TFNR - Waves - Revision history

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 __NOTOC__
 Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
-*'''at the level of the Source''': the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
+*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] manifest are '''[[Translation]]''' and  '''Rotation:AxisOrientation'''(the Components / Modes Perturbation amd Rotation:Chirality are null). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a local variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the Phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
-*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the Phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
+*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature. No Mass since no Perturbation and no Electric Charge as no Rotation:Chirality. The other feature is Polarization (a sort of Spin, but not as in Vortex‑type Structures): the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").
-*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").
 These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).
 Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 *'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
 *'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).
 They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.
 Radiation includes two types of phenomena:
-Radiation includes two types of phenomena:
+*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): produced by '''phenomena involving rapid positive or negative accelerations of small objects such as Ordinary‑Matter Particles''' (e.g., electrons, nucleons, etc.), they too carry linear momentum (Translation) → impulse, and intrinsic angular momentum (Rotation:AxisOrientation) → polarization.
-−
-−
-*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,
-−
-*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.
-*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation):  this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".
+A single‑cycle Wave, precisely because of its localization within a small volume of Space, its shape (a single oscillation cycle resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and its quantized amount of Energy (related to the quantity of Action, Translation, and Rotation:AxisOrientation that give rise to and shape the Wave Structure), can be viewed as a Particle (though obviously not as a Vortex‑type Particle).
-*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.
+Precisely to avoid confusion between these two different classes of InfoStructures (Waves and Vortices/Particles), I would avoid classifying a photon as a Particle. A better term would be Single‑Cycle Wave (SCW).
 ===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 15 October 2026
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	As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).		As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).

		+	The '''transverse extension''' (determined primarily by the nature and characteristics of the object that emitted the Wave, as well as by the characteristics of the emission process itself) also represents a fundamental dimensional aspect. It determines not only the spatial form of the Wave, but, above all, the manner in which the Wave can be absorbed.
		+
		+	The '''phase''' of the Wave and the '''shape''' of the Wave are two additional important aspects that allow us to understand how the Energy of the Wave is distributed and where it is most concentrated in time.
		+
		+	The '''polarization''' parameter completes the set of dimensional characteristics. This parameter, too, is strongly influenced by the emission process and can be modified by interactions occurring after emission (for example, the passage through a substance capable of rotating the polarization angle of light, or the interaction with a magnetic field, both in the case of light and radio waves).

	===Types of Waves / Radiation===		===Types of Waves / Radiation===

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 __NOTOC__
 Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
-*at the level of the Source: the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
+*'''at the level of the Source''': the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
-*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
+*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
-*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").
+*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").
 These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 *'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
 *'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
-*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)
+*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse Waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)
 Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.
-The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).
+The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of Wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).
 In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic phenomena, we can distinguish:
-*'''single‑cycle waves''' → waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
+*'''single‑cycle Waves''' → Waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
-*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.
+*'''multi‑cycle Waves''' (Wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.
-Multi‑cycle waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).
+Multi‑cycle Waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational Waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).
 At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.
-So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).
+So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of Wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle Waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize Waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).
 It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).
-All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave / particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.
+All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a Wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a Wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the Wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a Wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize Waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the Wave / Particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.
+As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).
-As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors/carriers of [[Information]], of [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. In fact, they mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex-like Structures and Mixed structures, Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex-type Structures. In particular, they transfer energy (remember: elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component which determines the propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation which determines the polarization of the wave).
-−
-As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy (remember: the elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the wave).

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 *at the level of Information / Energy: '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").
-These characteristics determine one of the most relevant properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the constant speed of light in vacuum, which in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in space and time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its dynamics linked to the distribution of the Dark Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following the geodesics, trajectories of least action that follow the so-called curvature of space-time).
+These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).
-−
-These characteristics determine one of the most relevant properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the constant speed of light in vacuum, which in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its dynamics linked to the distribution of the Dark Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of space‑time).
-−
-−
-Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g. waves in water, air, etc.).
 Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).
 ===Physical quantities associated with Waves===
-Waves-type Structures '''can be completely characterized by three fundamental parameters''':
+Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
-*'''frequency'''  (number of cycles per time unit) '''or wavelength''' (spatial length of one cycle), better for "single cycle waves"
+*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
-*'''phase''' (angle-like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to a certain point in time)
+*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
-*'''polarization''' (property of transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)
+*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
+*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)
-Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by three fundamental parameters''':
-*'''frequency''' (number of cycles per time unit) '''or wavelength''' (spatial length of one cycle), better suited for “single‑cycle waves”
-*'''phase''' (angle‑like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to a certain point in Time)
-*'''polarization''' (property of transverse waves specifying the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)
@@ Line 32: / Line 22: @@
 *'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train) -> emission of radio waves from alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation in electrical conductors (antennas).
-Regarding the frequency / wavelength parameter, we can distinguish:
+Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, we can distinguish:
 *'''single‑cycle waves''' → waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see dynamics of emission / absorption of light by electrons in atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or oscillation during propagation in a magnetic field (e.g., synchrotron radiation),
 *'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train) → emission of radio waves from alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation in electrical conductors (antennas).