of light (gravitational lenses) is totally attributable to the curvature of Time. This represents a deformation of the local metric, more or less extended, which originates the metric phenomena and, with its "structural" counterpart, the Mass, the gravitational phenomena. Metric and Mass are the two complementary aspects of the same manifestation produced by the inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of the Elementary Action, in the Mode / Component that I have called Perturbation.

How can we imagine the Space-time Metric, or better, as said, temporal in the Cosmic Web? This megastructure or system formed by cosmic megastructures is substantially the organization scheme of the dynamics of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action in its Components, on universal spatial distances, and equally immense temporal distances. Following the equivalence "Curvature of the Metric" and "density of Mass" = "inhomogeneity in the the speed of the flow of time (the rate at which time passes)"

This means that to measure the Mass you need a clock, not a balance. Or better, a set of clocks. Just as to measure the curvature of the metric of Space-time, which is precisely the same thing. Metric as temporal curvature "of" the Field, Mass as temporal curvature associated with an InfoStructure "in" the Field, in the region of the Field time by time occupied by, which supports the Existence and the Essence / Form of such InfoStructure.

So, observing a portion of the Universe from the point of view of the Metric, that is from the point of view of the "correlations of Perturbation" of the event points in such portion of the Elementary Field, in a sea of ​​turbulence that embraces an immense number of orders of magnitude, we would see:

• immense vortex structures (bubbles / Dark Halos that constitute voids and giant voids), characterized by cores with Perturbation values ​​lower than the average (universal or of a significant neighborhood, therefore immense, billions of light years), negative Mass, negative curvature of the temporal Metric, temporal flow rate lower than the average, and external shells with positive Perturbation works (Positive Mass, positive curvature, temporal flow rate higher than the average). The Mass density profile, and therefore the curvature of the Metric, will be less steep the greater the spatial extension occupied by the void. So a slight negative Mass density (Dark Matter, attractive) in the core, and a slight positive Mass density (Dark Energy, repulsive) in the shell. The compressive dynamics of the Cosmic Web can alter this Mass / curvature profile of the Metric. In particular in the external regions, in the shell, the positive curvature, the Dark Energy can thicken, the density profile of positive Mass can become much steeper, due to the compression of the shell in the friction with the shells of other voids. This dynamics can favor the compression of smaller dark bubbles, down to galactic bubbles, in narrow spaces, which we have called interstitial regions, where sheets / walls and filaments can convey the dynamics of substances, bodies / objects, galaxies, towards the nodes, which collect Dark bubbles and structures of Ordinary Matter in clusters and superclusters,
• denser interstitial spaces, with sharper and steeper Metric curvature profiles, characterized, as mentioned, by positive Mass (Dark Energy). And, immersed in this turbulence with the positive Metric curvature (time flowing faster), smaller and denser Dark Structures, with steeper and deeper Metric density and curvature profiles,
• and again, immersed in the dark turbulence part with positive Mass density / curvature, dark bubbles of ever smaller extension and greater density / curvature, where time flows more slowly, dark structures that constitute the dark component (the Halos) of galaxies,
• within such galactic bubbles, immersed in other vortical turbulence, with dark sub-structures with counterparts of Ordinary Matter (e.g. the arms, the bulge), a sea of ​​stars, organized in clusters, more or less populous and dense, in other more or less organized galactic structures, or solitary in their intragalactic motion, or again, hurled into extragalactic spaces by particular gravitational effects.

• Mass (correlations of Perturbation of the point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

For Mass, what I just said for Metrics is valid. I have a brief additional note. Given that everything is turbulence, and the structures we see are part of this dark turbulence that hosts, supports and influences the formation, evolution, distribution of Ordinary Matter, the cosmic structures we see, or intuit, are vortices and waves, and even stranger shaped structures, part of the universal turbulence. Chaos reigns supreme, and the organization of the Forms we observe in the Universe emerges from the evolutionary dynamics of the chaos-order Processes that are expressed at a cosmic level.

