Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Cosmic megastructures"

Revision as of 18:14, 21 July 2025

Cosmic megastructures are the largest known formations in the Universe, spanning billions of light-years and shaping the fabric of the cosmos at the grandest scales. These vast formations comprise galaxies, galaxy clusters, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy—interwoven into a colossal cosmic web of voids, sheets and walls, filaments, and nodes, hosting galaxies, clusters and superclusters.

As our technological vision deepens and reaches further into the darkness of the Universe, we uncover ever more diverse, massive, and intricate megastructures. The cosmological principle begins to falter; uniformity and homogeneity appear to demand ever-expanding realms of Space to manifest themselves—and with them, Time itself. The estimated age of the Universe, as proposed by the Big Bang model, seems increasingly insufficient to account for the complexity of what we observe, especially in ancient times.

Cosmic megastructures can be classified by scale, composition, and formation processes. Here’s a structured classification:

• Galactic megastructures
  • Galaxy groups: small assemblies of galaxies bound by gravity
  • Galaxy clusters: turbulent structures consisting of hundreds or thousands of galaxies gravitationally bound within enormous Dark Matter / Dark Energy halos that also contain vast reservoirs of hot intracluster gas
  • Superclusters: massive formations composed of multiple galaxy clusters arranged across vast distances
• Large-Scale cosmic structures
  • The Cosmic Web: the overarching large-scale structure of the Universe, composed of interconnected filaments of galaxies and intergalactic gas stretching over billions of light-years
    • Voids: immense, seemingly empty regions sparsely populated by galaxies (though not truly empty, as they consist primarily of Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
    • Galactic walls or sheets: vast planar aggregations of galaxies
    • Cosmic filaments: vast, elongated, and—according to some models—rotating structures that interconnect galaxies and galaxy clusters across the Universe. These immense formations are composed of Dark Matter, intergalactic gas, and galaxies, often exhibiting a notably high density of galactic content along their length. They serve as cosmic highways, channeling matter and galaxies from their regions of origin toward the dense nodes of the Cosmic Web.
    • Cosmic nodes: dense intersection zones within the Cosmic Web, where multiple filaments converge. These regions rank among the most massive and dynamically evolved, often hosting rich galaxy clusters and superclusters
• Extreme megastructures
  • Giant voids or Supervoids: vast regions with a markedly reduced density of galaxies
  • Large quasar groups (LQGs): enormous formations comprising dozens or hundreds of quasars
  • Gamma-ray burst structures: ultra-large cosmic regions identified by gamma-ray bursts, suggesting coordinated underlying structures

These structures define the Universe’s large-scale organization, governing cosmic evolution and the distribution of Matter across Space and Time.

As stated in the previous section, Dark Matter Halos are not merely "invisible structures surrounding galaxies," but are instead "integral structural components" of the galaxies themselves. These halos play a vital role in shaping galactic formation and kinematics. Frequently, we mistake the visible portion of a galaxy for the entire entity, whereas the true structure comprises a vast and invisible Dark Halo—composed of:

• Dark Matter—the inner core characterized by negative Mass, negative Perturbation value, and lower-than-average flow rate of Time,
• Dark Energy—the external shell (still part of the Dark Halo), marked by positive Mass, positive Perturbation value, and higher-than-average flow rate of Time.

Taken together, the Dark Halo and the embedded structures composed of Ordinary (visible) Matter collectively constitute the full galaxy.

This paradigm applies equally to cosmic structures that group galaxies into gravitationally bound systems—namely, the "clusters of galaxies". These assemblies, through their complex formation histories and both internal and external dynamics, acquire a distinct structural identity and evolve as autonomous entities. In turn, they become the constituent units forming larger and more sophisticated architectures, such as superclusters within cosmic filaments, and nodal intersections that constitute the structure of the Web.

Let’s now examine in more detail two of the most essential types of cosmic megastructures, which govern the large-scale—and often turbulent—organization of the Universe, influencing its trajectory of evolution. These are the complementary domains of Voids and the other components of the Cosmic Web, together filling and defining the structure of the entire cosmos.

