TFNR - Cosmic objects and bodies
In common usage in astronomy, the two terms object and body are often used interchangeably. But they can have subtle distinctions: astronomical or celestial bodies are single, compact physical entities, whereas astronomical objects are complex, more structured physical entities that can consist of multiple parts, objects, or bodies.
While cosmic structures define more complex, structured, and expansive arrangements / organizations of interrelated parts, cosmic bodies and objects represent the components that make up the cosmic structures, which in turn compose the megastructures that fill the Universe.
In any case, let's give some examples of the objects and bodies that populate the cosmos:
- Small aggregates of dust and frozen substances
- Small to medium-sized rocks
- Asteroids
- Comets with their tails
- Moons and satellites
- Planetoids
- Planets
- Stars of various types and in different phases of their evolution (various populations and evolutive paths)
- Neutron stars: pulsars sand magnetars
- Black holes
Let's examine black holes in more detail, as they are among the strangest and most complex vast objects listed here.
Black Holes
Black Holes (BHs) are conceived as regions of Spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, can escape them. According to General Relativity (GR), a sufficiently compact mass can deform Spacetime, leading to the formation of a black hole.
The most critical factor for the formation and existence of a black hole is Mass density. When a quantity of Matter surpasses a specific Mass and density threshold, it undergoes gravitational collapse, forming a super-dense object whose gravitational attraction prevents even electromagnetic radiation from escaping. Depending on their size and the available matter in their surroundings, BHs can be voracious feeders.
I will not dwell on the standard scientific description of black holes. Information about what science has hypothesized, observed, and confirmed is widely available in countless publications and across the web.
Let's simply state that we can conceive different "types" of black holes, categorized by spatial dimensions, Mass, density, velocity, rotation, etc. These quantities are interconnected through quantitative relationships within theoretical and observational contexts—some more consolidated and widely accepted than others. One of the most commonly used units of measurement for characterizing black holes is the solar mass (SM).
A conventional classification includes:
- Stellar-size BHs: Ranging from the minimum threshold (approximately 2.7 times the Sun’s mass) to about 20–100 SM. Primary BHs—formed from the collapse of single stars (without mergers).
- Intermediate BHs: From 20–100 SM up to 100,000 SM. Secondary BHs—resulting from mergers of stars, neutron stars, or primary BHs.
- Supermassive BHs (SMBHs): Found at the cores of galaxies, within active galactic nuclei (AGN), quasars, or as erratic SMBHs. Size ranges from 100,000 SM to 1 billion SM. Sagittarius A**, at the heart of the Milky Way, is estimated at ~4.3 million SM.
- Ultramassive BHs: Exceeding 1 billion SM. The most massive known BH has been reported at 66 billion SM.
We have deliberately omitted primordial BHs. In a Universe without a Big Bang, primordial BHs would represent a contradiction in terms. Black holes can only emerge from a progressive evolution—from a homogeneous and undifferentiated chaotic Field to an increasingly organized Field, forming increasingly complex and massive Structures.
Now, let’s explore what unique and original insights can be offered within the context of this research project, in Evolutionary Physics.
How can we describe a black hole in terms of InfoStructures, Information, and—at the most fundamental level—Elementary Action, its Modes / Components, and dynamics?
We hypothesize that everything is composed of Elementary Events, incessant fluctuations of spatial dimensions (distances, areas, volumes) resonating around the Planck scale. We define Elementary Action as the probability distributions over time of such spatial fluctuations, and Information / Energy as the correlations between these distributions. These correlations (currently referred to as "entanglement") between distributions (Information) are organized into Structures of Information. At the most basic level, These manifest themselves as gradients, stretches and flows, twists and curls, and their Interactions, which at larger and more complex levels translate into Waves, elementary Particles, and their Interactions—including composite Particles. More or less ordered aggregates of interacting Structures generate Forms (atoms, molecules, etc.), as discussed in this chapter.
What does all this have to do with black holes?
