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TFNR - An "extreme" example of Structures of Information

2026-10-19T16:40:27Z

Paolo: Paolo moved page TFNR - An "extreme" example about the Structures of Information to TFNR - An "extreme" example of Structures of Information without leaving a redirect

'''To give a concrete content to these words''', especially to the expression "the correlations in the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial sub-elementary fluctuations of the Elementary Field" or "the correlations of Elementary Action components in the Field", '''let us introduce an "extreme" example'''. It belongs to a domain of Reality close to us, which does not exhibit the quantum indeterminacy of the microscopic world, but whose simplicity can help us illustrate and better understand key aspects of the model.

'''Let us imagine a large football field (the Field), full of people (the Elementary Events, the point‑events of the Field)'''. Let us imagine '''observing (or measuring) what happens on the field (observable) from the stands (observer)'''. If we ask the people on the field to move freely in any direction, we will see spontaneous polydynamic chaotic motion: within certain limits each person will move independently of all the others. In probabilistic terms, each person's motion will be random and stochastically independent. In terms of correlations between the "movement" variables, this corresponds to zero correlation (stochastic independence). The movements can therefore be described as independent stochastic processes.

Some '''analogies''':
* the '''football field''' is an analogy of the Elementary Field (or rather, of a finite portion of it, a volume of Space),
* the '''places where people stand at each instant''' are an analogy of the point‑events of the Elementary Field ("quasi-absolute" positions influenced by fluctuations of various length resonating around the Planck‑scale — infinitesimal local pre-spatial curvature — while macroscopic Space remains flat and only Time is curved: the local distances between individuals are always fluctuating around a mean value, while the extension of the entire field remains fixed);
* the '''people in the field''' are an analogy of the Elementary Events (tiny spatial fluctuations with their temporal distributions, defining the local Space‑Time Metric and Mass density);
* the spontaneous fluctuations that determine '''the movements of people''' (variations of mutual spatial distances) are an analogy of the spatial component of Elementary Events;
* the '''speed of people's movements''' is an analogy of the pre-temporal distribution of Elementary Events, representing the speed of propagation of the elementary fluctuations of / in the Elementary Field (analogous to the speed of light, though not constant in this model);
* the '''differences in spatial amplitudes and temporal speeds of people's movements''' are an analogy of the pre-temporal distributions of the sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field, which can be characterized in four main aspects: amplitude (extension/speed), leading to the Mode/Component of the Elementary Action called Perturbation; spatial orientation (direction of motion) -> Translation; chirality of vorticity (sense of intrinsic or self-rotation) -> Rotation:Chirality; axis orientation of vorticity (spatial orientation of the self rotation axis) -> Rotation:AxisOrientation (in this example, assuming that people stand in vertical or quasi‑vertical position, the orientation of the axis is obviously perpendicular to the ground, or close to it);
*'''the correlations between these differences, between these inhomogeneities,''' are an analogy of Information, the correlations between the inhomogeneities in the distributions of the elementary fluctuations, the correlations expressed in the terms of the Components of Elementary Action;
* '''the organizational patterns emerging from these correlations''' (groups of people exhibiting correlated behavior) are an analogy of the Structures of Information, while the correlated behavior itself is analogous to Information/Energy;
* '''groups of such groups''', showing higher‑level correlated behavior (movement), are an analogy of Forms (object, systems, etc.).

'''Let's begin!'''

'''We will therefore have a football field, full of people moving in a random and stochastically independent way''' (spontaneous polydynamic fluctuations), with speeds varying around an average value and below a limit value — a conventional upper bound that we may associate, for the sake of analogy, with the maximum speed achievable by a human sprinter. Let's consider this value as an inviolable universal limit (like c, the speed of light in the vacuum in the case of Space-time in SR/GR).

This image serves as '''a metaphor for what happens at the most basic level of Reality''', around the Planck scale and even below it, within the pre‑spatial domain. In such an ideal situation (stochastic independence of people's movements), '''the football field is homogeneous and non‑structured''': there are no patterns of organization (no InfoStructures in the case of the Elementary Field), and the positions, speeds and "intentions" of all people are spontaneous, uncorrelated, and at maximum entropy. No higher‑level Information (InfoStructures and their dynamics) is present beyond the elementary level of individual movements (the Field and its dynamics). To describe this situation with full accuracy and maximum detail, '''the maximum amount of descriptive Information is required'''. Normally (even in physics), to describe such situations we use '''compact statistical representations''' — physical quantities such as temperature, which summarize the average speeds or impacts of the particles in the system — allowing us to represent a state with a minimal amount of Information (a single number, or a probability distribution of velocities, etc.).

Here we are using '''an example in the discrete''' (people moving on a field) '''to exemplify a dynamic situation that takes place in the continuum''' (elementary fluctuations of the Elementary Field, Planck‑scale fluctuations of spatial distances/areas/volumes in the time domain, their distributions, and the related correlations). We are an expression of the emerging discrete aspect of Reality; we live at discrete levels and therefore we can only find discrete examples, since everything in us and around us is made of atoms, particles, etc. (InfoStructures, Forms). But we must be aware that this is an oversimplification. These metaphors are useful for understanding, but we must not forget that the elementary level of Reality is continuous, and that the discrete is an emergent characteristic, dimension, property. With this clarification, let us delve into the example.

Let's go back to the football field. Now we provide '''instructions to a group of selected people who stand inside a circle in the center of the field'''. We tell them to start rotating on themselves while moving in more or less large circles around the center of the field while remaining within the identified circular area.

From the grandstand we will begin to see a movement that tends to be approximately swirling, which is basically / approximately centered in the center of the field, within the considered circle. '''A vortex-type Structure of Information has appeared!''' This structure — a pattern of correlations between the distributions of fluctuations / movements) is the manifestation of the information we have provided (= action of a force) to some people in the field (= elementary fluctuations of / in the field).

The potential Energy (the capacity to generate and sustain Structures, to manifest organizational schemes, to produce Information), which people possessed but did not express in their chaotic and independent motion, has—due to the action of a force (= the instructions provided), i.e., the transfer of Information/Energy from the platform to the people in the field (= the execution of an experiment)—'''transformed from potential into manifest or "effective" Energy''', namely Information: a deformation of the state of perfect stochastic independence (dynamic homogeneity). If we observe the vortex and the field around the considered circle, we will see that the vortex movement, through impacts, "induction," imitation, etc., has propagated to the people in the areas immediately surrounding the vortex over time, and thus, little by little, all around, with an intensity that decreases as the distance from the center of the collective action increases.

And so on. We hypothesize that '''this "propagation of motion," which is in fact Propagation of Information, follows an inverse‑square law''' (the intensity of the propagation effect decreasing as the square of the distance from the center of the vortex structure). In this analogy, the situation is not perfectly defined, precise, or symmetrical (the dynamics of each person differ from all the others, as we well know; the grass on the pitch is not uniform; there may be small imperfections that slow down or speed up movements; people outside the circle may be more or less "receptive"; etc. — infinite variables...). But let us assume that the contributions of all these variables compensate, and that the real situation fluctuates slightly around a complex attractor that is stable and strong enough to make the situation ideal," or at least "near‑ideal."

And again, we can hypothesize that '''the Vortex motion widens''', extending to the point where the new people reached by an increasingly rarefied Information (Energy) induce a "slight" variation in their movement, in the direction of motion in that part of the vortex — ever lighter the farther people are from the center of the vortex.

But '''how can we identify the center of the vortex'''? Is it an actual position (corresponding to the position of a person, or a point on the field)? Is it a stable position (absolute or relative)? Or is it a statistically calculated position, continuously variable over time, incessantly influenced by the position and dynamics of all the people present on the football field? And '''how can we measure and represent the contribution of each person''' — their position, extent of movement, and dynamics — to the position, extent, and dynamics of this (abstract?) structure we have called the vortex? Where can we place the boundaries of this structure? Are they static or dynamic?

In the answer to these questions essentially lies the representation of the InfoStructures that this model hypothesizes and proposes.

It is '''as if each person in the field took part in, participated in the Existence and Essence/Form of the structure (the Structure of Information)''' — of the vortex — to an individually variable extent, and as if the intensity of their participation fluctuated over time and in relation to the particular position they assumed in the field with respect to the structure. '''Everything changes incessantly''': the people who participate in the Structure, the intensity of their participation, their characteristics, the speed of individual movements, their positions, and the evolution of trajectories and autorotations over time, etc. Yet the Structure is formed (Organization), evolves and changes (Transformation), and survives/persists in a causal and variational sense (Selection) until it reaches a condition of equilibrium that makes it sufficiently stable (an evolutionary adaptation — obviously unintentional, non‑direct, not designed, etc.).

I think — and here we hypothesize — that when the Structure, the approximated (imperfect) Vortex formed by people moving on the football field, is in (dynamical) equilibrium with the Field and its Dynamics, '''imagining a Field of infinite extension''' (to avoid interactions between the Structure and the boundaries of the Field), the absolute position has no relevance; it makes no sense at all. What is relevant is the mutual position of people (the relational aspect), the correlation between their dynamics with each other and with respect to the Field. Everything that matters is relative: the movement of individual people (the fact that people move — Elementary Events, individual behavior) and the correlations between people's movements (how people move collectively — Relations, collective behavior). From these two aspects arise the Existence and Essence/Form of this vortical structure, as a (complex) Process of Events and Elementary Relations. Always probabilities, or at least percentages — numbers in the continuum between 0 and 1 — the limit cases: 0 = no correlation, 1 = complete correlation. 0 = stochastic independence, independent stochastic processes. 1 = stochastic dependence, correlation, lack of independence.

'''If you suddenly took away the memories of the people on the ground''' (a metaphor for the elimination of Information, the nullification of Energy), or disoriented them with conflicting and misleading commands, '''the vortical structure would disappear rather quickly'''. The Field and the people would still be there, the movements would continue (Events → Action), but the correlation (Relations → Information) between them would vanish; the organization would dissolve, and we would no longer see the Vortex Structure. The biological energy available to each person individually remains intact, but its expression in movement is no longer directed by the previously received Information; therefore the collective Energy (so to speak) of the vortical motion in the field does not manifest (variational aspect → Structure) and is no longer expressed (causal aspect → induction of vortical motion in the surroundings).

Likewise, '''even if in another area of the Field we caused a similar vortex to form''', with the opposite direction of rotation, and then pushed these two vortices to interact, here too — under the right conditions — both structures would disappear (annihilation). The interaction of the two structures would in fact lead to the gradual involvement of all the people participating in them, who would begin to experience the influence of the vortex dynamics of both structures, and would thus lose the set direction, returning to a condition of completely chaotic, independent, uncorrelated motion (in the case of the physical world: the Field in the absence of Structures: the Vacuum, the Quantum Vacuum). Or perhaps we would witness the analogue of photon emission in the annihilation of an electron and a positron — the generation of some tangential collective motion, for example.

Does the fact that there are no InfoStructures that give Form to the Vacuum mean that we are in the presence of Nothingness, '''that nothing exists? I would say no!''' The Field and the people (or the Elementary Events outside the metaphor) are always there; they simply do not manifest any identifiable configuration. There are no Relations, and therefore no Processes in progress — or rather, each person moves independently of the others: independent, uncorrelated stochastic processes. There is no collective Process resulting from the more or less intense correlation between individual Processes; InfoStructures do not exist or do not manifest themselves in the Field. In other words: '''no higher‑order Structure emerging from the underlying dynamism'''.

'''If, hypothetically, we wore glasses that prevented us from seeing the Field and the people''', but allowed us to see only the organized patterns, what would we have seen in the mental experiment at the core of this "extreme example"? '''Nothing — until the gradual appearance of a Structure''': trembling and uncertain at first, then little by little more delineated and stable, yet always dynamic. '''But when we say "Nothing," are we saying that there is Nothing, or that we see (observe, detect, measure) Nothing?''' This point is crucial for understanding Reality, and above all for understanding the fundamental concepts of Nothingness, Absolute Vacuum (no Dark or Visible Structures), and Relative Vacuum (Dark Structures present, Visible Structures absent).

'''For Dark or Visible Structures''', as we will see in the continuation of this chapter, '''I mean''':
*'''Dark Structures''': Gravitational Waves; Dark-Matter/Dark-Energy Halos (large cosmic structures, giant voids, the cosmic dark web, super‑cluster and cluster‑complex dark halos, galactic halos, and the fine‑grained dark structure of the intra‑galactic medium down to the dark turbulences of space‑time around the smallest celestial bodies).
*'''Visible Structures''': Electromagnetic Waves; Particles of Ordinary Matter and all their aggregates (states of Matter), which constitute the Visible Forms (observable because they emit/absorb electromagnetic radiation).

'''Returning to the vortex structure in the football field''', we can imagine that the more or less organized movement (the pattern of correlations among the movements of individual people who participate in, or support the existence of the Structure) confers '''a sort of materiality, intangibility, a resistance to the movement of the Structure across the field'''. It is as if the vortex structure manifested — or rather, as if with the emergence of the Structure, specific properties and peculiar characteristics emerged.

'''One of these seems analogous to Mass''': it attracts other people into the correlations that shape the Vortex, yet as they approach the center of the structure, further approach becomes more difficult. And this makes it "onerous" (it requires Energy, Work, or new Information) to try to move the center of the structure, to redirect its direction of motion, or to modify its speed (inertia: resistance to variation in motion or rest, to positive or negative acceleration). Think of how difficult it is to govern or direct the movement of a mass of frightened people trying to escape from a dangerous situation.

And again, '''we can see a tendency for displacement (change of position) emerge, which we can call Motion'''. And within the context of motion we can identify the two main phenomena: inertia (constancy of speed over time) and acceleration (variation of speed over time), or better: inertial and accelerated motion. We see this clearly in the vortex in the football field. In the absence of new instructions (Information, Energy, Work, no interactions), the Structure will continue either to remain still or to move with uniform motion, minimizing the Action, so to speak.

Each person (each Elementary Event) will '''spontaneously tend to follow the Principle of Least Action''': partly trying to direct their movement according to the instructions received, and partly letting themselves be carried along by the flow of people, based on distances, contacts, pushes, pressure, etc. from the surrounding individuals. And thus the structure will involuntarily do the same, as the result of the collective behavior of the people who are supporting its existence at each moment and determining its essence/form (under the hypothesis of the absence of constraints in the Field or of the application of Forces, i.e., of new instructions).

But we still have two aspects to consider, '''two properties/phenomena that we would see emerge with the emergence of the vortex structure'''. Both are linked to the rotation of people on themselves, essential for initiating and maintaining '''the swirling rotary motion of the Structure (intrinsic rotation)'''. In fact, if you recall, the instructions given to the people in the field were: "start rotating on yourselves while moving in more or less large circles around the center of the field, remaining within the identified circular area." Start rotating on yourselves, precisely.

'''The first aspect''' we discuss in this section is linked '''to each person's rotation on themselves'''. By analogy, this means that each Elementary Event, in addition to having a temporal component (the ratio between its own intrisic scalar movement speed and the average intrinsic scalar movement speed of all the other people in the region of the Field containing the structure → '''Mass''') and a spatial component (the intrinsic vector movement speed that determines the vector speed of the Structure in its propagation through the field → Motion), has an intrinsic rotational component (each on itself) which we may call vorticity. This intrinsic rotational component, occurring around a rotation axis, can have two senses: right‑handed or left‑handed. We can call this component '''Charge''' (positive or negative depending on the sense of rotation).

'''The second aspect''' concerns '''the (dynamical) orientation — direction and sense — of the axis of that intrinsic rotational component'''. Every point‑event in/of the Field, in its rotational component, has a direction given by the rotation axis and a sense given by the right‑hand rule. We can call this component '''Spin''' (we may characterize the orientation as up/down, left/right, front/back, north/south, etc., depending on the direction and sense of the rotation axis).

Are we sure that this is precisely the last aspect in the characterization of the dynamics of Elementary Events? Modern physics tells us that the dynamics of point‑events — the Elementary Events of the Field — can take on more complex configurations and organizations. Here we enter a domain of derived forces, fields, action, and information/energy more complex than those that characterize Elementary Action and, in general, the dynamics of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force.

We enter a level of Reality that concerns the dynamics of the Field and of Elementary Action in those domains of the Field that host or support vortex InfoStructures classifiable as massive Particles, such as leptons (Particles believed to be "elementary") and hadrons (Particles believed to be composed of quarks and gluons). We are now in the context of nuclear forces, fields, and phenomena (the Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces), which we consider here as forces and fields derived from the Elementary ones mentioned above.

Even if in mainstream physics these two forces/fields are considered fundamental, like the gravitational and electromagnetic ones, in the model I propose in this paper they are not. '''Strong Nuclear and Weak Nuclear are forces, fields, and Phenomena that pertain to InfoStructures and not to the Elementary Field directly'''.

In other words, in the absence of InfoStructures, the dynamics of the Elementary Field — spontaneous, under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force, as described by the Uncertainty Principle — manifests the components of Elementary Action that I call Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation (in its two sub‑components, Chirality and AxisOrientation), respectively the roots of Metric/Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin. But it does not manifest any dynamics that constitute the root components of nuclear forces and fields.

These arise from the complex organization of field dynamism in the presence of, or within the spatial domain that supports/hosts, a composite vortical Structure of Information (e.g., a proton). Nuclear forces, fields, and phenomena — although always derived forms of forces, fields, and phenomena such as gravity and electromagnetism — represent more complex forms that manifest only as aspects of the internal dynamics of composite InfoStructures, nuclear or similar (hadrons and leptons, nucleons, etc.).

Speaking of '''the orientation of the axis of Rotation''', we must be careful not to refer to the rotation axis of the Structure, but to the axis of intrinsic rotation of each person who participates in or supports its Existence, its Essence/Form, its dynamics. Beyond the metaphor, this corresponds to the axis of intrinsic rotation arising from the dynamics of individual point‑events, the Elementary Events of/in the Field.

In the example that concerns us here, since a gravitational field binds people to the ground in a vertical posture (except for particular positions or movements), all the people on the field display the same orientation of their intrinsic rotation axis. In terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes/Components, we could say that in the Elementary Field — in the area/volume occupied moment by moment by the Vortex Structure — both the point value and the average area/volume value of the Rotation:AxisOrientation component appear non‑zero. Indeed, the level of correlation (Information/Energy) over the area or volume considered will appear very high.

In terms of mainstream physics, we could say that in the area/volume considered an intense magnetic field is present — or, in other words, that the Vortex Structure has a non‑zero Spin value.

'''If the football field, instead of being on Earth, were inside a space station in free fall''', people could hover above the field, and each person would display a different orientation of their intrinsic rotation axis. If the orientations were independent — with no correlation among the axes of the people — then, continuing the usual analogy, we would have to say that in the area/volume considered no magnetic field would be observed; the Structure would not exhibit any '''Spin'''.

I think it is now clear that, as for Perturbation (Metric and Mass and related gravitational phenomena), Translation (Motion and related kinetic phenomena), Rotation:Chirality (Charge and related electrical phenomena), and also for Rotation:AxisOrientation (Spin and related magnetic phenomena), '''the key is the correlation between the components of Elementary Action'''. A correlation responsible for the manifestation of Information/Energy (gravitational, kinetic, electric, and magnetic respectively).

The Force and the Field (Source) are always there — always and forever. And so is their product, the Elementary Action, which is expressed in the Modes, with the Components mentioned (the discrepancies of the pre-temporal distributions over time of the amplitudes of the pre-spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field around the Planck scale, of the directions of those fluctuations, the chirality and the spatial orientation of the axis of their vorticity). '''What changes and evolves is the organization of the Relations (correlations)''' between the distributions of these fluctuations — the Elementary Events, precisely.

Forces, fields, action, energy (information) that we see in the natural world — such as gravitational, electromagnetic, etc. forces and fields — are '''nothing more than forces, fields, action, and energy "derived" from the Fundamental Force, from the Elementary Field, from the Elementary Action, and from the Energy (Information) that represents the dynamics of the fundamental Processes that incessantly "form" Reality''': the organization of the Relations between the Events of/in the Field. '''Specific views of the Field focused on different Modes/Components of the Elementary Action'''.

When we see a massive object that generates a gravitational field and a gravitational force that attracts other masses — or, in an equivalent representation (General Equivalence Principle), a deformation of the Space‑time Metric of the Field such that other masses move by following the curvature of Space‑Time generated by the first mass, and in turn produce curvature that influences that mass — here, in this case, we are observing the shape, the organization, the structure, the form of the Field in the Component of Elementary Action that I call '''Perturbation'''.

Perturbation, as we have seen in the sections dedicated to this concept, concerns the dynamics of the '''correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the amplitudes of the sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale'''. The power spectrum of these fluctuations (either pointwise or averaged over the considered volume of Space), which determines the distribution in Space of the rate at which Time locally flows, can — in concepts familiar to mainstream physics — be represented as the presence of a mass that produces a curvature of Space‑time or, in a more classical approach, as a gravitational field that attracts other masses.

In fact, according to the hypotheses advanced in this work, Perturbation — in terms of the behavior and the dynamics of the Field (in particular the Principle of General Equivalence) and the organization of Relations between Events — can be more precisely represented as a (local) deformation of the Field: a departure from homogeneity and the appearance of inhomogeneity; a variation in the density (over time) of Elementary Events; a '''curvature of Time, a variation in the speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information (speed of light)'''; a gradient in the temperature of the Field.

We said "curvature of time ", or "time warp" purposely. Not curvature of Space‑time, therefore, since the spatial distances at each event‑point in the (continuous) Elementary Field fluctuate around an average (universal) value determined by the properties of the Primary Source (essentially: the intensity of the Fundamental Force and the resistance of the Elementary Field to deformation — or rather, the resistances of the Field: resistance to stress → Perturbation = Metric Curvature/Mass; resistance to torsion → Rotation:Chirality = Charge; and resistance to variations in the orientation of the axis of torsion → Rotation:AxisOrientation = Spin).

'''Space, in this model of description of Reality, is curved only in the fluctuations that resonate around the Planck scale'''. At "wider" spatial distances — from those we consider infinitesimal (yet immense compared to the Planck scale) characteristic of elementary particles, to those specific to the objects of our everyday life, to our bodies, to the distances relating to the Earth, the solar system, the stars of our galaxy, up to the immense scales associated with the dark structures that host galaxies, clusters, super‑clusters, the fabric of the cosmic web, and ultimately the infinite Universe — at all these distances Space is not curved, but intrinsically flat, absolutely flat.

What we see as curvature, according to the hypotheses proposed here, is due to the curvature of Time, and therefore to the different speed of propagation of perturbations, of deformations of the Field (Action, Information/Energy, Structures, Forms). The "structured", non‑homogeneous Elementary Field, deformed by the incessant Action of the Force, can be viewed as a time‑field (where each point‑event can be associated with a clock that measures the pace of Time) and/or as a velocity‑field (where each point‑event can be associated with a tachometer that measures the speed of propagation of disturbances/deformations of the Field itself).

'''Translated into the terms of mainstream physics''':
* no spatial curvature,
* yes curvature of Time,
* no constancy of the speed of light in vacuum,
* yes local variability of this speed.

In the light of this conceptual framework, all the phenomena we observe in the Universe — from Particles to the cosmos — take on a new and different light and meaning.

When we observe a curvature of the Space‑Time Metric, a gravitational field, a motion, an electric field, or a magnetic field, this is what is manifesting: '''a correlation between the distributions of the different aspects of the sub‑elementary pre‑spatial fluctuations whose discrepancies manifest as the corresponding Modes/Components of Action mentioned above'''. Through the "correlations" between the discrepancies in the distributions of the most elementary incessant fluctuations, the "dynamism" of the formless Elementary Field takes on "structure" and form, and therefore Information (or Energy, in its most elementary expression) appears. Mass emerge, then Gravity, and so do Motion, Charge, and Spin, and the corresponding Potentials (Metric, potential Motion -> Acceleration, electric potential, magnetic potential).

I repeat: '''these are properties and dynamics of the Elementary Field regardless of the presence of Vortex InfoStructures, or Waves, or Interactions'''. The Field is productive regardless. This is the effect that, in quantum physics, is described as the creation of virtual Particles (creation and annihilation). These virtual, ephemeral structures — which appear and disappear in extremely short times, a natural process connected to the Principle of Uncertainty — are in fact the fruit of the normal incessant dynamics of the Elementary Field, where the Field itself, under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force, emits and reabsorbs "correlations" (Information, Energy) with dimensional resonances at various scales: from the Planck scale up to scales close to those of the elementary particles (InfoStructures, precisely) of ordinary/visible Matter. Correlations between discrepancies of distributions of sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations, with dimensional resonances around the Planck scale.

The presence of correlations is perceived or observed by us, and measured as gravitational field/force/action (attraction) (→ Mass), as Motion (by analogy we should say: kinetic field/force/action → inertial and accelerated Motion), as electric field/force/action (attraction or repulsion) (→ electric Charge), and as magnetic field/force/action (attraction or repulsion) (→ Spin, magnetic poles).

'''No correlation → no (derived) fields, no (derived) forces, no (derived) action!'''

The elementary, fundamental Force, Field, and Action — which incessantly create Reality and make it evolve ("Process of Formation of Reality") — are always there, inaccessible to us except through inhomogeneities/discrepancies, correlations, their organization, etc. (Information, Energy).

In quantum physics we talk a lot about '''entanglement''' — for better or for worse — in the sense that it is precisely the phenomenon of entanglement that constitutes one of the most interesting, distinctive, but also most emblematic and problematic aspects of the "weirdness" of the quantum world.

So: it is precisely the root, at the level of the Dynamics of the Elementary Field, of the entanglement that we observe (with such concern, disbelief, and wonder) at the level of Particles and quantum objects, that we are talking about here. The elementary root — in the causal and variational sense — of the phenomenon of quantum entanglement.

'''Let's go back to the football field on the space station''' and to the people who move on it, but are free to float and to rotate on themselves with orientations in all three spatial dimensions. We observe the people who participate in, who support, the vortex structure. Yes, it is true: there are some inconsistencies in the situation we are hypothesizing. There is a mix between 2D and 3D spatial conditions. We could resolve everything more rigorously, but we would complicate the description. Let us try to continue like this, although I am aware that in some respects this is an unrealistic example.

Let us look at '''the spatial orientation of the axis of intrinsic rotation of the vortex people'''. As we said, on Earth the axes would all be oriented (roughly) in the same direction, perpendicular to the ground (maximum correlation → very intense magnetic field, close to the theoretical maximum). In the space station, the axes — due to participation in the vortex structure, the relative rotation of people on themselves, weightlessness, etc. — could still be oriented in a direction perpendicular to the plane on which the vortex structure occurs (the rotation plane), but the probability that all the axes are aligned is less than one.

In the case of turbulence, also because of the interaction between the people of the structure and those in the border areas, and more generally because of the interaction with the set of chaotic (independent, uncorrelated) movements of all the people present in the field, the axes of intrinsic rotation, even if based on an aligned orientation, may exhibit a somewhat chaotic, random component. We could say that the correlation between the orientations of the intrinsic rotation axes of the people takes on a (variable) value between zero and one: with values close to one for the people near the center of the vortex structure, gradually decreasing toward zero for those on the periphery, and reaching zero for the people who, although present in the field, cannot be considered as participating in or supporting the vortex structure.

Yet, '''a simple instruction from the stand''' would be enough, the expression of a Force on the Field and on the people who metaphorically represent the Events, an Action, a transfer of Information from the stand to the people on the field, a transfer of Energy, Work. A simple instruction could make the vortex structure disappear in an instant, or it could trigger its movement in a defined direction, or the creation of a new structure next to the first, triggering phenomena of interaction, interference, etc. The field would always be the same, the people too, although not their individual movement. What would change if not the dynamic organization (Information / Energy) of correlations (Relations) between the behaviors (Action) of people (Events) within the field (the Elementary Field) animated by their force (the Fundamental Force)?

All of Reality is this: '''an infinite complexity and multiplicity in incessant evolution, incessantly created and recreated by a "Source"''', the Primary Source, the Source of Reality — a "Causal Agent" (the Force) acting through its power (Agency) on a "Variational Acted" (the Field), producing Action (Events) that takes Form as Information (Relations between Events → Processes).

The most elementary thing we can conceive gradually organizes itself into the most complex thing we can imagine: the physical and cognitive Universe, infinite, unlimited in the three fundamental dimensions — Cause, Space, and Time.

If suddenly all this organized Action — all the correlations between the discrepancies in the distributions of the sub-elementary fluctuations, all the Information/Energy at all levels of Complexity, the structured Field — were to disappear through a global "annihilation", '''only emptiness would remain: vacuum, the "Absolute Vacuum"'''. All the sub-elementary fluctuations, with their stochastically independent distributions, would remain, but there would no longer be any correlation, not even the most insignificant, infinitesimal one.

'''Is this nothingness?''' For us — who are (for Existence and Essence/Form, therefore ontologically and phenomenologically, for Creation "and" Evolution) a set of multilevel correlations (of entanglement, as it is fashionable today to say, in an extended sense broader than that used in quantum physics, as I tried to mention above) — for us (who would no longer exist and would therefore be indifferent to any definition), this condition would effectively be equivalent to nothingness. Hence all the confusion we make about the terms Nothingness and Emptiness/Vacuum.

But '''here we need to broaden our vision'''. From the perspective of the Source (of the Force and the Field, and of their incessant product, the Elementary Action, the sub-elementary fluctuations, the Elementary Events), what would change? Nothing. A chilling conclusion? '''The "true" Nothing would exist only if the Source ceased to exist, ceased to express and manifest itself''' — if its active/causal aspect, the Fundamental Force, stopped acting (inner interaction) on its passive/variational aspect, the Elementary Field. No fluctuations, no Events, absolute homogeneity, no deformation, non‑existence. Nothingness.

Let us get back to the topic of this chapter. So, '''what is a Structure?'''

