TFNR - Quantum Information - Revision history

Paolo: /* Quantum Superposition */

2026-08-12T22:18:55Z

‎Quantum Superposition

Paolo: /* Measurement */

2026-08-12T22:06:12Z

‎Measurement

Paolo: /* Measurement */

2026-08-12T22:04:45Z

‎Measurement

Paolo: /* Entanglement */

2026-08-12T21:53:16Z

‎Entanglement

Paolo: /* Entanglement */

2026-08-12T21:49:05Z

‎Entanglement

Paolo: /* Measurement */

2026-08-12T21:32:42Z

‎Measurement

Paolo at 21:29, 12 August 2026

2026-08-12T21:29:25Z

Show changes

Paolo at 16:00, 2 August 2026

2026-08-02T16:00:53Z

Show changes

Paolo: /* Quantum Superposition */

2026-03-09T15:33:41Z

‎Quantum Superposition

Paolo: /* Quantum Superposition */

2025-08-20T19:26:41Z

‎Quantum Superposition

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 === Quantum Superposition ===
-'''One of the bizarre ideas of quantum mechanics is that microscopic objects tend to behave like waves'''. The wave function, governed by the Schrödinger equation, is often represented as a superposition of simpler wave functions. From this approach it seems to follow that '''a quantum object can be in multiple quantum states at the same time until an interaction event produces decoherence'''.
+One of the most bizarre ideas of quantum mechanics is '''the claim that microscopic objects "behave like waves", or that to predict their behavior we must treat them as waves'''. The wave function — governed by the Schrödinger equation, which describes the time evolution of quantum states — is typically represented as a superposition of simpler wave functions. From this mathematical approach it seems to follow that a quantum object can be "in multiple states at the same time" until an interaction event produces decoherence.
-I have always thought that '''the term "wave function" is misleading'''. It adds confusion to an already complex phenomenological domain. The reference to "waves" in "wave mechanics" is equally inappropriate, since Waves and Particles, although sharing a deep nature, belong to different ontological and phenomenal classes. In my opinion, this represents an insurmountable obstacle to the evolution of knowledge of the quantum world.
+I have always thought that '''the term wave function is misleading'''. It adds confusion to an already complex phenomenological domain. The reference to "waves" in "wave mechanics" is equally inappropriate: Waves and Particles, although sharing a deep nature, belong to different ontological and phenomenal classes. In my view, this terminological choice has become an obstacle to the evolution of our understanding of the quantum world.
------
+In this model, the phenomenon of quantum superposition is explained through a specific hypothesis on the nature and dynamics of microscopic objects — Waves, Vortices, Interactions, Mixed Structures — conceived as Structures of Information. The hypothesis proposes a detailed and concrete vision of their Form: these Structures share the same fundamental principles, although they possess different specific forms. From this premise it follows that microscopic objects tend to exhibit behaviors that conventional physics associates almost exclusively with Wave‑type entities.
-We will see later how in this model the quantum phenomenon of superposition of quantum states is explained / explainable on the basis of a particular hypothesis on the nature and dynamics of microscopic objects (waves, particles, etc.) that we call here Structures of Information. The hypothesis proposes '''a detailed and concrete vision of the Form of these Structures, which share nature and fundamental dynamic principles, although possessing different specific forms'''. From this premise it follows that these objects, in the various typologies (Vortices and Waves) and combinations (Interactions and Mixed Structures), tend to behave in similar ways that in the belief of conventional physics are predominantly associated with wave-type objects.
+This hypothesis consists in '''thinking that Vortices (Particles) and Waves — corpuscular and undulatory objects''':
-'''This hypothesis consists in thinking and believing that Vortices (Particles) and Waves''', therefore respectively corpuscular objects and undulatory objects:
+We may therefore imagine an elementary Vortex/Particle as a '''complex object''' — not composed of parts, but not monolithic. Different portions of the Structure, incessantly evolving due to internal dynamics and external interactions, can exhibit different quantum states (for example, different Spin orientations).
