Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Cosmic megastructures"

Revision as of 18:59, 12 June 2025

Cosmic megastructures are the largest known formations in the Universe, spanning billions of light-years and shaping the large-scale structure of the cosmos. These immense structures are composed of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and Dark Matter and Dark Energy, forming a vast cosmic web of voids, filaments, nodes, clusters, etc.

The deeper our technological eyes penetrate into the darkness of the Universe, the more diverse and larger and more complex megastructures we discover. The cosmological principle falters, uniformity, homogeneity seem to require more and more Space to manifest themselves, and with it Time, the supposed age of the Universe predicted by the Big Bang model, which seems less and less sufficient to justify what we observe.

Cosmic megastructures can be classified based on their scale, composition, and formation processes. Here’s a structured classification:

• Galactic Megastructures
  • Galaxy Groups: small collections of galaxies bound by gravity
  • Galaxy Clusters: structures consisting of hundreds or even thousands galaxies bound together by gravity in turbulent giant Dark Matter / Dark Energy Halo that also contains vast amounts of hot gas
  • Superclusters: massive groupings of galaxy clusters
• Large-Scale Cosmic Structures
  • The Cosmic Web: the large-scale structure of the Universe, consisting of interconnected filaments of galaxies, gas, stretching across billions of light-years
    • Voids: enormous "empty" regions, with very few galaxies (in facts not empty but made of Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
    • Cosmic Filaments: the largest known structures, consisting of walls of galactic superclusters stretching across billions of light-years
    • Cosmic Nodes: dense regions in the cosmic web where multiple filaments intersect. They are among the most massive and evolved regions in the Universe, often containing galaxy clusters
    • Galactic Walls or Sheets: vast sheets of galaxies
• Extreme Megastructures
  • Giant Voids or Supervoids: exceptionally large voids
  • Large Quasar Groups (LQGs): massive quasar formations
  • Gamma-Ray Burst Structures: enormous formations detected via gamma-ray bursts

These structures define the Universe’s large-scale organization, influencing cosmic evolution and matter distribution

As mentioned in the previous section, Dark Matter Halos are not "invisible structures surrounding galaxies", but "structural components" of the galaxies themselves, which influence their formation and movement. We confuse the visible part of the galaxy with the galaxy in its entirety, which instead is formed by an invisible structure, a Dark Halo, made of Dark Matter (the internal bubble characterized by negative Mass, negative Perturbation value, lower than average Time flow rate), and Dark Energy (the external shell, but still part of the Dark Halo, characterized by positive Mass, positive Perturbation value, higher than average Time flow rate). The Dark Halo, thus composed, together with the galactic structures formed by Ordinary (visible) Matter "is the galaxy".

The same thing is true for cosmic structures that aggregate galaxies in gravitational systems, the "clusters of galaxies", which, due to their formation and internal and external dynamics, acquire an individual character and in turn become the building blocks that compose even larger and more complex structures, such as superclusters, and also the filaments and nodes that make up the Cosmic Web.

Let's now look in more detail at two of the most important types of cosmic megastructures, which define the large-scale (obviously turbulent) organization of the Universe, shaping its evolution. I am obviously talking about the Voids and the Cosmic Web, complementary elements that together fill the entire cosmos.

Voids and Giant Voids

Cosmic voids are fundamental parts of the Dark Cosmic Web, the Dark (invisible) Matter / Energy component of the universal (dark and visible) Cosmic Web.

Generally a void is described as "a vast empty region in the Universe where galaxies are scarce or absent". The way in which cosmic voids are represented says a lot about the current consolidated knowledge on the nature, structure and dynamics of these enigmatic vast objects, essential to understand the structure of the cosmos and therefore the Cosmic Web.

As for galaxies, also in this case the central role (or exclusive, in the case of voids without visible galaxies) is played by the dark components, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. As we will see better in the last section of this chapter, entitled "A brief history of the Universe", cosmic voids, although invisible, are dynamic objects, in ceaseless evolution, responsible for the formation of the entire structure of the Universe, both of the dark / invisible side and of the visible side, of the structures of ordinary matter that sparkle in the darkness of the cosmos.

Cosmic voids, although they are fundamental structural elements, formed in a remote past (much far beyond the supposed age predicted by the Big Bang), in primordial phases of the development of the Universe, and although they are objects with complex internal dynamics because they are turbulent (turbulent polydynamism), are not highly structured objects. They are like immense elementary particles, Dark Vortex-type InfoStructures, which incessantly rotate slowly and majestically in the immensity of the Universe, destined for a continuous expansion, limited only by the finite space available, compressed between other voids and giant voids.

Immense centrifugal force and low gravitational attraction due to the low density of Mass push free Ordinary Matter (gas, dust, etc.) and galaxies towards the interstitial spaces between empty bubbles, characterized by a higher density of Mass (smaller dark bubbles with a higher density of Mass) and therefore by a more intense gravitational attraction. For this reason, voids are substantially empty, the little Ordinary Matter and the few observed galaxies are inside the voids due to peculiar dynamics of the objects of the Cosmic Web. In certain conditions (collisions between clusters, galaxies, fusions of voids with opposite chirality, etc.) even large objects, such as entire galaxies (with their dark and visible components), can be thrown inside the voids, and then follow motions or find particular dynamic equilibria, with curious patterns, such as alignments or globular groupings. Once the push that threw them inside a void has run out, these objects are destined to return to the interstitial regions that we observe as filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web.

As objects characterized by rotation, both intrinsic (in terms of Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation of each point of the Elementary Field that from time to time supports the Existence and Essence / Form of the void) and extrinsic (the consequent rotation of the entire empty structure), they show a chirality (left-handed or right-handed). Due to the way they form, develop, evolve and interact with other voids, I expect that voids and even more so super voids, or giant voids, show a prevalence of a specific chirality (the same chirality that prevails in the rotation directions of galaxies).

It is not the entire Universe that rotates, as has recently been hypothesized, but its most extensive constitutive structures, the frame that supports the structure of the cosmos, so to speak, that is in rotation. Due to the interactions that have occurred in the past, we expect that voids of one type of chirality, due to an initial random fluctuation, have prevailed in the multiple fusions of voids that have occurred so far. Voids of opposite chiralities can merge, or even annihilate each other if the dimensions and density are "compatible", while concordant chiralities will tend to repel each other, leading to a progressive compression and increase in the density of Mass, and therefore of the intensity of rotation, laying the causal basis of the phenomenon that is called "cosmic expansion".

Let us now look at these aspects in a little more detail.

-> INSERT IMAGE: Voids in the structure of the Cosmic Web

Classification

Cosmic voids vary in size and characteristics, generally classified into:

• Mini-voids: small regions with reduced galaxy density, typically tens of millions of light-years across
• Standard voids: these span 100-200 million light-years and are commonly found within the cosmic web
• Giant voids: the largest known voids, can be hundreds of millions of light-years wide

Structure

As mentioned above, normally void regions are not completely empty; they contain sparse galaxies, dark matter turbulent sub-structures, and intergalactic gas. They are surrounded by filaments and clusters that form the visible part of the Cosmic Web — the vast network of Matter defining the Universe's large-scale structure.

-> INSERT IMAGE: Structure of a cosmic void

Cosmic voids can exhibit almost spherical shapes or, due to their particular dynamics and interaction with surrounding cosmic objects, they can assume deformed shapes. The shape evolves over time, as does the density of Mass, the distribution of Mass within it, the dynamics of the turbulent flows that characterize it, and so on. Naturally, given the vastness of the spatial extension of these objects, the times of their formation and evolution are immense, well beyond that of the evolution of galaxies, which form, aggregate, evolve, merge around them, in an endless dance.

Beyond the shape, which can be more or less spherical or deformed, the structure and nature of cosmic voids is absolutely standard. Ignoring any Ordinary Matter-in the form of gas, dust, etc. or entire galaxies, focusing on the void itself-the structure is quickly said.

The entire immense bubble that appears empty to us is a single Dark Halo, composed of:

• an internal part, the core, formed by Dark Matter, Matter with negative Mass, characterized by a gradient of Perturbation values ​​that shows a negative peak in the central region, with a Mass density profile that degrades towards the center to an extremely modest extent (remember that Dark Halos are extended Structures, with low or very low Mass density),
• an almost spherical boundary (as mentioned, it can also be very deformed) that separates the Dark Matter core from the external shell of dark Energy,
• an external part, precisely, a shell, formed by Dark Matter, Matter with negative Mass, characterized by a gradient of Perturbation values ​​that shows a positive peak at a certain distance from the aforementioned boundary, with a Mass density profile that from the maximum region degrades towards the boundary and towards the outside of the Halo.

For greater clarity, please refer to the images shown here.