In the sense illustrated here, '''a Structure is essentially something that happens''': a set of Relations between Events, positions, movements; a particular dynamic organization of Events and Relations; a Process; a set/net of interacting Processes — partly random, chaotic, independent (chaos, indeterminacy, the substrate of uncertainty that fuels Existence and supports the incessant renewal of Nature, the aspect, the "creative engine" of Reality), and partly deterministic, in some measure ordered, correlated (order, determination, the Information whose dynamics and conservation realize the incessant construction of Nature and give shape to its growing complexity, the appearance, the "evolutionary engine" of Reality).

The same thing happens in/to the Elementary Field. We can hypothesize that, in the continuum and with an average spatial extension of the Elementary Events equal to 10^−33 meters, about 10^54 Elementary Events participate in the Existence and Essence/Form of '''a "simple" electron, the most elementary Particle we can imagine''' (fluctuations of the Elementary Field which, given the characteristics/intensities/resistances of the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, resonate around the Planck Scale), together with all the correlations (Relations), variously intense and correctly organized, between all the discrepancies of the distributions of such sub-elementary fluctuations.

'''An immense spatial dimensional scale and an enormous complexity for a "simple" Particle...''' And we are surprised that we are unable to fully describe it, to precisely predict its Properties and Behaviors, to understand its nature and characteristics, its interactions with its peers and with other particles/forces, etc.

'''One final consideration''', so it may be useful to play again with this example and with the metaphor/analogy that we used (and admittedly forced a little). In the Universe, it seems that ordinary/visible Matter is not really the most common "thing". '''Most of Matter/Energy appears to be made of something else'''. Even considering the inaccuracies in the proportions between Dark and Visible Matter, and Dark Energy — inevitable inaccuracies arising from the substantial incompleteness/incorrectness of the physical and cosmological models on which the calculations are based (Standard Particle Model and Quantum Field Theory, Big Bang/Inflation, Lambda‑CDM Concordance Cosmological Model, Cosmic Microwave Background, etc.) — it seems clear that the "Particles" of Matter and Radiation that we can observe in cosmic rays or in colliders represent only a small slice of the "Matter/Energy" that fills the Universe and makes the cosmos work, according to increasingly accurate (and increasingly problematic, for current models) observations and measurements.

'''How can we imagine a way out of this radical crisis?''' How can we use our "trivial" example to take a look at how we should observe the world both in here (microcosm, quanta and beyond) and out there (macrocosm, the cosmos and the Universe)?

'''Let's take the analogy of the football field once again'''. What we interpret as a Structure of Information (an elementary structure, a simple Vortex) in the small — which we associate with the physical concept of an elementary Particle (an electron, for example, as we said previously) — can be associated with the same kind of structure but with spatial (and temporal) dimensions — for the "slow" dynamics we observe in cosmological Phenomena — that are much, much more extensive.

'''Let us take for example a galactic Halo that hosts a normal, ideal kind of galaxy''', one that shows no anomalies due to interaction with other structures, has not undergone mergers, does not interact with satellite dwarf galaxies, and does not interact with the dynamics of the surrounding cosmic‑web environment, of the cluster that contains it, and so on. Let us also imagine that the turbulence inside the galaxy — both in the visible/ordinary component (formed by Particles of baryonic Matter) and in the invisible/dark component (formed by a single, cohesive, spherical Halo of Dark Matter) — is minimal. An absolutely unrealistic situation, but useful for simplification.

Well, '''if we imagine extending the football field immensely''', and going from a few thousand people to millions of billions of people, we might create an analogue representation of a dark Structure of Information corresponding to the galaxy above. The movements of this multitude of people would have to be organized through much more complex and precise, multi‑level instructions, as the individual and collective dynamics would be far more intricate, with an immense movement of all the billions of people on this immense football field.

It would require far more Information/Energy — therefore Force, Action — to produce all that correlation at all levels of Complexity: the organization of Particles into atoms, atoms into molecules, molecules into compounds, gases, dust, micro‑objects, rocks, satellites, planets, stars, star clusters, and so on, up to the complex immensity of a "small" galaxy in a tiny corner of an infinite Universe. '''Vertigo!'''

'''The same on the football field, with those people.''' Small, related groups that form the building blocks of larger, more complex groups. Correlations of correlations, correlations between the dynamic behaviors of interacting groups, and so on — ever more extensive groups, '''turbulence that organizes into turbulence of a wider and more complex level'''.

All the Information/Energy that a hypothetical director of the experiment, from the stand, would have to deliver to each person, to each group, to each group of groups, and so on, is the Information/Energy that that Structure possesses and manifests in its dynamism. Organization, correlation of something that exists at a more basic level — something that would continue to exist, albeit unmanifest, chaotic, formless — if that Information/Energy had not been transferred.

'''That's all there is.''' '''Existence''' (the product of the incessant sub-process of Creation by the Force acting on the Field, Elementary Action, Events) and '''Essence / Form''' (the product of the sub-process of Evolution, of incessant construction of correlations between inhomogeneities/discrepancies in the distributions of sub-elementary fluctuations, Information / Energy, Relations between Events, Processes).

'''Everything that makes up the world we live in (both Ordinary/visible Matter and Dark/invisible Matter) is Information/Energy''' — Action that takes on, that supports Form; Action with a Form; the Form of Action; In‑Form‑Action — in incessant evolution, Information/Energy supported by the elementary level of Action.

'''On the football pitch, in the great turbulence that a million billion people could produce simply by their presence''', and through the incessant interaction with their most direct neighbors, small and more or less strictly/intensely organized groups — individuals and groups with more or less correlated dynamics, specially instructed — would compose an immense vortex structure (a Dark Halo). Within it, especially in the central areas, other smaller groups would compose structures that we could assimilate to celestial bodies: planets, stars, and so on. And at even lower levels of size and Complexity, much smaller groups would correspond to molecules and atoms, and even smaller Particles of Ordinary Matter.

'''Order in chaos. Organization in turbulence. Order within order. Organization within organization. Increasing Complexity.'''

All the Properties and dynamics, the deformation of the Metric or Mass, the Motion, the Charge, the Spin that we have illustrated above for the Vortex InfoStructures that we imagine as Particles of Ordinary/visible Matter, '''those same Phenomena can also be associated to the structures of Dark Matter''', and above all to mixed structures (composed of dark parts and visible parts), which are the true structures that make up the Universe (mainly the galaxies). But with infinitely lower intensities of correlation (Information, Energy) compared to those of the Visible Matter.

We will thus have enormous masses, but distributed across immense spaces, with very low Mass densities — albeit variable, following the natural distributions linked to the shape of the Mass profiles of Vortex InfoStructures (a central peak of Mass density gradually decreasing toward the periphery of the Structure) and the chaotic turbulence that characterizes the dynamics of the Elementary Field, even at such low densities.

And then, internal motions and motions of the entire Vortex Structure which, under specific conditions of cosmic‑web dynamics (presence of "attractors," proximity to web nodes, positioning on highly dynamic filaments, internal dynamics of clusters/super‑clusters, etc.), can become highly relevant, with high velocities, accelerations, and sudden decelerations due to collisions with other Dark Halos.

High chirality arises from the vortex‑like rotational motion of Dark Halos around themselves; yet, because the Rotation:Chirality of the dynamics of the point‑events that support the Structure operates at extremely weak levels, the resulting electric‑charge densities remain extremely small.

Very low densities of Rotation:AxisOrientation — due to the vortex‑like shape of Dark Halos (the Halo's Spin), combined with the high turbulence within the various regions of the Structure (correlations among the Spins of the point‑events inside the Halo) — can give rise to intense magnetic fields capable of contributing decisively (alongside Mass and gravity) to shaping galactic structures (both their dark and visible components) and to guiding their interactions with surrounding Halos.

Magnetic fields do not arise (only, or primarily) from the alignment of the Spins of Ordinary/Visible‑Matter Particles, but above all from the weak — yet spatially vast — correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation values (the root of the physical quantity that, for Particles, we call Spin) within the dynamism of the point‑events of the Elementary Field that, moment by moment, sustain the immense Structures (Dark‑Matter Halos) containing the visible parts of galaxies, or of clusters, or super‑clusters, and so on. These are rarefied magnetic fields, distributed across cosmic immensities, but which, through their sheer extension, can reach significant intensities and produce extremely relevant Phenomena, working alongside gravity in shaping astrophysical objects and the cosmological structures of the Universe.

'''This is a simplistic image of the Vortex Structure that we can imagine as a Dark Halo with a visible counterpart forming a galaxy as a whole'''. Reality is vastly more complex, due to the internal and external, dark and visible shapes and dynamics of the galaxy within the cluster that contains and influences it. Let me remember that, in this model, I hypothesize that at all levels of Physical Reality — from the Planck scale to the scale of elementary particles, to the entire cosmos — '''everything is turbulence, everything is dominated by turbulence, both in dynamism and in structure'''.

Unfortunately... '''this places severe limits on the knowledge and predictability of natural phenomena''', on the observations we collect, and on the experiments we conduct. But we know: in the end, we must settle for probabilities, imperfect models, and summary statistical quantities of complex and turbulent dynamics that we cannot trace with infinite precision. It is indeterminacy — uncertainty raised to the nth degree. There is nothing we can do to achieve perfect knowledge of Reality as it is. '''Even where we believe Reality to be deterministic, ultimately it is an illusion'''. We can predict with great precision the motion of planets, stars, even galaxies under certain conditions. But it is always an illusion.

'''We are looking at Reality from afar. It's easy that way'''. If we push the required precision down to the individual Particles that compose those Forms, those objects, or if we wish to measure, for example, the Earth/Moon distance with infinite precision, we run into a series of important technical problems (where exactly is the center of the Earth and the Moon, where are stable test points on their surfaces, how can we eliminate the uncertainty of the light we must use to make a precise and stable measurement of distance, etc.), but above all into an inescapable intrinsic property of Nature: indeterminacy. There is no escape.

This is, in a sense, the tombstone of determinism — the ambition, given specific initial conditions, to predict the evolution of systems, and ultimately of "the" System, the Universe in its infinite entirety, with infinite, perfect certainty. A dream...

Returning to our "extreme" example, '''how could you predict the behavior of a million billion human beings moving freely''', or bound by "generic" instructions, on a football field the size of a galaxy? Impossible. And this example is far simpler than the elementary reality of a Particle such as an electron. How can we expect "elementary," deterministic behavior, predictable with infinite precision? Turbulence and complexity (the Structure) within a turbulent and complex dynamical environment (the Field). Impossible!

One more effort, following the example we are using to try to make this model simpler and clearer (we hope). '''Let's try to hypothesize the Process of Formation of the InfoStructures in the Field''': dark and then visible Vortex Structures, and perhaps later Wave Structures and Interactions between these two basic types. With this example, we could further explore the processes of formation of the InfoStructures of Dark/Invisible Matter and then of Ordinary/Visible Matter (baryonic Matter).

In the causal sequence (of cause‑effect relations, of Existence, ontological aspect) and in the variational sequence (of spatial and temporal relations, of Essence/Form, phenomenological aspect) of the formation of InfoStructures, '''we first find the InfoStructures''' (Waves, Vortices, and Interactions) '''that form Dark Matter, and then the Structures that make up Visible Matter'''. Or rather, the Structures of Visible Matter, in our hypotheses, can only have been formed through the complex dynamical interactions of the Structures of Dark Matter, which therefore — ontologically and phenomenologically — are their causal and variational precursors.

'''In extreme summary''' (we will examine the details in the next chapter, dedicated to Forms, Systems, the Cosmos, and the Universe), from the first organization of the temporal distributions of the infinitesimal elementary fluctuations of spatial distances — fluctuations that characterize the dynamism of the Elementary Field with relevant resonances around the Planck scale — extremely rarefied (very low‑density) yet increasingly extensive (micro-)gradients, (micro-)flows, and (micro-)torsions begin to form, gradually acquiring causal permanence and variational (spatio‑temporal) structure.

In particular, it is the alternating and interacting Vortex Structures that constitute the turbulence which, from the dimensional depths of the Planck Scale and below, progressively reach spatial extensions large enough to saturate the available Space and interact. It is precisely from the interactions between those Vortex Structures that — evolutionarily (we might say, by natural selection) — have "survived," '''from the "friction" of the boundary regions between the different Structures/Halos of this non-particle rarefied Matter (Dark Matter) ''' — with very low Mass density yet extremely extensive — that Ordinary/Visible Matter is formed.

'''Turbulent micro‑vortices''', formed by the accentuated turbulence of the friction zones in the peripheral regions of the gigantic Dark‑Matter Halos. The first elementary Particles — presumably electrons (or positrons) — accelerated by the extreme dynamism of the Elementary Field in these boundary regions, go on to form "cosmic rays" of immense energy. In unlikely yet inevitable high‑energy collisions (given the dimensions, quantity, extension of the phenomena, and the times and spaces involved), they produce other, more massive Particles (quarks, etc.), baryons or other hadrons, the first nucleons such as protons, which through further collisions/interactions — partly random, partly facilitated by the metric, gravitational, electric, and above all magnetic structure of the cosmos in a phase of ever‑increasing organization — form the first atoms and molecules.

'''The first gases''' that, from the formation zones in the outer regions of Dark Halos, due to gravitational attraction and magnetic interaction, tend to thicken in specific areas of galactic halos, precipitating more and more toward the center of gravity and forming dense clouds from which the first generations of stars arise. From their explosions, dust and additional gas fuel the formation of further generations of stars, and then planets, systems, star clusters, entire galaxies — all involved in spectacular fusion phenomena and in the complex gravitational dynamics within clusters of galaxies and clusters of clusters, immense cosmic structures in which the dark and visible components interact in intricate ways to form the infinite Cosmic Web of the evolving Universe.

This is the image that emerges from the hypotheses I have gradually formulated about the processes that lead from the infinitely small to the infinitely large. An overall image, because to understand the Universe — Reality — I believe it is absolutely necessary to keep the compass always oriented toward '''a synthetic vision of the whole, at all levels of Complexity of Reality'''. As stated several times in this work, analysis without synthesis can lead (and certainly leads, as we can see from the current state of research in physics and cosmology) into unproductive, if not outright mistaken, branches. Synthesis and analysis are two approaches, two complementary tools that cannot and must never be separated.

'''Returning to our football metaphor''', I don't think we could define a good coach, a good football strategist, as someone who looks only at the individual players but not at the pitch and the team's play as a whole — nor as someone who looks only at the pitch and not at the individual players. The dynamics and properties of individual players, even if studied with infinite depth and precision, are not sufficient to guarantee good play and victory. We need knowledge of the pitch, of the team, an overall vision.

'''We could have used many other phenomena close to us''' (flocks of birds in flight, schools of fish in the sea, etc.) to provide a concrete example — as comprehensible as possible — of what we are trying to describe in this chapter and, more generally, in this work, even if it appears very abstract.

But '''I hope that this particular example has helped to clarify at least a little what we are talking about''', beyond the formal and necessarily abstract definitions. Being able to imagine in a spatial/geometric/visual sense, and in a temporal/dynamic/evolutionary sense, helps us understand better. Modern physics — especially quantum field theory, with its abstract formalisms and concepts that often appear patently absurd and incomprehensible (even to physicists) — does not help us obtain a "realistic" idea of Reality, pardon the pun. But I’m sure we understand each other!

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Paper Contents

2026-10-19T16:40:11Z

Paolo: /* 10. The Structures of Information */

__NOTOC__

<div style="display: table; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 7px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 95%; ">
<center>'''Contents'''</center>

# [[#1. Introduction|Introduction]]
# [[#2. A first look|A first look]]
# [[#3. Reality? Universe?|Reality? Universe?]]
# [[#4. The Fundamental Nature of Reality|The Fundamental Nature of Reality]]
# [[#5. What exists? What happens? How happens?|What exists? What happens? How happens?]]
# [[#6. The Process of Formation of Physical Reality|The Process of Formation of Physical Reality]]
# [[#7. The Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field|The Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field]]
# [[#8. Action: the Creation of Existence|Action: the Creation of Existence]]
# [[#9. Information: the Evolution of Essence / Form|Information: the Evolution of Essence / Form]]
# [[#10. The Structures of Information|The Structures of Information]]
# [[#11. The Forms and the Universe|The Forms and the Universe]]
# [[#12. Conclusions: a look into the future|Conclusions: a look into the future]]
</div>
<br>

=== Paper Abstract ===
*[[TFNR - Paper Abstract|Paper Abstract]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Paper Abstract|(T)]]

=== Notes by the Author ===
*[[TFNR - Notes by the Author|Notes by the Author]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Notes by the Author|(T)]]

=== 1. Introduction ===
*[[TFNR - Introduction|1. Introduction]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Introduction|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Research Project|1.1 The Research Project]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Research Project|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgtEHenCr4ya9CAMg?e=7CF6tX (S)]
*[[TFNR - The main questions about Physical Reality|1.2 The main questions about Physical Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The main questions about Physical Reality|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgnvWWt2rRVIgASag?e=q7cr9h (S)]
*[[TFNR - Crisis? What Crisis?|1.3 Crisis? What Crisis?]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Crisis? What Crisis?|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgu4ejvTOgFe69ndQ?e=ynOlK0 (S)]
*[[TFNR - Very important hypotheses about Reality|1.4 Very important hypotheses about Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Very important hypotheses about Reality|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgpTqDxkMEtMmLwPQ?e=6y7YzU (S)]
*[[TFNR - The global vision|1.5 The global vision]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The global vision|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgZRTWNBI9GfgyIiQ?e=DX2OiZ (S)]
*[[TFNR - How our world works... a new System of Knowledge|1.6 How our world works... a new System of Knowledge]] - [[Talk:TFNR - How our world works... a new System of Knowledge|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgc1uqV4X9_kKj7_A?e=uhAmzr (S)]
*[[TFNR - Reality and Knowledge|1.7 Reality and Knowledge]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Reality and Knowledge|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgd-gdxtRGaTCLs0A?e=iBwxZ9 (S)]
*[[TFNR - A new framework: Evolutionary Physics as part of Evolutionary Knowledge|1.8 A new framework: Evolutionary Physics as part of Evolutionary Knowledge]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A new framework: Evolutionary Physics as part of Evolutionary Knowledge|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgejkglHCOVjvauhg?e=fyyMRu (S)]
*[[TFNR - Terminological conventions|1.9 Terminological conventions]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Terminological conventions|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgXDM1TlMeHMD-Chw?e=3ZMAQn (S)]
*[[TFNR - In summary: some fundamental terms|1.10 In summary: some fundamental terms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - In summary: some fundamental terms|(T)]]

=== 2. A first look ===
*[[TFNR - A first look|2. A first look]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A first look|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - A first look#Knowledge|2.1 Knowledge]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A first look#Knowledge|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - A first look#Reality|2.2 Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A first look#Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - A first look#Microcosm - Physics|2.3 Microcosm - Physics]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A first look#Microcosm - Physics|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - A first look#Macrocosm - Cosmology|2.4 Macrocosm - Cosmology]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A first look#Macrocosm - Cosmology|(T)]]

=== 3. Reality? Universe? ===
*[[TFNR - Reality? Universe?|3. Reality? Universe?]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Reality? Universe?|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Reality - Existence - Essence (Form) - The Process of Formation (Creation and Evolution)|3.1 Reality - Existence - Essence (Form) - The Process of Formation (Creation and Evolution)]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Reality - Existence - Essence (Form) – The Process of Formation (Creation and Evolution)|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgvBapaaiwMNmkcTQ?e=Dg4BVd (S)]
*[[TFNR - Reality is a Process|3.2 Reality is a Process]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Reality is a Process|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgw-s0qCn9bNI2ksQ?e=UZbKiC (S)]
*[[TFNR - A landscape a bit confused|3.3 A landscape a bit confused]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A landscape a bit confused|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdg7wEdEjzeKDsfcQw?e=V5EqT3 (S)]
*[[TFNR - Looking at the world - The mark of the Source: the Force in Action|3.4 Looking at the world - The mark of the Source: the Force in Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Looking at the world - The mark of the Source: the Force in Action|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdg-79OGz9GvfhLAfA?e=WMSpT8 (S)]
*[[TFNR - Why there is something rather than nothing|3.5 Why there is something rather than nothing]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Why there is something rather than nothing|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdg8zAACq817InAjYA?e=f32014 (S)]
*[[TFNR - What exists?|3.6 What exists?]] - [[Talk:TFNR - What exists?|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdg9xWO6rhZhngLWmA?e=bH75pR (S)]
*[[TFNR - What exists is what happens. What happens is what exists. Entities and Events|3.7 What exists is what happens. What happens is what exists. Entities and Events]] - [[Talk:TFNR - What exists is what happens. What happens is what exists. Entities and Events|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhBq1Af1PIlmCTbBg?e=IVBCAe (S)]
*[[TFNR - What we see in the world, what is really fundamental?|3.8 What we see in the world, what is really fundamental?]] - [[Talk:TFNR - What we see in the world, what is really fundamental?|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhC4hsetOF9AGOaxw?e=rglbdp (S)]
*[[TFNR - Creation "and" Evolution: two complementary aspects of Formation|3.9 Creation "and" Evolution: two complementary aspects of Formation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Creation "and" Evolution: two complementary aspects of Formation|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhERKGeR01CHZsgnQ?e=ggAXCc (S)]
*[[TFNR - Action and Information: the core of Reality|3.10 Action and Information: the core of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Action and Information: the core of Reality|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdg_IneIJkzb_xv_CA?e=7vZsXF (S)]
*[[TFNR - Existence and Essence|3.11 Existence and Essence]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Existence and Essence|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhA0ZZKjUBSCaVviQ?e=FVNSPT (S)]
*[[TFNR - Nothing is absolute, everything is relative and evolves|3.12 Nothing is absolute, everything is relative and evolves]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Nothing is absolute, everything is relative and evolves|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhFKZTGjGuqab8kbA?e=WdkTgG (S)]
*[[TFNR - Why the term "Formation" is so central in this system of knowledge|3.13 Why the term "Formation" is so central in this system of knowledge]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Why the term "Formation" is so central in this system of knowledge|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhG5zbfE39vY7dVBQ?e=vdkbAR (S)]
*[[TFNR - The world in the terms of complex interactions of elementary (sub) processes: the construction of Reality|3.14 The world in the terms of complex interactions of elementary (sub) processes: the construction of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The world in the terms of complex interactions of elementary (sub) processes: the construction of Reality|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhDzCXfTutfIvKwfw?e=cGNF1K (S)]
*[[TFNR - Reverse engineering of Reality: a case study|3.15 Reverse engineering of Reality: a case study]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Reverse engineering of Reality: a case study|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdhHcr11VpgNPNzzvA?e=vxOu0r (S)]
*[[TFNR - A recipe for cooking Reality|3.16 A recipe for cooking Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A recipe for cooking Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - A box full of nothing|3.17 A box full of nothing]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A box full of nothing|(T)]]

=== 4. The Fundamental Nature of Reality ===
*[[TFNR - The Fundamental Nature of Reality|4. The Fundamental Nature of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Fundamental Nature of Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Origin of Reality|4.1 The Origin of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Origin of Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Properties and Behaviors of Reality|4.2 The Properties and Behaviors of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Properties and Behaviors of Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Aspects of Reality: dynamism and structure|4.3 The Aspects of Reality: dynamism and structure]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Aspects of Reality: dynamism and structure|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Dimensionalities / Dimensions of Reality|4.4 The Dimensionalities / Dimensions of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dimensionalities / Dimensions of Reality|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Causality / Cause|4.4.1 Causality / Cause]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Causality / Cause|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Variationality / Variation|4.4.2 Variationality / Variation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Variationality / Variation|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Spatiality / Space|4.4.2.1 Spatiality / Space]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Spatiality / Space|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Temporality / Time|4.4.2.2 Temporality / Time]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Temporality / Time|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The causal evolution of Reality|4.4.3 The causal evolution of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The causal evolution of Reality|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The main causal chain of Reality|4.4.3.1 The main causal chain of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The main causal chain of Reality|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The variational (spatial and temporal) evolution of Reality|4.4.4 The variational (spatial and temporal) evolution of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The variational (spatial and temporal) evolution of Reality|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The main variational chain of Reality|4.4.4.1 The main variational chain of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The main variational chain of Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Levels of Reality|4.5 The Levels of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Levels of Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Scales of Reality|4.6 The Scales of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Scales of Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Principle of Reality|4.7 The Principle of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principle of Reality|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgiUiLEXK6V8X6hgQ?e=cgWGKu (S)]
*[[TFNR - The Principles of Reality|4.8 The Principles of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principles of Reality|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgqFIAkfplYbYuV3w?e=DSQPs4 (S)]
*[[TFNR - Simplicity, elegance and naturalness|4.9 Simplicity, elegance and naturalness]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Simplicity, elegance and naturalness|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgdgrMpuhyFJDa66G5A?e=JitBmz (S)]
*[[TFNR - Truth, consistency and plausibility|4.10 Truth, consistency and plausibility]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Truth, consistency and plausibility|(T)]]

=== 5. What exists? What happens? How happens? ===
*[[TFNR - What exists? What happens? How happens?|5. What exists? What happens? How happens?]] - [[Talk:TFNR - What exists? What happens? How happens?|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Ontology, Phenomenology and Dynamics|5.1 Ontology, Phenomenology and Dynamics]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Ontology, Phenomenology and Dynamics|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Ontology: Entities|5.1.1 Ontology: Entities]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Ontology: Entities|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Phenomenology: Events and Relations|5.1.2 Phenomenology: Events and Relations]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Phenomenology: Events and Relations|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Dynamics: Processes|5.1.3 Dynamics: Processes]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dynamics: Processes|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Entities|5.2 Entities]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Entities|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Sources|5.2.1 Sources]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Sources|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Agents / Forces|5.2.2 Agents / Forces]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Agents / Forces|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Acted / Fields|5.2.3 Acted / Fields]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Acted / Fields|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Sources and Agency|5.2.4 Sources and Agency]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Sources and Agency|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Events|5.3 Events]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Events|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Elementary Events|5.3.1 Elementary Events]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Elementary Events|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Complex Events|5.3.2 Complex Events]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Complex Events|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - From Events to Action: the dynamics of Creation|5.3.3 From Events to Action: the dynamics of Creation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - From Events to Action: the dynamicsof Creation|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Relations|5.4 Relations]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Relations|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Elementary Relations|5.4.1 Elementary Relations]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Elementary Relations|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Complex Relations|5.4.2 Complex Relations]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Complex Relations|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - From Relation to Information: the dynamics of Evolution|5.4.3 From Relation to Information: the dynamics of Evolution]] - [[Talk:TFNR - From Relation to Information: the dynamics of Evolution|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Properties / Behaviors and Phenomena|5.4.4 Properties / Behaviors and Phenomena]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Properties / Behaviors and Phenomena|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Processes|5.5 Processes]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Processes|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Anabolic / constructive-organizing Processes|5.5.1 Anabolic / constructive-organizing Processes]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Anabolic / constructive-organizing Processes|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Catabolic / destructive-transforming Processes|5.5.2 Catabolic / destructive-transforming Processes]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Catabolic / destructive-transforming Processes|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Mixed / real Processes|5.5.3 Mixed / real Processes]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Mixed / real Processes|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Process of Formation of Reality|5.5.4 The Process of Formation of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Process of Formation of Reality|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The formative sub-Processes: Creation "and" Evolution|5.5.5 The formative sub-Processes: Creation "and" Evolution]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The formative sub-Processes: Creation "and" Evolution|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Derived Processes|5.5.6 Derived Processes]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Derived Processes|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Dynamics of Reality|5.5.7 The Dynamics of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of Reality|(T)]]

=== 6. The Process of Formation of Physical Reality ===
*[[TFNR - The Process of Formation of Physical Reality|6. The Process of Formation of Physical Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Process of Formation of Physical Reality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Creation and Evolution in the physical world|6.1 Creation and Evolution in the physical world]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Creation and Evolution in the physical world|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Creation (the Dynamics of Physical Action)|6.1.1 Creation (the Dynamics of Physical Action)]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Creation (the Dynamics of Physical Action)|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Evolution (the Dynamics of Physical Information)|6.1.2 Evolution (the Dynamics of Physical Information)]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Evolution (the Dynamics of Physical Information)|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Meaning, Structure, Operators and Products of the Process of Formation|6.2 Meaning, Structure, Operators and Products of the Process of Formation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Meaning, Structure, Operators and Products of the Process of Formation|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Causal Formation of Physical Reality: agents of Formation towards complexity|6.2.1 The Causal Formation of Reality: agents of Formation towards complexity]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Causal Formation of Reality: agents of Formation towards complexity|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Variational Formation of Physical Reality: products of Formation in terms of inhomogeneity|6.2.2 The Variational Formation of Reality: products of Formation in terms of inhomogeneity]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Variational Formation of Reality: products of Formation in terms of inhomogeneity|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Dynamics of Physical Reality|6.3 The Dynamics of Physical Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of Physical Reality|(T)]]

=== 7. The Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field ===
*[[TFNR - The Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field|7. The Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Primary Source of Reality: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Fundamental Force: the fundamental causal agent|7.1 The Fundamental Force: the fundamental causal agent]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Fundamental Force: the fundamental causal agent|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Elementary Field: the unitary variational acted|7.2 The Elementary Field: the unitary variational acted]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Elementary Field: the unitary variational acted|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Dynamics of the Source|7.3 The Dynamics of the Source]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of the Source|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Agency|7.4 Agency]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Agency|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Agency and Causality|7.4.1 Agency and Causality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Agency and Causality|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Agency and Variationality|7.4.2 Agency and Variationality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Agency and Variationality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Derived Sources|7.5 Derived Sources]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Derived Sources|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Derived Agents / Forces|7.5.1 Derived Agents / Forces]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Derived Agents / Forces|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Operational Agents (Operators of Reality)|7.5.1.1 Operational Agents (Operators of Reality)]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Operational Agents (Operators of Reality)|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Quantum Agents|7.5.1.2 Quantum Agents]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum Agents|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Deterministic Agents|7.5.1.3 Deterministic Agents]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Deterministic Agents|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Purposive Agents|7.5.1.4 Purposive Agents]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Purposive Agents|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Derived Acted / Fields|7.5.2 Derived Acted / Fields]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Derived Acted / Fields|(T)]]

