View source for TFNR - Dark Matter vs Dark Energy

Every time we want to go away from homogeneity, we must exert a force, in other words, produce one or more events, express an action, use energy making a work. Therefore, both mass and, so to call it, anti-mass, or better negative and positive mass, we have to do something (in sequence, as different but physically equal expressions, '''exert a force on a field, create events, express action, use energy making work''').

We assume that an infinite Force, acting on an illimited Field, incessantly produces the infinite Elementary Events that constitute the Elementary Action. We assume that the former (in the causal sense) form of the distribution of this Elementary Events is completely homogeneous. Chaos without form'''Bold text'''. In other words, all the Events are stochastically independent. In this condition, that we can call absolute vacuum, where causality, space and time dimensions are no longer emerged, the Elementary Action would have a constant and homogeneous density. No structure or form is present in this state of the Field.

It is only because the inner interaction of the two aspects of the Source, the Force and the Field, whose intensity and resistance respectively are not linear under the local dynamics of the product of the same interaction, that, as described by the Uncertainty Principle, the distributions of the Elementary Event are not perfectly homogeneous. It is here that causality, space and time begin to emerge as the fundamental dimensions of Physical Reality. That inhomogeneities are the former forms of Information/Energy that can give a structure to the Field under the creative and evolutive incessant Action of the Force.

Every inhomogeneity in a sense must have '''a counterpart in the opposite sense''':
- if the mean intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events in a point-event in the Field is lower than that in its neighborhood, we can call this a '''negative density inhomogeneity''', or a negative Perturbation, or '''negative mass density''' in the more complex level of Reality, where the Structures of Information, dark and ordinary massive structures, halos and particles, with their attractive gravitational effects, emerge;
- if the mean intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events in a point-event in the Field is greater than that in the neighborhood of that point, we can call this a '''positive density inhomogeneity''', or a positive Perturbation, or dark energy ('''positive mass density''') in the more complex level of Reality, where the Structures of Information, dark energy structures, with their repulsive gravitational effects, emerge.

Action, at the level of the Elementary Field, manifests itself as everchanging gradients in the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the Field. The net sum of these gradients must be obviously null. The Force creates differences, gradients, in that distributions. Action, in its most elementary form (the most elementary form of existence), represent these gradients. Every Event create a gradient, a difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field. '''Every Event is the creation or a variation of a gradient'''. 

What varies, from point to point, from volume to volume, is the concentration of the gradient (its slope in space and its rate of variation in time), of the concentration of '''Perturbation''', as we call the simplest component of Action. It represent the difference of the mean intensity of the distributions in a point event, or in infinitely small volume of the Field, with respect to the mean intensity of the distributions in the its neighborhood or, ultimately, of the whole infinite Field (due to the limits in the causal connection of the Universe, as per the finite velocity of the propagations of the perturbations in the Field, and the effects of the Uncertainty Principle, when the gradient becomes very very small, the space extension that we must consider as significant for the quantification of the gradient).

Due to the vortex shape of the massive structures that emerge in the evolution of the organization of Elementary Action in the Field, the central part of a massive structure (both an elementary particle of ordinary matter, for example an electron, and a dark matter structure in the cosmos, for example a galactic halo) is characterized by a negative Perturbation amount (negative mass, or negative energy pressure, or positive mass density in the common language). The external regions of the 3D vortex shape of the massive structure are characterized by a positive Perturbation amount (positive mass, or positive energy pressure, no description in the common language). 

A central depression, where the mean intensity of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the Field is lower than that of the external regions of the considered massive structure and an external region where the mean intensity of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the Field is greater than that of the external regions. Only vortex structures can conserve a 3D quasi spherical gradient in a dynamical Field, dominated by an incessant creative tension between the two opposites of production of inhomogeneities (Action of the Force) and return to homogeneities (Reaction of the Field). The Perturbation amount profile of a massive structure (imaging to slice an elementary quasi spherical massive structure by a central plane and to observe that plane from an orthogonal perspective) has always '''a characteristic shape of a sombrero, a Mexican hat function''', with, as stated, a central depression surrounded by two high level regions that surround the central region.