The outer shell, given the greater freedom of redistribution of Dark Energy on volumes even much larger than those related to the Dark Matter tail, will tend to show a much more rarefied Mass density profile. Its repulsive effects will therefore be much smaller than the attractive effects of the Dark Matter that constitutes the core of the Dark Halo of the Void.

Only when, due to the specific dynamics of the Halo compared to the dynamics of the surrounding Halos, especially in relation to the concentration of many Halos in overcrowded, therefore very structured regions, the intense interaction favors the compression of the eternal Dark Energy shells, which thicken, also considerably increasing their repulsive power.

Added to this effect is the repulsion possibly produced by the concordance of the chirality of the rotation of the Dark Halos that constitute the Voids. In this case, as in the repulsion produced by the approach of two electric charges of the same sign, to the repulsion produced by the concentration of Dark Energy, a strong repulsion is added, produced precisely by the chirality ratios of the intrinsic and extrinsic rotational dynamics of the Voids.

This repulsion can be possibly mitigated by the presence of Halos of smaller spatial extension, but of greater density of Mass. Let's think of the Dark Halos of galaxies, which, around the immense Halos that constitute the Voids, can form as lubricating cushions /filaments, nodes, superclusters, clusters, galaxies, and extragalactic turbulent flows almost linear or torsional.

Formation

In conventional cosmology, it is believed that voids emerge from the density fluctuations of the early Universe (the early stages of post-Big Bang / Inflation cosmological evolution). And that as matter accumulated in filaments, clusters and galaxies, the surrounding regions lost matter, giving rise to vast empty spaces. Gravity would have gradually accentuated these voids over billions of years.

In the alternative model that I propose in this work, I hypothesize that Reality has no age, has always existed, emerged from Nothing in a Timeless Time, Space and Time being dimensions that also emerged in the very long Evolution of the Universe.

The first Structures (Dark InfoStructures) would have emerged from infinitesimal seeds in the dynamics of the Elementary Field under the Action of the Fundamental Force. Delicate gradients of the Elementary Action in its Modes / Components, nested in other gradients, uncertain flows, turbulent Vortices, in an extremely slow evolution, which would have led to the formation of the first Dark Structures and their progressive evolution towards ever greater spatial extensions.

Ever more extensive Vortices, always extremely rarefied, gradually evolve conquering the infinite Space. Until they interact, merge, annihilate. Ever more extensive and ever slower Vortices rotate on themselves, permeated by the nascent form, Vortices of currents of Elementary Events, of Relations, stochastic Processes that little by little, in the dimensional Space-time expansion, acquire an increasingly deterministic flavor and consistency.

Immense Vortices that evolve towards the giant voids that draw the profile of the Cosmic Web. Smaller bubbles, but always very large, in the nodes of the Web will be the cradles of superclusters. Within their turbulent Halos, smaller bubbles will accommodate clusters of galaxies. Even smaller swirling bubbles will form the Dark Matter/Energy Halos that make up the dark part of galaxies. Even smaller vortices within the Galactic Halos, bubbles that lead to the formation of clusters of stars in formation, and so on in an infinitely nested turbulent structure.

Vortices, bubbles, halos, of approximate shapes, intertwined, nested, interacting in an infinite dance, occupying all the Space and all the Time that the Elementary Events, the correlations between their temporal distributions, draw in the dynamics of the Field under the incessant Action of the Force.

Evolution

Voids tend to grow over time, increasing their spatial extension, due to the natural tendency of the Elementary Field to vorticity. The spontaneous turbulence of the Field tends to organize itself, aggregating and conforming to existing Structures, such as the Voids, which then expand spatially, incorporating increasingly large quantities of Elementary Action into their Form. Here are some of the most common evolutionary events in the history of cosmic megastructures:

• Expansion and Thickening: this, obviously, if they have free Space to expand in. In the case that they are inside regions densely populated by many Structures, in which the turbulence of the interstitial regions can be very high, the tendency to grow conflicts with the compression resulting from the intense interactions between the Dark Halos, in particular between their Dark Energy shells. This dynamic, in addition to generating intense processes of production of Ordinary Matter, pushes the Halos, especially the largest ones, to contract to attenuate the growing density of Dark Energy, positive Mass, positive Perturbation. This contraction of the spatial extension in rotating objects causes an increase in angular velocity, a greater density of the Dark Matter core, all dynamics that contribute to forming the phenomenon that is called "cosmic expansion".
• Fusion: among the other processes that characterize the evolution of the Voids, there are fusions. Some smaller voids merge to form larger ones, or the larger Voids are incorporated, reshaping the cosmic structures, the Cosmic Web. This happens when the Voids in compressed interaction have opposite chirality. In these cases, and only in these cases, since there is no repulsion from concordant rotation, but on the contrary attraction from counter-rotation, a sort of annihilation of the two Dark Halos involved can occur (if the dimensions are compatible) or in any case their fusion. Another possible obstacle or facilitating factor to fusions is that related to the possible divergence or convergence (or in any case the angle between the two directions) of the directions of orientation of the spins of the Halos of the Void involved. From the energetic and Fundamental Physical Quantities point of view, this aspect can be represented by the ratio between the magnetic fields of the Structures involved.
• Voidness: another significant aspect is what we could call "tendency towards the maintenance of the Voids" o "voidness". A phenomenon that essentially consists of two aspects:
  • the tendency of cosmic objects and structures not to enter the Dark Halos that we see as empty, a tendency that manifests itself through two cooperating tendencies:
    • the difficulty in entering determined by a series of factors, including, in the most populated regions of the Cosmic Web, the natural barrier constituted by external shells of very dense repulsive Dark Energy, the power of the rotation of the Halos of the Voids, the possible concordant chirality, the possible divergence of the directions of orientation of the spins of the halos and other structures, e.g. galaxies, in potential entry, etc.
    • the greater gravitational attraction exerted by the Dark Halos of the smaller and denser Cosmic Structures that are in the interstices between the large Voids, which constitute the filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web, which host galaxies, possibly organized in clusters, superclusters and other megastructures
  • the tendency of massive Cosmic Objects and Structures to exit from the voids towards denser regions of the Cosmic Web. Tendency supported by rotational dynamics that make the counter-forces prevail over the centripetal ones, by the lack within the Voids of stable positions of gravitational equilibrium, which allow the aggregation of a Mass sufficient to create a gravitational nucleus, the notable kinetic energy possessed by the Objects and Cosmic Structures that have possibly been pushed inside the Voids, Kinetic Energy that tends to push them out after a path that combines linear trajectories of the objects in transit, with the rotational ones of the hosting Voids.

Dynamics and Interactions

Despite their (seemingly) "empty" nature, large cosmic voids profoundly influence the structure and behavior of the Universe.

We have already spoken above about the dynamics and interactions between the gigantic voids that draw the structure of the Cosmic Web. We will return to the topic in the section "A brief history of the Universe", contextualizing it in the broader evolutionary history of the world.

Here we recall only some fundamental aspects.

Voids are cosmic structures in the form of Dark Halos, formed by Dark Matter (the core, the internal region of the Halo) and Dark Energy, the external shell of the Halo, which interacts with the surrounding cosmic structures. These are vortex-type InfoStructures, with a large spatial extension, slow rotation and temporal evolution, low or very low density of Mass.

Their internal dynamics, dominated by the rotating Dark Matter core, pushes cosmic objects, which may enter them, to return towards external regions and eventually exit, to return to the interstitial regions of the Cosmic Web, filaments and nodes that host the Dark Halos less extensive than the Void, superclusters, clusters, galaxies, gas and dust, etc.

The external dynamics, dominated by the Dark Energy shell, also in rotation as an extension of the inner core of Dark Matter, if compressed against other giant void Halos in crowded areas of the Cosmic Web, triggers important processes of formation of bubbles of even much more modest extension, such as the Dark Halos that make up galaxies. Nested, swirling turbulence, which as their spatial extension decreases and their Mass thickens, constitute cradles for the formation of increasingly compact cosmic structures and objects, superclusters, clusters, galaxies, precisely. And inside the galactic bubbles, the turbulent / vortical dynamics reproduces itself at increasingly smaller dimensional levels, leading to the formation of sub-structures and cosmic objects / bodies that make up the galaxies (dwarf satellite galaxies, star clusters, stars, etc.)

The interaction between voids, between their external shells of Dark Energy, in addition to forming other Matter / Dark Energy, structured in increasingly dense and compact Halos, in a sort of turbulent foam that draws the profile of the Cosmic Web, produces the formation of Ordinary Matter that we see in the form of gas and then of particles, atoms, molecules, stars, black holes, etc.