=== 8. Action: the Creation of Existence ===
*[[TFNR - Action: the Creation of Existence|8. Action: the Creation of Existence]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Action: the Creation of Existence|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Action: the product of the Dynamics of the Source|8.1 Action: the product of the Dynamics of the Source]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Action: the product of the Dynamics of the Source|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Dynamics of Action and its Modes / Components|8.2 The Dynamics of Action and its Modes / Components]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of Action and its Modes / Components|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Variation|8.2.1 Variation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Variation|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Propagation|8.2.2 Propagation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Propagation|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Conservation|8.2.3 Conservation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Conservation|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Cycle of Action: effects that become causes|8.3 The Cycle of Action: effects that become causes]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Cycle of Action: effects that become causes|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Physical Action|8.4 Physical Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Physical Action|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Dynamics of Physical Action|8.5 The Dynamics of Physical Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of Physical Action|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Elementary Action|8.5.1 Elementary Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Elementary Action|(T)]] - [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AiscUKu-lcdjgcdNzB_bqvKGk-R5Pw?e=sgdObZ (S)]
**[[TFNR - The Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components|8.5.2 The Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Perturbation - Gradient|8.5.2.1 Perturbation - Gradient]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Perturbation - Gradient|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Translation - Divergence|8.5.2.2 Translation - Divergence]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Translation - Divergence|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Rotation - Curl|8.5.2.3 Rotation - Curl]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Rotation - Curl|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Symmetry and Symmetry-Breaking in the Dynamics of Elementary Action|8.5.3 Symmetry and Symmetry-Breaking in the Dynamics of Elementary Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Symmetry and Symmetry-Breaking in the Dynamics of Elementary Action|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - A possible framework for the formalization of the Dynamics of Elementary Action|8.5.4 A possible framework for the formalization of the Dynamics of Elementary Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A possible framework for the formalization of the Dynamics of Elementary Action|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Fundamental Principles of the Dynamics of Elementary Action|8.5.5 The Fundamental Principles of the Dynamics of Elementary Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Fundamental Principles of the Dynamics of Elementary Action|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Principle of Variation|8.5.5.1 The Principle of Variation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principle of Variation|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Principle of Propagation|8.5.5.2 The Principle of Propagation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principle of Propagation|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Principle of Conservation|8.5.5.3 The Principle of Conservation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principle of Conservation|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Other Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics|8.5.5.4 Other Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Other Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Principle of General Equivalence|8.5.5.5 The Principle of General Equivalence]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principle of General Equivalence|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Physical Principles|8.5.6 Physical Principles]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Physical Principles|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Principle of Uncertainty|8.5.6.1 The Principle of Uncertainty]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principle of Uncertainty|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Principle of Action and Reaction|8.5.6.2 The Principle of Action and Reaction]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Principle of Action and Reaction|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Principle of Least Action|8.5.6.3 The Principle of Least Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The principle of Least Action|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Other Physical Principles|8.5.6.4 Other Physical Principles]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Other Physical Principles|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Derived Action|8.5.7 Derived Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Derived Action|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Fundamental Physical Quantities|8.5.8 Fundamental Physical Quantities]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Fundamental Physical Quantities|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Fundamental Constants of Nature|8.5.9 Fundamental Constants of Nature]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Fundamental Constants of Nature|(T)]]

=== 9. Information: the Evolution of Essence / Form ===
*[[TFNR - Information: the Evolution of Essence / Form|9. Information: the Evolution of Essence / Form]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Information: the Evolution of Essence / Form|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Information: the product of the Dynamics of Action|9.1 Information: the product of the Dynamics of Action]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Information: the product of the Dynamics of Action|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Relation / Correlation and Information / Energy|9.2 Relation / Correlation and Information / Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Relation / Correlation and Information / Energy|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Dynamics of Information: Evolution toward Complexity|9.3 The Dynamics of Information: Evolution toward Complexity]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of Information: Evolution toward Complexity|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Chaos / order (im)balance: entropy and negentropy|9.3.1 Chaos / order (im)balance: entropy and negentropy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Chaos / order (im)balance: entropy and negentropy|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Complexity|9.3.2 Complexity]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Complexity|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The role of emergence in the construction of Reality|9.3.3 The role of emergence in the construction of Reality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The role of emergence in the construction of Reality|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Cycle of Information|9.3.4 The Cycle of Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Cycle of Information|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Organization|9.3.4.1 Organization]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Organization|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Transformation|9.3.4.2 Transformation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Transformation|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Selection|9.3.4.3 Selection]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Selection|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Physical Information|9.4 Physical Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Physical Information|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Dynamics of Physical Information|9.5 The Dynamics of Physical Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Dynamics of Physical Information|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - States: snapshots of the world in motion|9.6 States: snapshots of the world in motion]] - [[Talk:TFNR - States: snapshots of the world in motion|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The states of the Elementary Field|9.6.1 The states of the Elementary Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The states of the Elementary Field|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - States of Derived Physical Fields|9.6.2 States of Derived Physical Fields]] - [[Talk:TFNR - States of Derived Physical Fields|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Elementary Physical Information: Energy|9.7 Elementary Physical Information: Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Elementary Physical Information: Energy|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Unstructured Energy: Energy "of" the unstructured Field|9.7.1 Unstructured Energy: Energy "of" the unstructured Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Unstructured Energy: Energy "of" the unstructured Field|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Structured Energy: Energy "in" the structured Field|9.7.2 Structured Energy: Energy "in" the structured Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Structured Energy: Energy "in" the structured Field|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Forms of Structured Energy|9.7.2.1 Forms of Structured Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Forms of Structured Energy|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Turbulence: minimal organization of the Field|9.7.2.1.1 Turbulence: minimal organization of the Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Turbulence: minimal organization of the Field|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Potentials: elementary but extended organization of the Field|9.7.2.1.2 Potentials: elementary but extended organization of the Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Potentials: elementary but extended organization of the Field|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - InfoStructures: high and self-sustaining organization of the Field|9.7.2.1.3 InfoStructures: high and self-sustaining organization of the Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - InfoStructures: high and self-sustaining organization of the Field|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Structured Energy "of" the Field: Potential Energy|9.7.2.2 Structured Energy "of" the Field: Potential Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Structured Energy "of" the Field: Potential Energy|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Structured Energy "in" the Field: Effective Energy|9.7.2.3 Structured Energy "in" the Field: Effective Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Structured Energy "in" the Field: Effective Energy|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - More complex Physical Information|9.8 More complex Physical Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - More complex Physical Information|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Quantum Information|9.8.1 Quantum Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum Information|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Classical Information|9.8.2 Classical Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Classical Information|(T)]]

=== 10. The Structures of Information ===
*[[TFNR - The Structures of Information|10. The Structures of Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Structures of Information|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - An "extreme" example of Structures of Information|10.1 An "extreme" example of Structures of Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - An "extreme" example of Structures of Information|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures|10.2 Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Waves|10.2.1 Waves]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Waves|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Vortices|10.2.2 Vortices]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Vortices|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Interactions|10.2.3 Interactions]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Interactions|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Mixed Structures - Complex Particles / Vortices and Interactions|10.2.4 Mixed Structures - Complex Particles / Vortices and Interactions]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Mixed Structures - Complex Particles / Vortices and Interactions|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - The Process of Formation of the Dark and Visible Structures of Information|10.3 The Process of Formation of the Dark and Visible Structures of Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Process of Formation of the Dark and Visible Structures of Information|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Properties of the Structures of Information|10.4 Properties of the Structures of Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Properties of the Structures of Information|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Dualities in the world of the Structures of Information|10.4.1 Dualities in the world of the Structures of Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dualities in the world of the Structures of Information|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Continuity (or) and Discreetness / Granularity / Quantization|10.4.1.1 Continuity (or) and Discreetness / Granularity / Quantization]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Continuity (or) and Discreetness / Granularity / Quantization|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Waves (or) and Particles / Vortices|10.4.1.2 Waves (or) and Particles / Vortices]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Waves (or) and Particles / Vortices|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Quantum fields (or) and Particles|10.4.1.3 Quantum fields (or) and Particles]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum fields (or) and Particles|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Separability, individuation, internal distribution and locality|10.4.2 Separability, individuation, internal distribution and locality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Separability, individuation, internal distribution and locality|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Separability|10.4.2.1 Separability]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Separability|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Individuation|10.4.2.2 Individuation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Individuation|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Internal distribution|10.4.2.3 Internal distribution]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Internal distribution|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Locality|10.4.2.4 Locality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Locality|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Dynamics of the Structures of Information|10.5 Dynamics of the Structures of Information]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dynamics of the Structures of Information|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Classical dynamics|10.5.1 Classical dynamics]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Classical dynamics|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Quantum dynamics|10.5.2 Quantum dynamics]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum dynamics|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Evolutionary dynamics|10.5.3 Evolutionary dynamics]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Evolutionary dynamics|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Locality / non-locality|10.5.3.1 Locality / non-locality]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Locality / non-locality|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Entanglement|10.5.3.2 Entanglement]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Entanglement|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Reasons for the locality / non-locality dispute|10.5.3.3 Reasons for the locality / non-locality dispute]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Reasons for the locality / non-locality dispute|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - A step forward into the magical world of quantum|10.5.3.4 A step forward into the magical world of quantum]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A step forward into the magical world of quantum|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Indetermination / Uncertainty|10.5.3.4.1 Indetermination / Uncertainty]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Indetermination / Uncertainty|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Quantum objects|10.5.3.4.2 Quantum objects]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum objects|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Spacial and temporal physical form of quantum objects|10.5.3.4.3 Spacial and temporal physical form of quantum objects]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Spacial and temporal physical form of quantum objects|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Quantum properties|10.5.3.4.4 Quantum properties]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum properties|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Quantum states|10.5.3.4.5 Quantum states]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum states|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Conjugate or complementary quantum quantities / variables|10.5.3.4.6 Conjugate or complementary quantum quantities / variables]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Conjugate or complementary quantum quantities / variables|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Superposition|10.5.3.4.7 Superposition]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Superposition|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Probability of outcomes of observations vs compositional statistical representation of quantum states|10.5.3.4.8 Probability of outcomes of observations vs compositional statistical representation of quantum states]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Probability of outcomes of observations vs compositional statistical representation of quantum states|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Quantum measurement|10.5.3.4.9 Quantum measurement]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum measurement|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Correlation of quantum states|10.5.3.4.10 Correlation of quantum states]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Correlation of quantum states|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Quantum decoherence|10.5.3.4.11 Quantum decoherence]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Quantum decoherence|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Connection between entangled quantum objects|10.5.3.4.12 Connection between entangled quantum objects]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Connection between entangled quantum objects|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Action at a distance|10.5.3.4.13 Action at a distance]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Action at a distance|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Wavefunctions and the physical meaning of Schrodinger equation|10.5.3.4.14 Wavefunctions and the physical meaning of Schrodinger equation]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Wavefunctions and the physical meaning of Schrodinger equation|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Wavefunction collapse|10.5.3.4.15 Wavefunction collapse]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Wavefunction collapse|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Physical quantities and phenomena in the structured Field|10.6 Physical quantities and phenomena in the structured Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Physical quantities and phenomena in the structured Field|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Space-time and metric phenomena|10.6.1 Space-time and metric phenomena]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Space-time and metric phenomena|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Mass and gravitational phenomena|10.6.2 Mass and gravitational phenomena]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Mass and gravitational phenomena|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Motion and kinetic phenomena|10.6.3 Motion and kinetic phenomena]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Motion and kinetic phenomena|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Charge and electric phenomena|10.6.4 Charge and electric phenomena]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Charge and electric phenomena|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Spin and magnetic phenomena|10.6.5 Spin and magnetic phenomena]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Spin and magnetic phenomena|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Complex physical quantities and phenomena|10.6.6 Complex physical quantities and phenomena]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Complex physical quantities and phenomena|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Unification of the physical derived structured forces and fields|10.6.7 Unification of the physical derived structured forces and fields]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Unification of the physical derived structured forces and fields|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Energy and Matter in the structured Field|10.7 Energy and Matter in the structured Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Energy and Matter in the structured Field|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Energy in the structured Field|10.7.1 Energy in the structured Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Energy in the structured Field|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Dark Energy|10.7.1.1 Dark Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dark Energy|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Dark Radiant Energy: Gravitational Waves|10.7.1.1.1 Dark Radiant Energy: Gravitational Waves]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dark Radiant Energy: Gravitational Waves|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Ordinary Energy|10.7.1.2 Ordinary Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Ordinary Energy|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Ordinary Radiant Energy: Electromagnetic Waves|10.7.1.2.1 Ordinary Radiant Energy: Electromagnetic Waves]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Ordinary Radiant Energy: Electromagnetic Waves|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Matter|10.7.2 Matter]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Matter|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Dark (invisible) Matter|10.7.2.1 Dark (invisible) Matter]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dark (invisible) Matter|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Halos / Vortices|10.7.2.1.1 Halos / Vortices]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Halos / Vortices|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Ordinary (visible) Matter|10.7.2.2 Ordinary (visible) Matter]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Ordinary (visible) Matter|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Particles / Vortices|10.7.2.2.1 Particles / Vortices]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Particles / Vortices|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Matter and Antimatter|10.7.2.2.2 Matter and Antimatter]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Matter and Antimatter|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Cycle of Matter / Energy|10.7.3 The Cycle of Matter / Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Cycle of Matter / Energy|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Interactions between Matter and Radiant Energy|10.7.4 Interactions between Matter and Radiant Energy]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Interactions between Matter and Radiant Energy|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Observing Structures from absolute or relative perspectives|10.8 Observing Structures from absolute or relative perspectives]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Observing Structures from absolute or relative perspectives|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Some InfoStructures models|10.9 Some InfoStructures models]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Some InfoStructures models|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Some common physical phenomena in the structured Field|10.10 Some common physical phenomena in the structured Field]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Some common physical phenomena in the structured Field|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Notes on some relevant experiments|10.11 Notes on some relevant experiments]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Notes on some relevant experiments|(T)]]

=== 11. The Forms and the Universe ===
*[[TFNR - The Forms and the Universe|11. The Forms and the Universe]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Forms and the Universe|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Forms|11.1 Forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Forms|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Physical Forms|11.1.1 Physical Forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Physical Forms|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Material forms|11.1.1.1 Material forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Material forms|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - States of Matter|11.1.1.2 States of Matter]] - [[Talk:TFNR - States of Matter|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Immaterial forms|11.1.1.3 Immaterial forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Immaterial forms|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Physical aspects of Cognitive (living and automata) Forms|11.1.1.4 Physical aspects of Cognitive (living and automata) Forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Physical aspects of Cognitive (living and automata) Forms|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Dynamics of Physical Forms|11.1.2 Dynamics of Physical Forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dynamics of Physical Forms|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Systems of Forms|11.2 Systems of Forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Systems of Forms|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Systems of Physical Forms|11.2.1 Systems of Physical Forms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Systems of Physical Forms|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Atoms|11.2.1.1 Atoms]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Atoms|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Molecules|11.2.1.2 Molecules]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Molecules|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Substances|11.2.1.3 Substances]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Substances|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Objects and Bodies|11.2.1.4 Objects and Bodies]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Objects and Bodies|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Structures of objects and bodies|11.2.1.5 Structures of objects and bodies]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Structures of objects and bodies|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Physical Systems|11.2.2 Physical Systems]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Physical Systems|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Dynamics of Physical Systems|11.2.3 Dynamics of Physical Systems]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dynamics of Physical Systems|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Dynamics of the physical aspects of the Cognitive Systems and Ecosystems|11.2.4 Dynamics of the physical aspects of the Cognitive Systems and Ecosystems]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dynamics of the physical aspects of the Cognitive Systems and Ecosystems|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Universe|11.3 Universe]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Universe|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - The Universe of the Forms: the cosmological and the biological visions|11.3.1 The Universe of the Forms: the cosmological and the biological visions]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Universe of the Forms: the cosmological and the biological visions|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Dynamics of the Cosmos and the Universe|11.3.2 Dynamics of the Cosmos and the Universe]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Dynamics of the Cosmos and the Universe|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The Evolutionary Cosmological Model|11.3.2.1 The Evolutionary Cosmological Model]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The Evolutionary Cosmological Model|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - The origin and the evolution of the Universe|11.3.2.2 The origin and the evolution of the Universe]] - [[Talk:TFNR - The origin and the evolution of the Universe|(T)]]
***[[TFNR - Substances, objects, bodies, structures and megastructures in the Cosmos|11.3.2.3 Substances, objects, bodies, structures and megastructures in the Cosmos]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Substances, objects, bodies, structures and megastructures in the Cosmos|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Cosmic substances|11.3.2.3.1 Cosmic substances]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Cosmic substances|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Cosmic objects and bodies|11.3.2.3.2 Cosmic objects and bodies]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Cosmic objects and bodies|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Cosmic structures|11.3.2.3.3 Cosmic structures]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Cosmic structures|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Cosmic megastructures|11.3.2.3.4 Cosmic megastructures]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Cosmic megastructures|(T)]]
****[[TFNR - Cosmic Web|11.3.2.3.5 Cosmic Web]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Cosmic Web|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - Biological evolutionary dynamics and the Dynamics of Living Beings|11.3.3 Biological evolutionary dynamics and the Dynamics of Living Beings]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Biological evolutionary dynamics and the Dynamics of Living Beings|(T)]]
**[[TFNR - A brief history of the Universe|11.3.4 A brief history of the Universe]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A brief history of the Universe|(T)]]

=== 12. Conclusions: a look into the future ===
*[[TFNR - Conclusions: a look into the future|12. Conclusions: a look into the future]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Conclusions: a look into the future|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - About this work|12.1 About this work]] - [[Talk:TFNR - About this work|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - A lot of work to do|12.2 A lot of work to do]] - [[Talk:TFNR - A lot of work to do|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Fundamental questions: Who are we? What are we?|12.3 Fundamental questions: Who are we? What are we?]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Fundamental questions: Who are we? What are we?|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - Knowledge and Consciousness|12.4 Knowledge and Consciousness]] - [[Talk:TFNR - Knowledge and Consciousness|(T)]]
*[[TFNR - And now?|12.5 And now?]] - [[Talk:TFNR - And now?|(T)]]

TFNR - The Structures of Information

2026-10-19T16:35:59Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Everywhere we look, observe, measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... '''Everything has structure, everything is structure''': structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of larger and more complex Forms, Systems, the Universe itself. Structures composing structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation. In this sense, everything is structured Information in incessant interaction.

'''Information, In-Form-Action...'''

Structures of Information make up the entire evolving Universe, from elementary quantum objects to stars, galaxies and living beings. And not only in the physical domain. '''In the cognitive domain as well, everything appears as structure''': Structures of Cognitive Information (perceptions, sensations, emotions, memories, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge, and so on) continuously interact, forming consciousness, internal states, representations of ourselves and of the world in which we live.

'''Information and Structures everywhere!'''

As seen in the previous chapters, in the causal chain that leads from the Source to Reality, '''after Action we encounter Information: the Form of Action'''. Information, however, does not remain isolated. It tends to organize itself into coherent patterns, becoming structured Information.

'''Structures of Information are organized Forms of Action.'''

Relations between Events form Processes and patterns of organization. '''These patterns progressively acquire coherence, persistence and individuality, becoming Structures'''. Structures, in turn, become the building blocks of Forms and of all higher levels of Reality.

Within this knowledge system, and with reference to the most elementary level of Physical Reality, the expression '''Structure of Information''' refers to a '''pattern of organization of Action in the Field'''.

Structures therefore represent '''the forms assumed by the incessant dynamism of Reality''': Processes of Events organized by Relations, correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of pre-spatial fluctuations in / of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force.

In this sense, Structures are not containers of something else. They are not passive objects. They are organized Action, and therefore organized Information / Energy.

Throughout this chapter, we will examine the origin, classification, properties and dynamics of the Structures of Information, with particular attention to the Physical Structures of Information that constitute Matter, Radiation and the physical world.

'''Important!''' For the sake of brevity and simplicity, instead of the extended expression "Structure of Information" I will often use the term '''InfoStructure''' (IS), or simply '''Structure''' whenever no ambiguity is possible.

=== What is structure, and what are Structures? ===

Where does all this structure come from? Where do Structures originate? And what does structure represent in Reality and of Reality? And likewise for Structures?

Structure is '''one of the fundamental aspects of Reality''', both in the physical and in the cognitive domain. The other aspect, which we examined in previous chapters — especially in the one dedicated to Action — is '''dynamism''': the incessant variation of form, deformation, what I call an Event. '''Structure consists of more or less mutable Relations among Events that give form to dynamism'''. And "structure" is precisely the "form" of "dynamism". It represents '''the evolving Essence / Form of dynamism, while dynamism itself represents Existence in its unfolding'''.

Structures should not be viewed as static objects. They are evolving organizations of Action, emerging from and sustained by the continuous evolutionary dynamics of the Elementary Field. Their existence, persistence, transformation and disappearance are all aspects of the same Process of Formation.

Just as Information is the form of Action, so '''"structure" is the form of "dynamism"'''. Structure is the configuration that Action assumes when we observe it as a state. And therefore, what has been said for Information / Energy and for informational / energetic states also applies to "structure": to observe a form, to capture a state, to measure the energy of a system, '''we must stop Time''' — we must take a snapshot of a process in incessant evolution.

Between "flow" quantities (Action) and "state" quantities (Information / Energy), '''complementary quantities, a deep connection emerges'''. It recalls the uncertainty principle and the complementarity of physical observables: it highlights '''the intrinsic limits of nature in the simultaneous determination of certain properties of a system'''. If a structure is the instantaneous configuration of an ever‑changing dynamism, how could we capture its form with infinite precision if that form is itself continuously transforming?

To grasp the form, we must freeze Time; '''but if we freeze Time, we no longer see the flow'''. The two aspects — dynamism and structure — are inseparable, '''yet mutually exclusive in observation'''. The more fundamental the level of Reality we explore, the sharper this tension becomes. As we descend toward the infinitesimal dimensional scales of Physical Reality, toward the particle domain and beyond, transformation becomes extremely rapid, dynamism becomes fundamental and incessant, and '''capturing the form becomes an impossible mission'''.

In this context, where dynamism becomes ever faster and more incessant, "form" — and therefore "structure" — becomes progressively less precise, less identifiable, less sharply definable. '''Form and structure acquire increasingly statistical connotations''': average values, average shapes, average structures. Determinism gives way to the probabilistic character of uncertainty and indetermination.

=== Turbulence, Potentials, InfoStructures ===

Within the general framework of this knowledge system, InfoStructures represent '''the most organized and individuated level of Action in the Field'''. They emerge '''from a deeper physical genealogy''' composed of '''progressively more organized conditions of Action'''. At the most elementary level lies '''Turbulence''', the minimal and non‑coherent form of Action. Above it, we find the '''Potentials''', extended but non‑self‑sustaining configurations of the Field. '''InfoStructures constitute the third level''': highly organized, coherent and self‑sustaining forms of Action, endowed with their own Properties, Behaviors, Dynamics and evolutionary trajectories.

'''In this chapter we focus exclusively on InfoStructures''' — their physical forms (Waves, Vortices, Interactions), their Properties and their dynamics. Turbulence and Potentials are not treated here systematically, as they belong to the more elementary levels of Action and have been analyzed in previous chapters. Nevertheless, it is useful to recall that every InfoStructure originates from evolutionary processes involving these simpler levels: Turbulence spontaneously emerges from the elementary dynamism, Potentials provide the first extended organization of the Field, and InfoStructures represent the structured and individuated form of Action that constitutes the basis of Matter and Radiation, both ordinary / visible and dark / invisible.

'''In turn, Turbulence and Potentials are also influenced by the nature and dynamics of the InfoStructures themselves.''' The presence, Motion and interactions of InfoStructures continuously reshape the surrounding Field, '''modifying local turbulence and generating or transforming Potentials'''. In this way, '''the genealogy of Action is not a one‑directional hierarchy but an incessant co‑evolution''': the elementary levels give rise to InfoStructures, and InfoStructures continuously reorganize the elementary levels from which they emerged.

=== Various definitions of Structures of Information ===

Observing the InfoStructures from the different perspectives of the profound nature of Reality, '''we can formulate different definitions, all complementary and equivalent''', each capable of providing a peculiar image that helps us build a more complete and detailed vision.

Strictly speaking, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, by Structures I mean '''those small entities, so to say, that represent the discrete, quantized aspect of Reality: waves, particles, and their more or less complex interactions'''. These are not "objects" in the conventional sense, but elementary forms of organized Action that make up ordinary / visible Matter (radiation, particles, atoms, etc.). In the representation of what exists within this system of knowledge, these InfoStructures represent only a small fraction of the Matter and Energy believed to exist in the Universe (Information). To this we must add all the Matter and Energy of the dark / invisible sector of Physical Reality, which we will discuss later.

'''Speaking of terms and definitions''', for Matter and Energy whose existence is supposed but whose nature and form are not known, rather than using the adjective "dark", it is more appropriate to use the term "'''invisible'''", because this is what it refers to: the impossibility of observing these entities as they do not seem to emit electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, x or gamma rays, etc.). Symmetrically, we should use the term "'''visible'''" for Matter and Energy that we can observe by collecting electromagnetic radiation, and which we call "ordinary" or "bright". In the text, given common usage, I will continue to use both "dark and invisible" and "ordinary and visible" or "bright".

Similarly, we will talk about the '''dark / invisible sector''' or side to collectively refer to the invisible InfoStructures hypothesized to populate the Universe, and the ordinary / visible / bright sector or side for the Structures that we can observe through gravitational and electromagnetic radiation.

Extending our hypotheses a little, we could say that '''the invisible sector is composed of massive Structures with low density and wide spatial distribution''' (halos of dark matter / dark energy and gravitational waves, the complex dark structure of the cosmic web), expressions of the Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation, root of Space-time and Mass, source of metric and gravitational phenomena and dominated by gravity (and therefore observable through gravitational effects, e.g. gravitational dynamics of celestial bodies, strong and weak lensing, etc).

On the other hand, '''the visible sector is composed of massive Structures with high density and narrow spatial distribution''' (Particles of ordinary, or even "exotic" but still visible / detectable Matter, ordinary Energy and electromagnetic waves, the Matter and Radiation that make up the "non-dark" part of the Universe), expressions, as well as of the Perturbation Mode, primarily of the Component of Elementary Action called Rotation, in its two sub-modes Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Charge and Spin, source of electrical and magnetic phenomena and dominated by electromagnetism, and a fundamental contributor to the dynamism and the form that characterize vortex‑like Structures.

Let's try to put things in order:

*'''from the perspective of what exists in terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes''', InfoStructures can be defined as '''Processes, dynamic networks of Relations between Events, produced by Entities / Sources (Force / Field couples), which show correlation in the basic dynamism of the Field'''. They are networks of organized Events that show consistent collective expressions / behaviors and common properties emerging from the more elementary levels of Reality, from the dynamism of Elementary Action. At the level of the [[Elementary Field]], InfoStructures represent networks of [[Elementary Events]] that show some level of correlation (organized by [[Relations]]) and manifest a collective behavior from which a condition of individuation emerges such that the Structures themselves can be configured as independent entities.

*'''from the perspective of Sources (Forces and Fields couples), Action, Information, Form''', Structures can be seen as '''(Derived) Entities, causal and variational centers of Action, produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field'''. A Structure represents an organized portion of the Elementary Field, which can then be seen as a (Derived) Field (for example, the electric field manifested by a charged particle), which becomes source of a (Derived) Force (for example, the electric force manifested by that same charged particle acting on another charged particle through the Field). The InfoStructures in turn become (Derived) Sources of Causality and Variationality, centers of derived Action, which constitute the derived aspect of the fundamental sub-Entities (Force and Field) in which the Source of Reality manifests itself. Formed by Elementary Action and being centers of Derived Action, the Structures manifest form, properties, behaviors and dynamics that depend on their particular constitutive profiles of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, in the two sub-modes Rotation-Chirality and Rotation-AxisOrientation). These Derived Entities populate both the dark / invisible and ordinary / visible sides of the Universe.

*'''from the perspective of the relation between the continuous and the discrete''', Structures represent the '''discrete (quantized) aspect of Reality emerging from a continuous Field'''. Although composed of correlations among an enormous number of Events in Space-time domains, nets of dynamical micro-states in a continuous Field, Structures can be considered as units, organizations or systems, "individualities" that show emergent properties and behaviors. The key element for this emerging unity / individuality of each Structure of Information is the level of correlation between the Elementary Events that support its existence. When the intensity of the correlations between the Elementary Events of a dynamic set is greater than the intensity of the correlations between such Events and all the other Events that animate the Field outside the set, the correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of / in the Field, or equivalently the Relations between the Elementary Events of the dynamic whole, constitute a Structure of Information. '''The border between the continuous and the discrete''' is often blurred, only sometimes clearer. Everything we perceive or imagine as distinct, separate, confined, is in fact not so if we observe its boundary at the smallest dimensional scales. Already at the molecular level, even more so at the atomic and subatomic level. In the ordinary conception, we imagine electrons as elementary, "simple", unitary, point-like particles, of which, net of quantum indeterminacy and their peculiar dynamics, it is possible to determine their position with infinite precision, while at the same time renouncing similar precision infinite for the measurement of the speed of movement in Space-time (position and velocity, or better "momentum", are conjugate quantum quantities). In this model of Reality, an electron, as a Structure of Information of the "Vortex" type / "Particle" sub-type, is hypothesized to be a portion of the Elementary Field organized with a particular configuration of correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of the Field, a configuration with the shape of a three-dimensional "Vortex" whose blurred boundaries reflect the indeterminacy of the correlations. What matters here are not the Events themselves, which can enter and exit the set, but the Relations that bind them, the '''correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial fluctuations of the Field which constitute the Elementary Events'''. These Relations represent Information, or, in its most basic sense, Energy: the form of Action when observed as state.

