TFNR - The Scales of Reality - Revision history

Paolo: /* A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales */

2026-04-06T16:51:08Z

‎A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales

Paolo: /* A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales */

2026-04-06T16:50:37Z

‎A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales

Paolo: /* Dimensional Scales of Reality */

2026-04-06T16:49:47Z

‎Dimensional Scales of Reality

Paolo: /* A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales */

2026-04-06T16:32:40Z

‎A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales

Paolo: /* Dimensional Scales of Reality */

2026-04-06T16:28:40Z

‎Dimensional Scales of Reality

Paolo at 16:21, 6 April 2026

2026-04-06T16:21:37Z

Paolo at 15:37, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T15:37:13Z

Paolo: /* Spatiality - Space */

2026-01-16T17:53:57Z

‎Spatiality - Space

Paolo: /* Spatiality - Space */

2026-01-16T17:52:56Z

‎Spatiality - Space

Paolo at 17:51, 16 January 2026

2026-01-16T17:51:55Z

@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 ==== A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales ====
 Taken together, these four scales form a continuous, hierarchical architecture of Reality:
@@ Line 205: / Line 204: @@
 \end{table}
 -->
-</blockquote>
 {{Template:PaperPages1}}

@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 ==== A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales ====
 Taken together, these four scales form a continuous, hierarchical architecture of Reality:
@@ Line 204: / Line 205: @@
 \end{table}
 -->
 {{Template:PaperPages1}}

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ==== Macroscale — Classical Structures and Dynamics ====
 '''Domain:''' from macromolecules to astronomical bodies and the Universe
 '''Physical Regime:''' classical physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, general relativity)
@@ Line 73: / Line 74: @@
 At this scale, Complexity manifests in the organization of Matter (both dark and ordinary) into coherent Forms governed by classical causality and long temporal durations.
 ==== Mesoscale — The Realm of Emergence ====
 '''Domain:''' cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft Matter
 '''Physical Regime:''' mixed quantum–classical
@@ Line 85: / Line 88: @@
 This is the scale where emergence becomes most evident: where microscopic interactions give rise to macroscopic order, and where Nature's evolutionary creativity is most concentrated.
 ==== Microscale — Quantum Particles and Fields ====
 '''Domain:''' particles and waves as manifestations of quantum field dynamics
 '''Physical Regime:''' quantum physics
@@ Line 97: / Line 102: @@
 Here, the familiar notions of classical reality dissolve into the quantum domain of probabilities, amplitudes, and non‑local correlations.
 ==== Sub‑microscale — The Pre‑Physical, Pre‑Geometric Domain ====
 '''Domain:''' from the quantum particle scale downward toward the Planck regime and beyond
 '''Physical Regime:''' pre‑quantum, pre‑geometric, pre‑physical
@@ Line 110: / Line 117: @@
 In this unified view, the sub‑microscale includes what is here called the '''sub‑elementary domain''' as the deepest aspect of the sub‑microscale itself: the region where the familiar structures of physics have not yet emerged, and where the '''Dynamics of Elementary Action''' operate prior to the existence of Space, Time, Energy, and Information.
 ==== A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales ====