Voids and Giant voids

Cosmic voids are fundamental components of the Dark Cosmic Web, representing the invisible scaffolding woven by Dark Matter and Dark Energy within the universal Cosmic Web—both visible and invisible.

Typically, a void is described as "a vast empty region in the Universe where galaxies are few or altogether absent." This conventional portrayal reflects the current state of consolidated knowledge regarding the nature, structure, and dynamics of these enigmatic, expansive formations. Void representation itself offers insight into our evolving understanding of the deep cosmic architecture—and thus of the Cosmic Web.

As with galaxies, in this case as well, the dominant role (or exclusive role, in the absence of luminous Matter) is played by the dark components: Dark Matter and Dark Energy. As will be explored more thoroughly in the final section of this chapter, entitled "A brief history of the Universe", cosmic voids—despite their invisibility—are dynamic entities in continuous evolution. They are responsible for shaping the entire universal structure, both its hidden, dark substrate and its visible side: the radiant galaxies with their star systems that punctuate the darkness of the cosmos.

Despite being primordial and fundamental structural elements formed in the distant past (likely extending far beyond the epoch suggested by the standard Big Bang chronology), voids are not highly structured entities. Though dynamically complex and internally turbulent—marked by polydynamics (polydinamism)—they resemble immense elementary particles. They are Dark Vortex-type InfoStructures, structures that rotate slowly and majestically through cosmic space, expanding endlessly within the spatial boundaries imposed by the other surrounding voids and supervoids.

A little reminder on "polydynamism". The term polydynamism—derived from the concept of being polydynamic—refers to the presence of multiple, overlapping, and interacting dynamic Processes within a System, different dynamical domains within the same InfoStructure. It’s a way of describing complexity not just in structure, but in motion, transformation, and behavior. Here’s a breakdown of what it typically implies:

• Multiplicity of ways of expression of the same force / cause—A polydynamic system is influenced by many simultaneous and coexisting manifestation of the same forces or energies, each contributing to its overall evolution.
• Interwoven dynamics—Rather than a single dominant motion or interaction, polydynamism involves layered and often competing dynamics within the same Structure in the different Components of Elementary Action, manifesting as different Fundamental Physical Quantities (Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin) and phenomena (gravitational, kinetic, chiral / electric, magnetic).
• Cross-scale activity—These dynamics can operate at different scales, within the same Structure, and interact vertically across those scales, as well as horizontally in the space occupied by the Structure, in the region of the Elementary Field which from time to time supports the aforementioned Structure.
• Non-linear behavior—Polydynamic systems often exhibit non-linear responses, meaning small changes can lead to complex or unpredictable outcomes.
• Cosmological relevance—In the context of the cosmic structure and dynamics, polydynamism can describe the turbulent, multi-modal behavior of Dark Halos, as cosmic voids, galaxies Halos—where various Processes shape their structure and evolution simultaneously.

The immense centrifugal forces and minimal gravitational pull, due to their low Mass density, propel free Ordinary Matter—such as gas, dust, and even entire galaxies—toward the interstitial zones separating these dark bubbles. These interstitial regions, characterized by a relatively higher Mass density (i.e., denser dark filaments, smaller dark bubbles), possess stronger gravitational attraction. This explains why voids appear largely empty; the sparse Ordinary Matter and the few observable galaxies located within them are present due to intricate dynamical processes tied to the behavior of the Cosmic Web. Under certain circumstances—cluster collisions, galactic interactions, mergers between voids with opposite chirality—substantial entities such as entire galaxies (inclusive of both their dark and luminous constituents) can be pushed into voids, or engulfed by them. Once inside, these galaxies may adopt transient motions or enter equilibrium states, occasionally arranging themselves in curious patterns, like radial alignments or globular aggregations. Following the dissipation of the forces that propelled them inward, these objects are likely to migrate back toward interstitial regions, observed as filaments and nodes within the Cosmic Web.

Being rotational structures, voids possess both intrinsic rotation (expressions of Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, assigned to each point of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports their Existence and Essence / Form) and extrinsic rotation (the motion of the overall structure itself). As such, they exhibit a specific chirality—either left-handed or right-handed. Based on their origination, evolution, and interactions, it is reasonable to anticipate that voids—particularly supervoids—display a statistical preference for one dominant chirality (the same handedness that appears to predominate in galactic rotation directions).