Using a higher level description to facilitate the comprehension, these kind of structures can conserve themselves in time only if an equilibrium is reached between the centrifugal force that pushes outward the elementary fluctuations from the central to the external regions of the Field (creation and conservation of the inhomogeneity, the depression) and the centripetal force that pushes inward the fluctuation from the external to the central regions (tension toward the restore of homogeneity). Think to a vortex in a sink. This similitude is absolutely wrong in physical terms, but can help to figure what happens. 

The positive amount of Perturbation in the outer region is the reason why vortex structures, even if they are attracted to each other due to gravity or other forces (i.e. electric and magnetic forces), do not collapse on each other, and we must use energy, do a work, to make this kind of structures to merge. This phenomenon is highly evident in the huge cosmic structures that we think formed by dark matter that host galaxies and clusters of galaxies. We observe these structures moving away from each other at great speed. This makes us think of an expansion of the cosmos to the larger dimensional scales (cosmic expansion driven by dark energy) and/or to repulsive forces that cause the most massive structures that we can observe in the Universe to move away from each other (hypothetical variations of the laws of dynamics).
In the case of ordinary matter elementary particles, like electrons, this phenomenon is very tiny, so very difficult to measure and describe. This is the reason why in physics we never hear to mention the repulsive forces that avoid that particles collapse on each other’s, even if they are strongly attracted due to forces (i.e. electric, magnetic, gravitational forces). To make a positron-electron couple to annihilate we must spend energy. It is that “never mentioned” energy that in the case of cosmic structures we call dark energy.

[[File:Two massive particles approcing.png|200px|thumb|right|Two massive particles approaching ...]]

We have to fight against the tendency of the Field to restore homogeneity in the distributions of the elementary fluctuations. When we put two particles closer to each other, the peripheral regions of both, that are characterized by a over the mean intensity of those fluctuations, are forced to overlap, with a further increment of the densities of the fluctuation. This means changing the Field by creating a denser region in terms of inhomogeneity. In other words, it means exerting a force, or better a complex set of forces, creating events, expressing action, using energy to make work. Always the same story.

A necessary clarification: '''anti-mass has nothing to do with anti-matter'''. When we talk about anti-matter, we always think to a particle and its anti-particle (e.g. a proton and an anti-proton). They both are Structures of Information (Vortices as intend in Evolutionary Physics), with the same mass, but opposite electric charge and other differences in quantum numbers. Anti-mass is something complexly different. Anti-mass is a state of the Field that characterize a specific spatial region of a massive Structure of Information, a vortex, like mass, on the other hand, is the complementary state of the Field that characterize another part of the same Structure. 

A massive vortex, an elementary particle like an electron (composite particles like protons have more complex structure that, for simplicity, cannot be use for such an example) has a central region characterized by a negative value of Perturbation (the local average intensity of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the Field is lower than the average intensity of the “environment”, the volume of the Field around the particle, or, to the limit, of that of the entire Universe). And the same particle has a surrounding region, its boundary in space, so to speak (although, as described above, we know that particles cannot formally have a limit in space, in fact they have it due to indetermination), a region characterized by a positive value of Perturbation, where the average local intensity of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the field is greater than the average intensity of the "environment", the volume of the Field around the particle.

The same, in space and time dimensions so immense with respect to those of the tiny particles that compose ordinary matter, happens to the large cosmic structures that we call dark matter halos, that host galaxies and clusters, as well, in my opinion, to the sub-structures that we observe in galaxies, as star clusters, and others sub-galactic formations, up to the stars, in an increasingly tenuous form, to the planets, to the objects of our common life, and then, back again, to the microscopic subatomic particles. 

The inhomogeneities that we call dark energy are more and more intense as we observe vast structures. These enormous structures completely fill the cosmos and their positive Perturbation boundaries cannot dilute in the infinite vastity of the Field. Each cluster halo contributes to confine the other comparable structures, preventing a dilution of dark energy in the surrounding regions of the Field, so maintaining an intense inhomogeneity, that causes the intense repulsion that we call cosmic expansion.