@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
    <tr>
      <td><b>MACROSCALE</b></td>
-     <td>Macromolecules up to astronomical bodies and the Universe</td>
+     <td>Macromolecules up to astronomical/cosmological bodies and the Universe</td>
      <td>Classical physics</td>
      <td>Continuity, determinism, effective laws, large-scale stable structures</td>
@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
    <tr>
      <td><b>MESOSCALE</b></td>
-     <td>Cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft matter</td>
+     <td>Cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft Matter</td>
      <td>Mixed quantum–classical</td>
      <td>Fluctuations, emergence, symmetry breaking, self-organization, criticality</td>
@@ Line 146: / Line 146: @@
    <tr>
      <td><b>MICROSCALE</b></td>
-     <td>Particles and waves</td>
+     <td>Particles and Waves -> Quantum Fields</td>
      <td>Quantum physics</td>
      <td>Discreteness, probabilistic behavior, quantized states, fundamental symmetries</td>
@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
      <td>From the particle scale down to the Planck regime and beyond, into the sub-elementary pre-physical domain</td>
      <td>Pre-quantum, pre-geometric, pre-physical</td>
-     <td>Breakdown of particle concepts, proto-structures, non-locality, Dynamics of Elementary Action</td>
+     <td>Sub-quantum turbulence, proto-structures, Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components</td>
    </tr>
 </table>
@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
 \hline
-\textbf{Dimensional Scale} & \textbf{Domain} & \textbf{Physical Regime} & \textbf{Key Characteristics} \\
+\textbf{Dimensional Scale} &
 \hline
 \textbf{MACROSCALE} &
-Macromolecules up to astronomical bodies and the Universe &
+Macromolecules up to astronomical/cosmological bodies and the Universe &
 Classical physics &
 Continuity, determinism, effective laws, large-scale stable structures \\
 \hline
 \textbf{MESOSCALE} &
-Cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft matter &
+Cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft Matter &
 Mixed quantum--classical &
 Fluctuations, emergence, symmetry breaking, self-organization, criticality \\
 \hline
 \textbf{MICROSCALE} &
-Particles and waves &
+Particles and Waves $\rightarrow$ Quantum Fields &
 Quantum physics &
 Discreteness, probabilistic behavior, quantized states, fundamental symmetries \\
 \hline
 \textbf{SUB-MICROSCALE} &
 From the particle scale down to the Planck regime and beyond, into the sub-elementary pre-physical domain &
 Pre-quantum, pre-geometric, pre-physical &
-Breakdown of particle concepts, proto-structures, non-locality, Dynamics of Elementary Action \\
+Sub-quantum turbulence, proto-structures, Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components \\
 \hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{table}

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 === Dimensional Scales of Reality ===
-Having examined the immense spectrum of spatial and temporal magnitudes—from the infinitesimal to the cosmic—it becomes essential to organize this continuum into distinct **dimensional scales**, each characterized by specific physical regimes, dominant dynamics, and degrees of Complexity.
+Having examined the immense spectrum of spatial and temporal magnitudes—from the infinitesimal to the cosmic—it becomes essential to organize this continuum into distinct '''dimensional scales''', each characterized by specific physical regimes, dominant dynamics, and degrees of Complexity.
-These scales are not arbitrary subdivisions: they correspond to **resonances of Nature’s creativity**, where structures, processes, and laws acquire coherence and stability.
+These scales are not arbitrary subdivisions: they correspond to '''resonances of Nature's creativity''', where structures, processes, and laws acquire coherence and stability.
 Below is a classification of these scales, arranged from the largest to the deepest, and fully aligned with the conceptual framework developed in this work.
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 * continuity and determinism
 * effective laws emerging from large‑number averaging
-* stable, extended structures (organisms, planets, stars, galaxies)
+* stable, extended structures (organisms, planets, stars, galaxies and beyond)
-At this scale, Complexity manifests in the organization of matter into coherent forms governed by classical causality and long temporal durations.
+At this scale, Complexity manifests in the organization of Matter (both dark and ordinary) into coherent Forms governed by classical causality and long temporal durations.
 ==== Mesoscale — The Realm of Emergence ====
-'''Domain:''' cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft matter
+'''Domain:''' cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft Matter
 '''Physical Regime:''' mixed quantum–classical
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 * biological and chemical complexity
-This is the scale where emergence becomes most evident: where microscopic interactions give rise to macroscopic order, and where Nature’s evolutionary creativity is most concentrated.
+This is the scale where emergence becomes most evident: where microscopic interactions give rise to macroscopic order, and where Nature's evolutionary creativity is most concentrated.
 ==== Microscale — Quantum Particles and Fields ====
-'''Domain:''' particles and waves
+'''Domain:''' particles and waves as manifestations of quantum field dynamics
 '''Physical Regime:''' quantum physics
 '''Characteristics:'''
 * discreteness, probabilistic behavior
 * quantized states, fundamental symmetries
 * short temporal intervals and minimal spatial extensions
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 '''Characteristics:'''
-* breakdown of particle and field concepts
+* breakdown of particle/wave and field concepts
 * vacuum fluctuations and proto‑structures
-* instability of spacetime as a geometric entity
+* sub-elementary processes that sustain Spacetime as a (geo)-Metric Fundamental Physical Quantity
 * non‑local, non‑metric processes
-In this unified view, the sub‑microscale includes what is here called the '''sub‑elementary domain''': the region where the familiar structures of physics have not yet emerged, and where the '''Dynamics of Elementary Action''' operate prior to the existence of space, time, energy, and information.
+In this unified view, the sub‑microscale includes what is here called the '''sub‑elementary domain''' as the deepest aspect of the sub‑microscale itself: the region where the familiar structures of physics have not yet emerged, and where the '''Dynamics of Elementary Action''' operate prior to the existence of Space, Time, Energy, and Information.
-It is not a separate level, but the deepest aspect of the sub‑microscale itself.
 ==== A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales ====
@@ Line 116: / Line 115: @@
 Taken together, these four scales form a continuous, hierarchical architecture of Reality:
-'''Macroscale → Mesoscale → Microscale → Sub‑microscale'''
+'''Macroscale -> Mesoscale -> Microscale -> Sub‑microscale'''
 Each scale:
@@ Line 124: / Line 123: @@
 This classification provides a conceptual map that connects the observable Universe with its deepest generative foundations, offering a unified view of dimensionality across causality, spatiality, and temporality.
 <!--no latex-->