It is not the Universe itself (or better, the entire Space-time) that rotates—as some recent speculative models suggest—but rather its vast constituent structures: the framework underpinning cosmic organization. Past interactions likely favored one chirality over the other through random initial fluctuations, resulting in voids of matching chirality prevailing in successive mergers. Voids with opposite chirality may merge or even mutually annihilate if their size and density are compatible. Conversely, voids of matching chirality tend to repel each other, leading to compression and increased Mass density of the dark structure of the cosmos—thereby intensifying rotational dynamics. This repulsive interaction may offer a foundational and causal explanation for the phenomenon commonly referred to as "cosmic expansion", as well as the process of "Ordinary Matter formation".

Let us now delve into these themes with greater granularity.

Voids in the structure of the Cosmic Web

Classification

Cosmic voids vary in both size and structural features, generally classified into:

• Mini-voids: compact regions with significantly reduced galaxy density, typically spanning tens of millions of light-years
• Standard voids: more expansive, these voids measure 100–200 million light-years across and are frequently observed as part of the cosmic web
• Giant voids: the most immense known voids, stretching across hundreds of millions of light-years, sometimes exceeding 500 million light-years in diameter

Structure

As mentioned above, void regions are not completely empty; they contain sparse galaxies, turbulent Dark Matter sub-structures, and diffuse intergalactic gas. These regions are encased by filaments and clusters that contain the visible components of the Cosmic Web — the immense and intricate network of Matter that shapes the Universe's large-scale structure.

Structure of a cosmic void

Cosmic voids can exhibit almost spherical shapes or, due to their particular dynamics and interaction with surrounding cosmic objects, they can assume deformed shapes. The shape evolves over time, as does the density of Mass, the distribution of Mass within it, the dynamics of the turbulent flows that characterize it, and so on. Naturally, given the vastness of the spatial extension of these objects, the times of their formation and evolution are immense, well beyond that of the evolution of galaxies, which form, aggregate, evolve, merge around them, in an endless dance.

Beyond the shape, which can be more or less spherical or deformed, the structure and nature of cosmic voids is absolutely standard. Ignoring any Ordinary Matter-in the form of gas, dust, etc. or entire galaxies, focusing on the void itself-the structure is quickly said.

The entire immense bubble that appears empty to us is a single Dark Halo, composed of:

• an internal part, the core, formed by Dark Matter, Matter with negative Mass, characterized by a gradient of Perturbation values ​​that shows a negative peak in the central region, with a Mass density profile that degrades towards the center to an extremely modest extent (remember that Dark Halos are extended Structures, with low or very low Mass density),
• an almost spherical boundary (as mentioned, it can also be very deformed) that separates the Dark Matter core from the external shell of dark Energy,
• an external part, precisely, a shell, formed by Dark Matter, Matter with negative Mass, characterized by a gradient of Perturbation values ​​that shows a positive peak at a certain distance from the aforementioned boundary, with a Mass density profile that from the maximum region degrades towards the boundary and towards the outside of the Halo.

For greater clarity, please refer to the images shown here.

The outer shell, due to the greater freedom of redistribution of Dark Energy over volumes vastly exceeding those associated with the core of Dark Matter, tends to exhibit a much more rarefied mass density profile. Its repulsive effects are therefore significantly weaker than the attractive influence exerted by the Dark Matter concentrated in the core of the Dark Halo which represents the bubble we call a "void", precisely.

However, when the dynamics of a given Halo differ from those of surrounding Halos—especially within densely packed, highly structured regions—the resulting intense interactions can favor the compression of the persistent Dark Energy shells. These shells thicken, especially their outer part in the regions of greatest interaction and compression, potentially leading to a marked increase in their repulsive force.

Adding to this phenomenon is the repulsion potentially induced by the concordance of rotational chirality among the Dark Halos that form the Voids involved in the interaction. Similar to the electromagnetic repulsion between same-sign electric charges, this additional repulsion arises not only from mechanical compression, and the relative concentration of Dark Energy, but also from the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic rotational dynamics—a product of their chirality ratios.