Regarding dark bubbles, of various sizes, from immense voids, to bubbles that contain planetary systems like ours, there is a fundamental rule. In the absence of compressive forces that can alter the density profile of Mass (negative / positive), or the curvature profile of the Metric, the more spatially extended a dark bubble is, the lower its density and curvature. And vice versa.

• Motion (correlations of Translation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

Motion and its root at the level of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, in its Component Translation, is everywhere. Chaotic, turbulent motion and ordered, coordinated motion. Motion at all levels of Reality, at all scales of magnitude. Motion within Motion, in nested levels of increasing complexity. Motion that evolves, and causes everything to evolve.

Motion, Translation, which expresses itself at the most elementary level, in infinitesimal spatial variations resonating at the Planck scale. Motion that organizes itself into turbulent flows that begin to show embryonic regularity, order, and organization. Complexity that progressively emerges in ever-larger bubbles that expand in a Universe essentially devoid of macroscopic structures. A Cosmos that is populated with ever-new bubbles of impalpable Dark Matter and Energy. Bubbles that move, expand, interact, with movements that sometimes harmonize, sometimes conflict.

Compression, friction, the formation of ever-increasingly tiny bubbles and vortices, moving rapidly, which collide and aggregate into increasingly dense and complex clumps, into atoms and molecules. Ordinary matter immersed in turbulence and Dark Structures that influence its motion, aggregation, and collapse. Motion produced by forces associated with gravitational phenomena, Motion produced by forces associated with electrical and magnetic phenomena, and again, Motion produced by nuclear forces and other forms of complex interactions. Motion that concentrates, Motion that disperses. Motion in the dark and visible components of the Cosmic Web. Motion of the Web's components. Motion of the Cosmic Web. Motion of the Universe, within the Universe.

- Potential Motion – Gravitational Potential Energy (combination of Metric and Mass — correlations of Translation of the Elementary Field produced by the correlation of Perturbation that represent Mass of one or more InfoStructures in the Field)

Potential Motion is a peculiar concept that seems like a contradiction in terms. We can think of it as the power to produce acceleration on the InfoStructures present in the Elementary Field, or in conventional scientific terms, on a body in Spacetime (for example, gravitational acceleration, produced by the gravitational potential, or more precisely, the gravitational potential energy). A similar concept of potential Motion is associated with the attraction / repulsion produced by electric charges and magnets, and therefore by electric and magnetic fields. And again, deep within the atomic nucleus and nucleons, by the forces associated with nuclear interactions.

This is always a correlation of translation in a region of the Field, produced by the presence of a Vortex-type infostructure. In terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Field , we can imagine potential Motion as a (more or less intense) reorientation (in the sense of correlation intensity) of the direction of elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events) in resonance around the Planck scale. The greater the correlation intensity of the orientation of the fluctuations in the considered region of the Field, the greater the Potential Motion, the potential, or power, of acceleration exerted on any InfoStructure possibly present in that region (test InfoStructure). The Translation correlation of the Field interacts with the Translation correlation of the test InfoStructure (which represents its inertial motion, and therefore its kinetic energy), producing a progressive increase. The longer this interaction lasts, the greater the transfer of Translation correlation from the Field (Potential Motion) to the test Structure, as a function of the square of Time.

In the Cosmic Web, in the Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures, both elementary and composite/complex, that compose it, potential Motion, in its various forms that we have only hinted at here (which consists of a potential acceleration at each event point in a region of the Field that supports a corresponding region of Spacetime that hosts a portion of the Web), is present everywhere. The most widespread form at all scales—small (planets and stars, the substances and objects within them, that compose them), medium-small (galaxies and their internal structures), medium (groups and small clusters of galaxies), medium-large (clusters and superclusters), large and enormous (voids and giant voids, sheets and walls, filaments, nodes)—is the potential Motion that characterizes gravitational phenomena (gravitational acceleration, gravitational potential). Secondly, we have the potential Motion produced by magnetic interactions present in both intragalactic and intergalactic regions, in clusters, etc. At microscopic scales, the pre-eminence of gravity gives way to potential motion produced by electrical, magnetic, and, further down, nuclear phenomena.