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:21, 6 April 2026
Line 55:		Line 55:
	*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{\infty}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>∞</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: beyond all physical models, '''the hypothetical infinite duration of Reality''', eternity, as conceived within the framework I present here		*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{\infty}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>∞</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: beyond all physical models, '''the hypothetical infinite duration of Reality''', eternity, as conceived within the framework I present here

		+	=== Dimensional Scales of Reality ===
		+
		+	Having examined the immense spectrum of spatial and temporal magnitudes—from the infinitesimal to the cosmic—it becomes essential to organize this continuum into distinct dimensional scales, each characterized by specific physical regimes, dominant dynamics, and degrees of Complexity.
		+	These scales are not arbitrary subdivisions: they correspond to resonances of Nature’s creativity, where structures, processes, and laws acquire coherence and stability.
		+
		+	Below is a classification of these scales, arranged from the largest to the deepest, and fully aligned with the conceptual framework developed in this work.
		+
		+	==== Macroscale — Classical Structures and Dynamics ====
		+
		+	'''Domain:''' from macromolecules to astronomical bodies and the Universe
		+	'''Physical Regime:''' classical physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, general relativity)
		+
		+	'''Characteristics:'''
		+	* continuity and determinism
		+	* effective laws emerging from large‑number averaging
		+	* stable, extended structures (organisms, planets, stars, galaxies)
		+
		+	At this scale, Complexity manifests in the organization of matter into coherent forms governed by classical causality and long temporal durations.
		+
		+	==== Mesoscale — The Realm of Emergence ====
		+
		+	'''Domain:''' cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft matter
		+	'''Physical Regime:''' mixed quantum–classical
		+
		+	'''Characteristics:'''
		+	* fluctuations and correlations are significant
		+	* symmetry breaking, self‑organization, criticality
		+	* biological and chemical complexity
		+
		+	This is the scale where emergence becomes most evident: where microscopic interactions give rise to macroscopic order, and where Nature’s evolutionary creativity is most concentrated.
		+
		+	==== Microscale — Quantum Particles and Fields ====
		+
		+	'''Domain:''' particles and waves
		+	'''Physical Regime:''' quantum physics
		+
		+	'''Characteristics:'''
		+	* discreteness, probabilistic behavior
		+	* quantized states, fundamental symmetries
		+	* short temporal intervals and minimal spatial extensions
		+
		+	Here, the familiar notions of classical reality dissolve into the quantum domain of probabilities, amplitudes, and non‑local correlations.
		+
		+	==== Sub‑microscale — The Pre‑Physical, Pre‑Geometric Domain ====
		+
		+	'''Domain:''' from the quantum particle scale downward toward the Planck regime and beyond
		+	'''Physical Regime:''' pre‑quantum, pre‑geometric, pre‑physical
		+
		+	'''Characteristics:'''
		+	* breakdown of particle and field concepts
		+	* vacuum fluctuations and proto‑structures
		+	* instability of spacetime as a geometric entity
		+	* non‑local, non‑metric processes
		+