*'''from the perspective of the role they play in the construction of Reality''', InfoStructures are the '''(Derived) Entities that compose the physical world: force carriers, Radiation, Dark Matter, Particles of Ordinary / Visible / Bright Matter, and all the connected (derived) fields and forces, as their expressions'''. As Entities, Waves, Vortices (massive particles) and Interactions, the elementary and composite structures of [[Matter]] and [[Radiation]], can be defined as Agents; specifically, [[Quantum Agents]], as their interactions mainly follow the principles of Quantum Dynamics and the formulation of Quantum Field Theory. InfoStructures represent the causal sources of the quantization of Matter and Energy in the continuous Elementary Field. Structures are the '''building blocks of Material Forms''', the objects of Physical Reality. As nets of Physical InfoStructures in incessant interaction (like Waves and Particles), Material Forms evolve into more and more complex objects (atoms, molecules, bodies, etc.), showing emergent features and properties, behaving according to the dynamics proper to that peculiar kind of Structure / Form. Transcending the level of the Structures, new Properties and Behaviors emerge with the evolution of Material Forms. And vice versa, the new Properties and Behaviors of the Forms make the Structures evolve, modifying their Behavior and Properties, in an incessant co-evolution that gives form to the Universe (Process of Formation of Reality).

=== Importance ===

As said above, '''everything we observe, everything we measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... Everything has / is structure''', or better, '''dynamism that can be observed as structure'''. We and everything around us are made of Structures, objects, Forms or parts of Forms, systems of Forms. Structures that compose Structures, systems of Structures in dynamic relation: everything is "structured Information", incessantly interacting.

All levels of Reality are equally important for understanding existence, but the level of InfoStructures, together with that of Forms, is the one most directly before us. It is therefore natural that it appears the most attractive and accessible to study. The products of their incessant cosmic dance affect our senses, inducing perceptions that become sensations, emotions, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge. A cognitive complexity that reflects the complexity of the Structures and Forms that compose Physical Reality. It is no coincidence that "traditional" science — mainstream research (physics, chemistry, astrophysics, cosmology, ...) — deals above all with InfoStructures and Forms and their dynamics, even if these classes are named differently (particles, waves, interactions, objects, stars, galaxies, etc.).

Because of this proximity, the space occupied by this field of research in modern physics and the amount of theoretical and experimental activity devoted to it are enormous. The intellectual and experimental effort is impressive, with huge investments concentrated on the development of increasingly powerful colliders, in search of new particles and increasingly accurate measurements of their properties. Particles, particles, particles... InfoStructures. Studying them is essential, but to understand their nature, origin, internal dynamics and mutual interactions, and their role in the construction of Physical Reality, it is not enough to observe collisions at ever higher energies. Since the physical world is not composed only of InfoStructures (visible and invisible), to go deeper and attempt to understand the Fundamental Nature of Reality, '''it is not enough to study particles, waves and their interactions; it is necessary to observe Nature with new eyes and an open mind'''. Particle models, useful for classifying particles and their interactions, if they saturate the theoretical and experimental landscape, risk becoming an obstacle to understanding Reality at a deeper level, and to constructing a unified vision of Reality, of Nature, of the Universe.

It is therefore crucial to grasp the true nature of InfoStructures, '''to build a correct representation — a more accurate, plausible and realistic vision'''. In my opinion, much of the apparent weirdness and difficulty of interpretation associated with Quantum Mechanics may derive from '''an incomplete representation of quantum objects and their internal dynamism'''. This possibility motivates the analysis developed in the second part of this chapter, dedicated to the reinterpretation of quantum phenomena through the framework of InfoStructures and, more generally, through the broader descriptive framework of Reality proposed in this work.

They have even led to a redefinition of the very concepts of Reality and realism, when it would have been sufficient to abandon classical and relativistic determinism in favor of indeterminacy and probabilities. Faced with this theoretical impasse, the response was "Shut up and calculate!", or interpretations that, to me, made little sense (many worlds, pilot waves, deterministic hidden-variable models, etc.). The erroneous conception of the nature and form of quantum objects has led to '''counterintuitive deductions''' that have influenced the entire landscape of fundamental physics, scientific research, philosophy, culture, and even the everyday vision of Reality.

=== Origin ===

'''Where do InfoStructures come from?''' What is their origin? How do they take form?

The simple and concise answer is that '''they arise from the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field''', the dynamism of Elementary Action governed by the three Fundamental Principles (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, and Least Action). By origin or origination I therefore mean Formation: construction through creative and evolutionary Processes that, starting from the sub-elementary fluctuations of the Field, first give rise to invisible / Dark structures (Dark Halos / Bubbles / web, and gravitational waves) and then, through their dynamics, to visible / Ordinary Structures (massive Particles and electromagnetic waves). This formation occurs essentially through '''two aspects of evolutionary Processes'''.

The first, '''self‑organization''', is a fundamental aspect of the evolutionary dynamics of Reality. Structures emerge from the Field, co‑evolving in an incessant interaction with the dynamism of the Field itself.

The second, '''interaction''', is the aspect through which many Structures are produced by the dynamics of already existing Structures.

InfoStructures (Invisible and Visible, or Dark and Ordinary) '''originate from a specific part of the Process of Formation of Reality''', through which Information becomes organized into Structures.

This process took '''an infinite Time''', in the sense that there was no real beginning. The spontaneous organization of correlations (Relations) between the pre‑temporal distributions of the pre‑spatial fluctuations (of distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale (Elementary Events) — a process I call Evolution — gradually produced increasing turbulence in the Elementary Field, forming more organized regions, which we can call Potentials, in analogy with the Potential associated with the existence of vortex‑like InfoStructures, and eventually ever larger "vortex bubbles" that came to fill and saturate all available Space ('''infinite and unlimited Space''').

In this infinite Field '''filled with turbulence''', and especially in the "friction zones" between large cosmic bubbles, smaller bubbles formed and underwent progressive concentration. Turbulence and friction at smaller spatial scales produced increasingly intense interactions, forming ever smaller and eventually infinitesimal vortices.

'''An extremely rarefied process of formation of elementary Particles''' took place: the first elementary Particles, micro‑vortices accelerated by gravitational and magnetic (derived) fields, collisions that gradually produced composite Particles of visible / ordinary Matter, more complex ones such as nucleons, then the first atoms and the first gaseous molecules. These, in increasingly dense clouds under the effect of gravity, formed the first stars, explosions, heavier elements, and so on — an evolution that produced the complex current Universe, the result of the co‑evolution of the dark structure (the foamy and turbulent organization of Space, the dark cosmic web) and the visible one (Matter and electromagnetic Radiation that constitute the visible / ordinary part of cosmic structures).

Formation: an immense Force in Action on an infinite Field, Space and Time without limits, Information / Energy gradually becoming Matter — Dark and Ordinary, invisible and visible InfoStructures — co‑evolving toward the current Universe.

'''Nature incessantly builds itself, gives itself structure''', creates and evolves Structures, and from these, the Forms — the objects we observe and measure, directly and indirectly.

=== Classification ===

Physical InfoStructures can be classified in many different ways, according to their main aspects: their nature, origin, shape, structure and composition, behavior and dynamics, or the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization and dynamics produces.

According to '''their nature and structure''', Physical InfoStructures can be grouped into two fundamental (pure) types and one mixed type produced by various kinds of physical interactions between them:
*'''Waves''': InfoStructures where the dynamic aspect predominates; they manifest as propagating configurations of organized Action. In mainstream physics they correspond to the carriers of (derived) forces. In this family, in the invisible / dark sector we find gravitational waves; in the visible / ordinary sector we find electromagnetic waves, together with their particle‑counterpart representation, the photon.
*'''Vortices''' (massive Particles and dark halos): InfoStructures in which the conservative aspect predominates; their particular configuration of organized Action gives rise to the phenomenon of Mass. Structured Information that, due to its peculiar conformation, acquires a relatively stable and persistent form. Dark Matter halos — the invisible vortical structures that compose the cosmic web — belong to this family, as do elementary Particles (leptons and quarks) in the visible sector of Matter.
*'''Interactions''': composite InfoStructures produced by the interaction of the pure types. They include most of the particles that exist in nature or have been produced in colliders (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, and the weak and strong nuclear bosons such as gluons and W / Z particles).

According to '''the kind of Radiation or Matter their organization produces''', we can classify them into:
*'''Invisible Structures''', constituents of the invisible / Dark Matter
**Gravitational Waves
** Dark halos (diffuse, low‑density Structures that create the texture of the cosmos: galactic bubbles and the even larger ones that host immense clusters and other cosmic structures)
** Interactions (dark turbulence and the various sub‑structures of the cosmic web)
*'''Visible Structures''', constituents of visible / Ordinary Matter
**Electromagnetic Waves: one cycle Waves / massless particles (photon)
** Vortices / Particles: massive Particles (elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks)
** Interactions (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles — Particles whose interactions form atoms and other Particles created in high‑energy phenomena / collisions)

=== Properties ===

The Properties of Physical Structures of Information are essentially '''characteristics (intensive or extensive) that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the Structure''' — that is, without transmuting its nature. In the terms of this model: without altering the Information, the Form of the Structure, in a way that would modify its type (for example, measuring a property of an electron without transforming it into another particle, such as a quark). In other words, any information concerning the state and behavior of a Structure, or of a class of Structures.

In general, all Physical InfoStructures possess causal, spatial, and temporal extension. Other Properties relate to the shape of the Structure (its form in Space), to its dynamics (its form in Time), and to the ways in which it can interact with other Structures. Many additional Properties derive from the way in which a given Structure aggregates with other Forms.

Among the '''fundamental Properties''', those connected to the most elementary aspects of Physical Reality, we find '''Causal extension (Complexity)''', '''Spatial extension''', and '''Temporal extension'''.

Among the '''derived Properties''', the main ones are linked to the physical quantities that directly arise from the Modes / Components of Elementary Action: '''Mass''', '''Motion''', '''Charge''', and '''Spin'''.

From these arise all '''other derived Properties''' that describe the Form and Behavior of the Structures and determine their Dynamics. For example, the '''other quantum numbers / properties''' and the '''other physical Properties''': thermodynamic, electric and magnetic, mechanical, optical, chemical, etc.

=== Dynamics ===

In the Process of Formation of Reality, the '''Dynamics of the InfoStructures''' is the part of Evolutionary Dynamics that specifically describes the level of InfoStructures. It analyzes all the Processes involving the two main classes of Structures — the Structures of Propagation (Waves) and the Structures of Conservation (Vortices) — and the Interactions between them that produce the mixed Structures composing the Material Forms, the states of Matter, and the objects of Physical Reality.

The interaction between InfoStructures is the '''bridge toward Material Forms'''. More than the Properties of single Structures, it is the "collective behavior" — the emerging Properties of networks of Structures, belonging both to the same class and to different classes — that determines the Properties of Material Forms. Here we can think of the different states of Matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and various types of condensates), or of the different chemical elements that form increasingly complex molecules with increasingly remarkable Properties and Behaviors.

At the most complex levels of Reality, all Material Forms — chemical, geological, organic, biological, cosmic structures, and the most complex forms produced by the cognitive action of Living Beings — display a '''vast and ever‑changing network of Properties that emerge and incessantly evolve''' from the Properties and dynamics of the underlying levels of the Structures that compose them. The Properties and dynamics of the elementary levels of Reality determine, entail, the emergence of the Properties and dynamics of the objects that populate the more complex levels; but in turn, this evolution toward Complexity enables the emergence of new and more complex Properties and Behaviors in the objects of the more elementary levels, incessantly opening '''new possibilities for further evolution''' toward new levels of organization of Reality.

It is an iterative and nested process of co‑evolution between elementary and complex levels — between what exists and what can exist, '''the actual and the possible''' — involving all aspects of the Existence and the Essence / Form of Reality.

=== Observation ===

What changes when observing Structures from '''absolute or relative perspectives''' — either from the point of view "of" the Field (the absolute perspective) or from the point of view of the Structures themselves "in" the Elementary Field (the relative perspective)?

In a later section I will describe '''the same Structures viewed from both perspectives'''. In particular, I will consider a uniformly moving vortex‑like Structure (a simple case), observed from:
* the '''absolute perspective''' of:
** a point‑event "of" the Field -> a point in Space,
** a portion "of" the Field -> a set of point‑events, a Space domain;
* the '''relative perspective''' of:
** the same InfoStructure, moving "in" the Field.

'''From the point of view of the Field''' (the absolute perspective), a Structure appears as a pattern of organization of the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial elementary fluctuations of the Field itself — a scheme of correlation among the micro-dynamism of the point‑events of the Field. It is a Space‑time domain exhibiting the same Information, organized Action with a Form. In the unstructured Elementary Field — the absolute, by definition — no reference points exist. Reference points (relative, by definition) can only be provided by some form of structure, of organization of / in the Field, or by Forms understood as sets or networks of Structures. Thus, from the point of view of the Field, a Structure is always seen as an organizational pattern: forming, propagating, conserving, transforming, or disappearing — a pattern in the organization of the point‑distributions of the pre-spartial fluctuations of the Elementary Field, which, through organization, becomes the Space‑Time itself, the Metric. Moreover, observing a Structure from the absolute perspective, not as a point‑event but '''as a portion of the Field''' with non‑zero Space and Time extension, provides a close view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field underlying the dynamics of Particles, Waves, and their multiform Interactions.

Observing a Structure from the '''relative perspective — from the point of view of the Structure itself''', resting or moving in the Field, we see variations in the parameters of the same Structure, or changes in the Information that forms it, caused by the continuous interaction between the spontaneous dynamism of the Field — manifesting as turbulence at various scales, any non‑structured or weakly structured organization of Action in the Field — and the Information of the Structure. By "any Information" I always mean some part of one or more Structures whose Space‑Time extension includes the considered portion of the Field.

Ultimately, we can say that the '''continuous interaction between Action''' (Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation) of the Field '''and Information''' (the pattern of organization of the correlations between P‑T‑R) of the Structure determines the Fundamental Physical Quantities of the Structure (Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin), and the dynamics of the Structure itself. At the same time, it modifies the Physical Quantities of the Field (Potentials) and, simultaneously, the shape in Space of the Structure, its permanence in Time, and its Physical Quantities.

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TFNR - The Structures of Information

2026-10-19T16:33:01Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Everywhere we look, observe, measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... '''Everything has structure, everything is structure''': structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of larger and more complex Forms, Systems, the Universe itself. Structures composing structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation. In this sense, everything is structured Information in incessant interaction.

'''Information, In-Form-Action...'''

Structures of Information make up the entire evolving Universe, from elementary quantum objects to stars, galaxies and living beings. And not only in the physical domain. '''In the cognitive domain as well, everything appears as structure''': Structures of Cognitive Information (perceptions, sensations, emotions, memories, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge, and so on) continuously interact, forming consciousness, internal states, representations of ourselves and of the world in which we live.

'''Information and Structures everywhere!'''

As seen in the previous chapters, in the causal chain that leads from the Source to Reality, '''after Action we encounter Information: the Form of Action'''. Information, however, does not remain isolated. It tends to organize itself into coherent patterns, becoming structured Information.

'''Structures of Information are organized Forms of Action.'''

Relations between Events form Processes and patterns of organization. '''These patterns progressively acquire coherence, persistence and individuality, becoming Structures'''. Structures, in turn, become the building blocks of Forms and of all higher levels of Reality.

Within this knowledge system, and with reference to the most elementary level of Physical Reality, the expression '''Structure of Information''' refers to a '''pattern of organization of Action in the Field'''.

Structures therefore represent '''the forms assumed by the incessant dynamism of Reality''': Processes of Events organized by Relations, correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations in / of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force.

In this sense, Structures are not containers of something else. They are not passive objects. They are organized Action, and therefore organized Information / Energy.

Throughout this chapter, we will examine the origin, classification, properties and dynamics of the Structures of Information, with particular attention to the Physical Structures of Information that constitute Matter, Radiation and the physical world.

'''Important!''' For the sake of brevity and simplicity, instead of the extended expression "Structure of Information" I will often use the term '''InfoStructure''' (IS), or simply '''Structure''' whenever no ambiguity is possible.

=== What is structure, and what are Structures? ===

Where does all this structure come from? Where do Structures originate? And what does structure represent in Reality and of Reality? And likewise for Structures?

Structure is '''one of the fundamental aspects of Reality''', both in the physical and in the cognitive domain. The other aspect, which we examined in previous chapters — especially in the one dedicated to Action — is '''dynamism''': the incessant variation of form, deformation, what I call an Event. '''Structure consists of more or less mutable Relations among Events that give form to dynamism'''. And "structure" is precisely the "form" of "dynamism". It represents '''the evolving Essence / Form of dynamism, while dynamism itself represents Existence in its unfolding'''.

Structures should not be viewed as static objects. They are evolving organizations of Action, emerging from and sustained by the continuous evolutionary dynamics of the Elementary Field. Their existence, persistence, transformation and disappearance are all aspects of the same Process of Formation.

Just as Information is the form of Action, so '''"structure" is the form of "dynamism"'''. Structure is the configuration that Action assumes when we observe it as a state. And therefore, what has been said for Information / Energy and for informational / energetic states also applies to "structure": to observe a form, to capture a state, to measure the energy of a system, '''we must stop Time''' — we must take a snapshot of a process in incessant evolution.

Between "flow" quantities (Action) and "state" quantities (Information / Energy), '''complementary quantities, a deep connection emerges'''. It recalls the uncertainty principle and the complementarity of physical observables: it highlights '''the intrinsic limits of nature in the simultaneous determination of certain properties of a system'''. If a structure is the instantaneous configuration of an ever‑changing dynamism, how could we capture its form with infinite precision if that form is itself continuously transforming?

To grasp the form, we must freeze Time; '''but if we freeze Time, we no longer see the flow'''. The two aspects — dynamism and structure — are inseparable, '''yet mutually exclusive in observation'''. The more fundamental the level of Reality we explore, the sharper this tension becomes. As we descend toward the infinitesimal dimensional scales of Physical Reality, toward the particle domain and beyond, transformation becomes extremely rapid, dynamism becomes fundamental and incessant, and '''capturing the form becomes an impossible mission'''.

In this context, where dynamism becomes ever faster and more incessant, "form" — and therefore "structure" — becomes progressively less precise, less identifiable, less sharply definable. '''Form and structure acquire increasingly statistical connotations''': average values, average shapes, average structures. Determinism gives way to the probabilistic character of uncertainty and indetermination.

=== Turbulence, Potentials, InfoStructures ===

Within the general framework of this knowledge system, InfoStructures represent '''the most organized and individuated level of Action in the Field'''. They emerge '''from a deeper physical genealogy''' composed of '''progressively more organized conditions of Action'''. At the most elementary level lies '''Turbulence''', the minimal and non‑coherent form of Action. Above it, we find the '''Potentials''', extended but non‑self‑sustaining configurations of the Field. '''InfoStructures constitute the third level''': highly organized, coherent and self‑sustaining forms of Action, endowed with their own Properties, Behaviors, Dynamics and evolutionary trajectories.

'''In this chapter we focus exclusively on InfoStructures''' — their physical forms (Waves, Vortices, Interactions), their Properties and their dynamics. Turbulence and Potentials are not treated here systematically, as they belong to the more elementary levels of Action and have been analyzed in previous chapters. Nevertheless, it is useful to recall that every InfoStructure originates from evolutionary processes involving these simpler levels: Turbulence spontaneously emerges from the elementary dynamism, Potentials provide the first extended organization of the Field, and InfoStructures represent the structured and individuated form of Action that constitutes the basis of Matter and Radiation, both ordinary / visible and dark / invisible.

'''In turn, Turbulence and Potentials are also influenced by the nature and dynamics of the InfoStructures themselves.''' The presence, Motion and interactions of InfoStructures continuously reshape the surrounding Field, '''modifying local turbulence and generating or transforming Potentials'''. In this way, '''the genealogy of Action is not a one‑directional hierarchy but an incessant co‑evolution''': the elementary levels give rise to InfoStructures, and InfoStructures continuously reorganize the elementary levels from which they emerged.

=== Various definitions of Structures of Information ===

Observing the InfoStructures from the different perspectives of the profound nature of Reality, '''we can formulate different definitions, all complementary and equivalent''', each capable of providing a peculiar image that helps us build a more complete and detailed vision.

Strictly speaking, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, by Structures I mean '''those small entities, so to say, that represent the discrete, quantized aspect of Reality: waves, particles, and their more or less complex interactions'''. These are not "objects" in the conventional sense, but elementary forms of organized Action that make up ordinary / visible Matter (radiation, particles, atoms, etc.). In the representation of what exists within this system of knowledge, these InfoStructures represent only a minimal fraction (5%?) of the existing Matter and Energy (Information). To this we must add all the Matter and Energy of the dark / invisible sector of Physical Reality, which we will discuss later.

'''Speaking of terms and definitions''', for Matter and Energy whose existence is supposed but whose nature and form are not known, rather than using the adjective "dark", it is more appropriate to use the term "'''invisible'''", because this is what it refers to: the impossibility of observing these entities as they do not seem to emit electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, x or gamma rays, etc.). Symmetrically, we should use the term "'''visible'''" for Matter and Energy that we can observe by collecting electromagnetic radiation, and which we call "ordinary" or "bright". In the text, given common usage, I will continue to use both "dark and invisible" and "ordinary and visible" or "bright".

Similarly, we will talk about the '''dark / invisible sector''' or side to collectively refer to the invisible InfoStructures hypothesized to populate the Universe, and the ordinary / visible / bright sector or side for the Structures that we can observe through gravitational and electromagnetic radiation.

Extending our hypotheses a little, we could say that '''the invisible sector is composed of massive Structures with low density and wide spatial distribution''' (halos of dark matter / dark energy and gravitational waves, the complex dark structure of the cosmic web), expressions of the Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation, root of Space-time and Mass, source of metric and gravitational phenomena and dominated by gravity (and therefore observable through gravitational effects, e.g. gravitational dynamics of celestial bodies, strong and weak lensing, etc).

On the other hand, '''the visible sector is composed of massive Structures with high density and narrow spatial distribution''' (Particles of ordinary, or even "exotic" but still visible / detectable Matter, ordinary Energy and electromagnetic waves, the Matter and Radiation that make up the "non-dark" part of the Universe), expressions, as well as of the Perturbation Mode, primarily of the Component of Elementary Action called Rotation, in its two sub-modes Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Charge and Spin, source of electrical and magnetic phenomena and dominated by electromagnetism, and a fundamental contributor to the dynamism and the form that characterize vortex‑like Structures.

Let's try to put things in order:

*'''from the perspective of what exists in terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes''', InfoStructures can be defined as '''Processes, dynamic networks of Relations between Events, produced by Entities / Sources (Force / Field couples), which show correlation in the basic dynamism of the Field'''. They are networks of organized Events that show consistent collective expressions / behaviors and common properties emerging from the more elementary levels of Reality, from the dynamism of Elementary Action. At the level of the [[Elementary Field]], InfoStructures represent networks of [[Elementary Events]] that show some level of correlation (organized by [[Relations]]) and manifest a collective behavior from which a condition of individuation emerges such that the Structures themselves can be configured as independent entities.

*'''from the perspective of Sources (Forces and Fields couples), Action, Information, Form''', Structures can be seen as '''(Derived) Entities, causal and variational centers of Action, produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field'''. A Structure represents an organized portion of the Elementary Field, which can then be seen as a (Derived) Field (for example, the electric field manifested by a charged particle), which becomes source of a (Derived) Force (for example, the electric force manifested by that same charged particle acting on another charged particle through the Field). The InfoStructures in turn become (Derived) Sources of Causality and Variationality, centers of derived Action, which constitute the derived aspect of the fundamental sub-Entities (Force and Field) in which the Source of Reality manifests itself. Formed by Elementary Action and being centers of Derived Action, the Structures manifest form, properties, behaviors and dynamics that depend on their particular constitutive profiles of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, in the two sub-modes Rotation-Chirality and Rotation-AxisOrientation). These Derived Entities populate both the dark / invisible and ordinary / visible sides of the Universe.

*'''from the perspective of the relation between the continuous and the discrete''', Structures represent the '''discrete (quantized) aspect of Reality emerging from a continuous Field'''. Although composed of correlations among an enormous number of Events in Space-time domains, nets of dynamical micro-states in a continuous Field, Structures can be considered as units, organizations or systems, "individualities" that show emergent properties and behaviors. The key element for this emerging unity / individuality of each Structure of Information is the level of correlation between the Elementary Events that support its existence. When the intensity of the correlations between the Elementary Events of a dynamic set is greater than the intensity of the correlations between such Events and all the other Events that animate the Field outside the set, the correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of / in the Field, or equivalently the Relations between the Elementary Events of the dynamic whole, constitute a Structure of Information. '''The border between the continuous and the discrete''' is often blurred, only sometimes clearer. Everything we perceive or imagine as distinct, separate, confined, is in fact not so if we observe its boundary at the smallest dimensional scales. Already at the molecular level, even more so at the atomic and subatomic level. In the ordinary conception, we imagine electrons as elementary, "simple", unitary, point-like particles, of which, net of quantum indeterminacy and their peculiar dynamics, it is possible to determine their position with infinite precision, while at the same time renouncing similar precision infinite for the measurement of the speed of movement in Space-time (position and velocity, or better "momentum", are conjugate quantum quantities). In this model of Reality, an electron, as a Structure of Information of the "Vortex" type / "Particle" sub-type, is hypothesized to be a portion of the Elementary Field organized with a particular configuration of correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of the Field, a configuration with the shape of a three-dimensional "Vortex" whose blurred boundaries reflect the indeterminacy of the correlations. What matters here are not the Events themselves, which can enter and exit the set, but the Relations that bind them, the '''correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial fluctuations of the Field which constitute the Elementary Events'''. These Relations represent Information, or, in its most basic sense, Energy: the form of Action when observed as state.

*'''from the perspective of the role they play in the construction of Reality''', InfoStructures are the '''(Derived) Entities that compose the physical world: force carriers, Radiation, Dark Matter, Particles of Ordinary / Visible / Bright Matter, and all the connected (derived) fields and forces, as their expressions'''. As Entities, Waves, Vortices (massive particles) and Interactions, the elementary and composite structures of [[Matter]] and [[Radiation]], can be defined as Agents; specifically, [[Quantum Agents]], as their interactions mainly follow the principles of Quantum Dynamics and the formulation of Quantum Field Theory. InfoStructures represent the causal sources of the quantization of Matter and Energy in the continuous Elementary Field. Structures are the '''building blocks of Material Forms''', the objects of Physical Reality. As nets of Physical InfoStructures in incessant interaction (like Waves and Particles), Material Forms evolve into more and more complex objects (atoms, molecules, bodies, etc.), showing emergent features and properties, behaving according to the dynamics proper to that peculiar kind of Structure / Form. Transcending the level of the Structures, new Properties and Behaviors emerge with the evolution of Material Forms. And vice versa, the new Properties and Behaviors of the Forms make the Structures evolve, modifying their Behavior and Properties, in an incessant co-evolution that gives form to the Universe (Process of Formation of Reality).

=== Importance ===

As said above, '''everything we observe, everything we measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... Everything has / is structure''', or better, '''dynamism that can be observed as structure'''. We and everything around us are made of Structures, objects, Forms or parts of Forms, systems of Forms. Structures that compose Structures, systems of Structures in dynamic relation: everything is "structured Information", incessantly interacting.

All levels of Reality are equally important for understanding existence, but the level of InfoStructures, together with that of Forms, is the one most directly before us. It is therefore natural that it appears the most attractive and accessible to study. The products of their incessant cosmic dance affect our senses, inducing perceptions that become sensations, emotions, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge. A cognitive complexity that reflects the complexity of the Structures and Forms that compose Physical Reality. It is no coincidence that "traditional" science — mainstream research (physics, chemistry, astrophysics, cosmology, ...) — deals above all with InfoStructures and Forms and their dynamics, even if these classes are named differently (particles, waves, interactions, objects, stars, galaxies, etc.).

Because of this proximity, the space occupied by this field of research in modern physics and the amount of theoretical and experimental activity devoted to it are enormous. The intellectual and experimental effort is impressive, with huge investments concentrated on the development of increasingly powerful colliders, in search of new particles and increasingly accurate measurements of their properties. Particles, particles, particles... InfoStructures. Studying them is essential, but to understand their nature, origin, internal dynamics and mutual interactions, and their role in the construction of Physical Reality, it is not enough to observe collisions at ever higher energies. Since the physical world is not composed only of InfoStructures (visible and invisible), to go deeper and attempt to understand the Fundamental Nature of Reality, '''it is not enough to study particles, waves and their interactions; it is necessary to observe Nature with new eyes and an open mind'''. Particle models, useful for classifying particles and their interactions, if they saturate the theoretical and experimental landscape, risk becoming an obstacle to understanding Reality at a deeper level, and to constructing a unified vision of Reality, of Nature, of the Universe.

It is therefore crucial to grasp the true nature of InfoStructures, '''to build a correct representation — a more accurate, plausible and realistic vision'''. In my opinion, much of the apparent weirdness and difficulty of interpretation associated with Quantum Mechanics may derive from '''an incomplete representation of quantum objects and their internal dynamism'''. This possibility motivates the analysis developed in the second part of this chapter, dedicated to the reinterpretation of quantum phenomena through the framework of InfoStructures and, more generally, through the broader descriptive framework of Reality proposed in this work.

They have even led to a redefinition of the very concepts of Reality and realism, when it would have been sufficient to abandon classical and relativistic determinism in favor of indeterminacy and probabilities. Faced with this theoretical impasse, the response was "Shut up and calculate!", or interpretations that, to me, made little sense (many worlds, pilot waves, deterministic hidden-variable models, etc.). The erroneous conception of the nature and form of quantum objects has led to '''counterintuitive deductions''' that have influenced the entire landscape of fundamental physics, scientific research, philosophy, culture, and even the everyday vision of Reality.

=== Origin ===

'''Where do InfoStructures come from?''' What is their origin? How do they take form?

