Difference between revisions of "TFNR - States of Matter"

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Matter can exist in different fundamental forms: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and many other states, intermediate of existing under extreme conditions like extreme low temperature, extreme density, or extremely high energy, due to the organization of the components (atoms and molecules essentially)
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Matter can exist in '''different fundamental forms: solid, liquid, gas, plasma''' (in different phases) as well as various intermediate or exotic states that arise under extreme conditions, such as extremely low temperatures, high densities, or exceptionally high energy levels.
  
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The distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure) and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure), but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely.
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The distinct states of Matter often result from '''variations in the interactions and organization of their constituent components''' (primarily atoms and molecules). The number of these interacting components can range from just two to an immense multitude. This diverse organization gives rise to unique collective Behaviors and emergent Properties that define each state. Consequently, states of Matter exhibit qualitatively different characteristics - such as volume, shape, spatial arrangement, dynamics, internal motion, collective motion, electric charge, etc. - leading to a wide array of Physical Phenomena.
  
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The term "phase" is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter. For example, ice is the solid state of water, but there are multiple phases of ice with different crystal structures, which are formed at different pressures and temperatures.
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Over time, new states of Matter continue to be identified and studied, expanding our understanding of this domain. '''This list does not claim to be exhaustive.''' In fact, there is an ongoing quest for a fundamental state of Matter - a missing piece of the puzzle, yet to be observed or experimentally verified. Evidence of this elusive state exists primarily, or exclusively, through its gravitational effects on the dynamics of vast cosmic structures (e.g., galaxies, clusters, and super-clusters) and phenomena like strong and weak gravitational lensing. This mysterious Matter is, of course, what is called [[Dark Matter]], along with its complement, [[Dark Energy]].
  
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*'''Fundamental states'''
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Gradually new states of matter are identified and studied. So '''this list does not claim to be exhaustive'''. In any case, there is a lack of a fundamental state of matter, sought by all, of which we still do not have observational and experimental evidence, except for the gravitational effects on the dynamics of large cosmic structures, galaxies, clusters and super-clusters and the suggestive phenomena that we call strong and weak gravitational lenses. We are obviously talking about [[Dark Matter]], and its complement, [[Dark Energy]].
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*Fundamental states
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**Solid
 
**Solid
 
**Liquid
 
**Liquid
 
**Gas
 
**Gas
 
**Plasma
 
**Plasma
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*Phase transitions
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*'''Phase transitions'''
 
**Melting / Freezing
 
**Melting / Freezing
 
**Vaporization / Condensation
 
**Vaporization / Condensation
 
**Ionization / Deionization
 
**Ionization / Deionization
 
** Sublimation / Deposition
 
** Sublimation / Deposition
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*Non-classical states
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*'''Non-classical states'''
 
**Glass
 
**Glass
 
**Crystals with some degree of disorder
 
**Crystals with some degree of disorder
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**Magnetically ordered
 
**Magnetically ordered
 
**Microphase-separated
 
**Microphase-separated
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*Low-temperature states
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*'''Low-temperature states'''
 
**Superconductor
 
**Superconductor
 
**Superfluid
 
**Superfluid
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**Bose–Einstein condensate
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**Bose-Einstein condensate
 
**Fermionic condensate
 
**Fermionic condensate
 
**Rydberg molecule
 
**Rydberg molecule
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**Photonic matter
 
**Photonic matter
 
**Dropleton
 
**Dropleton
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*High-energy states
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*'''High-energy states'''
 
**Degenerate matter
 
**Degenerate matter
 
**Quark matter
 
**Quark matter
 
**Color-glass condensate
 
**Color-glass condensate
 
**Very high energy states
 
**Very high energy states
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*Hidden states of matter
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*'''Hidden states of matter'''
 
**Photoinduced states  
 
**Photoinduced states  
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*Hypothetical states
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*'''Hypothetical states'''
 
**Supersolid
 
**Supersolid
 
**String-net liquid
 
**String-net liquid
 
**Superglass
 
**Superglass
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{{Template:PaperPages1}}
 
{{Template:PaperPages1}}

Latest revision as of 16:25, 15 April 2025

Matter can exist in different fundamental forms: solid, liquid, gas, plasma (in different phases) as well as various intermediate or exotic states that arise under extreme conditions, such as extremely low temperatures, high densities, or exceptionally high energy levels.

The distinct states of Matter often result from variations in the interactions and organization of their constituent components (primarily atoms and molecules). The number of these interacting components can range from just two to an immense multitude. This diverse organization gives rise to unique collective Behaviors and emergent Properties that define each state. Consequently, states of Matter exhibit qualitatively different characteristics - such as volume, shape, spatial arrangement, dynamics, internal motion, collective motion, electric charge, etc. - leading to a wide array of Physical Phenomena.

Over time, new states of Matter continue to be identified and studied, expanding our understanding of this domain. This list does not claim to be exhaustive. In fact, there is an ongoing quest for a fundamental state of Matter - a missing piece of the puzzle, yet to be observed or experimentally verified. Evidence of this elusive state exists primarily, or exclusively, through its gravitational effects on the dynamics of vast cosmic structures (e.g., galaxies, clusters, and super-clusters) and phenomena like strong and weak gravitational lensing. This mysterious Matter is, of course, what is called Dark Matter, along with its complement, Dark Energy.

  • Fundamental states
    • Solid
    • Liquid
    • Gas
    • Plasma
  • Phase transitions
    • Melting / Freezing
    • Vaporization / Condensation
    • Ionization / Deionization
    • Sublimation / Deposition
  • Non-classical states
    • Glass
    • Crystals with some degree of disorder
    • Liquid crystal states
    • Magnetically ordered
    • Microphase-separated
  • Low-temperature states
    • Superconductor
    • Superfluid
    • Bose-Einstein condensate
    • Fermionic condensate
    • Rydberg molecule
    • Quantum Hall state
    • Photonic matter
    • Dropleton
  • High-energy states
    • Degenerate matter
    • Quark matter
    • Color-glass condensate
    • Very high energy states
  • Hidden states of matter
    • Photoinduced states
  • Hypothetical states
    • Supersolid
    • String-net liquid
    • Superglass


Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper


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