		+	In this unified view, the sub‑microscale includes what is here called the '''sub‑elementary domain''': the region where the familiar structures of physics have not yet emerged, and where the '''Dynamics of Elementary Action''' operate prior to the existence of space, time, energy, and information.
		+	It is not a separate level, but the deepest aspect of the sub‑microscale itself.
		+
		+	==== A Coherent Hierarchy of Dimensional Scales ====
		+
		+	Taken together, these four scales form a continuous, hierarchical architecture of Reality:
		+
		+	'''Macroscale → Mesoscale → Microscale → Sub‑microscale'''
		+
		+	Each scale:
		+	* expresses a distinct resonance of Complexity,
		+	* hosts its own characteristic structures and durations,
		+	* and contributes to the evolutionary unfolding of Nature.
		+
		+	This classification provides a conceptual map that connects the observable Universe with its deepest generative foundations, offering a unified view of dimensionality across causality, spatiality, and temporality.
		+
		+
		+
		+
		+	<!--no latex-->
		+	<table class="wikitable">
		+	<tr>
		+	<th>Dimensional Scale</th>
		+	<th>Domain</th>
		+	<th>Physical Regime</th>
		+	<th>Key Characteristics</th>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td><b>MACROSCALE</b></td>
		+	<td>Macromolecules up to astronomical bodies and the Universe</td>
		+	<td>Classical physics</td>
		+	<td>Continuity, determinism, effective laws, large-scale stable structures</td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td><b>MESOSCALE</b></td>
		+	<td>Cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft matter</td>
		+	<td>Mixed quantum–classical</td>
		+	<td>Fluctuations, emergence, symmetry breaking, self-organization, criticality</td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td><b>MICROSCALE</b></td>
		+	<td>Particles and waves</td>
		+	<td>Quantum physics</td>
		+	<td>Discreteness, probabilistic behavior, quantized states, fundamental symmetries</td>
		+	</tr>
		+	<tr>
		+	<td><b>SUB-MICROSCALE</b></td>
		+	<td>From the particle scale down to the Planck regime and beyond, into the sub-elementary pre-physical domain</td>
		+	<td>Pre-quantum, pre-geometric, pre-physical</td>
		+	<td>Breakdown of particle concepts, proto-structures, non-locality, Dynamics of Elementary Action</td>
		+	</tr>
		+	</table>
		+	<!--/no latex-->
		+	<!--latex:
		+	\begin{table}[h!]
		+	\centering
		+	\begin{tabular}{\|l\|l\|l\|l\|}
		+	\hline
		+	\textbf{Dimensional Scale} & \textbf{Domain} & \textbf{Physical Regime} & \textbf{Key Characteristics} \\
		+	\hline
		+	\textbf{MACROSCALE} &
		+	Macromolecules up to astronomical bodies and the Universe &
		+	Classical physics &
		+	Continuity, determinism, effective laws, large-scale stable structures \\
		+	\hline
		+	\textbf{MESOSCALE} &
		+	Cells, organelles, molecular assemblies, soft matter &
		+	Mixed quantum--classical &
		+	Fluctuations, emergence, symmetry breaking, self-organization, criticality \\
		+	\hline
		+	\textbf{MICROSCALE} &
		+	Particles and waves &
		+	Quantum physics &
		+	Discreteness, probabilistic behavior, quantized states, fundamental symmetries \\
		+	\hline
		+	\textbf{SUB-MICROSCALE} &
		+	From the particle scale down to the Planck regime and beyond, into the sub-elementary pre-physical domain &
		+	Pre-quantum, pre-geometric, pre-physical &
		+	Breakdown of particle concepts, proto-structures, non-locality, Dynamics of Elementary Action \\
		+	\hline
		+	\end{tabular}
		+	\end{table}
		+	-->