The simple and concise answer is that '''they arise from the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field''', the dynamism of Elementary Action governed by the three Fundamental Principles (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, and Least Action). By origin or origination I therefore mean Formation: construction through creative and evolutionary Processes that, starting from the sub-elementary fluctuations of the Field, first give rise to invisible / Dark structures (Dark Halos / Bubbles / web, and gravitational waves) and then, through their dynamics, to visible / Ordinary Structures (massive Particles and electromagnetic waves). This formation occurs essentially through '''two aspects of evolutionary Processes'''.

The first, '''self‑organization''', is a fundamental aspect of the evolutionary dynamics of Reality. Structures emerge from the Field, co‑evolving in an incessant interaction with the dynamism of the Field itself.

The second, '''interaction''', is the aspect through which many Structures are produced by the dynamics of already existing Structures.

InfoStructures (Invisible and Visible, or Dark and Ordinary) '''originate from a specific part of the Process of Formation of Reality''', through which Information becomes organized into Structures.

This process took '''an infinite Time''', in the sense that there was no real beginning. The spontaneous organization of correlations (Relations) between the pre‑temporal distributions of the pre‑spatial fluctuations (of distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale (Elementary Events) — a process I call Evolution — gradually produced increasing turbulence in the Elementary Field, forming more organized regions, which we can call Potentials, in analogy with the Potential associated with the existence of vortex‑like InfoStructures, and eventually ever larger "vortex bubbles" that came to fill and saturate all available Space ('''infinite and unlimited Space''').

In this infinite Field '''filled with turbulence''', and especially in the "friction zones" between large cosmic bubbles, smaller bubbles formed and underwent progressive concentration. Turbulence and friction at smaller spatial scales produced increasingly intense interactions, forming ever smaller and eventually infinitesimal vortices.

'''An extremely rarefied process of formation of elementary Particles''' took place: the first elementary Particles, micro‑vortices accelerated by gravitational and magnetic (derived) fields, collisions that gradually produced composite Particles of visible / ordinary Matter, more complex ones such as nucleons, then the first atoms and the first gaseous molecules. These, in increasingly dense clouds under the effect of gravity, formed the first stars, explosions, heavier elements, and so on — an evolution that produced the complex current Universe, the result of the co‑evolution of the dark structure (the foamy and turbulent organization of Space, the dark cosmic web) and the visible one (Matter and electromagnetic Radiation that constitute the visible / ordinary part of cosmic structures).

Formation: an immense Force in Action on an infinite Field, Space and Time without limits, Information / Energy gradually becoming Matter — Dark and Ordinary, invisible and visible InfoStructures — co‑evolving toward the current Universe.

'''Nature incessantly builds itself, gives itself structure''', creates and evolves Structures, and from these, the Forms — the objects we observe and measure, directly and indirectly.

=== Classification ===

Physical InfoStructures can be classified in many different ways, according to their main aspects: their nature, origin, shape, structure and composition, behavior and dynamics, or the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization and dynamics produces.

According to '''their nature and structure''', Physical InfoStructures can be grouped into two fundamental (pure) types and one mixed type produced by various kinds of physical interactions between them:
*'''Waves''': InfoStructures where the dynamic aspect predominates; they manifest as propagating configurations of organized Action. In mainstream physics they correspond to the carriers of (derived) forces. In this family, in the invisible / dark sector we find gravitational waves; in the visible / ordinary sector we find electromagnetic waves, together with their particle‑counterpart representation, the photon.
*'''Vortices''' (massive Particles and dark halos): InfoStructures in which the conservative aspect predominates; their particular configuration of organized Action gives rise to the phenomenon of Mass. Structured Information that, due to its peculiar conformation, acquires a relatively stable and persistent form. Dark Matter halos — the invisible vortical structures that compose the cosmic web — belong to this family, as do elementary Particles (leptons and quarks) in the visible sector of Matter.
*'''Interactions''': composite InfoStructures produced by the interaction of the pure types. They include most of the particles that exist in nature or have been produced in colliders (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, and the weak and strong nuclear bosons such as gluons and W / Z particles).

According to '''the kind of Radiation or Matter their organization produces''', we can classify them into:
*'''Invisible Structures''', constituents of the invisible / Dark Matter
**Gravitational Waves
** Dark halos (diffuse, low‑density Structures that create the texture of the cosmos: galactic bubbles and the even larger ones that host immense clusters and other cosmic structures)
** Interactions (dark turbulence and the various sub‑structures of the cosmic web)
*'''Visible Structures''', constituents of visible / Ordinary Matter
**Electromagnetic Waves: one cycle Waves / massless particles (photon)
** Vortices / Particles: massive Particles (elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks)
** Interactions (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles — Particles whose interactions form atoms and other Particles created in high‑energy phenomena / collisions)

=== Properties ===

The Properties of Physical Structures of Information are essentially '''characteristics (intensive or extensive) that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the Structure''' — that is, without transmuting its nature. In the terms of this model: without altering the Information, the Form of the Structure, in a way that would modify its type (for example, measuring a property of an electron without transforming it into another particle, such as a quark). In other words, any information concerning the state and behavior of a Structure, or of a class of Structures.

In general, all Physical InfoStructures possess causal, spatial, and temporal extension. Other Properties relate to the shape of the Structure (its form in Space), to its dynamics (its form in Time), and to the ways in which it can interact with other Structures. Many additional Properties derive from the way in which a given Structure aggregates with other Forms.

Among the '''fundamental Properties''', those connected to the most elementary aspects of Physical Reality, we find '''Causal extension (Complexity)''', '''Spatial extension''', and '''Temporal extension'''.

Among the '''derived Properties''', the main ones are linked to the physical quantities that directly arise from the Modes / Components of Elementary Action: '''Mass''', '''Motion''', '''Charge''', and '''Spin'''.

From these arise all '''other derived Properties''' that describe the Form and Behavior of the Structures and determine their Dynamics. For example, the '''other quantum numbers / properties''' and the '''other physical Properties''': thermodynamic, electric and magnetic, mechanical, optical, chemical, etc.

=== Dynamics ===

In the Process of Formation of Reality, the '''Dynamics of the InfoStructures''' is the part of Evolutionary Dynamics that specifically describes the level of InfoStructures. It analyzes all the Processes involving the two main classes of Structures — the Structures of Propagation (Waves) and the Structures of Conservation (Vortices) — and the Interactions between them that produce the mixed Structures composing the Material Forms, the states of Matter, and the objects of Physical Reality.

The interaction between InfoStructures is the '''bridge toward Material Forms'''. More than the Properties of single Structures, it is the "collective behavior" — the emerging Properties of networks of Structures, belonging both to the same class and to different classes — that determines the Properties of Material Forms. Here we can think of the different states of Matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and various types of condensates), or of the different chemical elements that form increasingly complex molecules with increasingly remarkable Properties and Behaviors.

At the most complex levels of Reality, all Material Forms — chemical, geological, organic, biological, cosmic structures, and the most complex forms produced by the cognitive action of Living Beings — display a '''vast and ever‑changing network of Properties that emerge and incessantly evolve''' from the Properties and dynamics of the underlying levels of the Structures that compose them. The Properties and dynamics of the elementary levels of Reality determine, entail, the emergence of the Properties and dynamics of the objects that populate the more complex levels; but in turn, this evolution toward Complexity enables the emergence of new and more complex Properties and Behaviors in the objects of the more elementary levels, incessantly opening '''new possibilities for further evolution''' toward new levels of organization of Reality.

It is an iterative and nested process of co‑evolution between elementary and complex levels — between what exists and what can exist, '''the actual and the possible''' — involving all aspects of the Existence and the Essence / Form of Reality.

=== Observation ===

What changes when observing Structures from '''absolute or relative perspectives''' — either from the point of view "of" the Field (the absolute perspective) or from the point of view of the Structures themselves "in" the Elementary Field (the relative perspective)?

In a later section I will describe '''the same Structures viewed from both perspectives'''. In particular, I will consider a uniformly moving vortex‑like Structure (a simple case), observed from:
* the '''absolute perspective''' of:
** a point‑event "of" the Field -> a point in Space,
** a portion "of" the Field -> a set of point‑events, a Space domain;
* the '''relative perspective''' of:
** the same InfoStructure, moving "in" the Field.

'''From the point of view of the Field''' (the absolute perspective), a Structure appears as a pattern of organization of the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial elementary fluctuations of the Field itself — a scheme of correlation among the micro-dynamism of the point‑events of the Field. It is a Space‑time domain exhibiting the same Information, organized Action with a Form. In the unstructured Elementary Field — the absolute, by definition — no reference points exist. Reference points (relative, by definition) can only be provided by some form of structure, of organization of / in the Field, or by Forms understood as sets or networks of Structures. Thus, from the point of view of the Field, a Structure is always seen as an organizational pattern: forming, propagating, conserving, transforming, or disappearing — a pattern in the organization of the point‑distributions of the pre-spartial fluctuations of the Elementary Field, which, through organization, becomes the Space‑Time itself, the Metric. Moreover, observing a Structure from the absolute perspective, not as a point‑event but '''as a portion of the Field''' with non‑zero Space and Time extension, provides a close view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field underlying the dynamics of Particles, Waves, and their multiform Interactions.

Observing a Structure from the '''relative perspective — from the point of view of the Structure itself''', resting or moving in the Field, we see variations in the parameters of the same Structure, or changes in the Information that forms it, caused by the continuous interaction between the spontaneous dynamism of the Field — manifesting as turbulence at various scales, any non‑structured or weakly structured organization of Action in the Field — and the Information of the Structure. By "any Information" I always mean some part of one or more Structures whose Space‑Time extension includes the considered portion of the Field.

Ultimately, we can say that the '''continuous interaction between Action''' (Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation) of the Field '''and Information''' (the pattern of organization of the correlations between P‑T‑R) of the Structure determines the Fundamental Physical Quantities of the Structure (Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin), and the dynamics of the Structure itself. At the same time, it modifies the Physical Quantities of the Field (Potentials) and, simultaneously, the shape in Space of the Structure, its permanence in Time, and its Physical Quantities.

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TFNR - The Structures of Information

2026-10-19T16:25:31Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Everywhere we look, observe, measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... '''Everything has structure, everything is structure''': structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of larger and more complex Forms, Systems, the Universe itself. Structures composing structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation. In this sense, everything is structured Information in incessant interaction.

'''Information, In-Form-Action...'''

Structures of Information make up the entire evolving Universe, from elementary quantum objects to stars, galaxies and living beings. And not only in the physical domain. '''In the cognitive domain as well, everything appears as structure''': Structures of Cognitive Information (perceptions, sensations, emotions, memories, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge, and so on) continuously interact, forming consciousness, internal states, representations of ourselves and of the world in which we live.

'''Information and Structures everywhere!'''

As seen in the previous chapters, in the causal chain that leads from the Source to Reality, '''after Action we encounter Information: the Form of Action'''. Information, however, does not remain isolated. It tends to organize itself into coherent patterns, becoming structured Information.

'''Structures of Information are organized Forms of Action.'''

Relations between Events form Processes and patterns of organization. '''These patterns progressively acquire coherence, persistence and individuality, becoming Structures'''. Structures, in turn, become the building blocks of Forms and of all higher levels of Reality.

Within this knowledge system, and with reference to the most elementary level of Physical Reality, the expression '''Structure of Information''' refers to a '''pattern of organization of Action in the Field'''.

Structures therefore represent '''the forms assumed by the incessant dynamism of Reality''': Processes of Events organized by Relations, correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations in / of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force.

In this sense, Structures are not containers of something else. They are not passive objects. They are organized Action, and therefore organized Information / Energy.

Throughout this chapter, we will examine the origin, classification, properties and dynamics of the Structures of Information, with particular attention to the Physical Structures of Information that constitute Matter, Radiation and the physical world.

'''Important!''' For the sake of brevity and simplicity, instead of the extended expression "Structure of Information" I will often use the term '''InfoStructure''' (IS), or simply '''Structure''' whenever no ambiguity is possible.

=== What is structure, and what are Structures? ===

Where does all this structure come from? Where do Structures originate? And what does structure represent in Reality and of Reality? And likewise for Structures?

Structure is '''one of the fundamental aspects of Reality''', both in the physical and in the cognitive domain. The other aspect, which we examined in previous chapters — especially in the one dedicated to Action — is '''dynamism''': the incessant variation of form, deformation, what we call an Event. '''Structure consists of more or less mutable Relations among Events that give form to dynamism'''. And "structure" is precisely the "form" of "dynamism". It represents '''the evolving Essence / Form of dynamism, while dynamism itself represents Existence in its unfolding'''.

Structures should not be viewed as static objects. They are evolving organizations of Action, emerging from and sustained by the continuous evolutionary dynamics of the Elementary Field. Their existence, persistence, transformation and disappearance are all aspects of the same Process of Formation.

Just as Information is the form of Action, so '''"structure" is the form of "dynamism"'''. Structure is the configuration that Action assumes when we observe it as a state. And therefore, what has been said for Information / Energy and for informational / energetic states also applies to "structure": to observe a form, to capture a state, to measure the energy of a system, '''we must stop Time''' — we must take a snapshot of a process in incessant evolution.

Between "flow" quantities (Action) and "state" quantities (Information / Energy), '''complementary quantities, a deep connection emerges'''. It recalls the uncertainty principle and the complementarity of physical observables: it highlights '''the intrinsic limits of nature in the simultaneous determination of certain properties of a system'''. If a structure is the instantaneous configuration of an ever‑changing dynamism, how could we capture its form with infinite precision if that form is itself continuously transforming?

To grasp the form, we must freeze Time; '''but if we freeze Time, we no longer see the flow'''. The two aspects — dynamism and structure — are inseparable, '''yet mutually exclusive in observation'''. The more fundamental the level of Reality we explore, the sharper this tension becomes. As we descend toward the infinitesimal dimensional scales of Physical Reality, toward the particle domain and beyond, transformation becomes extremely rapid, dynamism becomes fundamental and incessant, and '''capturing the form becomes an impossible mission'''.

In this context, where dynamism becomes ever faster and more incessant, "form" — and therefore "structure" — becomes progressively less precise, less identifiable, less sharply definable. '''Form and structure acquire increasingly statistical connotations''': average values, average shapes, average structures. Determinism gives way to the probabilistic character of uncertainty and indetermination.

=== Turbulence, Potentials, InfoStructures ===

Within the general framework of this knowledge system, InfoStructures represent '''the most organized and individuated level of Action in the Field'''. They emerge '''from a deeper physical genealogy''' composed of '''progressively more organized conditions of Action'''. At the most elementary level lies '''Turbulence''', the minimal and non‑coherent form of Action. Above it, we find the '''Potentials''', extended but non‑self‑sustaining configurations of the Field. '''InfoStructures constitute the third level''': highly organized, coherent and self‑sustaining forms of Action, endowed with their own Properties, Behaviors, Dynamics and evolutionary trajectories.

'''In this chapter we focus exclusively on InfoStructures''' — their physical forms (Waves, Vortices, Interactions), their Properties and their dynamics. Turbulence and Potentials are not treated here systematically, as they belong to the more elementary levels of Action and have been analyzed in previous chapters. Nevertheless, it is useful to recall that every InfoStructure originates from evolutionary processes involving these simpler levels: Turbulence spontaneously emerges from the elementary dynamism, Potentials provide the first extended organization of the Field, and InfoStructures represent the structured and individuated form of Action that constitutes the basis of Matter and Radiation, both ordinary / visible and dark / invisible.

'''In turn, Turbulence and Potentials are also influenced by the nature and dynamics of the InfoStructures themselves.''' The presence, Motion and interactions of InfoStructures continuously reshape the surrounding Field, '''modifying local turbulence and generating or transforming Potentials'''. In this way, '''the genealogy of Action is not a one‑directional hierarchy but an incessant co‑evolution''': the elementary levels give rise to InfoStructures, and InfoStructures continuously reorganize the elementary levels from which they emerged.

=== Various definitions of Structures of Information ===

Observing the InfoStructures from the different perspectives of the profound nature of Reality, '''we can formulate different definitions, all complementary and equivalent''', each capable of providing a peculiar image that helps us build a more complete and detailed vision.

Strictly speaking, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, by Structures we mean '''those small entities, so to say, that represent the discrete, quantized aspect of Reality: waves, particles, and their more or less complex interactions'''. These are not "objects" in the conventional sense, but elementary forms of organized Action that make up ordinary / visible Matter (radiation, particles, atoms, etc.). In the representation of what exists within this system of knowledge, these InfoStructures represent only a minimal fraction (5%?) of the existing Matter and Energy (Information). To this we must add all the Matter and Energy of the dark / invisible sector of Physical Reality, which we will discuss later.

'''Speaking of terms and definitions''', for Matter and Energy whose existence is supposed but whose nature and form are not known, rather than using the adjective "dark", it is more appropriate to use the term "'''invisible'''", because this is what it refers to: the impossibility of observing these entities as they do not seem to emit electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, x or gamma rays, etc.). Symmetrically, we should use the term "'''visible'''" for Matter and Energy that we can observe by collecting electromagnetic radiation, and which we call "ordinary" or "bright". In the text, given common usage, we will continue to use both "dark and invisible" and "ordinary and visible" or "bright".

Similarly, we will talk about the '''dark / invisible sector''' or side to collectively refer to the invisible InfoStructures hypothesized to populate the Universe, and the ordinary / visible / bright sector or side for the Structures that we can observe through gravitational and electromagnetic radiation.

Extending our hypotheses a little, we could say that '''the invisible sector is composed of massive Structures with low density and wide spatial distribution''' (halos of dark matter / dark energy and gravitational waves, the complex dark structure of the cosmic web), expressions of the Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation, root of Space-time and Mass, source of metric and gravitational phenomena and dominated by gravity (and therefore observable through gravitational effects, e.g. gravitational dynamics of celestial bodies, strong and weak lensing, etc).

On the other hand, '''the visible sector is composed of massive Structures with high density and narrow spatial distributio'''n (Particles of ordinary, or even "exotic" but still visible / detectable Matter, ordinary Energy and electromagnetic waves, the Matter and Radiation that make up the "non-dark" part of the Universe), expressions, as well as of the Perturbation Mode, primarily of the Component of Elementary Action called Rotation, in its two sub-modes Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Charge and Spin, source of electrical and magnetic phenomena and dominated by electromagnetism, and a fundamental contributor to the dynamism and the form that characterize vortex‑like Structures.

Let's try to put things in order:

*'''from the perspective of what exists in terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes''', InfoStructures can be defined as '''Processes, dynamic networks of Relations between Events, produced by Entities / Sources (Force / Field couples), which show correlation in the basic dynamism of the Field'''. They are networks of organized Events that show consistent collective expressions / behaviors and common properties emerging from the more elementary levels of Reality, from the dynamism of Elementary Action. At the level of the [[Elementary Field]], InfoStructures represent networks of [[Elementary Events]] that show some level of correlation (organized by [[Relations]]) and manifest a collective behavior from which a condition of individuation emerges such that the Structures themselves can be configured as independent entities.

*'''from the perspective of Sources (Forces and Fields couples), Action, Information, Form''', Structures can be seen as '''(Derived) Entities, causal and variational centers of Action, produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field'''. A Structure represents an organized portion of the Elementary Field, which can then be seen as a (Derived) Field (for example, the electric field manifested by a charged particle), which becomes source of a (Derived) Force (for example, the electric force manifested by that same charged particle acting on another charged particle through the Field). The InfoStructures in turn become (Derived) Sources of Causality and Variationality, centers of derived Action, which constitute the derived aspect of the fundamental sub-Entities (Force and Field) in which the Source of Reality manifests itself. Formed by Elementary Action and being centers of Derived Action, the Structures manifest form, properties, behaviors and dynamics that depend on their particular constitutive profiles of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, in the two sub-modes Rotation-Chirality and Rotation-AxisOrientation). These Derived Entities populate both the dark / invisible and ordinary / visible sides of the Universe.

*'''from the perspective of the relation between the continuous and the discrete''', Structures represent the '''discrete (quantized) aspect of Reality emerging from a continuous Field'''. Although composed of correlations among an enormous number of Events in Space-time domains, nets of dynamical micro-states in a continuous Field, Structures can be considered as units, organizations or systems, "individualities" that show emergent properties and behaviors. The key element for this emerging unity / individuality of each Structure of Information is the level of correlation between the Elementary Events that support its existence. When the intensity of the correlations between the Elementary Events of a dynamic set is greater than the intensity of the correlations between such Events and all the other Events that animate the Field outside the set, the correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of / in the Field, or equivalently the Relations between the Elementary Events of the dynamic whole, constitute a Structure of Information. '''The border between the continuous and the discrete''' is often blurred, only sometimes clearer. Everything we perceive or imagine as distinct, separate, confined, is in fact not so if we observe its boundary at the smallest dimensional scales. Already at the molecular level, even more so at the atomic and subatomic level. In the ordinary conception, we imagine electrons as elementary, "simple", unitary, point-like particles, of which, net of quantum indeterminacy and their peculiar dynamics, it is possible to determine their position with infinite precision, while at the same time renouncing similar precision infinite for the measurement of the speed of movement in Space-time (position and velocity, or better "momentum", are conjugate quantum quantities). In this model of Reality, an electron, as a Structure of Information of the "Vortex" type / "Particle" sub-type, is hypothesized to be a portion of the Elementary Field organized with a particular configuration of correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of the Field, a configuration with the shape of a three-dimensional "Vortex" whose blurred boundaries reflect the indeterminacy of the correlations. What matters here are not the Events themselves, which can enter and exit the set, but the Relations that bind them, the '''correlations between the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial fluctuations of the Field which constitute the Elementary Events'''. These Relations represent Information, or, in its most basic sense, Energy: the form of Action when observed as state.

*'''from the perspective of the role they play in the construction of Reality''', InfoStructures are the '''(Derived) Entities that compose the physical world: force carriers, Radiation, Dark Matter, Particles of Ordinary / Visible / Bright Matter, and all the connected (derived) fields and forces, as their expressions'''. As Entities, Waves, Vortices (massive particles) and Interactions, the elementary and composite structures of [[Matter]] and [[Radiation]], can be defined as Agents; specifically, [[Quantum Agents]], as their interactions mainly follow the principles of Quantum Dynamics and the formulation of Quantum Field Theory. InfoStructures represent the causal sources of the quantization of Matter and Energy in the continuous Elementary Field. Structures are the '''building blocks of Material Forms''', the objects of Physical Reality. As nets of Physical InfoStructures in incessant interaction (like Waves and Particles), Material Forms evolve into more and more complex objects (atoms, molecules, bodies, etc.), showing emergent features and properties, behaving according to the dynamics proper to that peculiar kind of Structure / Form. Transcending the level of the Structures, new Properties and Behaviors emerge with the evolution of Material Forms. And vice versa, the new Properties and Behaviors of the Forms make the Structures evolve, modifying their Behavior and Properties, in an incessant co-evolution that gives form to the Universe (Process of Formation of Reality).

=== Importance ===

As said above, '''everything we observe, everything we measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... Everything has / is structure''', or better, '''dynamism that can be observed as structure'''. We and everything around us are made of Structures, objects, Forms or parts of Forms, systems of Forms. Structures that compose Structures, systems of Structures in dynamic relation: everything is "structured Information", incessantly interacting.

All levels of Reality are equally important for understanding existence, but the level of InfoStructures, together with that of Forms, is the one most directly before us. It is therefore natural that it appears the most attractive and accessible to study. The products of their incessant cosmic dance affect our senses, inducing perceptions that become sensations, emotions, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge. A cognitive complexity that reflects the complexity of the Structures and Forms that compose Physical Reality. It is no coincidence that "traditional" science — mainstream research (physics, chemistry, astrophysics, cosmology, ...) — deals above all with InfoStructures and Forms and their dynamics, even if these classes are named differently (particles, waves, interactions, objects, stars, galaxies, etc.).

Because of this proximity, the space occupied by this field of research in modern physics and the amount of theoretical and experimental activity devoted to it are enormous. The intellectual and experimental effort is impressive, with huge investments concentrated on the development of increasingly powerful colliders, in search of new particles and increasingly accurate measurements of their properties. Particles, particles, particles... InfoStructures. Studying them is essential, but to understand their nature, origin, internal dynamics and mutual interactions, and their role in the construction of Physical Reality, it is not enough to observe collisions at ever higher energies. Since the physical world is not composed only of InfoStructures (visible and invisible), to go deeper and attempt to understand the Fundamental Nature of Reality, '''it is not enough to study particles, waves and their interactions; it is necessary to observe Nature with new eyes and an open mind'''. Particle models, useful for classifying particles and their interactions, if they saturate the theoretical and experimental landscape, risk becoming an obstacle to understanding Reality at a deeper level, and to constructing a unified vision of Reality, of Nature, of the Universe.

It is therefore crucial to grasp the true nature of InfoStructures, '''to build a correct representation — a more accurate, plausible and realistic vision'''. In my opinion, much of the apparent weirdness and difficulty of interpretation associated with Quantum Mechanics may derive from '''an incomplete representation of quantum objects and their internal dynamism'''. This possibility motivates the analysis developed in the second part of this chapter, dedicated to the reinterpretation of quantum phenomena through the framework of InfoStructures and, more generally, through the broader descriptive framework of Reality proposed in this work.

They have even led to a redefinition of the very concepts of Reality and realism, when it would have been sufficient to abandon classical and relativistic determinism in favor of indeterminacy and probabilities. Faced with this theoretical impasse, the response was "Shut up and calculate!", or interpretations that, to me, made little sense (many worlds, pilot waves, deterministic hidden-variable models, etc.). The erroneous conception of the nature and form of quantum objects has led to '''counterintuitive deductions''' that have influenced the entire landscape of fundamental physics, scientific research, philosophy, culture, and even the everyday vision of Reality.

=== Origin ===

'''Where do InfoStructures come from?''' What is their origin? How do they take form?

The simple and concise answer is that '''they arise from the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field''', the dynamism of Elementary Action governed by the three Fundamental Principles (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, and Least Action). By origin or origination we therefore mean Formation: construction through creative and evolutionary Processes that, starting from the sub-elementary fluctuations of the Field, first give rise to invisible / Dark structures (Dark Halos / Bubbles / web, and gravitational waves) and then, through their dynamics, to visible / Ordinary Structures (massive Particles and electromagnetic waves). This formation occurs essentially through '''two aspects of evolutionary Processes'''.

The first, '''self‑organization''', is a fundamental aspect of the evolutionary dynamics of Reality. Structures emerge from the Field, co‑evolving in an incessant interaction with the dynamism of the Field itself.

The second, '''interaction''', is the aspect through which many Structures are produced by the dynamics of already existing Structures.

InfoStructures (Invisible and Visible, or Dark and Ordinary) '''originate from a specific part of the Process of Formation of Reality''', through which Information becomes organized into Structures.

This process took '''an infinite Time''', in the sense that there was no real beginning. The spontaneous organization of correlations (Relations) between the pre‑temporal distributions of the pre‑spatial fluctuations (of distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale (Elementary Events) — a process I call Evolution — gradually produced increasing turbulence in the Elementary Field, forming more organized regions, which we can call Potentials, in analogy with the Potential associated with the existence of vortex‑like InfoStructures, and eventually ever larger "vortex bubbles" that came to fill and saturate all available Space ('''infinite and unlimited Space''').

In this infinite Field '''filled with turbulence''', and especially in the "friction zones" between large cosmic bubbles, smaller bubbles formed and underwent progressive concentration. Turbulence and friction at smaller spatial scales produced increasingly intense interactions, forming ever smaller and eventually infinitesimal vortices.

'''An extremely rarefied process of formation of elementary Particles''' took place: the first elementary Particles, micro‑vortices accelerated by gravitational and magnetic (derived) fields, collisions that gradually produced composite Particles of visible / ordinary Matter, more complex ones such as nucleons, then the first atoms and the first gaseous molecules. These, in increasingly dense clouds under the effect of gravity, formed the first stars, explosions, heavier elements, and so on — an evolution that produced the complex current Universe, the result of the co‑evolution of the dark structure (the foamy and turbulent organization of Space, the dark cosmic web) and the visible one (Matter and electromagnetic Radiation that constitute the visible / ordinary part of cosmic structures).

Formation: an immense Force in Action on an infinite Field, Space and Time without limits, Information / Energy gradually becoming Matter — Dark and Ordinary, invisible and visible InfoStructures — co‑evolving toward the current Universe.

'''Nature incessantly builds itself, gives itself structure''', creates and evolves Structures, and from these, the Forms — the objects we observe and measure, directly and indirectly.

=== Classification ===

Physical InfoStructures can be classified in many different ways, according to their main aspects: their nature, origin, shape, structure and composition, behavior and dynamics, or the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization and dynamics produces.

According to '''their nature and structure''', Physical InfoStructures can be grouped into two fundamental (pure) types and one mixed type produced by various kinds of physical interactions between them:
*'''Waves''': InfoStructures where the dynamic aspect predominates; they manifest as propagating configurations of organized Action. In mainstream physics they correspond to the carriers of (derived) forces. In this family, in the invisible / dark sector we find gravitational waves; in the visible / ordinary sector we find electromagnetic waves, together with their particle‑counterpart representation, the photon.
*'''Vortices''' (massive Particles and dark halos): InfoStructures in which the conservative aspect predominates; their particular configuration of organized Action gives rise to the phenomenon of Mass. Structured Information that, due to its peculiar conformation, acquires a relatively stable and persistent form. Dark Matter halos — the invisible vortical structures that compose the cosmic web — belong to this family, as do elementary Particles (leptons and quarks) in the visible sector of Matter.
*'''Interactions''': composite InfoStructures produced by the interaction of the pure types. They include most of the particles that exist in nature or have been produced in colliders (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, and the weak and strong nuclear bosons such as gluons and W / Z particles).