- Effective Motion – Speed / Velocity (translational motions and extrinsic rotational motion)

Effective Motion is the motion of an Infostructure (Wave or Vortex) in the Elementary Field. In terms of Elementary Events, effective Motion can be visualized as a non-zero correlation of the orientation of elementary spatial fluctuations in the Field region that, from time to time, supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the Structure. This correlation (as a pattern of orientation of elementary fluctuations) shifts as the Infostructure moves within the Field, and interacts with any correlation present in the Field due to the presence of Infostructures other than the test Structure.

The Effective Motion of the Structure is inertial if there is no correlation of Translation present in the Field region in which the Structure is moving. If Translation correlation is present (e.g., gravitational potential, gravitational acceleration), the effective Motion of the Structure is accelerated, as the correlation of Translation interaction present in the Field not due to the test Structure is transferred, or acquired, by the test Structure.

In the Cosmic Web, effective inertial and accelerated motion is everywhere, both in the Dark Matter / Energy components and in Ordinary Matter. Astronomical observations clearly show that everything in the Universe is in motion. At all levels of Reality, at all levels of complexity, at all scales of magnitude. From the extremely rapid, chaotic, and unpredictable motion of the small particles of Ordinary Matter to the slow and majestic motion of the megastructures of the Cosmic Web. And in between, the partly certain and predictable and partly uncertain and unpredictable motions of the galaxies in the sheets and filaments, towards the nodes. The motion of galaxies in groups and clusters, of clusters in superclusters. And again, the motion of stars, gas, and dust in the extra- and intra-galactic environment. And so on, in infinite forms and modalities.

Velocity, or speed—as the magnitude of the velocity vector—is an essential physical quantity for characterizing effective Motion. As is acceleration, the variation of velocity over time. Speed, in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, corresponds to the intensity of correlation of spatial orientation of Translation. The greater the density of correlation of Translation in an infinitesimal volume of the Field that supports a portion of the moving Structure from time to time, the greater the speed of movement of that infinitesimal portion. If all infinitesimal portions of the Field supporting the entire Vortex Structure exhibit the same intensity / density of correlation (or a very narrow distribution around the mean value), the Structure will move with linear Motion (uniform if there is no potential Motion in the Field, as described above; otherwise, accelerated linear Motion). If different regions of the Structure exhibit different intensities of Translation correlation, the Structure will (also) exhibit rotational Motion (extrinsic, of the Structure as a whole, especially in the case of rigid bodies), or even more complex forms of Motion, in the case of more complex Translation correlation configurations.

The Cosmic Web is characterized by an extremely wide range of speeds. We range from the speed of propagation of Waves (electromagnetic radiation and photons, dark radiation, or gravitational waves) equal to the speed limit of Causality / Action / Information in the Elementary Field, to the speeds of motion that characterize our human world, and even slower for the immense cosmic structures that constitute the scaffolding of the Web (the speed of motion "of" that structures, of that components, not the speed of substances, objects ed structures "inside" that components).

- Effective Motion – Kinetic Energy (translational motions and extrinsic rotational motion)

Another quantity that can be used to describe effective motion is kinetic Energy. This quantity is calculated and has a different nature for the two types of InfoStructures: Waves and Vortices. Within the first type, as highlighted several times, we find two subtypes: multicycle Waves (e.g., what we call electromagnetic waves, radio waves, produced by periodic phenomena such as the oscillation of electric charges in a conductor/antenna) and single-cycle Waves (e.g., what we call photons, light quanta, etc., produced by non-periodic phenomena, such as the emission caused by the movement of an electron between different energy levels in the atom, so-called quantum jump). In the second type, we have several subtypes, the most relevant of which are the elementary vortex (particles: leptons, such as electrons and positrons, muons, tauons, etc.) and the composite vortices (particles: hadrons, such as mesons and baryons, e.g., neutrons and protons, made up of quarks).