[[File:Two dark matter halos with dark energy boundary regions.png|200px|thumb|right|Two dark matter halos with dark energy boundary regions...]]

In the Universe every manifestation of a force/field has a counterpart, a polarity. We always have two opposites. This happens with the electric phenomena (we observe negative and positive charges that attract or repulse themselves), with magnetism (we observe two poles, again they can attract or repulse), the same for gravity (we observe both attraction and repulsion among masses). So, why don’t admit the existence of two opposites “configurations” of matter. 
As it would be absurd to think to an electric mono-charge (that effectively we cannot observe), to a magnetic mono-pole, the same should be for masses. To give an explanation to the repulsion that we observe as inherent to the phenomena of the cosmic expansion, we have postulated the existence of a new entity: dark energy. This enigmatic force would be the cause of that expansion we observe at the very large scales in the Universe. 

As stated in all the pages of this work, a very fundamental hypothesis in this system of knowledge, there is only one fundamental source of events in the Universe: the Source, the couple Fundamental Force / Elementary Field. From their inner interaction the whole Reality emerges and evolves. So, in my opinion, the force that we need to explain cosmic expansion, that implies repulsion among masses, cannot be but a manifestation of the Source, a force derived from the Fundamental Force, acting on a field that cannot be other but a derivation of the Elementary Field. 

As dark matter is here supposed to be a state of the Field where the distributions of the intensities of the tiny fluctuations of the Field itself (sp-distributions in short) are lower of the average sp-distribution of the local environment or even of the whole Universe, I think that the dark energy should be seen as the complementary state of the Field where the sp-distributions are greater than the average of that of the surrounding environment (mass, both that structured as dark matter and the ordinary one). 

In the terms of the terminology of General Relativity, we can represent this situation with a 4D-map where the inner regions of the halos manifest positive curvature of space-time, while the surrounding regions express negative curvature. The hypothesis of this vision of the physical reality is that the curvature of space-time is the mass and vice versa. They are different ways of saying the same things. This sounds like “aether”. But here we are not dealing with an enigmatic substance (the aether, indeed). We are talking of sources, forces and fields, of the dynamics of the elementary fluctuation, whose organization make space and time, mass, motion charge and spin, to emerge as physical phenomena that give an everchanging form to the evolving Universe.

And where can we imagine finding such a state, but in the peripheral regions of a vortex Structure of Information, like a rotating halo hosting a galaxy or, even stronger, for a cluster of galaxies. The huger the cluster, the wider the dark matter halo that hosts the visible part of the cluster, the more intense the difference in the sp-distributions (that here we call “Perturbation”, the first mode of Elementary Action), the more anti-massive the peripheral regions of the halo, the stronger the repulsion with the other halos that surround the observed one. 

In short, mass in the inner regions of dark and ordinary matter Structures of Information (DM halos and massive baryonic particles) as positive Perturbation (differences in sp-distributions), that can be represented as positive mass density and positive curvature of space-time, attractive force --> gravity. 
As a complementary state of the Field, '''dark energy''' (or anti-mass) in the surrounding regions of dark and ordinary matter Structures of Information as negative values of Perturbation, that can be represented as negative mass density and negative curvature of space-time, repulsive force --> anti-gravity.

The more crowded the cosmos, where the dark matter halos, hosting clusters and super clusters, compete to evolve in the Universe, the more intense the repulsion will be, the stronger the phenomenon that we call cosmic expansion. This hypothesis obviously implies that the expansion cannot be really homogeneous all over the whole Universe. Even if there will be a universal tendency to homogenize the expansion through an enormous cosmic feedback mechanism, locally the expansion rate will be highly variable around a universal average value. That is why '''we cannot reach a concordance about the expansion rate of the Universe''', observing different places in the cosmos, the more, using different methods. Simply, because there is not a universal rate of expansion. 

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