According to '''the kind of Radiation or Matter their organization produces''', we can classify them into:
*'''Invisible Structures''', constituents of the invisible / Dark Matter
**Gravitational Waves
** Dark halos (diffuse, low‑density Structures that create the texture of the cosmos: galactic bubbles and the even larger ones that host immense clusters and other cosmic structures)
** Interactions (dark turbulence and the various sub‑structures of the cosmic web)
*'''Visible Structures''', constituents of visible / Ordinary Matter
**Electromagnetic Waves: one cycle Waves / massless particles (photon)
** Vortices / Particles: massive Particles (elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks)
** Interactions (hadrons: baryons such as protons and neutrons, mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles — Particles whose interactions form atoms and other Particles created in high‑energy phenomena / collisions)

=== Properties ===

The Properties of Physical Structures of Information are essentially '''characteristics (intensive or extensive) that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the Structure''' — that is, without transmuting its nature. In the terms of this model: without altering the Information, the Form of the Structure, in a way that would modify its type (for example, measuring a property of an electron without transforming it into another particle, such as a quark). In other words, any information concerning the state and behavior of a Structure, or of a class of Structures.

In general, all Physical InfoStructures possess causal, spatial, and temporal extension. Other Properties relate to the shape of the Structure (its form in Space), to its dynamics (its form in Time), and to the ways in which it can interact with other Structures. Many additional Properties derive from the way in which a given Structure aggregates with other Forms.

Among the '''fundamental Properties''', those connected to the most elementary aspects of Physical Reality, we find '''Causal extension (Complexity)''', '''Spatial extension''', and '''Temporal extension'''.

Among the '''derived Properties''', the main ones are linked to the physical quantities that directly arise from the Modes / Components of Elementary Action: '''Mass''', '''Motion''', '''Charge''', and '''Spin'''.

From these arise all '''other derived Properties''' that describe the Form and Behavior of the Structures and determine their Dynamics. For example, the '''other quantum numbers / properties''' and the '''other physical Properties''': thermodynamic, electric and magnetic, mechanical, optical, chemical, etc.

=== Dynamics ===

In the Process of Formation of Reality, the '''Dynamics of the InfoStructures''' is the part of Evolutionary Dynamics that specifically describes the level of InfoStructures. It analyzes all the Processes involving the two main classes of Structures — the Structures of Propagation (Waves) and the Structures of Conservation (Vortices) — and the Interactions between them that produce the mixed Structures composing the Material Forms, the states of Matter, and the objects of Physical Reality.

The interaction between InfoStructures is the '''bridge toward Material Forms'''. More than the Properties of single Structures, it is the "collective behavior" — the emerging Properties of networks of Structures, belonging both to the same class and to different classes — that determines the Properties of Material Forms. Here we can think of the different states of Matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and various types of condensates), or of the different chemical elements that form increasingly complex molecules with increasingly remarkable Properties and Behaviors.

At the most complex levels of Reality, all Material Forms — chemical, geological, organic, biological, cosmic structures, and the most complex forms produced by the cognitive action of Living Beings — display a '''vast and ever‑changing network of Properties that emerge and incessantly evolve''' from the Properties and dynamics of the underlying levels of the Structures that compose them. The Properties and dynamics of the elementary levels of Reality determine, entail, the emergence of the Properties and dynamics of the objects that populate the more complex levels; but in turn, this evolution toward Complexity enables the emergence of new and more complex Properties and Behaviors in the objects of the more elementary levels, incessantly opening '''new possibilities for further evolution''' toward new levels of organization of Reality.

It is an iterative and nested process of co‑evolution between elementary and complex levels — between what exists and what can exist, '''the actual and the possible''' — involving all aspects of the Existence and the Essence / Form of Reality.

=== Observation ===

What changes when observing Structures from '''absolute or relative perspectives''' — either from the point of view "of" the Field (the absolute perspective) or from the point of view of the Structures themselves "in" the Elementary Field (the relative perspective)?

In a later section we will describe '''the same Structures viewed from both perspectives'''. In particular, we will consider a uniformly moving vortex‑like Structure (a simple case), observed from:
* the '''absolute perspective''' of:
** a point‑event "of" the Field -> a point in Space,
** a portion "of" the Field -> a set of point‑events, a Space domain;
* the '''relative perspective''' of:
** the same InfoStructure, moving "in" the Field.

'''From the point of view of the Field''' (the absolute perspective), a Structure appears as a pattern of organization of the pre-temporal distributions of the pre-spatial elementary fluctuations of the Field itself — a scheme of correlation among the micro-dynamism of the point‑events of the Field. It is a Space‑time domain exhibiting the same Information, organized Action with a Form. In the unstructured Elementary Field — the absolute, by definition — no reference points exist. Reference points (relative, by definition) can only be provided by some form of structure, of organization of / in the Field, or by Forms understood as sets or networks of Structures. Thus, from the point of view of the Field, a Structure is always seen as an organizational pattern: forming, propagating, conserving, transforming, or disappearing — a pattern in the organization of the point‑distributions of the pre-spartial fluctuations of the Elementary Field, which, through organization, becomes the Space‑Time itself, the Metric. Moreover, observing a Structure from the absolute perspective, not as a point‑event but '''as a portion of the Field''' with non‑zero Space and Time extension, provides a close view of the dynamics of the Elementary Field underlying the dynamics of Particles, Waves, and their multiform Interactions.

Observing a Structure from the '''relative perspective — from the point of view of the Structure itself''', resting or moving in the Field, we see variations in the parameters of the same Structure, or changes in the Information that forms it, caused by the continuous interaction between the spontaneous dynamism of the Field — manifesting as turbulence at various scales, any non‑structured or weakly structured organization of Action in the Field — and the Information of the Structure. By "any Information" I always mean some part of one or more Structures whose Space‑Time extension includes the considered portion of the Field.

Ultimately, we can say that the '''continuous interaction between Action''' (Perturbation, Translation, and Rotation) of the Field '''and Information''' (the pattern of organization of the correlations between P‑T‑R) of the Structure determines the Fundamental Physical Quantities of the Structure (Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin), and the dynamics of the Structure itself. At the same time, it modifies the Physical Quantities of the Field (Potentials) and, simultaneously, the shape in Space of the Structure, its permanence in Time, and its Physical Quantities.

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TFNR - Vortices

2026-10-17T18:35:30Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Vortices are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Conservation''', '''conservative structures''', where:
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests are '''[[Perturbation]] and [[Rotation]] (Chirality and AxisOrientation)'''. The Component / Mode Translation is involved in the Motion of the Vortex‑like Structure in the Field, but it is not constitutive of the Structure itself),
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Mass, Charge, and Spin''' are their main Fundamental Physical Quantities (Mass derives from the organization of the correlations of Perturbation, Electric Charge from the correlations of Rotation:Chirality, and Spin from the correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation).

These characteristics determine '''one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures''': they are the massive Structures that make up Dark/invisible and Ordinary/visible Matter, whose organized interactions give form to the Forms that fill the Universe.

In short, Vortex‑type InfoStructures represent the '''Structures of Conservation''', from whose fundamental nature the physical quantities we call Mass, Charge, and Spin derive. These are forms of structured Information which, due to their peculiar vortical organization, acquire a form that can be more or less permanent. Dark‑Matter Halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, constitute the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks, constitute the visible sector of Matter.

===Physical quantities associated with Vortices===

Vortex‑type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental constitutive parameters or Properties/Behaviors''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant Motion of this kind of Structures (in the case of electrons, both free and atomic), their spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': proper Time of Vortex‑type InfoStructures is also influenced by Motion and by the organization of the dynamism of the Field,
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that characterizes the Structure — the discrepancies in the pre-temporal distributions of the point‑event sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale. Connected to Mass are its Mass profile / distribution (the distribution of Mass, the profile of Mass density in the region of the Elementary Field that moment by moment is supporting the Existence and the Essence / Form of the Vortex-type InfoStructure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to Motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures)). Mass and Mass density of a Vortex‑type InfoStructure depend on its Motion as well,
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality — the prevalent sense of chirality of vorticity of the point‑event sub-elementary fluctuations,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation — the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of vorticity of the point‑event elementary fluctuations.

'''Some non‑constitutive parameters''' (although not constitutive themselves, they influence the constitutive parameters):
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation — the prevalent orientation, direction and sense, of the sub-elementary fluctuations. Motion influences the Space‑time extension of Vortices, their Mass (and Time, the life span of the Structure), Mass distribution and Mass density profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus, their dynamics, and interactions with other electrons influence the shape of the electron, its Mass, Spin orientation, etc.

===Types of Vortices (Halos / Particles) and connected shapes===

In the field of Vortex‑type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance to distinguish between:
* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''single 3D vortex''' (leptons and quarks),
** a '''(quasi‑)2D vortex''' (neutrinos),
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple‑Y tube, etc. (gluons).

In the class of "Mixed structures — Complex vortices / Particles and Interactions", which we will examine shortly, we find mixed structures formed by:
*two 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (-> mesons),
*three or more 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (-> baryons).

This distinction helps clarify the quantum "weirdness" of nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not truly fundamental natural forces — they are derived forces / fields / interactions governing the dynamics of these mixed / composite Physical Structures of Information), the Space‑time shapes of the Particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence across at least 20 orders of magnitude — from dimensional scales far below the Planck scale to the dimensional scales of the Particles they represent and beyond — with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their "ideal" shapes. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes that are very distant from the ideal shapes we use for classification. Given the spatial and temporal extension, which heavily influences the dynamics of these structures, the forms often distance themselves from the ideal image, while retaining its fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy which constitute the spongy tissue that houses the cosmic structures that make up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with an infinitesimal Mass density that slowly swirl in other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours, turbulences nested in other turbulences of greater extension, up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it doesn't end here, other more extensive turbulence welcomes the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems, groups, clusters, and these in superclusters, mega structures, IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes very distant from the ideal shapes used for classification. Given their spatial and temporal extension — which heavily influences their dynamics — the forms often deviate from the ideal image while retaining their fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy, which constitute the spongy tissue that hosts the cosmic structures making up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with infinitesimal Mass density slowly swirl within other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours — turbulences nested within larger turbulences — up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it does not end here: even more extensive turbulence hosts the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems — groups, clusters — and these in superclusters, mega‑structures, the IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Here it is difficult to identify "simple structures", given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (in cosmic time scales) reshapes the shapes of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some "ideal forms":
* 3d vortices (i.e. galactic halos)
* (quasi-) 2d tube vortices (the filaments that connect galactic halos, clusters halos, etc, which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters)

Here it is difficult to identify “simple structures”, given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (on cosmic time scales) reshapes the forms of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some “ideal forms”:
* 3D vortices (i.e., galactic halos),
* (quasi‑)2D tube vortices (the filaments connecting galactic halos, cluster halos, etc., which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters).

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to the visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we will have on the side of [[Dark structures]], the [[Dark matter]] halos, and on the side of [[Visible structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary matter]] .

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we have, on the side of [[Dark Structures]], the [[Dark Matter]] Halos, and on the side of [[Visible Structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary Matter]].

In summary,'''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures, class Structures of Conservation, conservative structures, where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to the shape, properties, level of organization, complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark matter elementary halos''' (i.e. galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e. electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e. dark matter halos of clusters, including inside them many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e. hadrons, baryons and mesons, composed by quarks, gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''', in a broad sense (large scale dark structures, dark matter halos of super clusters, the structures that include more clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

In summary, '''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures — Structures of Conservation, conservative structures — where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to shape, properties, level of organization, and complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark‑matter elementary halos''' (i.e., galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e., electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons, and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e., dark‑matter halos of clusters, containing many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e., hadrons, baryons, and mesons, composed of quarks and gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''' in a broad sense (large‑scale dark structures, dark‑matter halos of superclusters, structures that include multiple clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

===The shapes of Vortices / Halos / Particles===

We have already mentioned the shape of the Vortex-type Dark Structures above.

We have already mentioned the shape of Vortex‑type Dark Structures above.

To understand the space-time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions that are variously used in different fields of the physical theories used today:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particle with a spatial extension (let's say the electron has an extension of about 10-15 meters),
* particle existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

To understand the space‑time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions used in various fields of contemporary physical theories:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particles with spatial extension (e.g., the electron with an extension of about 10⁻¹⁵ meters),
* particles existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

It is important to clarify.

It is important to clarify.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex-like Structures, which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary matter (all the particles of the standard model with mass), have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale up. In fact, therefore they have'''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of the Motion, of the interaction with the Field itself and with the other InfoStructures. And temporal extension (lifetime) also determined by the Motion, and by the other factors reported above (e.g. neutron stability when "contained" in the atomic nucleus).

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex‑like Structures — which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary Matter (all Standard‑Model particles with Mass) — have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale upward. In fact, they therefore have '''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of Motion, interaction with the Field itself, and interaction with other InfoStructures. Their temporal extension (lifetime) is also determined by Motion and by the other factors mentioned above (e.g., neutron stability when “contained” in the atomic nucleus).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) while the speed of motion increases, the mass increases (mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex which adapts to the conservation of the vortex shape and the intrinsic angular momentum, as the linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum -> Perturbation times Translation).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) as the speed of Motion increases; Mass increases (Mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of Time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal Time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex, which adapts to the conservation of vortex shape and intrinsic angular momentum as linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum → Perturbation × Translation).

===Dynamics of Vortices===

Due to the fact that the rate of passage of time (proper time) of a vortex-type Structure by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero), is lower than the rate of passage of time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in a vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

Because the rate of passage of Time (proper Time) of a vortex‑type Structure — by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero) — is lower than the rate of passage of Time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts a resistance, a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But, since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and, going back to the most elementary level of Reality, a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) places a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave-type structures such as photons ("c", speed of light in vacuum).

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts resistance — a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and — going back to the most elementary level of Reality — a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that Time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the Time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) sets a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave‑type Structures such as photons (“c”, speed of light in vacuum).

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Vortices

2026-10-17T18:31:04Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Vortices are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Conservation''', '''conservative structures''', where:
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests are '''[[Perturbation]] and [[Rotation]] (Chirality and AxisOrientation)'''. The Component / Mode Translation is involved in the Motion of the Vortex‑like Structure in the Field, but it is not constitutive of the Structure itself),
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Mass, Charge, and Spin''' are their main Fundamental Physical Quantities (Mass derives from the organization of the correlations of Perturbation, Electric Charge from the correlations of Rotation:Chirality, and Spin from the correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation).

These characteristics determine '''one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures''': they are the massive Structures that make up Dark/invisible and Ordinary/visible Matter, whose organized interactions give form to the Forms that fill the Universe.

In short, Vortex‑type InfoStructures represent the '''Structures of Conservation''', from whose fundamental nature the physical quantities we call Mass, Charge, and Spin derive. These are forms of structured Information which, due to their peculiar vortical organization, acquire a form that can be more or less permanent. Dark‑Matter Halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, constitute the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks, constitute the visible sector of Matter.

===Physical quantities associated with Vortices===

Vortex‑type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental constitutive parameters or Properties/Behaviors''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant Motion of this kind of Structures (in the case of electrons, both free and atomic), their spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': proper Time of Vortex‑type InfoStructures is also influenced by Motion and by the organization of the dynamism of the Field,
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that characterizes the Structure — the discrepancies in the pre-temporal distributions of the point‑event sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale. Connected to Mass are its Mass profile / distribution (the distribution of Mass, the profile of Mass density in the region of the Elementary Field that moment by moment is supporting the Existence and the Essence / Form of the Vortex-type InfoStructure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to Motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures)). Mass and Mass density of a Vortex‑type InfoStructure depend on its Motion as well,
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality — the prevalent sense of chirality of vorticity of the point‑event sub-elementary fluctuations,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation — the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of vorticity of the point‑event elementary fluctuations.

'''Some non‑constitutive parameters''' (although not constitutive themselves, they influence the constitutive parameters):
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation — the prevalent orientation, direction and sense, of the sub-elementary fluctuations. Motion influences the Space‑time extension of Vortices, their Mass (and Time, the life span of the Structure), Mass distribution and Mass density profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus, their dynamics, and interactions with other electrons influence the shape of the electron, its Mass, Spin orientation, etc.

===Types of Vortices (Halos / Particles) and connected shapes===

In the field of Vortex‑type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance to distinguish between:
* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''single 3D vortex''' (leptons and quarks),
** a '''(quasi‑)2D vortex''' (neutrinos),
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple‑Y tube, etc. (gluons).

In the class of "Mixed structures — Complex vortices / Particles and Interactions", which we will examine shortly, we find mixed structures formed by:
*two 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (-> mesons),
*three or more 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (-> baryons).

This distinction helps clarify the quantum "weirdness" of nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not truly fundamental natural forces — they are derived forces / fields / interactions governing the dynamics of these mixed / composite Physical Structures of Information), the Space‑time shapes of the Particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence on at least 20 orders of magnitude, from the Plank scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond, with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their "ideal" forms. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence across at least 20 orders of magnitude — from the Planck scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond — with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their “ideal” shapes. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes that are very distant from the ideal shapes we use for classification. Given the spatial and temporal extension, which heavily influences the dynamics of these structures, the forms often distance themselves from the ideal image, while retaining its fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy which constitute the spongy tissue that houses the cosmic structures that make up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with an infinitesimal Mass density that slowly swirl in other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours, turbulences nested in other turbulences of greater extension, up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it doesn't end here, other more extensive turbulence welcomes the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems, groups, clusters, and these in superclusters, mega structures, IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes very distant from the ideal shapes used for classification. Given their spatial and temporal extension — which heavily influences their dynamics — the forms often deviate from the ideal image while retaining their fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy, which constitute the spongy tissue that hosts the cosmic structures making up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with infinitesimal Mass density slowly swirl within other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours — turbulences nested within larger turbulences — up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it does not end here: even more extensive turbulence hosts the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems — groups, clusters — and these in superclusters, mega‑structures, the IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Here it is difficult to identify "simple structures", given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (in cosmic time scales) reshapes the shapes of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some "ideal forms":
* 3d vortices (i.e. galactic halos)
* (quasi-) 2d tube vortices (the filaments that connect galactic halos, clusters halos, etc, which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters)

Here it is difficult to identify “simple structures”, given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (on cosmic time scales) reshapes the forms of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some “ideal forms”:
* 3D vortices (i.e., galactic halos),
* (quasi‑)2D tube vortices (the filaments connecting galactic halos, cluster halos, etc., which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters).

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to the visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we will have on the side of [[Dark structures]], the [[Dark matter]] halos, and on the side of [[Visible structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary matter]] .

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we have, on the side of [[Dark Structures]], the [[Dark Matter]] Halos, and on the side of [[Visible Structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary Matter]].

In summary,'''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures, class Structures of Conservation, conservative structures, where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to the shape, properties, level of organization, complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark matter elementary halos''' (i.e. galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e. electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e. dark matter halos of clusters, including inside them many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e. hadrons, baryons and mesons, composed by quarks, gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''', in a broad sense (large scale dark structures, dark matter halos of super clusters, the structures that include more clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

In summary, '''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures — Structures of Conservation, conservative structures — where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to shape, properties, level of organization, and complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark‑matter elementary halos''' (i.e., galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e., electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons, and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e., dark‑matter halos of clusters, containing many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e., hadrons, baryons, and mesons, composed of quarks and gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''' in a broad sense (large‑scale dark structures, dark‑matter halos of superclusters, structures that include multiple clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

===The shapes of Vortices / Halos / Particles===

We have already mentioned the shape of the Vortex-type Dark Structures above.

We have already mentioned the shape of Vortex‑type Dark Structures above.

To understand the space-time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions that are variously used in different fields of the physical theories used today:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particle with a spatial extension (let's say the electron has an extension of about 10-15 meters),
* particle existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

To understand the space‑time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions used in various fields of contemporary physical theories:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particles with spatial extension (e.g., the electron with an extension of about 10⁻¹⁵ meters),
* particles existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

It is important to clarify.

It is important to clarify.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex-like Structures, which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary matter (all the particles of the standard model with mass), have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale up. In fact, therefore they have'''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of the Motion, of the interaction with the Field itself and with the other InfoStructures. And temporal extension (lifetime) also determined by the Motion, and by the other factors reported above (e.g. neutron stability when "contained" in the atomic nucleus).

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex‑like Structures — which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary Matter (all Standard‑Model particles with Mass) — have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale upward. In fact, they therefore have '''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of Motion, interaction with the Field itself, and interaction with other InfoStructures. Their temporal extension (lifetime) is also determined by Motion and by the other factors mentioned above (e.g., neutron stability when “contained” in the atomic nucleus).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) while the speed of motion increases, the mass increases (mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex which adapts to the conservation of the vortex shape and the intrinsic angular momentum, as the linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum -> Perturbation times Translation).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) as the speed of Motion increases; Mass increases (Mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of Time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal Time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex, which adapts to the conservation of vortex shape and intrinsic angular momentum as linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum → Perturbation × Translation).

===Dynamics of Vortices===

Due to the fact that the rate of passage of time (proper time) of a vortex-type Structure by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero), is lower than the rate of passage of time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in a vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

Because the rate of passage of Time (proper Time) of a vortex‑type Structure — by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero) — is lower than the rate of passage of Time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts a resistance, a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But, since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and, going back to the most elementary level of Reality, a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) places a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave-type structures such as photons ("c", speed of light in vacuum).

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts resistance — a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and — going back to the most elementary level of Reality — a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that Time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the Time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) sets a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave‑type Structures such as photons (“c”, speed of light in vacuum).

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Vortices

2026-10-17T17:40:31Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Vortices are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Conservation''', '''conservative structures''', where:
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests are '''[[Perturbation]] and [[Rotation]] (Chirality and AxisOrientation)'''. The Component / Mode Translation is involved in the Motion of the Vortex‑like Structure in the Field, but it is not constitutive of the Structure itself),
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Mass, Charge, and Spin''' are their main Fundamental Physical Quantities (Mass derives from the organization of the correlations of Perturbation, Electric Charge from the correlations of Rotation:Chirality, and Spin from the correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation).

These characteristics determine '''one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures''': they are the massive Structures that make up Dark/invisible and Ordinary/visible Matter, whose organized interactions give form to the Forms that fill the Universe.

In short, Vortex‑type InfoStructures represent the '''Structures of Conservation''', from whose fundamental nature the physical quantities we call Mass, Charge, and Spin derive. These are forms of structured Information which, due to their peculiar vortical organization, acquire a form that can be more or less permanent. Dark‑Matter Halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, constitute the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks, constitute the visible sector of Matter.

---

===Physical quantities associated with Vortices===

Vortex-type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental costitutive parameters''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant motion of this kind of structures (in case of the electrons, both the free and atomic ones), their Spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': even proper Time of Vortex-type InfoStructures is influenced by
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that "belongs" to, characterizes the Structure, the intensities and Time distributions of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Connected to the Mass of the Structure also there are its mass profile / distribution (the distribution of mass, the profile of mass density in the volume of Space occupied by the Structure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality, the prevalent verse of the chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale.

Vortex‑type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental constitutive Properties/Behaviors''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant Motion of this kind of Structures (in the case of electrons, both free and atomic), their spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': proper Time of Vortex‑type InfoStructures is also influenced by Motion and by the organization of the dynamism of the Field,
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that characterizes the Structure — the discrepancies in the pre-temporal distributions of the point‑event sub-elementary pre-spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale. Connected to Mass are its Mass profile / distribution (the distribution of Mass, the profile of Mass density in the region of the Elementary Field that moment by moment is supporting the Existence and the Essence / Form of the Vortex-type InfoStructure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to Motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures)),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality — the prevalent sense of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation — the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale.

'''Some non‑constitutive parameters''' (although not constitutive themselves, they influence the constitutive parameters):
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation, the prevalent orientation, direction and verse, of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space-time extension of Vortices, their Mass (ant Time, the life span of the Structure), Mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus of the atom, its dynamics, the interactions with the other electrons in the atom, influences the shape of the electron, and its mass, spin orientation, etc.

'''Some non‑constitutive parameters''':
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation — the prevalent orientation, direction, and sense of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space‑time extension of Vortices, their Mass (and Time, the life span of the Structure), mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus, their dynamics, and interactions with other electrons influence the shape of the electron, its Mass, Spin orientation, etc.

===Types of Vortices (Halos / Particles) and connected shapes===

In the field of Vortex-type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between''':
* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''one 3d vortex''' (leptons and quarks)
** a '''(quasi-) 2d vortex''' (neutrinos)
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple Y tube, etc. (gluons)

In the field of Vortex‑type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance to distinguish between:

* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''single 3D vortex''' (leptons and quarks),
** a '''(quasi‑)2D vortex''' (neutrinos),
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple‑Y tube, etc. (gluons).

In the class of "Mixed structures - Complex vortices/particles and interactions", which we will see shortly, we will find "mixed structures" formed by:
*two 3d vortices tied together by a 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (mesons)
*three or more 3d vortices tied together by 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (baryons)

In the class of "Mixed structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions", which we will examine shortly, we find mixed structures formed by:
*two 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (mesons),
*three or more 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (baryons).

This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of the nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not really fundamental natural forces, they are derived forces / fields / interactions that govern the dynamics of these kind of mixed/composite Physical Structures of Information), the space-time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not truly fundamental natural forces — they are derived forces / fields / interactions governing the dynamics of these mixed / composite Physical Structures of Information), the space‑time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence on at least 20 orders of magnitude, from the Plank scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond, with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their "ideal" forms. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence across at least 20 orders of magnitude — from the Planck scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond — with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their “ideal” shapes. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes that are very distant from the ideal shapes we use for classification. Given the spatial and temporal extension, which heavily influences the dynamics of these structures, the forms often distance themselves from the ideal image, while retaining its fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy which constitute the spongy tissue that houses the cosmic structures that make up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with an infinitesimal Mass density that slowly swirl in other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours, turbulences nested in other turbulences of greater extension, up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it doesn't end here, other more extensive turbulence welcomes the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems, groups, clusters, and these in superclusters, mega structures, IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes very distant from the ideal shapes used for classification. Given their spatial and temporal extension — which heavily influences their dynamics — the forms often deviate from the ideal image while retaining their fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy, which constitute the spongy tissue that hosts the cosmic structures making up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with infinitesimal Mass density slowly swirl within other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours — turbulences nested within larger turbulences — up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it does not end here: even more extensive turbulence hosts the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems — groups, clusters — and these in superclusters, mega‑structures, the IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Here it is difficult to identify "simple structures", given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (in cosmic time scales) reshapes the shapes of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some "ideal forms":
* 3d vortices (i.e. galactic halos)
* (quasi-) 2d tube vortices (the filaments that connect galactic halos, clusters halos, etc, which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters)

Here it is difficult to identify “simple structures”, given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (on cosmic time scales) reshapes the forms of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some “ideal forms”:
* 3D vortices (i.e., galactic halos),
* (quasi‑)2D tube vortices (the filaments connecting galactic halos, cluster halos, etc., which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters).

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to the visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we will have on the side of [[Dark structures]], the [[Dark matter]] halos, and on the side of [[Visible structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary matter]] .

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we have, on the side of [[Dark Structures]], the [[Dark Matter]] Halos, and on the side of [[Visible Structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary Matter]].

In summary,'''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures, class Structures of Conservation, conservative structures, where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to the shape, properties, level of organization, complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark matter elementary halos''' (i.e. galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e. electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e. dark matter halos of clusters, including inside them many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e. hadrons, baryons and mesons, composed by quarks, gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''', in a broad sense (large scale dark structures, dark matter halos of super clusters, the structures that include more clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

In summary, '''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures — Structures of Conservation, conservative structures — where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to shape, properties, level of organization, and complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark‑matter elementary halos''' (i.e., galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e., electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons, and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e., dark‑matter halos of clusters, containing many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e., hadrons, baryons, and mesons, composed of quarks and gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''' in a broad sense (large‑scale dark structures, dark‑matter halos of superclusters, structures that include multiple clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

===The shapes of Vortices / Halos / Particles===

We have already mentioned the shape of the Vortex-type Dark Structures above.

We have already mentioned the shape of Vortex‑type Dark Structures above.

To understand the space-time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions that are variously used in different fields of the physical theories used today:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particle with a spatial extension (let's say the electron has an extension of about 10-15 meters),
* particle existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

To understand the space‑time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions used in various fields of contemporary physical theories:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particles with spatial extension (e.g., the electron with an extension of about 10⁻¹⁵ meters),
* particles existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

It is important to clarify.

It is important to clarify.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex-like Structures, which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary matter (all the particles of the standard model with mass), have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale up. In fact, therefore they have'''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of the Motion, of the interaction with the Field itself and with the other InfoStructures. And temporal extension (lifetime) also determined by the Motion, and by the other factors reported above (e.g. neutron stability when "contained" in the atomic nucleus).

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex‑like Structures — which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary Matter (all Standard‑Model particles with Mass) — have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale upward. In fact, they therefore have '''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of Motion, interaction with the Field itself, and interaction with other InfoStructures. Their temporal extension (lifetime) is also determined by Motion and by the other factors mentioned above (e.g., neutron stability when “contained” in the atomic nucleus).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) while the speed of motion increases, the mass increases (mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex which adapts to the conservation of the vortex shape and the intrinsic angular momentum, as the linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum -> Perturbation times Translation).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) as the speed of Motion increases; Mass increases (Mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of Time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal Time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex, which adapts to the conservation of vortex shape and intrinsic angular momentum as linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum → Perturbation × Translation).

===Dynamics of Vortices===

Due to the fact that the rate of passage of time (proper time) of a vortex-type Structure by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero), is lower than the rate of passage of time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in a vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

Because the rate of passage of Time (proper Time) of a vortex‑type Structure — by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero) — is lower than the rate of passage of Time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts a resistance, a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But, since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and, going back to the most elementary level of Reality, a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) places a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave-type structures such as photons ("c", speed of light in vacuum).

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts resistance — a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and — going back to the most elementary level of Reality — a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that Time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the Time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) sets a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave‑type Structures such as photons (“c”, speed of light in vacuum).