This repulsion may be mitigated by the presence of Halos of smaller spatial extent but with greater Mass density. Consider the Dark Halos of galaxies: surrounding the vast Halos that represent the Voids, they may act as lubricating cushions, forming sheets, filaments, nodes (hosting superclusters, clusters, galaxies) and extragalactic turbulent flows—whether linear or torsional in nature.

Formation

In conventional cosmology, it is believed that voids emerge from the density fluctuations of the early Universe (the early stages of post-Big Bang / Inflation cosmological evolution). And that as matter accumulated in filaments, clusters and galaxies, the surrounding regions lost matter, giving rise to vast empty spaces. Gravity would have gradually accentuated these voids over billions of years.

In conventional cosmology, voids are believed to originate from primordial density fluctuations in the early Universe—during the nascent phases following the Big Bang and the Inflationary epoch. As matter aggregated into filaments, clusters, and galaxies, the surrounding regions were depleted of mass, giving rise to vast empty spaces. Over billions of years, gravity would have further deepened these voids.

In the alternative model that I propose in this work, I hypothesize that Reality has no age, has always existed, emerged from Nothing in a Timeless Time, Space and Time being dimensions that also emerged in the very long Evolution of the Universe.

In the alternative model proposed in this work, I hypothesize that Reality has no age; it has eternally existed, having emerged from Nothing in a timeless dimension. Space and Time themselves are regarded as emergent properties, forming gradually within the prolonged Evolution of the Universe.

The first Structures (Dark InfoStructures) would have emerged from infinitesimal seeds in the dynamics of the Elementary Field under the Action of the Fundamental Force. Delicate gradients of the Elementary Action in its Modes / Components, nested in other gradients, uncertain flows, turbulent Vortices, in an extremely slow evolution, which would have led to the formation of the first Dark Structures and their progressive evolution towards ever greater spatial extensions.

The initial Structures—Dark InfoStructures—would have arisen from infinitesimal seeds within the dynamics of the Elementary Field, governed by the Action of the Fundamental Force. Subtle gradients of Elementary Action, expressed through its various Modes and Components, layered within other gradients and shaped by uncertain flows and turbulent Vortices, evolved over vast epochs—leading to the formation and expansion of the first Dark Structures.

Ever more extensive Vortices, always extremely rarefied, gradually evolve conquering the infinite Space. Until they interact, merge, annihilate. Ever more extensive and ever slower Vortices rotate on themselves, permeated by the nascent form, Vortices of currents of Elementary Events, of Relations, stochastic Processes that little by little, in the dimensional Space-time expansion, acquire an increasingly deterministic flavor and consistency.

Ever-expanding Vortices, always exceedingly rarefied, gradually propagate across infinite Space. They interact, merge, or annihilate. These increasingly vast and sluggish Vortices rotate upon themselves, imbued with proto-structural formation: currents of Elementary Events, Relations, and stochastic Processes which—within the dimensional space-time expansion—acquire growing determinism and internal coherence.

Immense Vortices that evolve towards the giant voids that draw the profile of the Cosmic Web. Smaller bubbles, but always very large, in the nodes of the Web will be the cradles of superclusters. Within their turbulent Halos, smaller bubbles will accommodate clusters of galaxies. Even smaller swirling bubbles will form the Dark Matter/Energy Halos that make up the dark part of galaxies. Even smaller vortices within the Galactic Halos, bubbles that lead to the formation of clusters of stars in formation, and so on in an infinitely nested turbulent structure.

Such immense Vortices eventually develop into the colossal voids that sculpt the profile of the Cosmic Web. Smaller bubbles—still vast by cosmological standards—at the network's nodes serve as the cradles of Superclusters. Nested within their turbulent Halos, more compact bubbles give rise to clusters of galaxies. Diminutive swirling bubbles form the Dark Matter and Dark Energy Halos enveloping galaxies. Within Galactic Halos, even smaller Vortices foster the emergence of star-forming clusters—continuing endlessly in a hierarchy of infinitely nested, turbulent structures.

Vortices, bubbles, halos, of approximate shapes, intertwined, nested, interacting in an infinite dance, occupying all the Space and all the Time that the Elementary Events, the correlations between their temporal distributions, draw in the dynamics of the Field under the incessant Action of the Force.