	{{Template:PaperPages1}}		{{Template:PaperPages1}}

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 Let's try to provide some numerical values—though in many cases these are approximate estimates, since observational data and theoretical models often offer limited precision:
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{- \infty}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-&infin;</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: the '''continuum in Space''' Dimension
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{- \infty}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-&infin;</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: the '''continuum in Space''' Dimension
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-35}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-35</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''the Planck scale''' - Planck length
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-35}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-35</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''the Planck scale''' - Planck length
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-20}}$  to $\mathbf{10^{-15}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-20</sup> to 10<sup>-15</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: the scale of '''Ordinary Matter Particles'''
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-20}}$  to $\mathbf{10^{-15}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-20</sup> to 10<sup>-15</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: the scale of '''Ordinary Matter Particles'''
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-3}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-3</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: the observed '''microwave radiation at about 2.7 K''', which corresponds to a frequency of about 160.2 GHz and a wavelength approximately 2 mm, commonly named '''CMB - Cosmic Microwave Background'''. Instead of being the relics of the Big Bang, I hypothesize that it represents the black body radiation of the cosmos itself—the measured slight variations in this temperature reflect the spatial distribution of the Mass of the Dark Matter / Dark Energy components within cosmic structures (the so-called "cosmic web" with its voids, walls/sheets, filaments and nodes)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-3}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-3</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: the observed '''microwave radiation at about 2.7 K''', which corresponds to a frequency of about 160.2 GHz and a wavelength approximately 2 mm, commonly named '''CMB - Cosmic Microwave Background'''. Instead of being the relics of the Big Bang, I hypothesize that it represents the black body radiation of the cosmos itself—the measured slight variations in this temperature reflect the spatial distribution of the Mass of the Dark Matter / Dark Energy components within cosmic structures (the so-called "cosmic web" with its voids, walls/sheets, filaments and nodes)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^0}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>0</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: we, the scale of magnitude of '''the spatial dimensions of our body, our today life objects'''
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^0}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>0</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: we, the scale of magnitude of '''the spatial dimensions of our body, our today life objects'''
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^9}$ to $\mathbf{10^12}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>9</sup> to 10<sup>12</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Stars''' (e.g., Sun ~ <!--latex:$1.4 \times 10^{9}$--><!--no latex-->1.4 x 10<sup>9</sup> m diameter; supergiants up to ~ <!--latex:$10^{12}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>12</sup><!--/no latex --> m)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^9}$ to $\mathbf{10^12}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>9</sup> to 10<sup>12</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Stars''' (e.g., Sun ~ <!--latex:$1.4 \times 10^{9}$--><!--no latex-->1.4 x 10<sup>9</sup> m diameter; supergiants up to ~ <!--latex:$10^{12}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>12</sup><!--/no latex--> m)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^18}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>18</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Reference scale for interstellar distances''' (e.g., 1 light-year ~ <!--latex:$9.46 \times 10^{15}$--><!--no latex-->9.46 x 10<sup>15</sup><!--/no latex --> m; 100,000 light-years ~ <!--latex:$10^{21}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>21</sup><!--/no latex --> m)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^18}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>18</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Reference scale for interstellar distances''' (e.g., 1 light-year ~ <!--latex:$9.46 \times 10^{15}$--><!--no latex-->9.46 x 10<sup>15</sup><!--/no latex--> m; 100,000 light-years ~ <!--latex:$10^{21}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>21</sup><!--/no latex--> m)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^20}$ to $\mathbf{10^22}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>20</sup> to 10<sup>22</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Galaxies''' (e.g., Milky Way ~ <!--latex:$10^{21}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>21</sup><!--/no latex --> m across)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^20}$ to $\mathbf{10^22}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>20</sup> to 10<sup>22</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Galaxies''' (e.g., Milky Way ~ <!--latex:$10^{21}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>21</sup><!--/no latex--> m across)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^22}$ to $\mathbf{10^23}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>22</sup> to 10<sup>23</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Clusters of Galaxies''' (e.g., Coma Cluster ~ <!--latex:$10^{23}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>23</sup><!--/no latex --> m)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^22}$ to $\mathbf{10^23}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>22</sup> to 10<sup>23</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Clusters of Galaxies''' (e.g., Coma Cluster ~ <!--latex:$10^{23}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>23</sup><!--/no latex--> m)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^23}$ to $\mathbf{10^25}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>23</sup> to 10<sup>25</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Nodes of the Cosmic  Web''' — dense regions where filaments intersect, typically hosting massive galaxy clusters