But it does not end here. The interaction of these large empty regions, of their external shells, of Dark Energy, in the compression of the Structures, produces the phenomenon that we call "cosmic expansion". In the interaction and thickening of the structures that gradually form and evolve in the interstitial regions of the Web (filaments and nodes), the increasingly extensive and profound structuring of Space-time, of the Elementary Field, leads to immense thrusts that produce the progressive contraction of the giant voids, to the acceleration of their intrinsic and extrinsic rotation, to their thickening.

The contraction, in particular, and the general thickening of the cosmos, due to the formation of ever greater Matter, compensated by a specular quantity of Dark Energy, leads to a progressive slowing down of the rhythm of the flow of Time, and of the connected limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information (the so-called speed of light in a vacuum). All this is detected as a red shift of the observed electromagnetic radiation, which is interpreted as a distancing of the cosmic structures from each other, "cosmic expansion" therefore.

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

Here too we try to analyze what is illustrated above and express it in terms of the models proposed in this work, of the Fundamental Physical Quantities and subsequently of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes/Components.

The graphic representations (even if imperfect, not proportionate - the analyses are still in progress) can be a valid example of how I think the analysis of cosmic objects and structures can / should be conducted using the conceptual tools proposed in the context of this research project.

Let's imagine a well-formed, almost spherical Giant Void.

Let's try to graphically represent the radial distributions of the Fundamental Physical Quantities as described in this work (Metric / Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin). Later we will move on to the representation in terms of Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components.

For simplicity and for a better visual representation, the spatial proportions are not always real or correct.

Metrics (correlations of Perturbation of point events of the Elementary Field): while as we have seen, Space on cosmological distances is absolutely flat (the curvature of Space is significant only at distances around the Planck scale up to a few orders of magnitude higher), the temporal curvature shows a gradient with a central minimum (negative curvature, negative Mass of Dark Matter), which degrades towards the boundary between the Dark Matter core and the Dark Energy shell, to start rising again towards positive values ​​up to a maximum at a radial distance between the boundary between the core and the shell and the boundary of the Dark Halo of the Void.
In reality, since the Voids are not perfect spheres, but can also undergo considerable deformations due to internal dynamics, but above all due to interactions with other structures that make up the Cosmic Web in the surrounding region, the gradient described is not regular, perfectly spherical, as are not the border between DM core and DE shell, and the external border of the Dark Alone that represents the Cosmic Structure that we call Void. Looking at the image can help to better understand.

Mass (correlations of Perturbation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): according to the General Equivalence Principle, the curvature of Space-time, or rather Time, and the density of Mass (negative and positive, which composes DM and DE respectively) are the same thing, have the same origin, the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of the Mode / Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation here. So what we said about the Metric is also valid for the Mass, the two quantities being the same thing seen from the two complementary points of view - Metric from the point of view "of" the Elementary Field and Mass from the point of view of the InfoStructures "in" the Field.
The total amount of Mass of a vortical structure in the Field is always zero, as the negative and positive components compensate each other by definition. In the case of a Void, composed only of a Dark Halo and not of Ordinary Matter, the amount of Dark Matter and Dark Energy are equal. But, since Dark Matter is confined to the internal region of the Vortical Structure, in the core, its density is much higher than that of Dark Energy which is in the external region and is free to redistribute itself in extremely large Spaces, virtually throughout the causally connected Universe. This difference in density causes the gravitational attraction exerted by the DM core towards the Matter present in the surrounding regions (e.g. galaxies and clusters present in the filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web adjacent to the void) to overcome the repulsion generated by the DE shell, producing a net positive gravitational attraction.
This situation can be reversed (gravitational repulsion produced by the DE shell prevailing over the attraction produced by the DM core) in the case in which, in densely populated regions of the Cosmic Web, due to the compression of many structures, on one side or on the entire boundary of the Dark Halo of the void, the DE shell is very compressed and its density reaches levels such as to produce a more intense gravitational repulsion.
But what does "gravitational attraction or repulsion" mean in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, in particular of the Translation Component? Simply, let's imagine a point in Space on the line that joins the center of Mass of two InfoStructures of the Vortex type, Elementary subtype (for simplicity, let's think of two ideal, perfectly spherical Structures). This point of Space-time, whose position is "relative" to the position of the two centers of Mass of the two Structures, at a certain instant of Time, will be supported by a certain event-point of the Elementary Field, which has its own spontaneous dynamics - the natural dynamics "of" the Elementary Field, describable by a stochastic process - on which, time by time, instant by instant, is superimposed a dynamics that represents the Shape of the Structure/s present "in" the Field itself - dynamics describable by one or more (quasi-)deterministic processes. If we observe this complex stochastic/(quasi-)deterministic dynamics from the point of view of Translation at the chosen event-point we will see a certain degree of order in the chaos. The elementary spatial fluctuations will tend to be oriented in the direction of attraction for a longer time, than in other directions. Using an expression dear to physicists, a spatial-spatial symmetry is broken. The spatial directions at that event-point of the Field are no longer equivalent. Dynamic inhomogeneity, anisotropy...
If we extend the observation to an infinitesimal, but not null, neighborhood, we will be able to observe the relationships between the dynamics of the individual event-points included in this tiny region of the Field. We would see "non-zero correlations between the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations" (Elementary Events) in resonance around the Planck scale. With reference to Translation, we would see a prevalence of orientation of the elementary fluctuations in the direction of the line joining the two centers of Mass and towards the direction of the center of Mass that exerts the greatest attraction. We know that a non-zero Translation value in the Elementary Field represents the physical quantity that we can define as Potential Motion, in other words, "attraction". Any Structure or Form present in that region of the Field will undergo an acceleration towards the source of the gravitational attraction.
Of course, in Reality things are almost never so simple. We have seen that even for an ideal elementary Vortex Structure the gravitational behavior towards the surrounding regions is the result of the balance between different contributions, at a minimum between the two contributions produced by the DM core and the DE shell. The DE shell, with its repulsive power, is as if it were screening the attraction exerted by the DM core. But given the normal condition of non-compression and therefore of distribution of the DE over immense volumes compared to the concentration of the DM in the core, this screening effect is extremely modest, unless the DE shell is compressed by the interaction with the DE of the shells of other Structures, of other Voids, returning to the topic of this section.

Motion (correlations of Translation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): of the potential Motion, of the acceleration therefore, produced by the gravitational effects of the presence of massive bodies / objects / structures, of the gravitational acceleration therefore we have just spoken. We must now speak of the effective Motion, of the kinetic dynamics of such objects / bodies / structures, as single objects and as parts of complex systems linked by articulated gravitational, chiral and magnetic interactions (inhomogeneities of Translation respectively produced by inhomogeneities in the other Components of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation).
I am obviously referring to the inertial Motion of such Structures in the absence of interaction with other Structures and structured states of the Elementary Field, and to the accelerated Motion of the same Structures, but in this case, object of the aforementioned interactions.
Inertial motion of a Void in the empty cosmos, without the presence of other Structures in the surrounding regions of the Field causally connected, risks being a mere textbook case, given the omnipresence of such Cosmic Structures that constitute the skeleton of the Cosmic Web (new and larger voids and giant voids are always being discovered). In any case, we can say that the dynamics of the event points (an extremely large quantity, given the resonance of the spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale, which makes us consider, even in the continuity in the Elementary Field, event points with an extremely small volume) that time by time support the Shape of the Structure that we identify as the Void under observation shows a deterministic component, a pattern of organization of the correlations in the temporal distributions of the directions of orientation of the elementary spatial fluctuations, a prevalent orientation, we could say, in the direction of the Inertial Motion of the Structure. This linear inertial motion will be superimposed on an extrinsic angular motion (of the entire Structure), with a given direction (the chirality of the Structure) and with a given orientation of the rotation axis (the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Structure on itself).

Charge – Electric Energy (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): Charge and Spin concern the intrinsic rotation of the Structure, not its extrinsic rotation which determines, as just said, the chirality of the Structure as a whole and the orientation of its rotation in Space, aspects which have great relevance in the "mechanical" interactions (friction, collisions, fusions, annihilations, etc.) with the other Cosmic Structures that make up the Cosmic Web. The Charge, as a source of electrical phenomena, pertains to the torsion of the elementary spatial fluctuations that incessantly animate the dynamics of the event points. If in a given region of the Field, there is a non-zero correlation between the degrees of chirality, we say that in that region there is a Charge and electrical phenomena manifest. In Cosmic Structures, such as voids, which we could assimilate to gigantic elementary particles, given their immense dimensions, the rarefaction of the densities of Mass, it is very difficult for the correlation intensities to reach very high levels and above all a great coherence at the level of the entire structure. In such Structures there do not seem to be Processes of sufficient intensity to produce intense correlations over extended spatial regions, with the necessary coherence at the level of the entire Structure, such as to produce a significant global electric Charge. Therefore, it will be difficult to observe intense and overall electrical phenomena. In the turbulent sub-structure of such immense voids, there could be regions that manifest a sort of electric Charge, but always of an extremely modest entity. I expect that the differences in electric potential between different internal regions of such structures will be zero or at least very modest (if they could be measured at all).