-*'''have spatial extension''', therefore they are not point-like objects, they have internal and external structure even though, for Waves and elementary Vortices (e.g. electron), they are not constituted by parts or sub-structures (e.g. sub particles)
-*'''are characterized by a complex and multifaceted dynamics''' that allows such objects to exhibit partial states, or variable / evolving differently in portions of the occupied Space-time, or said in terms more consistent with this model, in portions of the Elementary Field that from time to time support the various portions that constitute the Structures in question
-In this model, the phenomenon of quantum superposition is explained through the nature and dynamics of microscopic objects conceived as '''Structures of Information'''. These Structures share fundamental principles but possess different specific Forms. Vortices (Particles) and Waves:
+'''How can we represent the Quantum Information of such an object?''' Since we cannot map the evolution of each event‑point that supports the Structure, we must use a '''composition index''' that indicates '''how much of the Structure exhibits state A and how much exhibits state B at a given instant'''. Each event‑point has its own quantum state, influenced by the spontaneous turbulence of the Field, by internal oscillations, and by external interactions.
-* '''have spatial extension''', therefore they are not point‑like objects
-* '''exhibit complex internal dynamics''', allowing different portions of the Structure to express different quantum states
------
+'''The Form of an InfoStructure is therefore in constant mutation'''. The properties and behaviors of an elementary Particle such as an electron arise from the combination of an immense number of correlated event‑point dynamics. '''The measure and the form of this correlation represent the Information''' — and therefore the Energy — of the Structure.
-−
-We may therefore imagine an elementary Vortex/Particle as a '''complex object''', not composed of parts, but not monolithic. Different portions of the Structure, incessantly evolving due to internal and external dynamics, can exhibit different quantum states (e.g., different Spin orientations).
-−
-'''How can we represent the Quantum Information of such an object?''' Since we cannot map the evolution of each event‑point that supports the Structure, we must use a '''composition index''' that indicates how much of the Structure exhibits state A and how much exhibits state B at a given instant. Each event‑point has its own quantum state, influenced by the spontaneous turbulence of the Field, by internal oscillations, and by external interactions.
-−
-'''The Form of an InfoStructure is therefore in constant mutation'''. The properties and behaviors of an elementary Particle such as an electron arise from the combination of an immense number of correlated event‑point dynamics. '''The measure and the form of this correlation represent the Information''' (and therefore the Energy) of the Structure.
 '''I call this feature "polydynamism"'''. Although elementary, these Structures show:
-* continuous spatial variation of (internal) dynamics
+* continuous spatial variation of internal dynamics
 * continuous temporal evolution
 * portions with different dynamic/structural modalities (e.g., different Spin directions)
-Polydynamism and polydynamicity '''manifest in both Ordinary Matter and Dark Matter'''. In the first case we may speak of '''Quantum Polydynamism'''; in the second, of '''Dark Polydynamism'''. The phenomenon is the same; what differs are the features of the dynamics and the Structures produced. While at the quantum level we will (so to speak) observe superposition, entanglement, and so on, at the dark or cosmic level we will observe a multiplicity of dynamics in the interactions between turbulence and halos, galactic bubbles, filaments, voids, walls, etc., with effects (gravitational, magnetic, and so forth) that may even appear unusual on the Ordinary Matter components of the Cosmic Web.
+Polydynamism and polydynamicity '''manifest in both Ordinary Matter and Dark Matter'''. In the first case we may speak of '''Quantum Polydynamism'''; in the second, of '''Dark Polydynamism'''. The phenomenon is the same; what differs are the features of the dynamics and the Structures produced. While at the quantum level we observe superposition, entanglement, and so on, at the dark or cosmic level we observe a multiplicity of dynamics in the interactions between turbulence and halos, galactic bubbles, filaments, voids, walls, and so forth — with effects that may even appear unusual on the Ordinary Matter components of the Cosmic Web.
 In summary, '''the key aspects to understanding the weirdness of quantum states''' are:

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 What happens when these mutable and polydynamic Structures become the object of a measurement interaction — or, more generally, of any interaction? '''What happens in terms of Information, and in particular Quantum Information?''' What does it mean to extract Information about the quantum state of a Structure, for example an elementary Vortex‑type InfoStructure?
-The answer depends on many factors: the observable we choose, the methodology of the measurement, the type of interaction involved, and the surrounding physical conditions. To make the discussion concrete, let us consider a familiar case: '''measuring the Spin direction of an electron'''. Despite the abstract and elusive nature of Spin, this type of measurement is among the clearest and most intuitive to visualize.
+The answer depends on many factors: '''the observable we choose, the methodology of the measurement, the type of interaction involved, and the surrounding physical conditions'''. To make the discussion concrete, let us consider a familiar case: '''measuring the Spin direction of an electron'''. Despite the abstract and elusive nature of Spin, this type of measurement is among the clearest and most intuitive to visualize.
-In extreme synthesis, measuring the Spin direction of an electron (or of a suitably prepared excited atom, or even of a neuron in certain experimental contexts) requires a magnetic field — a Derived Physical Field, that is, a specific "view" of the Elementary Field focused on the Component of Elementary Action we call '''Rotation:AxisOrientation'''. This magnetic field is generated by two specially shaped magnets assembled inside the measuring apparatus. The example will be revisited in the next chapter, in the section Notes on some relevant experiments, where we will model the Stern–Gerlach experiment within the framework of our Evolutionary Knowledge System.
+'''In extreme synthesis''', measuring the Spin direction of an electron (or of a suitably prepared excited atom, or even of a neuron in certain experimental contexts) '''requires a magnetic field''' — a Derived Physical Field, that is, a specific "view" of the Elementary Field focused on the Component of Elementary Action we call '''Rotation:AxisOrientation'''. This magnetic field is generated by two specially shaped magnets assembled inside the measuring apparatus. The example will be revisited in the next chapter, in the section Notes on some relevant experiments, where we will model the Stern–Gerlach experiment within the framework of our Evolutionary Knowledge System.
-What matters here is the informational aspect. A measurement is an interaction that forces a polydynamic Structure — whose quantum state is evolving in a superposition of possibilities — to reorganize its internal correlations so that one of the possible outcomes becomes actual. The Structure's polydynamics is "reset" by the interaction, and the quantum Information we obtain corresponds to the new organizational pattern of Elementary Action that emerges from this reset.
+'''What matters here is the informational aspect'''. A measurement is '''an interaction that forces a polydynamic Structure''' — whose quantum state is evolving in a superposition of possibilities — '''to reorganize its internal correlations so that one of the possible outcomes becomes actual'''. The Structure's polydynamics is "reset" by the interaction, and the quantum Information we obtain corresponds to the new organizational pattern of Elementary Action that emerges from this reset.
-In the case of Spin measurement, the magnetic field interacts with the electron's Rotation:AxisOrientation Component, modifying the correlations of Elementary Action that define its Form. The electron's polydynamic evolution is interrupted, and the Structure reorganizes into one of the allowed Spin orientations. The measurement does not reveal a pre‑existing value; it creates the value by forcing the Structure into a new organizational state.
+In the case of Spin measurement, the magnetic field interacts with the electron's Rotation:AxisOrientation Component, '''modifying the correlations of Elementary Action that define its form'''. The electron's polydynamic evolution is interrupted, and the Structure reorganizes into one of the allowed Spin orientations. The measurement does not reveal a pre‑existing value; it creates the value by forcing the Structure into a new organizational state.
 After the interaction, turbulence, internal dynamics, and external influences '''gradually restore — or rather, make the Structure evolve again toward — polydynamism'''. A new superposition of quantum states forms, and the Structure resumes its mutable evolution until the next interaction.

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 === Measurement ===
-'''What happens when these mutable and polydynamic Structures undergo a measurement interaction?''' Consider measuring the Spin direction of an electron. In extreme synthesis, we use a magnetic field — a Derived Physical Field corresponding to the Component of Elementary Action called '''Rotation:AxisOrientation'''.
+What happens when these mutable and polydynamic Structures become the object of a measurement interaction — or, more generally, of any interaction? '''What happens in terms of Information, and in particular Quantum Information?''' What does it mean to extract Information about the quantum state of a Structure, for example an elementary Vortex‑type InfoStructure?
-The magnetic field induces a reorientation of the Spin of the Particle. The correlation scheme (Information) that gives Form to the Structure interacts with the correlation scheme of the Field in the measurement region. '''All event‑points supporting the Structure undergo this reorientation'''. The superposition collapses to a defined Spin value (within the uncertainty of the Field's turbulence).
+The answer depends on many factors: the observable we choose, the methodology of the measurement, the type of interaction involved, and the surrounding physical conditions. To make the discussion concrete, let us consider a familiar case: '''measuring the Spin direction of an electron'''. Despite the abstract and elusive nature of Spin, this type of measurement is among the clearest and most intuitive to visualize.
-After the interaction, due to turbulence, internal dynamics, and external influences, '''polydynamism progressively resumes'''. A new superposition of quantum states forms until the next interaction.
+In extreme synthesis, measuring the Spin direction of an electron (or of a suitably prepared excited atom, or even of a neuron in certain experimental contexts) requires a magnetic field — a Derived Physical Field, that is, a specific "view" of the Elementary Field focused on the Component of Elementary Action we call '''Rotation:AxisOrientation'''. This magnetic field is generated by two specially shaped magnets assembled inside the measuring apparatus. The example will be revisited in the next chapter, in the section Notes on some relevant experiments, where we will model the Stern–Gerlach experiment within the framework of our Evolutionary Knowledge System.
 === Collapse of the wave function ===