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^23}$ to $\mathbf{10^25}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>23</sup> to 10<sup>25</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Nodes of the Cosmic  Web''' — dense regions where filaments intersect, typically hosting massive galaxy clusters
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^24}$ to $\mathbf{10^25}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>24</sup> to 10<sup>25</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Superclusters''' (e.g., Laniakea ~ <!--latex:$5 \times 10^{24}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>24</sup><!--/no latex --> m)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^24}$ to $\mathbf{10^25}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>24</sup> to 10<sup>25</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Superclusters''' (e.g., Laniakea ~ <!--latex:$5 \times 10^{24}$--><!--no latex-->10<sup>24</sup><!--/no latex--> m)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^24}$ to $\mathbf{10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>24</sup> to 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Filaments of the Cosmic  Web''' — thread-like structures connecting clusters and superclusters, containing over 50% of the universe's Matter
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^24}$ to $\mathbf{10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>24</sup> to 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Filaments of the Cosmic  Web''' — thread-like structures connecting clusters and superclusters, containing over 50% of the universe's Matter
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^25}$ to $\mathbf{10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>25</sup> to 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Walls / Sheets of the Cosmic  Web''' (e.g., Sloan Great Wall ~ <!--latex:$1.4 \times 10^{26}$--><!--no latex-->1.4 x 10<sup>26</sup><!--/no latex --> m)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^25}$ to $\mathbf{10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>25</sup> to 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Walls / Sheets of the Cosmic  Web''' (e.g., Sloan Great Wall ~ <!--latex:$1.4 \times 10^{26}$--><!--no latex-->1.4 x 10<sup>26</sup><!--/no latex--> m)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^25}$ to $\mathbf{10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>25</sup> to 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Giant voids of the Cosmic  Web''' (e.g., Boötes Void ~ <!--latex:$2 \times 10^{25}$--><!--no latex-->2 x 10<sup>25</sup><!--/no latex --> m)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^25}$ to $\mathbf{10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>25</sup> to 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Giant voids of the Cosmic  Web''' (e.g., Boötes Void ~ <!--latex:$2 \times 10^{25}$--><!--no latex-->2 x 10<sup>25</sup><!--/no latex--> m)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{8.8 \times 10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''8.8 x 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: '''The observable Universe''' in accordance with the Standard Cosmological Model
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{8.8 \times 10^26}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''8.8 x 10<sup>26</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: '''The observable Universe''' in accordance with the Standard Cosmological Model
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{\infty}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>&infin;</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex -->: despite current observations and models, '''I hypothesize that the Universe is spatially infinite'''. If we were to adopt a concept widely used in contemporary science—"naturalness" (a notion I do not particularly appreciate, as it appears rather presumptuous for us to define what Nature, in its infinite complexity, can or cannot do, can or cannot be)—then we might argue that imposing limits on the spatial extension of the Reality in which we exist seems profoundly unnatural. Who—or what—could have established such limits, such boundaries? Under what principles, and for what purpose?
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{\infty}}$ \textbf{meters}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>&infin;</sup> meters'''<!--/no latex-->: despite current observations and models, '''I hypothesize that the Universe is spatially infinite'''. If we were to adopt a concept widely used in contemporary science—"naturalness" (a notion I do not particularly appreciate, as it appears rather presumptuous for us to define what Nature, in its infinite complexity, can or cannot do, can or cannot be)—then we might argue that imposing limits on the spatial extension of the Reality in which we exist seems profoundly unnatural. Who—or what—could have established such limits, such boundaries? Under what principles, and for what purpose?
 Many of the steps listed in this sequence of increasing orders of magnitude '''appear to define true resonances'''—intervals of spatial extension in which Nature's creativity and evolutionary capacity seem to concentrate. These resonances manifest as '''peaks in the Complexity of Forms''' (structures, objects, systems, etc.), characterized by relatively homogeneous dynamics, and which collectively appear to constitute the raw material—the building blocks—for the emergence of complexity in the next resonance.