Vortices, bubbles, and halos—of indeterminate geometries—interwoven and nested, engage in an eternal cosmic ballet that fills all Space and all Time. These are shaped by the continuous unfolding of Elementary Events, by the temporal correlations among their distributions, and by the underlying dynamics of the Field propelled by the relentless Action of the Force.

Evolution

Voids tend to grow over time, increasing their spatial extension, due to the natural tendency of the Elementary Field to vorticity. The spontaneous turbulence of the Field tends to organize itself, aggregating and conforming to existing Structures, such as the Voids, which then expand spatially, incorporating increasingly large quantities of Elementary Action into their Form. Here are some of the most common evolutionary events in the history of cosmic megastructures:

• Expansion and Thickening: this, obviously, if they have free Space to expand in. In the case that they are inside regions densely populated by many Structures, in which the turbulence of the interstitial regions can be very high, the tendency to grow conflicts with the compression resulting from the intense interactions between the Dark Halos, in particular between their Dark Energy shells. This dynamic, in addition to generating intense processes of production of Ordinary Matter, pushes the Halos, especially the largest ones, to contract to attenuate the growing density of Dark Energy, positive Mass, positive Perturbation. This contraction of the spatial extension in rotating objects causes an increase in angular velocity, a greater density of the Dark Matter core, all dynamics that contribute to forming the phenomenon that is called "cosmic expansion".
• Fusion: among the other processes that characterize the evolution of the Voids, there are fusions. Some smaller voids merge to form larger ones, or the larger Voids are incorporated, reshaping the cosmic structures, the Cosmic Web. This happens when the Voids in compressed interaction have opposite chirality. In these cases, and only in these cases, since there is no repulsion from concordant rotation, but on the contrary attraction from counter-rotation, a sort of annihilation of the two Dark Halos involved can occur (if the dimensions are compatible) or in any case their fusion. Another possible obstacle or facilitating factor to fusions is that related to the possible divergence or convergence (or in any case the angle between the two directions) of the directions of orientation of the spins of the Halos of the Void involved. From the energetic and Fundamental Physical Quantities point of view, this aspect can be represented by the ratio between the magnetic fields of the Structures involved.
• Voidness: another significant aspect is what we could call "tendency towards the maintenance of the Voids" o "voidness". A phenomenon that essentially consists of two aspects:
  • the tendency of cosmic objects and structures not to enter the Dark Halos that we see as empty, a tendency that manifests itself through two cooperating tendencies:
    • the difficulty in entering determined by a series of factors, including, in the most populated regions of the Cosmic Web, the natural barrier constituted by external shells of very dense repulsive Dark Energy, the power of the rotation of the Halos of the Voids, the possible concordant chirality, the possible divergence of the directions of orientation of the spins of the halos and other structures, e.g. galaxies, in potential entry, etc.
    • the greater gravitational attraction exerted by the Dark Halos of the smaller and denser Cosmic Structures that are in the interstices between the large Voids, which constitute the filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web, which host galaxies, possibly organized in clusters, superclusters and other megastructures
  • the tendency of massive Cosmic Objects and Structures to exit from the voids towards denser regions of the Cosmic Web. Tendency supported by rotational dynamics that make the counter-forces prevail over the centripetal ones, by the lack within the Voids of stable positions of gravitational equilibrium, which allow the aggregation of a Mass sufficient to create a gravitational nucleus, the notable kinetic energy possessed by the Objects and Cosmic Structures that have possibly been pushed inside the Voids, Kinetic Energy that tends to push them out after a path that combines linear trajectories of the objects in transit, with the rotational ones of the hosting Voids.

Dynamics and Interactions

Despite their (seemingly) "empty" nature, large cosmic voids profoundly influence the structure and behavior of the Universe.

We have already spoken above about the dynamics and interactions between the gigantic voids that draw the structure of the Cosmic Web. We will return to the topic in the section "A brief history of the Universe", contextualizing it in the broader evolutionary history of the world.

Here we recall only some fundamental aspects.