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 Reduced to its essence, entanglement is the situation in which two quantum objects — photons, electrons, atoms — that undergo a specific interaction begin to behave as if they were a single composite system. Their quantum state is no longer the sum of two individual states, but a superposition that represents the combined system. Measuring one immediately reveals the state of the other, even when they are separated by large distances.
-Rivers of ink (virtual, of course) have been spent trying to explain this weirdness. Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics struggle to reconcile it with locality. But I do not think we should abandon locality. If there is a connection between the two Structures — and there is — '''the connection is logical, not physical, in a conventional sense'''. Each Structure carries with it all the Quantum Information necessary to implement its correlated (weird) behavior. Their states are complete, physically separate, but logically related.
+Rivers of ink (virtual, of course) have been spent trying to explain this weirdness. Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics struggle to reconcile it with locality. But '''I do not think we should abandon locality'''. If there is a connection between the two Structures — and there is — '''the connection is logical, not physical, in a conventional sense'''. Each Structure carries with it all the Quantum Information necessary to implement its correlated (weird) behavior. Their states are complete, physically separate, but logically related.
-The key lies in the nature and form of the Structures involved, and in particular in their "polydynamics". The quantum state of each Structure is not defined (superposition), but both evolve in parallel, in physically distant regions, following the same polydynamic pattern. This parallel evolution continues until an interaction destroys the entanglement (decoherence).
+'''The key lies in the nature and form of the Structures involved, and in particular in their "polydynamics"'''. The quantum state of each Structure is not defined (superposition), but both evolve in parallel, in physically distant regions, following the same polydynamic pattern. This parallel evolution continues until an interaction destroys the entanglement (decoherence).
-The peculiarity of the entangled state is that Nature allows us to peek at the quantum state of one Structure without resetting the polydynamic evolution of the other. It is as if we could perform a measurement that reveals the Information of a quantum state without influencing it — something normally impossible. Entanglement gives us this exceptional window: we glimpse polydynamics at work without erasing it through measurement.
+The peculiarity of the entangled state is that Nature allows us '''to peek at the quantum state of one Structure without resetting the polydynamic evolution of the other'''. It is as if we could perform a measurement that reveals the Information of a quantum state without influencing it — something normally impossible. Entanglement gives us this exceptional window: we glimpse polydynamics at work without erasing it through measurement.
-A final clarification. I speak of measurement because it is significant that we obtain Quantum Information. But to make all this happen — superposition, interaction, collapse, entanglement, decoherence — no observer or consciousness is required. Any interaction in the Universe is sufficient.
+The Schrödinger equation precisely describes the evolution of the quantum states of particles through the phenomenon of polydynamics, which corresponds to the structural Property that I call here polydynamicity.
 {{Template:PaperPages1}}