Spin – Magnetic Energy (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field): even in the case of Spin and magnetic phenomena, since we are dealing with very large Structures, therefore with very long times of internal propagation of Causality, Action, Information, in my opinion it is very difficult to produce correlations between the dynamics of the event points such as to produce global magnetic effects. It seems more plausible to me that the large magnetic fields that, with gravity, contribute to modeling the Cosmic Web and its cosmic dynamics, are generated by Processes that involve less large Structures / Bodies / Objects, by the flows of Matter in the filaments, by the rotation and incessant interaction of the galactic Halos in the clusters that occupy the nodes of the Cosmic Web.

In conclusion

Voids do not form because of gravitational forces that pull matter toward denser regions, leaving behind immense gaps, vast empty spaces, giant voids that can extend for hundreds of millions of light years, as hypothesized by standard cosmology.

Here we hypothesize that the process is just the opposite. That the formation of voids builds the causal and variational (spacial and temporal) scaffolding on which, within which, the increasingly fine-grained scaffolding is formed that favors the formation of Ordinary Matter that, collapsing, goes to populate the more compact and dense bubbles, which we observe as galaxies, clusters and superclusters, organized in the filaments and nodes that make up the Cosmic Webs.

These voids therefore play a fundamental role in universal dynamics, in the formation of Dark Matter and Energy, of Ordinary Matter and therefore of the Structures composed of them. Their formative and evolutionary dynamics represent the causal and variational aspect of the phenomenon we call cosmic expansion.

Despite their emptiness, these vast gaps shape the structure of the Universe by influencing the Motion of the surrounding Matter (both Dark and Ordinary). They highlight the delicate balance between the cosmic void and the dense clusters of galaxies.

Cosmic Web

After all that we have said about cosmic objects / bodies and cosmic structures such as voids and giant voids, it should be clear what we mean by the Cosmic Web, what its nature and collective dynamics are, which are precisely identified with the nature and dynamics of the entire Universe.

Cosmic Web is not only the visible part, filaments and nodes, clusters, galaxies and gases. It is above all the Dark (invisible) structure-Dark Matter and Dark Energy-, which forms and hosts the Ordinary (visible) Matter that we see sparkling in the darkness.

I have just spoken about the voids. Let us now examine the most visible part of the contents of the Universe, where however the Dark component of Matter / Energy prevails.

-> INSERT IMAGE: Filaments and nodes in the structure of the Cosmic Web

Above and in the three previous sections, dedicated to substances, objects, bodies and structures in the cosmos, I have already exposed many hypotheses on cosmic objects and their dynamics. Hypotheses that fit into the unconventional vision of Reality and the Universe proposed in this work.

Hypotheses, proposals permeated by an evolutionary approach, by a vision of Reality as a complex process with a multi-level structure, which incessantly springs from the expression of a Primary Source. All this obviously also applies to the particular universal structure that we call Cosmic Web for its peculiar shape, a network composed of filaments of various lengths and thicknesses that connect nodes of various sizes and densities. As mentioned, a reticular structure such as that which is observed in every direction in Space could not have formed if immense empty regions, with their structure and dynamics had not designed interstitial spaces and produced the substances, bodies, objects, structures that populate them and animate them with complex evolutions dominated by the phenomena produced by the phenomena that we try to understand in the framework of Evolutionary Dynamics.

Let us now try to summarize the fundamental aspects of this complex and articulated cosmic megastructure.

Classification

The Cosmic Web is essentially formed by four main structures based on the dynamics of Matter and Energy (Dark and Ordinary) distribution:

• Voids: As seen, these are vast, underdense regions where few galaxies exist.
• Sheets: Large, flat structures where matter is spread out in a two-dimensional plane. They act as transitional zones between voids and denser regions.
• Filaments: The most recognizable feature of the Cosmic Web, filaments are elongated structures connecting galaxy clusters. They contain a significant fraction of the Universe’s Matter.
• Knots: Dense regions where multiple filaments intersect, forming galaxy clusters. These are the most massive structures in the Cosmic Web.

Structure

Resuming what has already been said, simplifying, the Cogmic Web is a cosmic structure extended to the entire Universe, it is the structure of the Universe, substantially formed by Dark turbulence, a mix of gradients, flows and twists, waves, vortices and interactions, made up of Processes in constant disequilibrium between chaos and order, more or less organized, which is embodied in a foam-like structure, with irregular bubbles / vortices / halos of various sizes, in incessant interaction, which fill all the available Space in the Universe.

The large voids define the large-scale structure of cosmos, the medium-sized turbulent bubbles develop and establish themselves in the larger interstitial spaces between the giant voids, medium-sized bubbles which we identify as the nodes of the Web, and the bubbles of increasingly smaller extension (small clusters, galaxy groups and the single galaxies) fill the medium bubbles in the nodes and above all the filaments that connect the nodes, developing and establishing themselves in the interstitial spaces between the large bubbles.

This infinite network appears, therefore, as a foam of soap bubbles, ethereal and apparently ephemeral, but which in fact dominate and design the eternal universal dynamics. Galaxies, with their Dark Halos, with their core of Dark Matter and their shells of more or less compressed / dense Dark Energy, are like the small bubbles, small and mobile, that we see in the foam that we produce with soap, or like the small bubbles of value that form when we boil water to cook.

It seems like a banal and slightly stupid example, but I think it fits well to describe the general situation of the Universe and of the Cosmic Web that characterizes its structure at all cosmic scales. It is as if the Elementary Field, under the incessant Action of the Elementary Force, had undergone, and continues to undergo, a continuous and progressive heating that produces a sort of boiling. Obviously, this is not matter like water in a pot, but the comparison seems useful to me to convey the idea of ​​the Universe in Formation, in Evolution.

It is the Elementary Field, which observed from the point of view of its dynamics, of the Elementary Action that animates it, in the Component Perturbation, tends to form vortex bubbles in its natural turbulence, which from infinitesimal spatial and temporal dimensions, extends to the widest cosmic dimensions. Vortex bubbles, formed by flows generated by Perturbation gradients, which precisely because of their nature acquire Mass, negative and positive, in the differentiation of the Perturbation levels around a local or universal average value. Here the bubbles, immense or small, form in the vortex turbulence, with their cores at negative Mass (Dark Matter) and their shells at positive Mass (Dark Energy).

Immense bubbles with very low density that leave narrow interstitial spaces for thin "Sheets" and narrow "Filaments" of small bubbles (Dark Halos that develop as galaxies, gradually incorporating the Ordinary Matter that incessantly forms due to the friction between the external shells of Dark Energy of the bubbles, especially the larger ones characterized by a greater angular velocity, Voids, superclusters, etc.

Giant voids, in their rotational dynamics in their mutual interactions tend to drag the small bubbles that host galaxies towards the nodes, which gradually enrich themselves with galaxies, condense into clusters and superclusters, causing significant dynamic and structural effects on the entire Cosmic Network, including the phenomenon that we call "cosmic expansion", the result of the incessant condensing, structuring / organization, complexification of the Elementary Field, and therefore of the Universe.

From what has been said, Dark Matter and Dark Energy, the invisible "substances" that compose the main Structures that draw the Cosmic Web, constitute the majority of the Mass (negative and positive respectively) of the cosmic network, and, in addition to causing the Processes of Formation of Ordinary Matter and providing the structure that allows it to accumulate and form galaxies, are responsible for much of the attractive and repulsive gravitational forces that draw the structure of the Universe.

The invisible structure of the Cosmic Web, with its incredible extension and complexity, therefore represents the essence of the turbulent and interconnected nature of the Universe.

The structure of the Cosmic Web shows a clear fractal dimension, as do many of the Structures that make up Physical Reality. This fractality is also manifested in the distribution of the density of Mass (negative and positive). The density of Mass varies greatly between the different structures and substructures of the Web. The internal regions of the voids are not uniform, they show a significant variation in density and substructure. The Cosmic Web has a hierarchical nature, with smaller structures within larger ones (voids within larger voids, filaments and walls that branch out).

While conceptually the general structure of the Cosmic Web seems quite simple, in detail things become much more difficult. The structure of the filamentary network, in particular, appears very complex, as it is hierarchical and multiscale, with branches of various widths and lengths that intersect at a wide range of angles.