First, black holes, like everything else in the Universe—whether Dark Matter / Dark Energy (dark turbulence, halos, bubbles, etc.), Ordinary Visible Matter (Particles), Dark and Ordinary Radiation (Waves), all forms of Energy, the entirety of Physical Reality—are composed of the same fundamental elements: Elementary Events, Action, Information / Energy, InfoStructures, and Forms. In other words, Entities (Sources: Force / Field pairs) that generate Events, Relations that organize them into Processes, which in turn evolve into new, more complex derived Entities that generate Events, and so on—an infinite formative (creative and evolutionary) explosion.
Second, Elementary Action—the most fundamental form of Existence—expresses itself through several fundamental Modes, which we refer to as the Components of Elementary Action: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation (with its two sub-modes: Chirality and Axis Orientation). As thoroughly illustrated in this paper, these Modes form the basis of the Fundamental Physical Quantities observed in Nature: Metric / Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin. We can describe elementary Particles, such as electrons, their interactions, and their dynamics in terms of the "Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components".
Third, even black holes can be described using the same framework of Elementary Action and its Modes (Events) and the correlations (Relations) between them (Information / Energy), which realize the observable Phenomena (Processes). Whether it is the formation of a black hole through stellar explosion or a black hole lurking in the cosmos, ready to engulf any matter drawn by its immense gravity, these processes unfold in a way that ultimately leads to the formation of colossal black holes—potentially as immense as the supermassive black holes observed at the centers of galaxies.
Now, let's formulate some hypotheses to describe a black hole in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, of Information/Energy, and the InfoStructures arising from its organization.
The area of the Elemental Field, the volume of space-time, which hosts (or rather "supports") a Black Hole, is the area of the Universe where the correlations between the distributions of Elemental Events, the fluctuations of the Field at the Scale of Planck, are more intense. The Perturbation values, in particular, reach very high values, reaching a peak in the center of mass of the BH. Perturbation (distribution of the internalities of the elementary fluctuations of spatial distances in time), as we have seen, is the Component of the Elementary Action root of the space-time metric and of mass (General Equivalence Principle).
The region of the Elementary Field, the volume of Space-time that hosts (or rather "supports") a black hole, is a domain in the Universe where correlations between the distributions of Elementary Events are at their most intense. The values of Perturbation, in particular, reach extreme levels, peaking at the BH's center of Mass. Perturbation (inhomogeneities in the distribution over time of the elementary spatial fluctuations), as discussed earlier, as a Component of Elementary Action is the root of Space-time Metric and Mass (Principle of General Equivalence).
Turbulence, Information / Energy, Entropy, Complexity
As with every other aspect of Physical Reality, every Form, every Object, System, Structure of Forms, also and above all for Black Holes, one of the fundamental phenomena necessary to describe and understand their origin, structure, dynamics and evolution is turbulence, together with the concepts of Information / Energy, Entropy and Complexity. Turbulence is everywhere, whether we see it or not (due to the observation scale). Chaos and turbulence are the basis of the existence of Reality itself.
As in every other aspect of Physical Reality—every Form, Object, System, and Structure of Forms—turbulence is one of the essential phenomena required to describe and understand the origin, structure, dynamics, and evolution of Black Holes. Together with Information/Energy, Entropy, and Complexity, turbulence is everywhere—whether or not we observe it (depending on the scale of observation). Chaos and turbulence lie at the very foundation of Reality itself.
In the case of black holes, the turbulent nature of Reality manifests itself to the nth degree, turbulence within turbulence, at all levels and at all dimensional scales of this very particular, so extreme cosmic object.
In the case of Black Holes, the turbulent nature of Reality manifests itself at an extreme level—turbulence within turbulence—permeating all scales and dimensions of this extraordinary cosmic entity.
Turbulence outside, in the surrounding environment, where the Elementary Field is strongly shaken, intensely dynamically organized, in all Modes / Components of Elementary Action: turbulence in the Perturbation component (in the metric of space-time / in the mass density and in the very intense gravitational phenomena generated by them), turbulence in the Translation component (in the motions of bodies, objects, gas, dust, particles, radiation that swirls all around the abyss in very intense kinetic phenomena), turbulence in the Rotation:Chirality component (in the electric charges of the particles involved and of the related derived field, the electric field, associated with these complex motions and interactions of charges in very intense electrical phenomena), turbulence in the Rotation:Orientation of the Axis component (in the orientation of the spin of the particles involved and of the related derivative field, the magnetic field, associated with these complex motions and spin interactions in very intense magnetic phenomena).