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 === Entanglement ===
-Before closing this section, '''a few words about one of the strangest, most problematic and divisive phenomena in the history of physics''' (along with the interference in the double slit experiment, of course). Let's talk about quantum entanglement, which pushes many physicists to abandon the safe shores of "realism" (in the relativistic sense), to face the perilous waters of non-locality. This topic has also been and will be touched upon elsewhere in this work. We limit ourselves here to saying that, in relation to the topic of Quantum Information, reduced to the bare minimum, '''entanglement consists in the "strange" situation in which two quantum objects''' (e.g. two photons, two electrons, or two atoms, in any case microscopic objects, even if important research is trying to correlate larger objects) '''that undergo a specific interaction begin to behave as if they were a single object (a larger system of which the two particles constitute two subsets) whose quantum state is represented by a combination (superposition) of their individual states'''.
+Before closing this section, '''it is worth recalling one of the strangest and most divisive phenomena in the history of physics''' — together with the interference pattern in the double‑slit experiment. Quantum entanglement has pushed generations of physicists away from the safe shores of relativistic realism and into the perilous waters of non‑locality.
-Entanglement is one of the strangest phenomena in physics. Two quantum objects that undergo a specific interaction begin to behave as a single system whose quantum state is a superposition of their individual states. Measuring one reveals the state of the other.
+Reduced to its essence, entanglement is the situation in which two quantum objects — photons, electrons, atoms — that undergo a specific interaction begin to behave as if they were a single composite system. Their quantum state is no longer the sum of two individual states, but a superposition that represents the combined system. Measuring one immediately reveals the state of the other, even when they are separated by large distances.
-In experiments it is clear that by measuring the quantum state of one of the particles, it is possible to know the quantum state of the other object without subjecting it to measurement (e.g. if the first object shows Spin up, the second will show Spin down). Rivers of ink (virtual of course, rivers of pdf) have been produced. '''Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics are struggling to explain this weirdness'''.
+The key lies in the nature and form of the Structures involved, and in particular in their "polydynamics". The quantum state of each Structure is not defined (superposition), but both evolve in parallel, in physically distant regions, following the same polydynamic pattern. This parallel evolution continues until an interaction destroys the entanglement (decoherence).
-I do not think we should abandon locality. '''If there is a connection, it is logical'''. Both Structures carry all the Information necessary to implement their correlated behavior. Their quantum states are complete, physically separate, but logically related.
+The peculiarity of the entangled state is that Nature allows us to peek at the quantum state of one Structure without resetting the polydynamic evolution of the other. It is as if we could perform a measurement that reveals the Information of a quantum state without influencing it — something normally impossible. Entanglement gives us this exceptional window: we glimpse polydynamics at work without erasing it through measurement.
+A final clarification. I speak of measurement because it is significant that we obtain Quantum Information. But to make all this happen — superposition, interaction, collapse, entanglement, decoherence — no observer or consciousness is required. Any interaction in the Universe is sufficient.
-What I feel like saying here is that '''I do not think we should give up the principle of locality'''. We must look for other explanations for this phenomenon so bizarre and important for the understanding of Reality. First of all, '''I would exclude a physical connection between the two entangled Structures''' (no physical influence of one particle on the other). '''If there is a connection, and so it seems to be, the connection is logical'''. Both particles have with them all the information (Quantum Information) necessary to allow them to implement their strange behavior. In other words, their individual quantum states are "complete, physically separate, but logically related".
-−
-'''I believe that the key to understanding this phenomenon is the nature and form of the Structures involved''', whether they are photons (single cycle Waves), electrons (elementary Vortices), or other more complex Structures. In particular, '''the characteristic, which is both Property and Behavior, that we have called "polydynamics"'''. The quantum state of both the individual Structures is not defined (superposition), but both are evolving in the same way at the same time, in physical spaces that can also be very far away and not causally connected. Parallel evolution that proceeds until the destruction of the entanglement by one or more interactions that disturb this logically correlated system, an event that is called "decoherence".
-−
-The key is the nature and Form of the Structures involved, and in particular their '''polydynamism'''. Both Structures evolve in parallel, in physically distant regions, until an interaction destroys the entanglement (decoherence).
-−
-−
-The peculiarity of the entangled state is that Nature gives us a way to peek at the quantum state of a particle without destroying the polydynamic evolution of the other. It is as if we could make a measurement on a single particle in which we "magically" manage to obtain the Information on its quantum state without influencing it (which is impossible). In the case of entanglement, we are given this possibility, and this seems so strange to us. '''An absolutely particular case in which we are allowed to see the polydynamics at work without it being "reset" by our curiosity'''. A final necessary clarification. I spoke of measurement because it is significant that we are able to obtain the Quantum Information which is the subject of this section. But '''to make all this happen''' (superposition, interaction, collapse of the wave function, as well as entanglement and decoherence) '''a measurement, an observer, consciousness, individual or cosmic, etc. is not necessary'''. Any of the infinite (trivial) interactions that are produced in each instant in the infinite and eternal Universe is sufficient.
-−
-Entanglement allows us to observe the polydynamics of a Structure without resetting it through measurement — an exceptional situation in which we glimpse the evolving quantum state without destroying it.
-−
-Finally, '''no observer or consciousness is required'''. Any interaction in the Universe is sufficient to produce superposition, collapse, entanglement, and decoherence.
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@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 === Measurement ===
 '''What happens when these mutable and polydynamic Structures undergo a measurement interaction?''' Consider measuring the Spin direction of an electron. In extreme synthesis, we use a magnetic field — a Derived Physical Field corresponding to the Component of Elementary Action called '''Rotation:AxisOrientation'''.
-The situation can be very different depending on the object of the measurement that we intend to perform, the observables chosen, the methodology and the type of interactions that such measurement implies, in addition to numerous other surrounding factors. '''Let's take for example an electron of which we want to measure the Spin direction'''. This type of measurement, despite the complexity and abstract nebulosity of the concept of Spin, seems to be simpler to develop and clearer also from the point of view of a possible intuitive visualization.
+After the interaction, due to turbulence, internal dynamics, and external influences, '''polydynamism progressively resumes'''. A new superposition of quantum states forms until the next interaction.
-−
-The magnetic field induces a reorientation of the Spin of the Particle. The correlation scheme (Information) that gives Form to the Structure interacts with the correlation scheme of the Field in the measurement region. '''All event‑points supporting the Structure undergo this reorientation'''. The superposition collapses to a defined Spin value (within the uncertainty of the Field’s turbulence).
-−
-−
-In extreme synthesis and approximation, to measure the Spin direction of an electron (or of an excited atom suitably prepared, or of a neuron, etc.), '''we use a magnetic field''' (a Derived Physical Field, a specific view of the Elementary Field focused on the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Rotation: AxisOrientation) generated by two magnets suitably shaped and assembled inside the measuring apparatus. This example will be revisited in the next chapter, in the section "Notes on some relevant experiments", where we will try to model the Stern-Gerlach experiment in the context of our Evolutionary Knowledge System.
-−
 After the interaction, due to turbulence, internal dynamics, and external influences, '''polydynamism resumes'''. A new superposition of quantum states forms until the next interaction.
-−
 === Collapse of the wave function ===