Rather than components, objects, separate structures, it is useful to think of the Cosmic Web as a turbulent fractal continuum with nested levels, where the entire Dark structure is an immense continuous "substance" with the typical forms of turbulence that we know from fluid dynamics (flows, waves, vortices, other turbulent structures, viscosity, circulation, velocity, current, fluid motion, energy cascade, etc). Only it is not a fluid composed of the Matter that we are used to observing, made of particles and waves that incessantly interact forming increasingly complex and articulated corpuscles. The Dark side of Matter (DM and DE) is less discretized than that of Ordinary Matter, where Particles and Waves are more individual and identifiable Structures, except for multicycle Waves (e.g. radio waves) which, as seen, have a less localized / localizable nature and structure.

Dark InfoStructures must be seen and represented as a sort of regions (both for Dark Waves - gravitational waves - but especially for Dark Vortices) that show areas of depression and others of overpressure, areas in which Time flows slower than the universal average and others in which it flows faster. No clear cut. As mentioned, these are impalpable structures, with extremely low density, very extensive, without clear boundaries, which fade into the natural spontaneous turbulence of the Field, in the indeterminacy of its microscopic dynamics.

Regarding the amount of Mass, it seems that the filaments can contain half of the mass in the Universe, followed by walls, voids and clusters with 25, 15 and 10 per cent, respectively. In terms of volume on Space, the voids seem to be dominant with 78 per cent of the volume, followed by walls and filaments with 18 and 6 per cent. Cluster environments seem to take an insignificant fraction of the cosmic volume.

These estimates help us understand where we can hypothesize to find the greatest amount of Mass associated with Ordinary Matter. Obviously, where the total Mass density, of which the Mass associated with the Dark component is predominant, is higher. In the filaments, in the walls, and then in the nodes that host the clusters.

According to the hypotheses that I have formulated regarding the nature and dynamics of the processes responsible for the Formation of Ordinary Matter, it is precisely on the border of the large voids (a blurred border saturated with Dark Energy, where therefore Time flows faster than average and the turbulence of the Field is greater and can reach extremely intense peaks in the friction between the immense empty bubbles), in the interstitial areas occupied mainly by filaments and walls, full of galaxies dragged by immense rotations towards collection points, which we observe as large attractors, important intersections of the powerful dynamic interactions of the giant voids.

In the friction between the boundaries of the rotating Dark Structures, most of the small Dark bubbles are formed, which represent the Galactic Halos, and, above all, all the Ordinary Matter which then tends to migrate towards the adjacent interstitial spaces, in the filaments and walls, where immense flows and clouds of gas swirl majestically like the waters of mountain streams, gathering in bends and shallows, in depressions of turbulence, where, collapsing inside the Dark Halos, they form the galaxies that populate the densest and most compact Dark Structures.

-> INSERT IMAGE: Structure of cosmic filaments and nodes

Formation

According to conventional cosmology, the Universe began as a nearly uniform soup of matter and energy. Over billions of years, gravity pulled matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. The cosmic web, the vast interconnected structure of the Universe, composed of filaments and layers of matter that form the large-scale backbone of galaxies and galaxy clusters, is thought to be the result of gravitational interactions and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. Science believes that in the early Universe, matter was distributed nearly uniformly, with tiny variations in density. Over time, gravity amplified these variations, pulling matter into filamentary structures that eventually formed galaxies and clusters. Recent observations suggest that the Cosmic Web began to form very early in the history of the Universe as imagined in the standard model of cosmology.

As is clear from what has been said so far, I do not agree with this vision that I consider simplistic, abstract, completely implausible and incompatible with what we observe in the cosmos. In my vision the Universe is not the result of an event or a series of events placed in time, no Big Bang, no Inflation. The Universe, as the entire manifestation of Reality, has no age. It is eternal in the past as in the future. Just as it has no spatial boundaries, it is unlimited and infinite. The processes that gave rise to the formation of the Universe as we observe it today are processes that began in a timeless past, without a definite beginning. If we have to identify a time frame for the formation of the Universe, with its current degree of organization, complexity, with its current form, we must think of a time much longer than the age that is hypothesized and supported by considerations that frankly I do not agree.

A period much longer than the 13.8 billion years that are hypothesized. This time span, which seems immense from a human perspective, is in my opinion incredibly short to justify the existence of such a complex and articulated structure, the Cosmic Web in its Dark / invisible and Ordinary / visible components. How is it possible that all this immense complexity could have formed in such a short period (short obviously from a cosmological perspective)? How is it possible that a simple and, from a universal perspective, insignificant collision between two galaxies (Milky Way and Andromeda) among billions of galaxies is imagined to take 5 billion years to complete, and it took "only" less than 14 billion years to build the rest of the Universe? When I speak of plausibility, this is exactly what I mean. How can we think that a marginal sub-process of an immense process (in my opinion infinite) can be completed in a significant fraction of that global process.

In natural evolutionary Processes, although substantial developments sometimes materialize in real evolutionary leaps, long-term trends show a certain continuity characterized by incessant small adaptations and increases in Complexity. Thinking of a duration ratio as unbalanced as the one mentioned, 5 billion years for a galactic merger against 13.8 billion years for the entire history of the Universe, would be like imagining that the evolution of Homo sapiens had required not about 300,000 years, as believed, but about a third of the entire duration of the development of life on our planet! So, assuming the appearance of life 4 billion years ago, not 300,000 years, but 1.3 billion years. Significant difference!

Yes, it is true that these are completely different phenomena, one concerning fundamental physics, the other evolutionary biology. But I believe that the more we investigate fundamental phenomena, the more time is needed for Nature (the formative, creative and evolutionary processes) to produce significant increases in Complexity. I dare not imagine the immense times needed to pass from the first inhomogeneities of / in the Elementary Field to the immense voids that have saturated all the available space, to the point of triggering the formative processes of the denser Dark Structures and of the Ordinary Matter that subsequently went to populate them, forming the visible part of the Cosmic Web.

So, in my opinion, in line with everything expressed in this work, and in particular in this chapter, the responsibility for the formation of the Cosmic Web as we observe it and suppose it to be made, is not only gravity, but also and above all the dynamics and interaction of the large voids. In my view, it is not true that Ordinary Matter was generated by an event such as the Big Bang, and initially distributed in an almost uniform way, and that, thanks to gravity, it subsequently settled into some regions, flowing from the voids towards the walls, inside the walls heading towards the filaments that surround these planar structures, and again inside the filaments moving towards the regions of the clusters. The universe would have originated as an almost uniform soup of matter and energy, and over the course of billions of years, gravity would have attracted matter into denser regions, forming interconnected filaments. Everything would have formed following gravitational interactions and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. This is not true, or it is not "completely" true. Voids don't form as matter collapses into denser areas, leaving empty spaces behind.

As I will try to tell in the final section of this chapter, we need to tell another story. A story that, as mentioned, sees a first significant step in the formation of dark bubbles starting from small inhomogeneities in the dynamics of the Elementary Field. Small inhomogeneities that over very long times have grown in extension, arriving to populate the entire Universe, gradually saturating all the available Space. Gradually through interactions, a dominant chirality has prevailed in the large bubbles in formation. The interactions between the large empty bubbles has confined smaller bubbles in the interstitial spaces, dominated by the external shells of these gigantic Dark InfoStructures. The friction between the external dynamics of the voids and the smaller bubbles triggered processes of formation of Ordinary Matter which, due to the location of the formation sites and the greater density of the medium and small bubbles present in the filaments and nodes confined in the interstitial regions of what was evolving towards the structure of the Cosmic Web, tended to collapse into what became the Dark Halos, cradles of galaxies and clusters and superclusters.

So, I think that the formation, dynamics and evolution of cosmic voids and the Cosmic Web is indeed linked to the role of gravity and the flow of Matter, therefore that the formation of cosmic structures was and is driven not only by gravity, but also by the dynamic flow of Matter. But not in the sense outlined by conventional cosmology. With respect to my vision, I would like to reiterate (as I believe this is an essential step for a true understanding of the alternative vision I propose here) a fundamental step is missing, the starting point is different, and so is the order of the formative sub-processes:

• The process of formation of Ordinary Matter is missing, which replaces the Big Bang, as I have already said, in my opinion an improbable conceptual absurdity. So the starting point is not that the universe initially existed as an almost uniform soup of matter and energy. Ordinary Matter began to form in a second phase, when the formation of the structure of the dark component of the Cosmic Web was so to speak completed, it reached the right point of structural maturation, necessary to start the processes of formation of Ordinary Matter.
• The starting point is different, voids are not formed by emptying. They are not modeled by the flow of matter that moves away from these low-density regions towards higher-density structures. Matter does not simply collapse to form voids, it does not move from the voids towards the walls, and from there to the filaments, and from there towards the dense regions, towards the nodes, to form and grow clusters of galaxies. The voids, which, as we have seen, are not empty but full of Dark Matter surrounded by shells of very low-density Dark Energy, are born just like this, and for various dynamics they tend to remain empty.
• The order of the formative sub-processes is different:
  • Elementary spatial fluctuations (Elementary Events), which in a language dear to conventional science we could rename "quantum" fluctuations of the Elementary Field.
  • Emergence of microstructures of correlations in the temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations.
  • Interaction of the microstructures and progressive formation of Dark InfoStructures with ever greater spatial expansion and temporal permanence.
  • Interaction of such Dark Structures with emergence of prevalence of chirality.
  • Saturation of the available Space following the further expansion of the Dark bubbles and formation of the structure of the Dak Cosmic Web, the foamy formation that sees bubbles of smaller extension and greater density of Mass, confined in the interstitial spaces between the dark bubbles that we call, somewhat improperly, giants voids.
  • Interaction of the Dark InfoStructures in the border regions of such foamy structure with the progressive formation of Ordinary Matter.
  • Interaction of the InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter in the border regions (essentially filaments and sheets/walls), with the formation of more complex InfoStructures of Ordinary Matter, composed through high-energy interactions between the Particles accelerated by the motions of the Dark Structures and their Magnetic Fields (from electrons and positrons to nucleons formed by quarks, which again by collision, form nuclei of hydrogen and then helium.
  • Accumulation, densification and of the InfoStructures and Forms of Ordinary Matter thus formed, and progressive concentration in the filaments and sheets / walls which become environments increasingly rich in gas.
  • Entrance and gravitational collapse of the gas in the bubbles / Dark Halos of nascent galaxies, bubbles of medium-small extension and with a greater density of Dark Matter and Energy, capable of exerting a greater gravitational attraction with respect to the surrounding environment of the filaments and sheets.
  • Formation of third-generation stars (with zero or very low metallicity) and then gradually of second and third generations with higher metallicity, thanks to the action of gravity, the rotational dynamics of the galactic dark halos, the turbulence of the intragalactic environment.
  • Emergence of substructures in the intragalactic environment, with different shapes and densities, such as the bulge, the arms, etc.
  • Evolution of galaxies, collisions and mergers, densification, etc.
  • Migratory dynamics of galaxies which, due to the effect of gravity, but above all of the complex dynamics and interactions between the components of the Cosmic Web, tend to flow in the filaments and sheets towards the nodes, where they condense into increasingly populous clusters and with increasingly articulated and complex dynamics.
  • And much more (e.g., complex gravitational, kinetic, etc. feedback phenomena responsible for what appears to us as cosmic expansion and its acceleration), which I will try to outline hereunder and in the next sections.

That's not all, but I believe we have identified and listed much of what has happened and is happening, and which has been decisive for the formation of the Cosmic Web and the Universe we observe.

Evolution

The factors that seem to drive and influence the evolution of the Cosmic Web mostly concern its dark components: the immense Dark Halos that we observe as substantially empty bubbles and that we call "voids and giant voids", the medium-sized Dark Halos, a little denser and somewhat turbulent that constitute the nodes of the network and that are occupied by clusters and superclusters of galaxies, the filaments and walls/sheets that represent the peripheral interstitial spaces of the large bubbles that represent the voids. And again, the Dark Halos that constitute the bubbles that constitute the dark component of the galaxies. In short, all the components that create the dark structure of the Cosmic Web, which generates, guides and directs the ordinary / visible components, gas and dust, stars, the entire galaxies, as if they were pearls in immense necklaces, and precious caskets full of sparkling jewels.

Following what has just been said about its formation, the main trends in the evolution of the Cosmic Web, which also seem to be supported by the most recent observations, seem to be the following (of course these are general trends, since locally different phenomena or peculiar dynamics that overlap and interact can produce different results):

• Progressive increase in the density of Mass and concentration of the dark / invisible components of the Cosmic Web albeit at different rates. The distribution of Mass and the volume occupied by the dark components of the Web vary over Time. The voids that have reached the saturation of the available space, there being no more free volume to occupy, increase the pressure on the interstitial spaces, especially on the less extensive and denser Dark Halos concentrated in the filaments and sheets that surround the giant voids. This pressure, in addition to producing greater friction responsible for the formation of greater quantities of Ordinary Matter (baryonic), generates feedback processes that lead to a progressively greater compression of the peripheral regions dominated by Dark Energy. In these interstitial spaces, the density of Mass increases and the pace of the flow of Time appears increasingly polarized between the faster pace of the increasingly turbulent spaces dominated by Dark Energy, and the slower flow within the Dark Halos of galactic bubbles, which evolve and move in those interstices, increasingly compressed and dense. The galactic bubbles that tend to collect the gas formed by the turbulence and friction generated by the large empty bubbles, and by the entire complex of the foamy structure of the Cosmic Web, are dragged by the powerful flows present in the interstitial spaces, in the sheets, but above all in the filaments, towards the nodes, which are enriched with dense galactic Halos, and by the Ordinary Matter that populates them forming the sparkling galaxies that we observe.

• Differentiated evolution times. From a Metrics and Mass perspective, I reiterate once again that the Cosmic Web ultimately is and should be imagined / considered as a "temporal foam". Everything we observe indirectly (the dark components and the part of ordinary components that for various reasons we cannot observe, such as gas clouds and dust with very low emission) and directly (most of the ordinary components, except those mentioned, not observable), everything that is out there, such as our bodies, the objects that surround us, the Earth, the Sun, the Moon and the planets, everything, from the complementary points of view of Metrics and Mass, everything is temporal foam in the macro as in the micro, organized in infinite continuously changing forms. Once again, I repeat that in my vision of Physical Reality, the temporal structure of the cosmos is not a side effect of the distribution of Mass and Energy in Space-time, but that the two aspects are the same thing, the same phenomenon observed from two complementary points of view, characterized by the same nature and origin: the presence of inhomogeneity in the dynamics of the Elementary Field, inhomogeneity that we call Elementary Action, whose correlations constitute the fundamental physical quantities, and whose organization in Space-time produces all the Structures of Ordinary and Dark Matter and Energy.

• Halo Evolution. The population of Dark Matter Halos evolves, with a rapid increase of high Mass Halos within the densest components of the Cosmic Web, the nodes populated by clusters and superclusters. Filaments tend to show a slower but constant growth in massive Halos, while sheets/walls and voids evolve more gradually. As we should expect based on the density of Mass and Motion, Matter and Energy, the population of Halos in the densest nodes and filaments shows a rapid evolution, especially at high Masses, with a significant increase over Time. In the less dense filaments, the evolution of the Halo population is slower, with an increase of massive halos and a decrease of low mass halos (absorbed by the more massive ones). In the walls and voids, as mentioned, the evolution of the Halo population is even slower. The dynamics of flow and accumulation of Matter and Energy, especially of Dark Structures, strongly influence the evolution of Halos in the complex and turbulent environment of the Cosmic Web.

• Evolution of Ordinary Matter and the substructures formed by it (formation, concentration and collapse of Ordinary Matter, so-called baryonic matter). As mentioned, (visible) Ordinary Matter tends to form due to the friction between the external regions (characterized by Dark Energy, with positive Mass) of the large Dark Halos, which constitute the skeleton of the Cosmic Web, and more generally in the turbulent, dynamic and more structured and populated interstitial regions between the large cosmic voids. It is here, in the intergalactic medium present in the filaments, that a significant fraction of the baryonic matter should be found, in the form of fast / hot particles, atoms and molecules dragged by the powerful mechanical flows produced by the rotation of the Web structures, which in certain situations (less dynamic and / or denser regions), like debris, concentrate in the bends of rivers where the current is less intense, which tend to concentrate in increasingly dense clouds and to collapse into the dense Halos that represent the dark component of the galaxies that we observe.

• Matter transport and gravitational flows. Let's start from the large voids that represent the backbone of the Web and the main source of its kinematics and related flows that are concentrated, as seen, in the turbulent and dynamic border regions. The voids with peculiar velocity fields show a strong outward flow, with velocity vectors pointing towards the surrounding walls and, together with the low density of Mass, limit the entry possibilities of the more compact and dense Dark Halos and Ordinary Matter. The sheets / walls carry the less extended Halos and Ordinary Matter towards the filaments, which tend to collect and convey them, to channel such material, such Dark and Ordinary Structures towards dense clusters of galaxies that form and evolve in the nodes of the Web. These flows are the main driver behind the variation in time of the fractions of Mass contained in the different components of the Cosmic Web. Matter, both Dark and Ordinary, net of the peculiar dynamics mentioned above, flows from low-density regions towards high-density Structures, due to the effect of universal gravitational dynamics.