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Vortices

2026-10-17T17:14:02Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Vortices are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Conservation''', '''conservative structures''', where:
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests are '''[[Perturbation]] and [[Rotation]] (Chirality and AxisOrientation)'''. The Component / Mode Translation is involved in the Motion of the Vortex‑like Structure in the Field, but it is not constitutive of the Structure itself),
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Mass, Charge, and Spin''' are their main Fundamental Physical Quantities (Mass derives from the organization of the correlations of Perturbation, Electric Charge from the correlations of Rotation:Chirality, and Spin from the correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation).

These characteristics determine '''one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures''': they are the massive Structures that make up Dark/invisible and Ordinary/visible Matter, whose organized interactions give form to the Forms that fill the Universe.

In short, Vortex‑type InfoStructures represent the Structures of Conservation, from whose fundamental nature the physical quantities we call Mass, Charge, and Spin derive. These are forms of structured Information which, due to their peculiar vortical organization, acquire a form that can be more or less permanent. Dark‑Matter Halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, constitute the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks, constitute the visible sector of Matter.

---

===Physical quantities associated with Vortices===

Vortex-type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental costitutive parameters''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant motion of this kind of structures (in case of the electrons, both the free and atomic ones), their Spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': even proper Time of Vortex-type InfoStructures is influenced by
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that "belongs" to, characterizes the Structure, the intensities and Time distributions of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Connected to the Mass of the Structure also there are its mass profile / distribution (the distribution of mass, the profile of mass density in the volume of Space occupied by the Structure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality, the prevalent verse of the chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale.

Vortex‑type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental constitutive parameters''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant Motion of this kind of Structures (in the case of electrons, both free and atomic), their spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': proper Time of Vortex‑type InfoStructures is also influenced by Motion and by the dynamics of the Field,
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that “belongs” to and characterizes the Structure — the intensities and Time distributions of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale. Connected to Mass are its mass profile / distribution (the distribution of Mass, the profile of mass density in the volume of Space occupied by the Structure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to Motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures)),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality — the prevalent sense of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation — the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale.

'''Some non costitutive parameters''':
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation, the prevalent orientation, direction and verse, of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space-time extension of Vortices, their Mass (ant Time, the life span of the Structure), Mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus of the atom, its dynamics, the interactions with the other electrons in the atom, influences the shape of the electron, and its mass, spin orientation, etc.

'''Some non‑constitutive parameters''':
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation — the prevalent orientation, direction, and sense of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space‑time extension of Vortices, their Mass (and Time, the life span of the Structure), mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus, their dynamics, and interactions with other electrons influence the shape of the electron, its Mass, Spin orientation, etc.

===Types of Vortices (Halos / Particles) and connected shapes===

In the field of Vortex-type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between''':
* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''one 3d vortex''' (leptons and quarks)
** a '''(quasi-) 2d vortex''' (neutrinos)
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple Y tube, etc. (gluons)

In the field of Vortex‑type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance to distinguish between:

* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''single 3D vortex''' (leptons and quarks),
** a '''(quasi‑)2D vortex''' (neutrinos),
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple‑Y tube, etc. (gluons).

In the class of "Mixed structures - Complex vortices/particles and interactions", which we will see shortly, we will find "mixed structures" formed by:
*two 3d vortices tied together by a 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (mesons)
*three or more 3d vortices tied together by 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (baryons)

In the class of "Mixed structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions", which we will examine shortly, we find mixed structures formed by:
*two 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (mesons),
*three or more 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (baryons).

This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of the nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not really fundamental natural forces, they are derived forces / fields / interactions that govern the dynamics of these kind of mixed/composite Physical Structures of Information), the space-time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not truly fundamental natural forces — they are derived forces / fields / interactions governing the dynamics of these mixed / composite Physical Structures of Information), the space‑time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence on at least 20 orders of magnitude, from the Plank scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond, with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their "ideal" forms. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence across at least 20 orders of magnitude — from the Planck scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond — with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their “ideal” shapes. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes that are very distant from the ideal shapes we use for classification. Given the spatial and temporal extension, which heavily influences the dynamics of these structures, the forms often distance themselves from the ideal image, while retaining its fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy which constitute the spongy tissue that houses the cosmic structures that make up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with an infinitesimal Mass density that slowly swirl in other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours, turbulences nested in other turbulences of greater extension, up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it doesn't end here, other more extensive turbulence welcomes the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems, groups, clusters, and these in superclusters, mega structures, IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes very distant from the ideal shapes used for classification. Given their spatial and temporal extension — which heavily influences their dynamics — the forms often deviate from the ideal image while retaining their fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy, which constitute the spongy tissue that hosts the cosmic structures making up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with infinitesimal Mass density slowly swirl within other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours — turbulences nested within larger turbulences — up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it does not end here: even more extensive turbulence hosts the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems — groups, clusters — and these in superclusters, mega‑structures, the IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Here it is difficult to identify "simple structures", given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (in cosmic time scales) reshapes the shapes of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some "ideal forms":
* 3d vortices (i.e. galactic halos)
* (quasi-) 2d tube vortices (the filaments that connect galactic halos, clusters halos, etc, which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters)

Here it is difficult to identify “simple structures”, given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (on cosmic time scales) reshapes the forms of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some “ideal forms”:
* 3D vortices (i.e., galactic halos),
* (quasi‑)2D tube vortices (the filaments connecting galactic halos, cluster halos, etc., which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters).

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to the visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we will have on the side of [[Dark structures]], the [[Dark matter]] halos, and on the side of [[Visible structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary matter]] .

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we have, on the side of [[Dark Structures]], the [[Dark Matter]] Halos, and on the side of [[Visible Structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary Matter]].

In summary,'''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures, class Structures of Conservation, conservative structures, where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to the shape, properties, level of organization, complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark matter elementary halos''' (i.e. galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e. electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e. dark matter halos of clusters, including inside them many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e. hadrons, baryons and mesons, composed by quarks, gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''', in a broad sense (large scale dark structures, dark matter halos of super clusters, the structures that include more clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

In summary, '''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures — Structures of Conservation, conservative structures — where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to shape, properties, level of organization, and complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark‑matter elementary halos''' (i.e., galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e., electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons, and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e., dark‑matter halos of clusters, containing many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e., hadrons, baryons, and mesons, composed of quarks and gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''' in a broad sense (large‑scale dark structures, dark‑matter halos of superclusters, structures that include multiple clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

===The shapes of Vortices / Halos / Particles===

We have already mentioned the shape of the Vortex-type Dark Structures above.

We have already mentioned the shape of Vortex‑type Dark Structures above.

To understand the space-time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions that are variously used in different fields of the physical theories used today:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particle with a spatial extension (let's say the electron has an extension of about 10-15 meters),
* particle existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

To understand the space‑time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions used in various fields of contemporary physical theories:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particles with spatial extension (e.g., the electron with an extension of about 10⁻¹⁵ meters),
* particles existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

It is important to clarify.

It is important to clarify.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex-like Structures, which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary matter (all the particles of the standard model with mass), have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale up. In fact, therefore they have'''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of the Motion, of the interaction with the Field itself and with the other InfoStructures. And temporal extension (lifetime) also determined by the Motion, and by the other factors reported above (e.g. neutron stability when "contained" in the atomic nucleus).

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex‑like Structures — which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary Matter (all Standard‑Model particles with Mass) — have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale upward. In fact, they therefore have '''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of Motion, interaction with the Field itself, and interaction with other InfoStructures. Their temporal extension (lifetime) is also determined by Motion and by the other factors mentioned above (e.g., neutron stability when “contained” in the atomic nucleus).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) while the speed of motion increases, the mass increases (mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex which adapts to the conservation of the vortex shape and the intrinsic angular momentum, as the linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum -> Perturbation times Translation).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) as the speed of Motion increases; Mass increases (Mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of Time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal Time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex, which adapts to the conservation of vortex shape and intrinsic angular momentum as linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum → Perturbation × Translation).

===Dynamics of Vortices===

Due to the fact that the rate of passage of time (proper time) of a vortex-type Structure by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero), is lower than the rate of passage of time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in a vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

Because the rate of passage of Time (proper Time) of a vortex‑type Structure — by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero) — is lower than the rate of passage of Time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts a resistance, a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But, since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and, going back to the most elementary level of Reality, a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) places a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave-type structures such as photons ("c", speed of light in vacuum).

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts resistance — a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and — going back to the most elementary level of Reality — a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that Time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the Time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) sets a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave‑type Structures such as photons (“c”, speed of light in vacuum).

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Vortices

2026-10-17T17:11:49Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Vortices are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Conservation''', '''conservative structures''', where:
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests are '''[[Perturbation]] and [[Rotation]] (Chirality and AxisOrientation)'''. The Component / Mode Translation is involved in the Motion of the Vortex‑like Structure in the Field, but it is not constitutive of the Structure itself),
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Mass, Charge, and Spin''' are their main Fundamental Physical Quantities (Mass derives from the organization of the correlations of Perturbation, Electric Charge from the correlations of Rotation:Chirality, and Spin from the correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation).

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: they are the massive Structures that make up Dark/invisible and Ordinary/visible Matter, whose organized interactions give form to the Forms that fill the Universe.

In short, Vortex‑type InfoStructures represent the Structures of Conservation, from whose fundamental nature the physical quantities we call Mass, Charge, and Spin derive. These are forms of structured Information which, due to their peculiar organization, acquire an (apparently) permanent form. Dark‑Matter Halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, constitute the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks, constitute the visible sector of Matter.

---

===Physical quantities associated with Vortices===

Vortex-type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental costitutive parameters''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant motion of this kind of structures (in case of the electrons, both the free and atomic ones), their Spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': even proper Time of Vortex-type InfoStructures is influenced by
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that "belongs" to, characterizes the Structure, the intensities and Time distributions of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Connected to the Mass of the Structure also there are its mass profile / distribution (the distribution of mass, the profile of mass density in the volume of Space occupied by the Structure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality, the prevalent verse of the chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale.

Vortex‑type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental constitutive parameters''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant Motion of this kind of Structures (in the case of electrons, both free and atomic), their spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': proper Time of Vortex‑type InfoStructures is also influenced by Motion and by the dynamics of the Field,
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that “belongs” to and characterizes the Structure — the intensities and Time distributions of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale. Connected to Mass are its mass profile / distribution (the distribution of Mass, the profile of mass density in the volume of Space occupied by the Structure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to Motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures)),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality — the prevalent sense of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation — the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale.

'''Some non costitutive parameters''':
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation, the prevalent orientation, direction and verse, of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space-time extension of Vortices, their Mass (ant Time, the life span of the Structure), Mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus of the atom, its dynamics, the interactions with the other electrons in the atom, influences the shape of the electron, and its mass, spin orientation, etc.

'''Some non‑constitutive parameters''':
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation — the prevalent orientation, direction, and sense of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space‑time extension of Vortices, their Mass (and Time, the life span of the Structure), mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus, their dynamics, and interactions with other electrons influence the shape of the electron, its Mass, Spin orientation, etc.

===Types of Vortices (Halos / Particles) and connected shapes===

In the field of Vortex-type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between''':
* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''one 3d vortex''' (leptons and quarks)
** a '''(quasi-) 2d vortex''' (neutrinos)
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple Y tube, etc. (gluons)

In the field of Vortex‑type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance to distinguish between:

* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''single 3D vortex''' (leptons and quarks),
** a '''(quasi‑)2D vortex''' (neutrinos),
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple‑Y tube, etc. (gluons).

In the class of "Mixed structures - Complex vortices/particles and interactions", which we will see shortly, we will find "mixed structures" formed by:
*two 3d vortices tied together by a 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (mesons)
*three or more 3d vortices tied together by 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (baryons)

In the class of "Mixed structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions", which we will examine shortly, we find mixed structures formed by:
*two 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (mesons),
*three or more 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (baryons).

This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of the nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not really fundamental natural forces, they are derived forces / fields / interactions that govern the dynamics of these kind of mixed/composite Physical Structures of Information), the space-time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not truly fundamental natural forces — they are derived forces / fields / interactions governing the dynamics of these mixed / composite Physical Structures of Information), the space‑time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence on at least 20 orders of magnitude, from the Plank scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond, with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their "ideal" forms. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence across at least 20 orders of magnitude — from the Planck scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond — with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their “ideal” shapes. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes that are very distant from the ideal shapes we use for classification. Given the spatial and temporal extension, which heavily influences the dynamics of these structures, the forms often distance themselves from the ideal image, while retaining its fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy which constitute the spongy tissue that houses the cosmic structures that make up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with an infinitesimal Mass density that slowly swirl in other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours, turbulences nested in other turbulences of greater extension, up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it doesn't end here, other more extensive turbulence welcomes the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems, groups, clusters, and these in superclusters, mega structures, IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes very distant from the ideal shapes used for classification. Given their spatial and temporal extension — which heavily influences their dynamics — the forms often deviate from the ideal image while retaining their fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy, which constitute the spongy tissue that hosts the cosmic structures making up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with infinitesimal Mass density slowly swirl within other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours — turbulences nested within larger turbulences — up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it does not end here: even more extensive turbulence hosts the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems — groups, clusters — and these in superclusters, mega‑structures, the IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Here it is difficult to identify "simple structures", given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (in cosmic time scales) reshapes the shapes of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some "ideal forms":
* 3d vortices (i.e. galactic halos)
* (quasi-) 2d tube vortices (the filaments that connect galactic halos, clusters halos, etc, which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters)

Here it is difficult to identify “simple structures”, given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (on cosmic time scales) reshapes the forms of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some “ideal forms”:
* 3D vortices (i.e., galactic halos),
* (quasi‑)2D tube vortices (the filaments connecting galactic halos, cluster halos, etc., which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters).

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to the visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we will have on the side of [[Dark structures]], the [[Dark matter]] halos, and on the side of [[Visible structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary matter]] .

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we have, on the side of [[Dark Structures]], the [[Dark Matter]] Halos, and on the side of [[Visible Structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary Matter]].

In summary,'''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures, class Structures of Conservation, conservative structures, where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to the shape, properties, level of organization, complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark matter elementary halos''' (i.e. galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e. electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e. dark matter halos of clusters, including inside them many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e. hadrons, baryons and mesons, composed by quarks, gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''', in a broad sense (large scale dark structures, dark matter halos of super clusters, the structures that include more clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

In summary, '''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures — Structures of Conservation, conservative structures — where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to shape, properties, level of organization, and complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark‑matter elementary halos''' (i.e., galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e., electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons, and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e., dark‑matter halos of clusters, containing many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e., hadrons, baryons, and mesons, composed of quarks and gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''' in a broad sense (large‑scale dark structures, dark‑matter halos of superclusters, structures that include multiple clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

===The shapes of Vortices / Halos / Particles===

We have already mentioned the shape of the Vortex-type Dark Structures above.

We have already mentioned the shape of Vortex‑type Dark Structures above.

To understand the space-time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions that are variously used in different fields of the physical theories used today:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particle with a spatial extension (let's say the electron has an extension of about 10-15 meters),
* particle existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

To understand the space‑time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions used in various fields of contemporary physical theories:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particles with spatial extension (e.g., the electron with an extension of about 10⁻¹⁵ meters),
* particles existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

It is important to clarify.

It is important to clarify.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex-like Structures, which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary matter (all the particles of the standard model with mass), have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale up. In fact, therefore they have'''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of the Motion, of the interaction with the Field itself and with the other InfoStructures. And temporal extension (lifetime) also determined by the Motion, and by the other factors reported above (e.g. neutron stability when "contained" in the atomic nucleus).

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex‑like Structures — which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary Matter (all Standard‑Model particles with Mass) — have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale upward. In fact, they therefore have '''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of Motion, interaction with the Field itself, and interaction with other InfoStructures. Their temporal extension (lifetime) is also determined by Motion and by the other factors mentioned above (e.g., neutron stability when “contained” in the atomic nucleus).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) while the speed of motion increases, the mass increases (mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex which adapts to the conservation of the vortex shape and the intrinsic angular momentum, as the linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum -> Perturbation times Translation).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) as the speed of Motion increases; Mass increases (Mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of Time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal Time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex, which adapts to the conservation of vortex shape and intrinsic angular momentum as linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum → Perturbation × Translation).

===Dynamics of Vortices===

Due to the fact that the rate of passage of time (proper time) of a vortex-type Structure by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero), is lower than the rate of passage of time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in a vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

Because the rate of passage of Time (proper Time) of a vortex‑type Structure — by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero) — is lower than the rate of passage of Time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts a resistance, a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But, since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and, going back to the most elementary level of Reality, a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) places a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave-type structures such as photons ("c", speed of light in vacuum).

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts resistance — a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and — going back to the most elementary level of Reality — a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that Time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the Time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) sets a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave‑type Structures such as photons (“c”, speed of light in vacuum).

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TFNR - Waves

2026-10-16T17:28:58Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] manifest are '''[[Translation]]''' and '''Rotation:AxisOrientation'''(the Components / Modes Perturbation amd Rotation:Chirality are null). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a local variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the Phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature. No Mass since no Perturbation and no Electric Charge as no Rotation:Chirality. The other feature is Polarization (a sort of Spin, but not as in Vortex‑type Structures): the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse Waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic Phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by Phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of Wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic Phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic Phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle Waves''' → Waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle Waves''' (Wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle Waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational Waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic Phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission Phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic Phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission Phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of Wave emission must be described as non‑periodic Phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic Phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle Waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize Waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow Phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a Wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a Wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the Wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a Wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize Waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as periodic Phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the Wave / Particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).

The '''transverse extension''' (determined primarily by the nature and characteristics of the object that emitted the Wave, as well as by the characteristics of the emission process itself) also represents a fundamental dimensional aspect. It determines not only the spatial form of the Wave, but, above all, the manner in which the Wave can be absorbed.

The '''phase''' of the Wave and the '''shape''' of the Wave are two additional important aspects that allow us to understand how the Energy of the Wave is distributed and where it is most concentrated in time.

The '''polarization''' parameter completes the set of dimensional characteristics. This parameter, too, is strongly influenced by the emission process and can be modified by interactions occurring after emission (for example, the passage through a substance capable of rotating the polarization angle of light, or the interaction with a magnetic field, both in the case of light and radio waves).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of Phenomena:
*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): '''produced by Phenomena involving strong positive or negative accelerations of immense, extremely dense massive objects''' (e.g., black holes, neutron stars, supernova explosions, etc.), they carry linear momentum (Translation) → impulse, and intrinsic angular momentum (Rotation:AxisOrientation) → polarization.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): produced by '''Phenomena involving rapid positive or negative accelerations of small objects such as Ordinary‑Matter Particles''' (e.g., electrons, nucleons, etc.), they too carry linear momentum (Translation) → impulse, and intrinsic angular momentum (Rotation:AxisOrientation) → polarization.

For electromagnetic radiation, '''the distinction between single‑cycle Waves and multi‑cycle Waves''' becomes more evident. The former can essentially be traced back to emission Phenomena involving the deceleration of Matter Particles, such as electrons within an atom when they move between different energy levels (orbitals). A typical example of the latter, multi‑cycle Waves, is the emission produced by the oscillation of electric fields in a conductor/antenna, which can be viewed as the motion of electric charges (electrons or holes) within a metal. In this case, the application of an alternating current generated by an oscillator produces a train, a periodic succession of single‑cycle Waves, which we observe as an electromagnetic Wave.

A single‑cycle Wave, precisely because of its localization within a small volume of Space, its shape (a single oscillation cycle resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and its quantized amount of Energy (related to the quantity of Action, Translation, and Rotation:AxisOrientation that give rise to and shape the Wave Structure), can be viewed as a Particle (though obviously not as a Vortex‑type Particle).

Precisely to avoid confusion between these two different classes of InfoStructures (Waves and Vortices/Particles), I would avoid classifying a photon as a Particle. A better term would be Single‑Cycle Wave (SCW).

Furthermore, again to avoid confusion, I would reserve the term “radiation” exclusively for Phenomena involving Waves. I would therefore exclude Phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption involving massive Particles — commonly, and in my opinion improperly, referred to as radiation — which instead represent a different Phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (simple and composite Vortices resulting from Interactions).

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to correctly distinguish between '''Wave Structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single emission event — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of periodic or quasi‑periodic emission Phenomena. This distinction helps clarify the quantum "weirdness" of wave‑particle duality — at least from the perspective of photons and electromagnetic waves — as illustrated by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical Phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. As already discussed above, for a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle Wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and Properties of a Wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a Particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how Phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the Wave nature of photons and elementary Particles such as the electron, but by Phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the Phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference Phenomena of Wave-type entities.

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TFNR - Vortices

2026-10-15T20:43:37Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Vortices are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Conservation''', '''conservative structures''', where:
*at the level of the Source: the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Conservation]]''' prevails,
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Modes / Components in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests are '''[[Perturbation]] and [[Rotation]] (Chirality and AxisOrientation)''' (the Component / Mode Translation is involved in the Motion of the Vortex‑like Structure in the Field, but it is not constitutive of the Structure itself),
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Mass, Charge, and Spin''' are their main features (Mass derives from the organization of the correlations of Perturbation, Electric Charge from the correlations of Rotation:Chirality, and Spin from the correlations of Rotation:AxisOrientation).

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: they are the massive Structures that make up Dark/invisible and Ordinary/visible Matter, whose organized interactions give form to the Forms that fill the Universe.

In short, Vortex‑type InfoStructures represent the Structures of Conservation, from whose fundamental nature the physical quantities we call Mass, Charge, and Spin derive. These are forms of structured Information which, due to their peculiar organization, acquire an (apparently) permanent form. Dark‑Matter Halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, constitute the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary Particles, including leptons and quarks, constitute the visible sector of Matter.

---

===Physical quantities associated with Vortices===

Vortex-type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental costitutive parameters''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant motion of this kind of structures (in case of the electrons, both the free and atomic ones), their Spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': even proper Time of Vortex-type InfoStructures is influenced by
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that "belongs" to, characterizes the Structure, the intensities and Time distributions of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Connected to the Mass of the Structure also there are its mass profile / distribution (the distribution of mass, the profile of mass density in the volume of Space occupied by the Structure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality, the prevalent verse of the chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale.

Vortex‑type Structures can be completely characterized by some '''fundamental constitutive parameters''':
*'''Spatial extension''': due to the incessant Motion of this kind of Structures (in the case of electrons, both free and atomic), their spatial extension is incessantly changing (volume contraction as they accelerate, expansion as they decelerate),
*'''proper Time''': proper Time of Vortex‑type InfoStructures is also influenced by Motion and by the dynamics of the Field,
*'''Mass''': deriving from the total amount of Perturbation that “belongs” to and characterizes the Structure — the intensities and Time distributions of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale. Connected to Mass are its mass profile / distribution (the distribution of Mass, the profile of mass density in the volume of Space occupied by the Structure) and the position of the center of Mass in that volume (volume variable due to Motion or interaction with the Field (the turbulence of the Field) and with other Structures (Waves, Vortices, Mixed Structures)),
*'''Electric Charge''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:Chirality — the prevalent sense of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale,
*'''Spin''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation — the prevalent direction of the orientation of the axis of chirality of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale.

'''Some non costitutive parameters''':
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation, the prevalent orientation, direction and verse, of the points-event elementary fluctuation at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space-time extension of Vortices, their Mass (ant Time, the life span of the Structure), Mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus of the atom, its dynamics, the interactions with the other electrons in the atom, influences the shape of the electron, and its mass, spin orientation, etc.

'''Some non‑constitutive parameters''':
*'''Motion''': deriving from the correlation of the Component Translation — the prevalent orientation, direction, and sense of the point‑event elementary fluctuations at the Planck scale. Motion influences the space‑time extension of Vortices, their Mass (and Time, the life span of the Structure), mass profile, shape, Spin spatial orientation, etc.
*'''Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations in atoms''': the position of electrons around the nucleus, their dynamics, and interactions with other electrons influence the shape of the electron, its Mass, Spin orientation, etc.

===Types of Vortices (Halos / Particles) and connected shapes===

In the field of Vortex-type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between''':
* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''one 3d vortex''' (leptons and quarks)
** a '''(quasi-) 2d vortex''' (neutrinos)
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple Y tube, etc. (gluons)

In the field of Vortex‑type Structures of Information, it is of utmost importance to distinguish between:

* '''simple structures''' formed by:
** a '''single 3D vortex''' (leptons and quarks),
** a '''(quasi‑)2D vortex''' (neutrinos),
** a '''vortex tube''': linear tube, multiple‑Y tube, etc. (gluons).

In the class of "Mixed structures - Complex vortices/particles and interactions", which we will see shortly, we will find "mixed structures" formed by:
*two 3d vortices tied together by a 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (mesons)
*three or more 3d vortices tied together by 2d/3d gluon vortex tubes (baryons)

In the class of "Mixed structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions", which we will examine shortly, we find mixed structures formed by:
*two 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (mesons),
*three or more 3D vortices tied together by 2D/3D gluon vortex tubes (baryons).

This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of the nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not really fundamental natural forces, they are derived forces / fields / interactions that govern the dynamics of these kind of mixed/composite Physical Structures of Information), the space-time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of nuclear interactions, '''the differences between weak and strong nuclear forces / fields / interactions''' (not truly fundamental natural forces — they are derived forces / fields / interactions governing the dynamics of these mixed / composite Physical Structures of Information), the space‑time shapes of the particles described by the Standard Model, etc.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence on at least 20 orders of magnitude, from the Plank scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond, with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their "ideal" forms. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

All these types of Vortices are not perfect, monolithic forms, but structures characterized by turbulence across at least 20 orders of magnitude — from the Planck scale to the scale of the particles they represent and beyond — with incessantly changing, more or less stable forms, fluctuating around chaotic attractors that define their “ideal” shapes. Turbulence and uncertainty dominate.

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes that are very distant from the ideal shapes we use for classification. Given the spatial and temporal extension, which heavily influences the dynamics of these structures, the forms often distance themselves from the ideal image, while retaining its fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy which constitute the spongy tissue that houses the cosmic structures that make up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with an infinitesimal Mass density that slowly swirl in other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours, turbulences nested in other turbulences of greater extension, up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it doesn't end here, other more extensive turbulence welcomes the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems, groups, clusters, and these in superclusters, mega structures, IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Even more so '''in the dark sector''' we find real shapes very distant from the ideal shapes used for classification. Given their spatial and temporal extension — which heavily influences their dynamics — the forms often deviate from the ideal image while retaining their fundamental characteristics. We are obviously talking about the structures of Dark Matter / Dark Energy, which constitute the spongy tissue that hosts the cosmic structures making up the Universe. Impalpable turbulences with infinitesimal Mass density slowly swirl within other turbulences, in an escalation that goes from the smallest corners of a solar system like ours — turbulences nested within larger turbulences — up to an entire galaxy, which we consider the building block of the Universe. But it does not end here: even more extensive turbulence hosts the halos of galactic bubbles in more complex systems — groups, clusters — and these in superclusters, mega‑structures, the IOL cosmic web that surrounds bubbles even more immense than giant voids...

Here it is difficult to identify "simple structures", given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (in cosmic time scales) reshapes the shapes of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some "ideal forms":
* 3d vortices (i.e. galactic halos)
* (quasi-) 2d tube vortices (the filaments that connect galactic halos, clusters halos, etc, which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters)

Here it is difficult to identify “simple structures”, given the greater incidence of turbulence which incessantly (on cosmic time scales) reshapes the forms of dark structures. In any case, we can imagine some “ideal forms”:
* 3D vortices (i.e., galactic halos),
* (quasi‑)2D tube vortices (the filaments connecting galactic halos, cluster halos, etc., which favor the transfer of gas, dust, even stars, between different galaxies and clusters).

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to the visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we will have on the side of [[Dark structures]], the [[Dark matter]] halos, and on the side of [[Visible structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary matter]] .

'''In relation to the intensity of [[Perturbation]] and according to visibility''', in the [[Physical Reality]] we have, on the side of [[Dark Structures]], the [[Dark Matter]] Halos, and on the side of [[Visible Structures]], the [[Particles]] of [[Ordinary Matter]].

In summary,'''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures, class Structures of Conservation, conservative structures, where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to the shape, properties, level of organization, complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark matter elementary halos''' (i.e. galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e. electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e. dark matter halos of clusters, including inside them many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e. hadrons, baryons and mesons, composed by quarks, gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''', in a broad sense (large scale dark structures, dark matter halos of super clusters, the structures that include more clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

In summary, '''Vortices''' are a class of InfoStructures — Structures of Conservation, conservative structures — where Mass is the main feature, together with Charge and Spin. They are the essence of Matter. According to shape, properties, level of organization, and complexity, we can identify the following subclasses:
*'''elementary vortices'''
**'''dark‑matter elementary halos''' (i.e., galactic halos),
**'''elementary particles''' (i.e., electrons, quarks, neutrinos, gluons, and the other bosons, excluding photons),
*'''composite vortices'''
**'''composite structures of dark matter''' (i.e., dark‑matter halos of clusters, containing many interacting galactic halos and gravitational waves produced by their dynamics),
**'''composite particles of ordinary matter''' (i.e., hadrons, baryons, and mesons, composed of quarks and gluons),
*'''complex vortices'''
**the '''dark structure of the Universe''' in a broad sense (large‑scale dark structures, dark‑matter halos of superclusters, structures that include multiple clusters, dark filaments, attractors, etc.).

===The shapes of Vortices / Halos / Particles===

We have already mentioned the shape of the Vortex-type Dark Structures above.

We have already mentioned the shape of Vortex‑type Dark Structures above.