For Waves, which are characterized by zero Mass (null Perturbation) and a speed equal to the propagation speed limit in the Elementary Field, the kinetic Energy is determined not only by the Planck constant but also by their period (and not by their frequency, as there are also waves produced by non-periodic phenomena, for which the period, the duration of the single cycle, makes sense, but not the frequency). A temporal quantity, therefore.

For Vortices, which are characterized by non-zero Mass (non-zero Perturbation) and speeds below the propagation speed limit in the Elementary Field, kinetic Energy, in addition to half the square of the velocity and, in relativistic physics, the Lorentz gamma factor, is determined by the Mass of the Structure. By the Principle of General Equivalence, Mass is equivalent to the deformation of the Time Metric. Here too, therefore, a temporal quantity.

In the case of Vortices, kinetic Energy, a form of correlation between inhomogeneities in the Elementary Field, is therefore not only the Elementary Action in the Translation component (the spatial orientation of the elementary fluctuations) to be considered, but also Perturbation (the correlation strength of the inhomogeneities in the density of the temporal distributions of the elementary fluctuations in resonance around the Planck scale).

As with Mass and other Fundamental Physical Quantities, the distribution of kinetic Energy in the Cosmic Web is also a complex matter. Levels of Reality, infinite levels of Complexity, infinitely nested Structures, both on the dark side and the ordinary side, turbulence everywhere, everything in motion.

• Charge (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field - "Chirality" of Dark Vortex Structures and "Charge" of Ordinary / visible Vortex Structures)

In the Universe, and therefore in the Cosmic Web, which represents its large-scale structure and where, within its components, we find all the other medium / small-scale structures and the microscopic structures that represent the building blocks of Ordinary Matter, wherever we find turbulence and, above all, Vortices, and we find Chirality, which is a fundamental characteristic of it. The intrinsic / extrinsic direction of rotation of Vortex-type Structures is important in the dynamics of their mutual interactions. The concordance or discordance of the Chirality of the Structures involved is important, which determines their attraction or repulsion, and phenomena such as friction, etc. In Dark Structures, we speak of Chirality, while in the Structures of Ordinary Matter, we call this physical quantity Charge and place it at the foundation of electrical phenomena.

It goes without saying that in the Dark Cosmic Web, within its components, everything that rotates (extrinsically in this case) has Chirality. I'm referring primarily to components closest to Vortex shapes, such as the dark bubbles we call voids and giant voids. The chirality of voids is fundamental to the compression and friction phenomena that can trigger and sustain the formation processes of Ordinary Matter. And then there are the nodes, which, despite being components existing in the compressed interstitial spaces between the large voids, can manifest "dirty," complex, and even partial chirality, or polychirality. Even filaments, despite having the shape of tunnels, two-dimensional vortices in three-dimensional space, can manifest a particular Chirality.

And again, within the components of the Web, we find dark bubbles of various sizes, such as galactic bubbles, whose Chirality plays a fundamental role in interactions and, more generally, in extra- and intra-galactic dynamics. The observed prevalence of one direction of Chirality over the opposite is evidence of an evolutionary past where Chirality represented a key element, along with spatial extension, mass density, spin orientation, and the rotation axis of the vorticity of dark bubbles.

And then, moving to the visible side of the Universe, to Ordinary Matter, where gravity, descending in dimensional levels, plays an increasingly marginal role, Charge assumes a crucial and growing importance in shaping the attractive and repulsive dynamics that guide the construction of elementary structures, which represent the building blocks of the atoms and molecules that compose the Forms that populate the visible Universe.