• Gas Dynamics and Shock Waves. As Ordinary Matter moves in filaments, and collapses into the less dynamic and denser regions of the dark turbulence that characterizes the Web, the gas is heated up due to various phenomena, one of the most relevant being shock waves. Even more so within Galactic Halos, these interactions influenced star formation and the growth of galaxies along the filaments. This tendency to gravitational concentration and collapse that allows the formation of stars and intragalactic structures can be partly hindered by competing dynamics such as feedback from Supernovae and Black Holes, and more generally by intragalactic winds and magnetic fields. Explosions from supernovae and energy from active galactic nuclei (AGN) inject turbulence into the intragalactic environment and more generally into the Cosmic Web. This energy influences how Ordinary Matter flows and distributes itself across cosmic structures.

• Progressive increase in the level of organization, structuring, complexification of the Cosmic Web, of the Universe. The result of all that has been illustrated and of many other phenomena that operate at various levels on a wide range of dimensional scales of the Cosmic Web is precisely the incessant increase in organization, structuring, complexification of the entire Universe, Large, very large voids with very low density of Mass, which remain substantially empty while they rotate majestically in the cosmic darkness, incessantly drawing the structure of the Universe. Dark Halos increasingly dense and compact that concentrate us in the filaments and nodes of the Web. New Ordinary Matter that incessantly forms in the interaction of this immense network of large Dark Structures. Particles, atoms and molecules that in the turbulent and powerful cosmic dynamics disperse, sometimes condense, forming clouds, collapsing into the densest dark bubbles. And again, if the dynamics and galactic winds allow it, the clouds collapse, and stars form, light up and radiate the light we observe today. Ever more complex interactions form ever more complex sub-structures, star clusters, nebulae, spiral arms, nuclei, and so on. Stars and planets, and perhaps, life!

Among the most significant aspects concerning the Evolution of the Cosmic Web, and therefore of the cosmos in general, of the entire Universe, we find the phenomenon that is commonly called "cosmic expansion" and its acceleration in Time.

In my opinion, Dark Energy as it is conceived in current conventional cosmology, the mysterious form of Energy responsible for the acceleration of the expansion rate of the Universe, does not exist.

Three considerations.

The first concerns the phenomenon itself that is called cosmic expansion. In this model of describing Reality, and in the derived Evolutionary Cosmological Model that I spoke about in a previous section of this chapter, the expansion of the Universe, and therefore also its acceleration in time, is an apparent phenomenon. A phenomenon produced not by the increase in spatial distances between objects and cosmic structures, but by the progressive deformation of the organization of the Elemental Field, by the increase in inhomogeneities in the metric of Space-time, to be precise, of Time, the growing temporal inhomogeneities present in the Universe (since, as said several times, at scales of magnitude much larger than that of Planck, therefore already at the scale of Particles, Space is flat).

The second concerns the distribution of matter in the Universe. As I said, I am firmly convinced, and it seems to me that increasingly detailed observations are going in this direction, that the cosmos is not uniform even at the largest scales. Although the structure of the cosmos (how it is organized, structured, the level of complexity) is similar everywhere, the distribution of Matter (Dark and Ordinary) is not homogeneous. It seems like a contradiction, or nonsense, but what seems to be homogeneous is the way in which the cosmos is structured, its substantial inhomogeneity at all scales, inhomogeneity that tends to reproduce itself everywhere and in any era of the evolution of the Universe.

The third concerns the Big Bang and its "echo", what is considered (wrongly, in my opinion) the primordial radiation, the CMB. In my model, no Big Bang and no Inflation. So, CMB for me is not a cosmic fossil, a relic of an event, or a sum of events, in the remote past of the life of the Universe. In my opinion, it is a black body emission produced by the incessant and continuous Dynamics of the Elementary Field, of the natural spontaneous indeterminate turbulence that is the true substance from whose organization everything springs, the most elementary form of Existence, the Elementary Action that is expressed in the oft-cited fundamental Modes / Components. We can imagine it as the sound of Creation in progress, from whose Evolution incessantly springs, is built the Reality and the Universe that represents the temporal section that we call the Present. This consideration regarding the CMB, combined with the second one, regarding the distribution of matter in the Universe, make me believe that the conventional view of the origin and evolution of the Universe, including the idea of ​​cosmic expansion and its acceleration, is the result of a big blunder. A big collective error. An "ideological" error. Incorrect conclusions, arising from weak premises and an idealistic vision of Reality.

Therefore, I do not believe that the cosmic expansion and its acceleration are due to the mysterious dark energy as represented in the Standard Model of Cosmology (ΛCDM). I believe that, as summarized above, what we see is produced, to put it in other words and in terms closer to conventional science, by relativistic effects produced by the non-uniform distribution of Matter in the Universe. Dark Matter and Ordinary Matter. Or rather, Dark Matter and Dark Energy (the one hypothesized in this study of mine, characterized by positive Mass, correlation between positive levels of Perturbation, or, said in metric terms, a rate of flow of Time greater than the average universal rate, or of a significant neighborhood), together with Ordinary Matter obviously.

I take this opportunity to reiterate once again a fundamental concept that permeates all my research both for the dynamics of the microcosm, and for the cosmological vision that I propose here. Mass does not curve, does not deform Time. Mass and the curvature of Time are not only equivalent, they are exactly the same thing, they are different faces of the same natural dynamics. The Dynamics of the Elementary Field under the Action of the Fundamental Force, expression of the Primary Source of Reality. And it is precisely the inhomogeneity of the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation here that is the root of the Mass and of the alterations of the flow of Time, which we observe as a deformation of Space-time. We observe it and interpret it as a Space-time curvature, therefore an elongation of spatial distances and a contraction of temporal intervals, but in fact it is only a contraction of temporal intervals, in the presence of an absence of variation of spatial distances. Curvature of Time, therefore, which is accompanied by a variation (local, more or less extended and inhomogeneous) of the limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action and Information in the Elementary Field.

Everything that exists in the Universe is inhomogeneity, or rather correlations between inhomogeneities of dynamic aspects of Reality. Inhomogeneity in the distribution of "things", or rather of Processes. At the most infinitesimal level, inhomogeneity in the distribution of Elementary Events, characterizable as temporal distributions of elementary spatial fluctuations, in resonance around the Planck scale. At medium dimensional and complexity levels, inhomogeneity in the spatial and temporal distributions of the InfoStructures that populate the Microcosm, Waves, Particles and their Interactions. At more extensive dimensional and Complexity levels, inhomogeneity in the distribution of atoms, molecules, substances, bodies, objects, stars, galaxies, clusters, and again, voids, filaments and nodes of the Cosmic Web. Inhomogeneity everywhere, at all dimensional scales, in all aspects of Reality. Dynamic inhomogeneity, which, when poorly organized, we can call turbulence, and, when we observe a greater organization, we can call objects, Structures, Systems, Forms.

Dynamics and Interactions

All the phenomena we have described above, which characterize the formation and evolution of the Cosmic Web, are the manifestation of universal dynamics and of dynamics peculiar to the typologies of Structures involved and of the specific local interactions (local, although extremely extended in Space and Time, given the dimensions of the Structures involved and the finiteness of the upper limit for the speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information).

What can we say that we haven't already said or at least hinted at? Let's try to summarize in a more structured way the main dynamics that characterize the Cosmic Web in the relationships / interactions between the components and the phenomena that underlie them.

• General Motion: everything in the Universe is in motion, everything is Motion. All Reality is Motion, fluctuation, variation, change. The Cosmic Web is a dynamic, turbulent, complex structure, whose components participate in the overall Motion of the Universe, through their own peculiar motions, both external (as parts of the universal system and all the subsystems of which they are part) and internal (the movements that occur in the more or less turbulent internal environments of the individual components of the Cosmic Web, between their parts, their internal subsystems). These are motions in the continuum (which occur in the Elementary Field, they are motions of the Elementary Field), even if in this continuous Field we identify and single out Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures, invisible and visible, which for descriptive and expository needs we consider as separate parts of a fragmented whole. If we observed this panorama from the perspective of the Elementary Field, we would not see voids, sheets and walls, filaments and nodes, galaxies, stars, etc. but we would see an infinite ocean of fluctuations, variously correlated, infinite patterns of organized Action, of Information, which interacts, propagates, conserves, evolves, etc.
  Even if in the end everything can or must be traced back to the initial Component of Action, Perturbation, root of Metric / Mass and of metric and gravitational phenomena, much of the Motion that we see in the cosmos, both at a general level and peculiar to the individual components of the Dark Cosmic Web (voids, sheets, filaments and nodes) is not directly attributable to gravitational attraction / repulsion. Even if Perturbation, which we can represent in the form of (temporal) gradients, is the cause of the formation and evolution of Translation (stress, turbulent flows in temporal geometry), and this is the cause of the formation and evolution of Rotation (torsion, vorticity in that same geometry), once produced, Translation and Rotation, tend to conserve, evolve, to self-sustain in linear and rotational motions that we observe in the general dynamics of the Dark Cosmic Web and its components. For Ordinary Matter, although it is dragged by the dynamics of Dark Matter/Energy, the dynamics of concentration, collapse and formation of massive bodies and large and dense structures are mostly governed by gravitational phenomena.
  Motion of the Cosmic Web as a whole (of the entire Universe):
  Relative motion of the components of the Web:

• Internal Motion of the individual component types:
  Voids:
  Sheets / Walls:
  Filaments:
  Nodes:

• Motion of Dark Matter / Energy:

• Motion of Ordinary Matter:

• The apparent cosmic expansion: for all that I have just said about the evolution of the Cosmic Web, among the main dynamics that characterize the Cosmic Web I deliberately do not include cosmic expansion. As said, it is an (apparent) phenomenon linked not to an actual expansion of Space, but to an ever greater organization, structuring, complexification of Space-time. Linked, ultimately, to the increase of inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of the Elementary Events of the Elementary Field, or, said in terms closer to Conventional Physics, increase of inhomogeneities in the rates of temporal flow, of the temporal geometry of the cosmos. It is emblematic that precisely what we observe and interpret as "expansion, movement of distancing", the most significant movement that we can observe in the Universe, is not a movement, Motion, but the effect of a differentiation of the flow of Time in different domains of the cosmos, and of the consequent different limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information.