Turbulence outside the black hole—in the surrounding environment—intensely organizes and shakes the Elementary Field in all Modes/Components of Elementary Action:
Turbulence in Perturbation (within the space-time metric, mass density, and the gravitational phenomena they generate).
Turbulence in Translation (in the motions of bodies, objects, gas, dust, particles, and radiation swirling around the abyss in powerful kinetic interactions).
Turbulence in Rotation:Chirality (in the electric charges of the involved particles and the corresponding electric field, associated with these intense charge interactions).
Turbulence in Rotation:Orientation of the Axis (in the spin orientations of particles and their associated magnetic field, emerging from complex spin interactions in extreme magnetic phenomena).
All the turbulence inside the black hole, in all its components and structures of which it is composed, overlap with all these very intense phenomena, interacting and making the dynamics of this volume of the Elementary Field even more turbulent.
Turbulence inside the black hole—woven into every component and structure—interacts with these external phenomena, further intensifying the dynamics of this region of the Elementary Field.
A black hole, even if for simplicity of modeling it is possible to abstract by hypothesizing a monolithic and compact shape, almost as if it were an elementary superparticle (with its own mass, translational and rotational motion, charge and spin), in fact it should be a very complex object, just as we have seen that even the most elementary particles are extended and complex objects.
A black hole, despite often being modeled as a monolithic and compact entity—almost like an elementary superparticle with its own mass, translational and rotational motion, charge, and spin—is in reality an exceedingly complex object, much like how even the most elementary particles exhibit extended and intricate internal structures.
And more, incoming turbulence, outgoing turbulence... All the turbulent dynamics of matter and radiation that swirls around the BH, around the event horizon, due to the enormous gravitational effect tends to fall into the black hole itself, increasing its the mass, excluding the information / energy, matter and radiation emitted outwards in the process of accretion itself (radiation, acceleration, jets, etc.).
Moreover, incoming turbulence, outgoing turbulence—all turbulent interactions of matter and radiation around the BH, particularly near the event horizon, are drawn inward due to the immense gravitational force, increasing the BH's mass while excluding the Information/Energy, matter, and radiation emitted outward during accretion (radiation bursts, accelerations, relativistic jets, etc.).
Technically, nothing can escape from the black hole, from the event horizon. But the internal turbulent structure somehow "exports" turbulent action. In particular, it is the immense gravitational action of the black hole (produced by the extremely high quantity and density of Perturbation and the consequent Translation directed towards the center of mass of the BH) that produces the immense turbulence that surrounds this body even at considerable distances ( we are thinking in particular of the SMBH which with their mass and dynamics influence the structure and dynamics of the entire extended galaxy - dark matter / energy halo + all visible matter and radiation).
Technically, nothing can escape a black hole beyond its event horizon. However, the internal turbulent structure somehow "exports" turbulent action. Most notably, the immense gravitational force of the BH—produced by the extreme concentration of Perturbation and the resulting Translation directed toward the BH's center of mass—creates vast turbulence extending far beyond the BH itself. This effect is particularly evident in Supermassive Black Holes (SMBHs), whose mass and dynamics influence the entire structure and behavior of their host galaxies—dark matter/energy halos, visible matter, and radiation alike.
Structure
Inner structure Outer structure Time Mass Gravity Motion Chirality / Charge Axis Orientation / Spin
Formation
- Collapse
- Squeezing Information
- Fusion
- Towards a large and dense super particle
Interactions
Accretion
The mass of the BH can only increase. Everything that is swallowed (particles, radiation, dust, planets, stars, any Structure of Information representing Ordinary / Visible Matter and Energy) cannot come out, cannot separate from the whole that constitutes the actual BH. Perhaps only during catastrophic events (merger of extremely dense and compact objects such as neutron stars, other BHs) is it possible that in the dynamics of approach, collision and fusion of free parts of the Energy/Matter that constitutes the BH.
Merge
Evolution
Evaporation... Hawking radiation...
Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper