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 '''The Form of an InfoStructure is therefore in constant mutation''' due to the uncertain spontaneous dynamics of the Field, the internal dynamics of the Structure and the interactions with the outside. The form, the properties and  behaviors of an elementary Particle such as an electron are the result of the combination of an immense quantity of dynamics of event points, which we can imagine as somehow correlated. '''The measure (quantity) and the form (quality) of this correlation represents the Information''' (and therefore, for the quantitative part, the Energy) of the Structure (Particle), which is not by chance called Structure of Information.
-'''We call this feature "polydynamism"''', precisely to underline that these InfoStructures, although elementary, therefore not composed of different parts united in a system, '''show a complex and articulated internal dynamics, in continuous variation in space''' (in the internal volume of the Structure there are continuous variations of dynamic modality and properties, or even portions with different dynamics, e.g. different directions of Spin) '''and incessant evolution in time''' (differentiated evolution of event points, portions, etc.). The Information that gives structure to the Elementary Field in the volume occupied by the Structure from time to time represents its shape, properties, behavior, dynamics, etc., which are anything but immutable and monolithic. On the contrary, they are mutable / evolving and partial / polydynamic, precisely -> "superpositions of evolving quantum states".
+'''I call this feature "polydynamism"''', precisely to underline that these InfoStructures, although elementary, therefore not composed of different parts united in a system, '''show a complex and articulated internal dynamics, in continuous variation in space''' (in the internal volume of the Structure there are continuous variations of dynamic modality and properties, or even portions with different dynamics, e.g. different directions of Spin) '''and incessant evolution in time''' (differentiated evolution of event points, portions, etc.). The Information that gives structure to the Elementary Field in the volume occupied by the Structure from time to time represents its shape, properties, behavior, dynamics, etc., which are anything but immutable and monolithic. On the contrary, they are mutable / evolving and partial / polydynamic, precisely -> "superpositions of evolving quantum states".
 In this paper, I will use the following terms in relation to the concept of multiple dynamism outlined here:
 *'''Polydynamism''' -> the '''phenomenon''' of being polydynamic or a polydynamic '''behavior''' : action, movement, or interaction of multiple dynamic processes
 *'''Polydynamicity''' -> the '''property''' or quality of having polydynamism
 So, in summary, '''the key aspects to understanding the weirdness of quantum states and their evolution''' are as follows:

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 So, in summary, '''the key aspects to understanding the weirdness of quantum states and their evolution''' are as follows:
 *'''Spatial extension'''
 *'''Turbulent nature'''