Voids are cosmic structures in the form of Dark Halos, formed by Dark Matter (the core, the internal region of the Halo) and Dark Energy, the external shell of the Halo, which interacts with the surrounding cosmic structures. These are vortex-type InfoStructures, with a large spatial extension, slow rotation and temporal evolution, low or very low density of Mass.

Their internal dynamics, dominated by the rotating Dark Matter core, pushes cosmic objects, which may enter them, to return towards external regions and eventually exit, to return to the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, filaments and nodes that host the Dark Halos less extensive than the Void, superclusters, clusters, galaxies, gas and dust, etc.

The external dynamics, dominated by the Dark Energy shell, also in rotation as an extension of the inner core of Dark Matter, if compressed against other giant void Halos in crowded areas of the Cosmic Web, triggers important processes of formation of bubbles of even much more modest extension, such as the Dark Halos that make up galaxies. Nested, swirling turbulence, which as their spatial extension decreases and their Mass thickens, constitute cradles for the formation of increasingly compact cosmic structures and objects, superclusters, clusters, galaxies, precisely. And inside the galactic bubbles, the turbulent / vortical dynamics reproduces itself at increasingly smaller dimensional levels, leading to the formation of sub-structures and cosmic objects / bodies that make up the galaxies (dwarf satellite galaxies, star clusters, stars, etc.)

The interaction between voids, between their external shells of Dark Energy, in addition to forming other Matter / Dark Energy, structured in increasingly dense and compact Halos, in a sort of turbulent foam that draws the profile of the Cosmic Web, produces the formation of Ordinary Matter that we see in the form of gas and then of particles, atoms, molecules, stars, black holes, etc.

But it does not end here. The interaction of these large empty regions, of their external shells, of Dark Energy, in the compression of the Structures, produces the phenomenon that we call "cosmic expansion". In the interaction and thickening of the structures that gradually form and evolve in the interstitial regions of the Web (filaments and nodes), the increasingly extensive and profound structuring of Space-time, of the Elementary Field, leads to immense thrusts that produce the progressive contraction of the giant voids, to the acceleration of their intrinsic and extrinsic rotation, to their thickening.

The contraction, in particular, and the general thickening of the cosmos, due to the formation of ever greater Matter, compensated by a specular quantity of Dark Energy, leads to a progressive slowing down of the rhythm of the flow of Time, and of the connected limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information (the so-called speed of light in a vacuum). All this is detected as a red shift of the observed electromagnetic radiation, which is interpreted as a distancing of the cosmic structures from each other, "cosmic expansion" therefore.

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

Here too we try to analyze what is illustrated above and express it in terms of the models proposed in this work, of the Fundamental Physical Quantities and subsequently of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes/Components.

The graphic representations (even if imperfect, not proportionate - the analyses are still in progress) can be a valid example of how I think the analysis of cosmic objects and structures can / should be conducted using the conceptual tools proposed in the context of this research project.

Let's imagine a well-formed, almost spherical Giant Void.

Let's try to graphically represent the radial distributions of the Fundamental Physical Quantities as described in this work (Metric / Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin). Later we will move on to the representation in terms of Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components.

For simplicity and for a better visual representation, the spatial proportions are not always real or correct.

Metrics (correlations of Perturbation of point events of the Elementary Field): while as we have seen, Space on cosmological distances is absolutely flat (the curvature of Space is significant only at distances around the Planck scale up to a few orders of magnitude higher), the temporal curvature shows a gradient with a central minimum (negative curvature, negative Mass of Dark Matter), which degrades towards the boundary between the Dark Matter core and the Dark Energy shell, to start rising again towards positive values ​​up to a maximum at a radial distance between the boundary between the core and the shell and the boundary of the Dark Halo of the Void.
In reality, since the Voids are not perfect spheres, but can also undergo considerable deformations due to internal dynamics, but above all due to interactions with other structures that make up the Cosmic Web in the surrounding region, the gradient described is not regular, perfectly spherical, as are not the border between DM core and DE shell, and the external border of the Dark Alone that represents the Cosmic Structure that we call Void. Looking at the image can help to better understand.

Mass (correlations of Perturbation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): according to the General Equivalence Principle, the curvature of Space-time, or rather Time, and the density of Mass (negative and positive, which composes DM and DE respectively) are the same thing, have the same origin, the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of the Mode / Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation here. So what we said about the Metric is also valid for the Mass, the two quantities being the same thing seen from the two complementary points of view - Metric from the point of view "of" the Elementary Field and Mass from the point of view of the InfoStructures "in" the Field.
The total amount of Mass of a vortical structure in the Field is always zero, as the negative and positive components compensate each other by definition. In the case of a Void, composed only of a Dark Halo and not of Ordinary Matter, the amount of Dark Matter and Dark Energy are equal. But, since Dark Matter is confined to the internal region of the Vortical Structure, in the core, its density is much higher than that of Dark Energy which is in the external region and is free to redistribute itself in extremely large Spaces, virtually throughout the causally connected Universe. This difference in density causes the gravitational attraction exerted by the DM core towards the Matter present in the surrounding regions (e.g. galaxies and clusters present in the filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web adjacent to the void) to overcome the repulsion generated by the DE shell, producing a net positive gravitational attraction.
This situation can be reversed (gravitational repulsion produced by the DE shell prevailing over the attraction produced by the DM core) in the case in which, in densely populated regions of the Cosmic Web, due to the compression of many structures, on one side or on the entire boundary of the Dark Halo of the void, the DE shell is very compressed and its density reaches levels such as to produce a more intense gravitational repulsion.
But what does "gravitational attraction or repulsion" mean in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, in particular of the Translation Component? Simply, let's imagine a point in Space on the line that joins the center of Mass of two InfoStructures of the Vortex type, Elementary subtype (for simplicity, let's think of two ideal, perfectly spherical Structures). This point of Space-time, whose position is "relative" to the position of the two centers of Mass of the two Structures, at a certain instant of Time, will be supported by a certain event-point of the Elementary Field, which has its own spontaneous dynamics - the natural dynamics "of" the Elementary Field, describable by a stochastic process - on which, time by time, instant by instant, is superimposed a dynamics that represents the Shape of the Structure/s present "in" the Field itself - dynamics describable by one or more (quasi-)deterministic processes. If we observe this complex stochastic/(quasi-)deterministic dynamics from the point of view of Translation at the chosen event-point we will see a certain degree of order in the chaos. The elementary spatial fluctuations will tend to be oriented in the direction of attraction for a longer time, than in other directions. Using an expression dear to physicists, a spatial-spatial symmetry is broken. The spatial directions at that event-point of the Field are no longer equivalent. Dynamic inhomogeneity, anisotropy...
If we extend the observation to an infinitesimal, but not null, neighborhood, we will be able to observe the relationships between the dynamics of the individual event-points included in this tiny region of the Field. We would see "non-zero correlations between the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations" (Elementary Events) in resonance around the Planck scale. With reference to Translation, we would see a prevalence of orientation of the elementary fluctuations in the direction of the line joining the two centers of Mass and towards the direction of the center of Mass that exerts the greatest attraction. We know that a non-zero Translation value in the Elementary Field represents the physical quantity that we can define as Potential Motion, in other words, "attraction". Any Structure or Form present in that region of the Field will undergo an acceleration towards the source of the gravitational attraction.
Of course, in Reality things are almost never so simple. We have seen that even for an ideal elementary Vortex Structure the gravitational behavior towards the surrounding regions is the result of the balance between different contributions, at a minimum between the two contributions produced by the DM core and the DE shell. The DE shell, with its repulsive power, is as if it were screening the attraction exerted by the DM core. But given the normal condition of non-compression and therefore of distribution of the DE over immense volumes compared to the concentration of the DM in the core, this screening effect is extremely modest, unless the DE shell is compressed by the interaction with the DE of the shells of other Structures, of other Voids, returning to the topic of this section.