• Spin (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

Like Chirality and Charge, Spin, the spatial orientation of the (intrinsic / extrinsic) rotation axis of the vorticity of Vortex-type InfoStructures is ubiquitously present at all scales, from the largest cosmic structures down to the depths of the atom, to subatomic particles and all the structures that organize the Elementary Field. Concordance or discordance of Spin of the involved Structures is very important, as it determines their attraction or repulsion, in the strange ways we can observe by playing with a pair of little magnets.

At the level of Dark Structures, Spin refers to the extrinsic rotation of the entire structure or significant parts thereof. Here too, I recall that Vortex InfoStructures can, and generally do, exhibit a characteristic I called "polydynamism", which I defined in the previous chapter, dedicated precisely to InfoStructures.

At the level of Ordinary Structures (Particles), Spin properly speaking refers to the intrinsic rotation, the rotation of each event point in the region of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports the Existence and Essence/Form of the Particle, and not to any extrinsic rotation of the Structure as a whole.

In the Dark Cosmic Web, the Spin of large bubbles of Dark Matter / Energy, alongside Chirality, profoundly influences the dynamics and interactions of these structures, and phenomena such as friction, which are responsible for the medium- and small-scale structure of the Web and the formation of Ordinary Matter, its aggregation, and the evolution of the dark and visible structures of the Universe.

In other words, magnetic phenomena are everywhere, both at the level of Ordinary Matter, in the extra- and intra-galactic domains, and at the level of dark structures, where we struggle to observe them, and at the level of visible structures, where ever-improving observations and targeted studies are revealing the crucial role of magnetic phenomena in the evolution of the content of the Universe. Magnetism and gravity are the two cosmic sculptors. To use a mystical image, we could say that gravity and magnetism are the two arms of God at work in the incessant construction of the Universe.

• Complex physical quantities and phenomena (complex organizations of the correlations of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action, here we consider only the quantities associated with nuclear phenomena)

Unlike the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information/Energy and the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes/Components, the Complex Physical Quantities and Phenomena, and in particular the phenomena related to nuclear interactions—complex organizations of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action—are detectable in the cosmos only at the level of the Infostructures of Ordinary Matter, i.e., Particles.

Their distribution in the Cosmic Web is therefore limited to the Ordinary Matter structures that populate the Web's components. I am referring, of course, to the Particles produced by the formation processes of Ordinary Matter in the compression and friction regions of the large Dark Structures, to the atoms and molecules that constitute the gas and dust found almost everywhere in the interstitial regions of the Web, to the bodies and objects, and to the structures and systems we observe, such as galaxies, stars, planets, and so on.

This is an aspect of the nature and dynamics of Energy and Matter that is much more concentrated and intense than that of the Dark Structures, which is more extended in Space and Time, less intense and concentrated.

In conclusion

The Cosmic Web is the Universe, and the Physical Universe is the Cosmic Web. Of course, the Universe is much more, but everything that exists at all scales of size and compression is formed, evolves, moves in the Cosmic Web and its components. It is the stage on which the forces responsible for the Formation of Physical Reality incessantly express themselves, through which Space is organized, Time unfolds, in the incessant occurrence of Elementary Events and the formation of Relations that organize them into Processes, increasingly more durable, extensive and complex.

In my opinion, all the complexity of the dynamics of the Cosmic Web cannot be reduced to a few, universal, cosmological parameters. We must look at the local dynamics, the structures involved, the forces expressed, the reactions produced. I understand that this approach may be disappointing and disheartening for those who are used to going back to the general from the particular, who aspire to formulate laws and calculate universal parameters. But these are well hidden under locally complex dynamics, at the cosmological level even more than in the depths of the quanta, and beyond, where everything appears more standardized, even if so weird.

Here too, in my opinion, the key is to combine the general synthetic vision with the analytical observation of the details, to overcome the dogmas and approach with an open mind, free from preconceptions. We cannot reach the understanding of the most elementary levels of Reality, if we do not understand the more complex ones, if we do not carry this complexity with us, if we do not understand how these complex levels are formed through the elementary dynamics. A difficult and arduous task. But fascinating and challenging.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"