1. Gravitational Influence Gravity is the primary force shaping the Cosmic Web.

Matter flows along filaments toward dense nodes, forming galaxy clusters.

Voids expand as matter moves away, reinforcing the web-like structure.

2. Dark Matter’s Role Dark matter, though invisible, provides the scaffolding for the Cosmic Web.

Its gravitational pull dictates the movement of normal matter (gas and galaxies).

Studies suggest dark matter filaments connect galaxies across vast distances.

3. Gas Dynamics and Shock Waves As matter collapses into filaments, shock waves heat intergalactic gas.

This influences star formation and the evolution of galaxies.

Observations show gas flows along filaments, fueling galaxy growth.

4. Large-Scale Galactic Motion Galaxies within the Cosmic Web exhibit coordinated motion over millions of light-years.

Some galaxies move in sync, defying basic cosmological predictions.

This suggests unknown forces or interactions shaping cosmic structures.

5. Feedback from Supernovae and Black Holes Supernova explosions and active galactic nuclei (AGN) inject energy into the web.

This turbulence affects matter distribution and galaxy formation.

Black holes at galaxy centers influence surrounding gas flows.

6. Expansion and Evolution Over Time The Cosmic Web evolves as the universe expands.

Filaments stretch, voids grow, and galaxies migrate along cosmic highways.

Studying these changes helps refine models of cosmic evolution.

And, to complete the picture, let's now turn to some considerations on the most relevant forms of interactions that characterize the Cosmic Web:

• Invisible attractors: invisible attractors are not "attractors" because of the concentration of large Masses, or at least this is not the main reason for their great attractive power. It is even the gravitational attractive power that we must question, as it may not be the main factor of the particular dynamics of these peculiar regions and of the intense effects it produces on the dynamics of large regions and components of the Cosmic Web.
  I believe the most relevant factor lies precisely in the dynamics of the components of the Web. So that the particular dynamics are not (so much) caused by the gravitational attractive power of the "particular region", which we call invisible attractor, but the opposite is true: the Matter we observe is in Motion towards the particular region and therefore it seems to us attracted by something. I always like to use the simile of the sink. If we sprinkle flower petals into the water in a sink and then remove the plug, we will see the petals move toward the drain not because of an "attractive force" exerted by the drain, but because of the dragging effect exerted by the water flowing toward the drain. It is true that the action of gravity causes the water to flow into the drain. But the effect of gravity on the petals is substantially indirect, what prevails is the dragging effect. This is the case for visible Matter, the glittering galaxies that we imagine inexorably attracted toward an invisible point that we think is extremely massive, capable of exerting an immense gravitational attraction. In fact, the prevalent contribution to the movement of visible Matter toward the invisible attractor is given by the dragging effect exerted by the peculiar dynamics of dark turbulence, by the Matter and Dark Energy that make up the components of the Cosmic Web.
  We must imagine the same thing for the dynamics of Ordinary (visible) Matter that appears to us attracted toward a large Invisible Mass. As I have said several times, I believe that, in the dynamics of the movement of matter in the structure of the Cosmic Web, the effects of the rotations of the large empty bubbles and the related dragging effect on everything that is compressed in the interstitial regions (characterized by Dark Energy, therefore by positive Mass, in which the smaller and denser dark bubbles are immersed) are more important than the gravitational attraction and repulsion produced by the Matter and Energy of the same components of the Web.
  I do not believe it is a coincidence that the large attractor, as for other regions of this type that appear in the visualizations and simulations of the movements of matter in the Cosmic Web, lies in a node where the flows of the walls of the giant voids that compress it and several filaments that collect and convey a large number of galaxies and other unstructured matter converge.
  In short, what is relevant in my opinion are the flows in the dark turbulence that is maximum in the interstitial regions compressed between the large voids. It is here that, due to the drag, the motions that we observe as effects of sliding and gravitational attraction from regions that we imagine as massive, yet invisible, manifest themselves. And of course, if there is convergence, there must also be divergence. This is how we observe what are called dipole repellers. Areas from which dark turbulent flows "exit", so to speak, diverge in directions that lead to the areas of attraction, of convergence.

• The role of friction and dynamical friction:

Il campo di velocità peculiare conferma questa descrizione: le regioni di vuoto sono caratterizzate da un forte deflusso, con la velocità che punta chiaramente verso i muri che fungono da confini dei vuoti. Una volta nei muri, la materia defluisce verso i filamenti che li delimitano. Nei filamenti, il flusso punta verso i due ammassi massicci che fungono da punti terminali del filamento. Questa immagine del flusso di materia dai vuoti ai muri, dai muri ai filamenti e infine dai filamenti agli ammassi è in ottimo accordo sia con le previsioni della teoria del collasso anisotropo sia con i risultati quantitativi ottenuti dall'analisi del trasporto di massa

È importante notare che le fonti menzionano anche alcune deviazioni apparenti da questo flusso standard, come una piccola frazione di massa che sembra spostarsi da ambienti più densi a meno densi (es. da filamenti a muri o da muri a vuoti). Tuttavia, le fonti interpretano questi risultati non come una sfida alla teoria standard, ma piuttosto come un'indicazione delle difficoltà nell'identificare le strutture più tenui nelle regioni sottodense con i metodi attuali, il che può portare a una classificazione incompleta o errata degli ambienti in quelle regioni

Structural and dynamical decomposition in the terms of the Fundamental Physical Quantities of Information / Energy and of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components

• Metric (correlations of Perturbation of the point events of the Elementary Field)

• Mass (correlations of Perturbation of the point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

• Motion (correlations of Translation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

• Potential Motion – Gravitational Potential Energy (combination of Metric and Mass - correlations of Translation of the Elementary Field produced by the correlation of Perturbation that represent Mass of one or more InfoStructures in the Field)

• Effective Motion – Velocity (includes the rotational motion of the entire galaxy - in both the dark and ordinary components - don't includes the collective translational motions of the entire galaxy and the translational motions of the substances, bodies, objects and structures that compose it)

• Effective Motion – Kinetic Energy (includes the rotational motion of the entire galaxy - in both the dark and ordinary components - don't includes the collective translational motions of the entire galaxy and the translational motions of the substances, bodies, objects and structures that compose it)

• Charge (correlations of Rotation:Chirality of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

• Spin (correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation of point events that are supporting an InfoStructure in the Elementary Field)

In conclusion

TO BE ADAPTED TO THE COSMIC WEB

Voids do not form because of gravitational forces that pull matter toward denser regions, leaving behind immense gaps, vast empty spaces, giant voids that can extend for hundreds of millions of light years, as hypothesized by standard cosmology.

Here we hypothesize that the process is just the opposite. That the formation of voids builds the causal and variational (spacial and temporal) scaffolding on which, within which, the increasingly fine-grained scaffolding is formed that favors the formation of Ordinary Matter that, collapsing, goes to populate the more compact and dense bubbles, which we observe as galaxies, clusters and superclusters, organized in the filaments and nodes that make up the Cosmic Webs.

These voids therefore play a fundamental role in universal dynamics, in the formation of Dark Matter and Energy, of Ordinary Matter and therefore of the Structures composed of them. Their formative and evolutionary dynamics represent the causal and variational aspect of the phenomenon we call cosmic expansion.

Despite their emptiness, these vast gaps shape the structure of the Universe by influencing the Motion of the surrounding Matter (both Dark and Ordinary). They highlight the delicate balance between the cosmic void and the dense clusters of galaxies.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"