Motion (correlations of Translation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): of the potential Motion, of the acceleration therefore, produced by the gravitational effects of the presence of massive bodies / objects / structures, of the gravitational acceleration therefore we have just spoken. We must now speak of the effective Motion, of the kinetic dynamics of such objects / bodies / structures, as single objects and as parts of complex systems linked by articulated gravitational, chiral and magnetic interactions (inhomogeneities of Translation respectively produced by inhomogeneities in the other Components of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation).
I am obviously referring to the inertial Motion of such Structures in the absence of interaction with other Structures and structured states of the Elementary Field, and to the accelerated Motion of the same Structures, but in this case, object of the aforementioned interactions.
Inertial motion of a Void in the empty cosmos, without the presence of other Structures in the surrounding regions of the Field causally connected, risks being a mere textbook case, given the omnipresence of such Cosmic Structures that constitute the skeleton of the Cosmic Web (new and larger voids and giant voids are always being discovered). In any case, we can say that the dynamics of the event points (an extremely large quantity, given the resonance of the spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale, which makes us consider, even in the continuity in the Elementary Field, event points with an extremely small volume) that time by time support the Shape of the Structure that we identify as the Void under observation shows a deterministic component, a pattern of organization of the correlations in the temporal distributions of the directions of orientation of the elementary spatial fluctuations, a prevalent orientation, we could say, in the direction of the Inertial Motion of the Structure. This linear inertial motion will be superimposed on an extrinsic angular motion (of the entire Structure), with a given direction (the chirality of the Structure) and with a given orientation of the rotation axis (the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Structure on itself).

Charge – Electric Energy (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): Charge and Spin concern the intrinsic rotation of the Structure, not its extrinsic rotation which determines, as just said, the chirality of the Structure as a whole and the orientation of its rotation in Space, aspects which have great relevance in the "mechanical" interactions (friction, collisions, fusions, annihilations, etc.) with the other Cosmic Structures that make up the Cosmic Web. The Charge, as a source of electrical phenomena, pertains to the torsion of the elementary spatial fluctuations that incessantly animate the dynamics of the event points. If in a given region of the Field, there is a non-zero correlation between the degrees of chirality, we say that in that region there is a Charge and electrical phenomena manifest. In Cosmic Structures, such as voids, which we could assimilate to gigantic elementary particles, given their immense dimensions, the rarefaction of the densities of Mass, it is very difficult for the correlation intensities to reach very high levels and above all a great coherence at the level of the entire structure. In such Structures there do not seem to be Processes of sufficient intensity to produce intense correlations over extended spatial regions, with the necessary coherence at the level of the entire Structure, such as to produce a significant global electric Charge. Therefore, it will be difficult to observe intense and overall electrical phenomena. In the turbulent sub-structure of such immense voids, there could be regions that manifest a sort of electric Charge, but always of an extremely modest entity. I expect that the differences in electric potential between different internal regions of such structures will be zero or at least very modest (if they could be measured at all).

Spin – Magnetic Energy (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): even in the case of Spin and magnetic phenomena, since we are dealing with very large Structures, therefore with very long times of internal propagation of Causality, Action, Information, in my opinion it is very difficult to produce correlations between the dynamics of the event points such as to produce global magnetic effects. It seems more plausible to me that the large magnetic fields that, with gravity, contribute to modeling the Cosmic Web and its cosmic dynamics, are generated by Processes that involve less large Structures / Bodies / Objects, by the flows of Matter in the filaments, by the rotation and incessant interaction of the galactic Halos in the clusters that occupy the nodes of the Cosmic Web.

In conclusion

Voids do not form because of gravitational forces that pull matter toward denser regions, leaving behind immense gaps, vast empty spaces, giant voids that can extend for hundreds of millions of light years, as hypothesized by standard cosmology.

Here we hypothesize that the process is just the opposite. That the formation of voids builds the causal and variational (spacial and temporal) scaffolding on which, within which, the increasingly fine-grained scaffolding is formed that favors the formation of Ordinary Matter that, collapsing, goes to populate the more compact and dense bubbles, which we observe as galaxies, clusters and superclusters, organized in the filaments and nodes that make up the Cosmic Webs.

These voids therefore play a fundamental role in universal dynamics, in the formation of Dark Matter and Energy, of Ordinary Matter and therefore of the Structures composed of them. Their formative and evolutionary dynamics represent the causal and variational aspect of the phenomenon we call cosmic expansion.

Despite their emptiness, these vast gaps shape the structure of the Universe by influencing the Motion of the surrounding Matter (both Dark and Ordinary). They highlight the delicate balance between the cosmic void and the dense clusters of galaxies.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"