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 Here too, let's try to give some numbers, assuming an even greater range:
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{- \infty}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-&infin;</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: the '''continuum in Time''' Dimension
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{- \infty}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-&infin;</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: the '''continuum in Time''' Dimension
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-45}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-45</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex --> - '''The Planck scale''' - Planck time
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-45}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-45</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex--> - '''The Planck scale''' - Planck time
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-15}}$  to $\mathbf{10^{-12}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-15</sup> to 10<sup>-12</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Chemical and atomic processes''' — femtoseconds to picoseconds, typical of molecular vibrations and electron transitions
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-15}}$  to $\mathbf{10^{-12}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-15</sup> to 10<sup>-12</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Chemical and atomic processes''' — femtoseconds to picoseconds, typical of molecular vibrations and electron transitions
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-9}}$  to $\mathbf{10^{-6}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-6</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Biological and neurological signals''' — nanoseconds to microseconds, such as synaptic transmission
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{-9}}$  to $\mathbf{10^{-6}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-6</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Biological and neurological signals''' — nanoseconds to microseconds, such as synaptic transmission
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{0}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>0</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: we, the scale of magnitude of '''the temporal dimensions of our life, our today life events'''
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{0}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>0</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: we, the scale of magnitude of '''the temporal dimensions of our life, our today life events'''
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^3}$  to $\mathbf{10^5}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>3</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Human-scale durations''' — minutes, hours, days
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^3}$  to $\mathbf{10^5}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>3</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Human-scale durations''' — minutes, hours, days
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^7}$  to $\mathbf{10^9}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>7</sup> to 10<sup>9</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Historical and geological time''' — years to centuries
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^7}$  to $\mathbf{10^9}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>7</sup> to 10<sup>9</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Historical and geological time''' — years to centuries
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{17}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>17</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Approximate age of the Universe''' — about 13.8 billion years ~ 4.35 x 10<sup>17</sup> seconds in accordance with the Standard Cosmological Model (I do not agree with these hypotheses, which are incompatible with the model I propose here)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{17}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>17</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Approximate age of the Universe''' — about 13.8 billion years ~ 4.35 x 10<sup>17</sup> seconds in accordance with the Standard Cosmological Model (I do not agree with these hypotheses, which are incompatible with the model I propose here)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^30}$  to $\mathbf{10^40}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>30</sup> to 10<sup>40</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: '''Projected cosmic future''' — black hole evaporation, proton decay, and deep time scenarios (I do not agree with these hypotheses, which are incompatible with the model I propose here)
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^30}$  to $\mathbf{10^40}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>30</sup> to 10<sup>40</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: '''Projected cosmic future''' — black hole evaporation, proton decay, and deep time scenarios (I do not agree with these hypotheses, which are incompatible with the model I propose here)
-*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{\infty}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>&infin;</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex -->: beyond all physical models, '''the hypothetical infinite duration of Reality''', eternity, as conceived within the framework I present here
+*<!--latex:$\mathbf{10^{\infty}}$ \textbf{seconds}--><!--no latex-->'''10<sup>&infin;</sup> seconds'''<!--/no latex-->: beyond all physical models, '''the hypothetical infinite duration of Reality''', eternity, as conceived within the framework I present here
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