To understand the space-time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions that are variously used in different fields of the physical theories used today:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particle with a spatial extension (let's say the electron has an extension of about 10-15 meters),
* particle existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

To understand the space‑time shape of Particles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the different visions used in various fields of contemporary physical theories:
* point particles (no spatial extension),
* particles with spatial extension (e.g., the electron with an extension of about 10⁻¹⁵ meters),
* particles existing at a single point in a spatial volume with a definite probability (quantum orbitals).

It is important to clarify.

It is important to clarify.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex-like Structures, which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary matter (all the particles of the standard model with mass), have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale up. In fact, therefore they have'''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of the Motion, of the interaction with the Field itself and with the other InfoStructures. And temporal extension (lifetime) also determined by the Motion, and by the other factors reported above (e.g. neutron stability when "contained" in the atomic nucleus).

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that Vortex‑like Structures — which in standard physics are called Particles of Ordinary Matter (all Standard‑Model particles with Mass) — have always '''virtually infinite spatial extension''', even if limited by the prevalence of the uncertainty of the Elementary Field from the Planck scale upward. In fact, they therefore have '''finite spatial extension''' (finite volume), variable as a result of Motion, interaction with the Field itself, and interaction with other InfoStructures. Their temporal extension (lifetime) is also determined by Motion and by the other factors mentioned above (e.g., neutron stability when “contained” in the atomic nucleus).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) while the speed of motion increases, the mass increases (mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex which adapts to the conservation of the vortex shape and the intrinsic angular momentum, as the linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum -> Perturbation times Translation).

Spatial extension contracts and lifetime expands (time dilation) as the speed of Motion increases; Mass increases (Mass can in fact be considered and expressed in terms of the difference between the rate of flow of Time compared to the average rate of flow of surrounding or universal Time). The volume occupied by the Structure contracts as a result of the internal dynamics of the vortex, which adapts to the conservation of vortex shape and intrinsic angular momentum as linear momentum increases (moment of inertia, momentum → Perturbation × Translation).

===Dynamics of Vortices===

Due to the fact that the rate of passage of time (proper time) of a vortex-type Structure by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero), is lower than the rate of passage of time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in a vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

Because the rate of passage of Time (proper Time) of a vortex‑type Structure — by definition, by nature, by constitution (Perturbation greater than zero) — is lower than the rate of passage of Time of the unstructured Field (Perturbation equal to zero), the speed of propagation of the InfoStructure in the Field will always be lower than the maximum speed allowed (speed of light in vacuum), and an infinite amount of Action will be needed to asymptotically approach this maximum speed.

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts a resistance, a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But, since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and, going back to the most elementary level of Reality, a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) places a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave-type structures such as photons ("c", speed of light in vacuum).

We commonly say that the Mass of the Structure exerts resistance — a constraint on acceleration and velocity variation. But since Mass is a difference in temporal flow, and — going back to the most elementary level of Reality — a difference in the density of the temporal distributions of the spatial variations of the Field, which resonate at the Planck scale, it seems natural that Time itself sets a limit to the speed of the Structure, just as the Time of the Field (surrounding or universal volume) sets a limit on the speed that can be reached by Wave‑type Structures such as photons (“c”, speed of light in vacuum).

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TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T20:13:49Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*'''at the level of the Source''': the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the Phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse Waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic Phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by Phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of Wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic Phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic Phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle Waves''' → Waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle Waves''' (Wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle Waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational Waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic Phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission Phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic Phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission Phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of Wave emission must be described as non‑periodic Phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic Phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle Waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize Waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow Phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a Wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a Wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the Wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a Wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize Waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as periodic Phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the Wave / Particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).

The '''transverse extension''' (determined primarily by the nature and characteristics of the object that emitted the Wave, as well as by the characteristics of the emission process itself) also represents a fundamental dimensional aspect. It determines not only the spatial form of the Wave, but, above all, the manner in which the Wave can be absorbed.

The '''phase''' of the Wave and the '''shape''' of the Wave are two additional important aspects that allow us to understand how the Energy of the Wave is distributed and where it is most concentrated in time.

The '''polarization''' parameter completes the set of dimensional characteristics. This parameter, too, is strongly influenced by the emission process and can be modified by interactions occurring after emission (for example, the passage through a substance capable of rotating the polarization angle of light, or the interaction with a magnetic field, both in the case of light and radio waves).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of Phenomena:
*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): '''produced by Phenomena involving strong positive or negative accelerations of immense, extremely dense massive objects''' (e.g., black holes, neutron stars, supernova explosions, etc.), they carry linear momentum (Translation) → impulse, and intrinsic angular momentum (Rotation:AxisOrientation) → polarization.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): produced by '''Phenomena involving rapid positive or negative accelerations of small objects such as Ordinary‑Matter Particles''' (e.g., electrons, nucleons, etc.), they too carry linear momentum (Translation) → impulse, and intrinsic angular momentum (Rotation:AxisOrientation) → polarization.

For electromagnetic radiation, '''the distinction between single‑cycle Waves and multi‑cycle Waves''' becomes more evident. The former can essentially be traced back to emission Phenomena involving the deceleration of Matter Particles, such as electrons within an atom when they move between different energy levels (orbitals). A typical example of the latter, multi‑cycle Waves, is the emission produced by the oscillation of electric fields in a conductor/antenna, which can be viewed as the motion of electric charges (electrons or holes) within a metal. In this case, the application of an alternating current generated by an oscillator produces a train, a periodic succession of single‑cycle Waves, which we observe as an electromagnetic Wave.

A single‑cycle Wave, precisely because of its localization within a small volume of Space, its shape (a single oscillation cycle resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and its quantized amount of Energy (related to the quantity of Action, Translation, and Rotation:AxisOrientation that give rise to and shape the Wave Structure), can be viewed as a Particle (though obviously not as a Vortex‑type Particle).

Precisely to avoid confusion between these two different classes of InfoStructures (Waves and Vortices/Particles), I would avoid classifying a photon as a Particle. A better term would be Single‑Cycle Wave (SCW).

Furthermore, again to avoid confusion, I would reserve the term “radiation” exclusively for Phenomena involving Waves. I would therefore exclude Phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption involving massive Particles — commonly, and in my opinion improperly, referred to as radiation — which instead represent a different Phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (simple and composite Vortices resulting from Interactions).

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to correctly distinguish between '''Wave Structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single emission event — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of periodic or quasi‑periodic emission Phenomena. This distinction helps clarify the quantum "weirdness" of wave‑particle duality — at least from the perspective of photons and electromagnetic waves — as illustrated by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical Phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. As already discussed above, for a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle Wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and Properties of a Wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a Particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how Phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the Wave nature of photons and elementary Particles such as the electron, but by Phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the Phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference Phenomena of Wave-type entities.

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TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T16:48:18Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*'''at the level of the Source''': the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse Waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of Wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle Waves''' → Waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle Waves''' (Wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle Waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational Waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of Wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle Waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize Waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a Wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a Wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the Wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a Wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize Waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the Wave / Particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).

The '''transverse extension''' (determined primarily by the nature and characteristics of the object that emitted the Wave, as well as by the characteristics of the emission process itself) also represents a fundamental dimensional aspect. It determines not only the spatial form of the Wave, but, above all, the manner in which the Wave can be absorbed.

The '''phase''' of the Wave and the '''shape''' of the Wave are two additional important aspects that allow us to understand how the Energy of the Wave is distributed and where it is most concentrated in time.

The '''polarization''' parameter completes the set of dimensional characteristics. This parameter, too, is strongly influenced by the emission process and can be modified by interactions occurring after emission (for example, the passage through a substance capable of rotating the polarization angle of light, or the interaction with a magnetic field, both in the case of light and radio waves).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:
*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): '''produced by phenomena involving strong positive or negative accelerations of immense, extremely dense massive objects''' (e.g., black holes, neutron stars, supernova explosions, etc.), they carry linear momentum (Translation) → impulse, and intrinsic angular momentum (Rotation:AxisOrientation) → polarization.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): produced by '''phenomena involving rapid positive or negative accelerations of small objects such as Ordinary‑Matter Particles''' (e.g., electrons, nucleons, etc.), they too carry linear momentum (Translation) → impulse, and intrinsic angular momentum (Rotation:AxisOrientation) → polarization.

For electromagnetic radiation, '''the distinction between single‑cycle Waves and multi‑cycle Waves''' becomes more evident. The former can essentially be traced back to emission phenomena involving the deceleration of Matter Particles, such as electrons within an atom when they move between different energy levels (orbitals). A typical example of the latter, multi‑cycle Waves, is the emission produced by the oscillation of electric fields in a conductor/antenna, which can be viewed as the motion of electric charges (electrons or holes) within a metal. In this case, the application of an alternating current generated by an oscillator produces a train, a periodic succession of single‑cycle Waves, which we observe as an electromagnetic Wave.

A single‑cycle Wave, precisely because of its localization within a small volume of Space, its shape (a single oscillation cycle resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and its quantized amount of Energy (related to the quantity of Action, Translation, and Rotation:AxisOrientation that give rise to and shape the Wave Structure), can be viewed as a Particle (though obviously not as a Vortex‑type Particle).

Precisely to avoid confusion between these two different classes of InfoStructures (Waves and Vortices/Particles), I would avoid classifying a photon as a Particle. A better term would be Single‑Cycle Wave (SCW).

Furthermore, again to avoid confusion, I would reserve the term “radiation” exclusively for phenomena involving Waves. I would therefore exclude phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption involving massive Particles — commonly, and in my opinion improperly, referred to as radiation — which instead represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (simple and composite Vortices resulting from Interactions).

---

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T16:18:25Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*'''at the level of the Source''': the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse Waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of Wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle Waves''' → Waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle Waves''' (Wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle Waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational Waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of Wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle Waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize Waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a Wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a Wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the Wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a Wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize Waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the Wave / Particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).

The '''transverse extension''' (determined primarily by the nature and characteristics of the object that emitted the Wave, as well as by the characteristics of the emission process itself) also represents a fundamental dimensional aspect. It determines not only the spatial form of the Wave, but, above all, the manner in which the Wave can be absorbed.

The '''phase''' of the Wave and the '''shape''' of the Wave are two additional important aspects that allow us to understand how the Energy of the Wave is distributed and where it is most concentrated in time.

The '''polarization''' parameter completes the set of dimensional characteristics. This parameter, too, is strongly influenced by the emission process and can be modified by interactions occurring after emission (for example, the passage through a substance capable of rotating the polarization angle of light, or the interaction with a magnetic field, both in the case of light and radio waves).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T16:08:35Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*'''at the level of the Source''': the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*'''at the level of the Elementary Action''': the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*'''at the level of Information / Energy''': '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse Waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of Wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle Waves''' → Waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle Waves''' (Wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle Waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational Waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of Wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle Waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize Waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a Wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a Wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the Wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a Wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize Waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the Wave / Particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T16:08:10Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*at the level of the Source: the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse Waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of Wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle Waves''' → Waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle Waves''' (Wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle Waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational Waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of Wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle Waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize Waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a Wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a Wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the Wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a Wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the Wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize Waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of Waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the Wave / Particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to conventional physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information in its elementary form we call Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the Wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the Wave).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T16:02:46Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*at the level of the Source: the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle waves''' → waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength", we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in conventional physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (as said, the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — in the Field we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave / particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors/carriers of [[Information]], of [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. In fact, they mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex-like Structures and Mixed structures, Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex-type Structures. In particular, they transfer energy (remember: elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component which determines the propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation which determines the polarization of the wave).

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy (remember: the elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the wave).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T15:59:22Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*at the level of the Source: the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, in general we can say that, within a model that assumes:
*'''flat Space at the dimensional scales characteristic of the Structures under consideration''', both for electromagnetic Waves (ordinary/visible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^-16 to 10^8 m) and for gravitational Waves (dark/invisible radiation, with wavelengths extending approximately from 10^2 to 10^26 m),
*'''curvable / curved Time''',
*'''a locally variable limiting speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information''',
it does not make much sense to speak in terms of frequency.

It makes much more sense to speak in terms of wavelength (flat, non-deformable, absolute Space, even though, due to the absence of absolute reference points, it will always be observed from a relative perspective, and deformable Time).

With this clarification, we may still use the physical quantity frequency, fully aware that it is subject to local variations with respect to a constant wavelength. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is determined by the limiting speed of light and is therefore not fixed, depending on the local value of that limiting speed, which in turn depends on the local rate of flow of Time.

The quantity "frequency" is particularly useful in the description of periodic phenomena and therefore, in particular, of radio waves, which are emitted by phenomena that manifest a continuous succession of wave variations (oscillations of the electric current in a conductor → antenna).

In this regard, to clarify the difference between Wave-type Structures produced by aperiodic phenomena and those produced by periodic or quasi-periodic phenomena, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle waves''' → waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see the dynamics of light emission / absorption by electrons in the atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or during oscillatory motion in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave trains) → emission of radio waves generated by alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation through electrical conductors (antennas); or, in the dark sector, continuous trains of gravitational waves emitted, for example, by a pair of massive objects stably orbiting one another.

Multi‑cycle waves may exhibit either periodic evolution (e.g. radio waves at a fixed frequency) or quasi‑periodic evolution (e.g. gravitational waves evolving during the inspiral and merger of two black holes or neutron stars).

At the risk of repeating concepts already expressed many times, I would nevertheless like to emphasize this point, which may appear trivial or marginal but which, in my opinion, is of great importance. I often read about the “frequency of light”. Within this model of Reality, the concepts of wavelength and frequency cannot be used interchangeably, because the relationship between these two quantities is governed by a physical quantity that, in this model, is not considered constant but locally variable.

It is precisely this variability — arising from the local variability of the rate of flow of Time — that constitutes the foundation of a large part of the functioning of Physical Reality.

So, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the "quantum leap" of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. As briefly mentioned above, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength" rather than "frequency" (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which everything is made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that the wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We will have to say that a wave is an oscillation, a deformation of a field, which propagates in the field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength" we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light, both locally variable both in Space and Time) and a definition of length d 'relative wave (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light), the normal definition of wavelength to which we are accustomed. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (the rhythm of Time is variable locally and at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to be able to conduct such an absolute measurement of length, of distance between two points, we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition we find in standard physics: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of time. These clarifications, even if in fact they do not change the way in which we can characterize the waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency) in my opinion are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of the waves always as periodic phenomena, even when they are not , and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations, an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave/particle dichotomy, at least as regards electromagnetic radiation.

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to “periodicity”. Regarding the physical quantity “wavelength”, we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in standard physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity “wavelength” must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave / particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors/carriers of [[Information]], of [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. In fact, they mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex-like Structures and Mixed structures, Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex-type Structures. In particular, they transfer energy (remember: elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component which determines the propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation which determines the polarization of the wave).

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy (remember: the elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the wave).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T15:23:08Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*at the level of the Source: the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant Properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the natural constant "speed of light in the vacuum", quantity that in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its local dynamics linked to the distribution of Matter Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of Space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by four fundamental parameters''':
*'''wavelength''' (longitudinal dimension, spatial length of one cycle), or '''frequency''' (number of cycles per unit of Time)
*'''transverse extension''' (transverse dimension): the characteristic size of the Wave in the directions perpendicular to its propagation. As a first approximation, it reflects the spatial size of the Structure that generated the emission and defines the spatial region within which the Wave can exert its Action.
*'''phase''' (an angular quantity representing the fraction of the cycle completed up to a given point in Time)
*'''polarization''' (the property of transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the frequency / wavelength parameter, we can distinguish:
*'''single-cycle waves''' -> waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post-emission deceleration phase (see dynamics of the emission / absorption of light by the electrons present in the atomic orbitals of ordinary matter) or oscillation during propagation in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train) -> emission of radio waves from alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation in electrical conductors (antennas).

Regarding the wavelength / frequency parameter, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle waves''' → waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see dynamics of emission / absorption of light by electrons in atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or oscillation during propagation in a magnetic field (e.g., synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train) → emission of radio waves from alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation in electrical conductors (antennas).

In general, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena, whether they are described by electromagnetic waves or by particles called photons, '''is misleading'''. Many of the e.m. wave / photons emission phenomena are not periodic phenomena (e.g. emission of light due to the "quantum leap" effect of an electron). We probably imagine them as periodicals because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. In fact, only the emissions of radio waves produced by the alternating flow of a current of electrons in a conductor (antenna) is in fact a (truly) periodic phenomenon. There are "quasi-periodic" wave emission phenomena, such as the emission of gravitational waves during a merger of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars/black holes). But the majority of wave emission materializes and must be described as non-periodic phenomena, of emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Emitting large quantities of single cycle waves/photons. Therefore, to characterize waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength", rather than frequency (which makes sense in a narrow phenomenological context -> emission, propagation and absorption of radio waves).

In general, '''the use of the physical quantity “frequency”''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the “quantum leap” of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. In fact, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize waves, it is much more correct to use the term “wavelength” rather than “frequency” (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence relations between wavelength and frequency and therefore the use of one quantity or the other would in fact be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses that have been formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action and Information in the Elementary Field. Speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of space considered or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, this is one of the representations of the Mode / Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, the other representations being the density of the Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space-Time, or rather the curvature of Time) to represent a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which things are made. Universal average speed is also variable over time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of Elementary Field, the level of structuring of the Field itself (quantity and quality of the Information / Energy existing at a certain moment in history of the Universe).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the “raw material” of which things are made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that the wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We will have to say that a wave is an oscillation, a deformation of a field, which propagates in the field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength" we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light, both locally variable both in Space and Time) and a definition of length d 'relative wave (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light), the normal definition of wavelength to which we are accustomed. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (the rhythm of Time is variable locally and at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to be able to conduct such an absolute measurement of length, of distance between two points, we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition we find in standard physics: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of time. These clarifications, even if in fact they do not change the way in which we can characterize the waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency) in my opinion are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of the waves always as periodic phenomena, even when they are not , and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations, an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave/particle dichotomy, at least as regards electromagnetic radiation.

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to “periodicity”. Regarding the physical quantity “wavelength”, we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in standard physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity “wavelength” must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave / particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors/carriers of [[Information]], of [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. In fact, they mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex-like Structures and Mixed structures, Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex-type Structures. In particular, they transfer energy (remember: elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component which determines the propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation which determines the polarization of the wave).

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy (remember: the elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the wave).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Waves

2026-10-15T14:49:51Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
Waves are [[Structures of Information]], belonging to the class of the '''Structures of Propagation''', '''dynamical structures''', where:
*at the level of the Source: the [[Action]] of the '''Operator [[Propagation]]''' prevails,
*at the level of the Elementary Action: the Mode / Component in which [[Elementary Action]] mainly manifests is '''[[Translation]]''' (the Component / Mode Perturbation is null; Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved). This means that the propagation of Waves transfers Action in the form of Translation (producing a variation in the speed of propagation in the Field, therefore producing an acceleration in the Field or in the Structure that absorbs the Wave). Furthermore, the Wave‑like Structure shows the "imprint" of the Vortex‑like Structure that produced it and of the phenomenon that generated its emission. For example, for the photon / electromagnetic wave of visible light, the polarization parameter is determined by the dynamics of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component — in other words, the Spin of the Particle that emitted it — during the emission event,
*at the level of Information / Energy: '''Motion''' is their main feature (no Mass since no Perturbation) (no Electric Charge, no Spin as in Vortex‑type Structures, but the Components Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation are indirectly involved in determining the parameter we call "polarization": the orientation, direction, sense, and temporal evolution of the intrinsic angular momentum of the Wave — the so‑called "spin angular momentum of light").

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the constant speed of light in vacuum, which in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in space and time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its dynamics linked to the distribution of the Dark Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following the geodesics, trajectories of least action that follow the so-called curvature of space-time).

These characteristics determine one of the most relevant properties of this type of Structures: their '''incessant propagation at the maximum speed allowed''' (what in conventional physics is considered the constant speed of light in vacuum, which in Evolutionary Physics is considered variable in Space and Time depending on the precise value of the Perturbation Component and its dynamics linked to the distribution of the Dark Structures) '''in a straight line''' (in the sense of General Relativity, following geodesics — trajectories of least Action that follow the so‑called curvature of space‑time).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g. waves in water, air, etc.).

Here we are only talking about Waves in the Elementary Field, not about waves in a material medium (e.g., waves in water, air, etc.).

===Physical quantities associated with Waves===

Waves-type Structures '''can be completely characterized by three fundamental parameters''':
*'''frequency''' (number of cycles per time unit) '''or wavelength''' (spatial length of one cycle), better for "single cycle waves"
*'''phase''' (angle-like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to a certain point in time)
*'''polarization''' (property of transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Waves‑type Structures '''can be completely characterized by three fundamental parameters''':
*'''frequency''' (number of cycles per time unit) '''or wavelength''' (spatial length of one cycle), better suited for “single‑cycle waves”
*'''phase''' (angle‑like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to a certain point in Time)
*'''polarization''' (property of transverse waves specifying the geometrical orientation of the oscillations / variations of the Field)

Regarding the frequency / wavelength parameter, we can distinguish:
*'''single-cycle waves''' -> waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post-emission deceleration phase (see dynamics of the emission / absorption of light by the electrons present in the atomic orbitals of ordinary matter) or oscillation during propagation in a magnetic field (e.g. synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train) -> emission of radio waves from alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation in electrical conductors (antennas).

Regarding the frequency / wavelength parameter, we can distinguish:
*'''single‑cycle waves''' → waves that constitute light, emitted by a single electron in the post‑emission deceleration phase (see dynamics of emission / absorption of light by electrons in atomic orbitals of Ordinary Matter) or oscillation during propagation in a magnetic field (e.g., synchrotron radiation),
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train) → emission of radio waves from alternating electric currents, electron flows in oscillatory propagation in electrical conductors (antennas).

In general, '''the use of the physical quantity "frequency"''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena, whether they are described by electromagnetic waves or by particles called photons, '''is misleading'''. Many of the e.m. wave / photons emission phenomena are not periodic phenomena (e.g. emission of light due to the "quantum leap" effect of an electron). We probably imagine them as periodicals because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. In fact, only the emissions of radio waves produced by the alternating flow of a current of electrons in a conductor (antenna) is in fact a (truly) periodic phenomenon. There are "quasi-periodic" wave emission phenomena, such as the emission of gravitational waves during a merger of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars/black holes). But the majority of wave emission materializes and must be described as non-periodic phenomena, of emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Emitting large quantities of single cycle waves/photons. Therefore, to characterize waves, it is much more correct to use the term "wavelength", rather than frequency (which makes sense in a narrow phenomenological context -> emission, propagation and absorption of radio waves).

In general, '''the use of the physical quantity “frequency”''' to characterize electromagnetic phenomena — whether described as electromagnetic waves or as photons — '''is misleading'''. Many e.m. wave / photon emission phenomena are not periodic (e.g., emission of light due to the “quantum leap” of an electron). We imagine them as periodic because we are still tied to the classical concept of wave. In fact, only radio‑wave emissions produced by alternating electron currents in a conductor (antenna) are truly periodic phenomena. There are “quasi‑periodic” wave‑emission phenomena, such as gravitational‑wave emission during mergers of massive cosmic objects (neutron stars / black holes). But the majority of wave emission must be described as non‑periodic phenomena — emission of single waves / photons (in the case of electromagnetic phenomena). Large quantities of single‑cycle waves / photons are emitted. Therefore, to characterize waves, it is much more correct to use the term “wavelength” rather than “frequency” (which makes sense only in the narrow phenomenological context of radio‑wave emission, propagation, and absorption).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence relations between wavelength and frequency and therefore the use of one quantity or the other would in fact be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses that have been formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action and Information in the Elementary Field. Speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of space considered or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, this is one of the representations of the Mode / Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, the other representations being the density of the Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space-Time, or rather the curvature of Time) to represent a fundamental aspect of the "raw material" of which things are made. Universal average speed is also variable over time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of Elementary Field, the level of structuring of the Field itself (quantity and quality of the Information / Energy existing at a certain moment in history of the Universe).

It could be said that there is a consolidated equivalence between wavelength and frequency, and therefore the use of one or the other would be indifferent. This is not the case, according to the fundamental hypotheses formulated in this work regarding the speed of propagation of Causality, Action, and Information in the Elementary Field — a speed assumed to vary locally around an average value of the portion of Space considered, or of the entire spatially infinite Universe. It is precisely the local variability of this speed (for the Principle of General Equivalence, one of the representations of the Mode / Component of Elementary Action called Perturbation — the others being the density of Elementary Events, the temperature of the Field, the density of Mass, the curvature of Space‑Time, or rather the curvature of Time) that represents a fundamental aspect of the “raw material” of which things are made. The universal average speed is also variable over Time, due to the increase in the complexity of the organization of inhomogeneities, of the deformations of the Elementary Field, and of the structuring level of the Field itself (quantity and quality of Information / Energy existing at a given moment in the history of the Universe).

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that the wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We will have to say that a wave is an oscillation, a deformation of a field, which propagates in the field itself. We cannot refer to "periodicity". Regarding the physical quantity "wavelength" we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light, both locally variable both in Space and Time) and a definition of length d 'relative wave (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light), the normal definition of wavelength to which we are accustomed. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (the rhythm of Time is variable locally and at different instants). The quantity "wavelength" must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to be able to conduct such an absolute measurement of length, of distance between two points, we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition we find in standard physics: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of time. These clarifications, even if in fact they do not change the way in which we can characterize the waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency) in my opinion are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of the waves always as periodic phenomena, even when they are not , and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations, an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave/particle dichotomy, at least as regards electromagnetic radiation.

All this implies that '''we cannot normally define a wave as a periodic oscillation''' and '''we cannot say that wavelength represents the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time'''. We must say that a wave is an oscillation — a deformation of a Field — which propagates in the Field itself. We cannot refer to “periodicity”. Regarding the physical quantity “wavelength”, we can imagine a definition of absolute wavelength (not dependent on Time, and consequently not dependent on the speed of light, both locally variable in Space and Time) and a definition of relative wavelength (dependent on Time, and consequently on the speed of light) — the ordinary definition used in standard physics. For the definition of '''absolute wavelength''' we must not refer to a time interval (the rhythm of Time is locally variable and varies at different instants). The quantity “wavelength” must be defined in purely spatial terms as the distance between one extreme of the deformation of the Field in which the wave expresses itself and the opposite extreme. Unfortunately, given the absence of reference points to conduct such an absolute measurement of length — the distance between two points — we will never be able to characterize a wave by its absolute wavelength. The definition of '''relative wavelength''' essentially coincides with the ordinary definition: the distance traveled by the wave in a period of Time. These clarifications, even if they do not change the way we characterize waves (in terms of wavelength / frequency), are fundamental to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as periodic phenomena when they are not, and more generally to avoid the incorrect representation of waves as trains of oscillations — an image that makes it impossible to overcome the wave / particle dichotomy, at least for electromagnetic radiation.

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors/carriers of [[Information]], of [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. In fact, they mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex-like Structures and Mixed structures, Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex-type Structures. In particular, they transfer energy (remember: elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component which determines the propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation which determines the polarization of the wave).

As mentioned above, Waves are structures that propagate Action in the Translation Component. With reference to standard physics, they can be described as '''vectors / carriers of [[Information]] and [[Energy]]''', vectors of (derivative) forces. They mediate exchanges of Information and Energy between Vortex‑like Structures and Mixed Structures — Complex vortices / particles and interactions, relations / interactions between Vortex‑type Structures. In particular, they transfer Energy (remember: the elementary form of Physical Information) in the form of linear momentum (deriving from the Translation Component, which determines propagation of the wave in the Field) and intrinsic angular momentum (deriving from the Component Rotation:AxisOrientation, which determines the polarization of the wave).

===Types of Waves / Radiation===

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

In this type of Structures, we find:
*'''gravitational waves''' (invisible / dark sector),
*'''electromagnetic waves''' (visible / ordinary sector).

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

They are the '''essence of Radiation''', the radiative aspect of Physical Reality.

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

Radiation includes two types of phenomena:

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate mass, and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space time curvature, gradient in the Elementary Field temperature, difference in speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or, at the end, difference in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we don't think that gravitational waves can propagate charge and spin,

*'''gravitational waves''' (dark radiation): they propagate Mass and, as stated by the Equivalence Principle, space‑time curvature, gradients in the Elementary Field temperature, differences in the speed of light / velocity of propagation of Information in the Field, or — ultimately — differences in the distribution of the elementary fluctuations of the Field (intensity of the Elementary Action). Most likely, we do not think that gravitational waves can propagate Charge and Spin.

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate mass, but only charge and spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the "photon" is a wave structure that can be also seen like a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from a movement of a vortex structure in the space time field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration) and quantized energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in the terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate of its existence). Under the name "radiation" we cannot include the phenomena of the emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles, that is commonly named radiation, but represent a different phenomenon, connected to the dynamics, the motion, of ordinary matter particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called "photon".

*'''electromagnetic radiation''' (visible radiation): this subclass of wave structures does not propagate Mass, but only Charge and Spin. The fundamental undulatory representation of the “photon” is a wave structure that can also be seen as a particle (but not a vortex) in relation to its space‑time localization, shape (only one period of oscillation, resulting from the motion of a vortex structure in the space‑time Field, with an initial acceleration and a final deceleration), and quantized Energy amount (related to the quantity of Action that constitutes the Structure, in terms of the correlation of the microstates that participate in its existence). Under the name “radiation” we cannot include the phenomena of emission / propagation / absorption of massive particles — commonly called radiation — which represent a different phenomenon connected to the dynamics and motion of Ordinary‑Matter Particles (Vortices and Interactions). Its particle counterpart / representation is called “photon”.

===The shapes of Waves (one-cycle and multiple-cycles Waves)===

In the field of Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance '''a correct distinction between structures formed by a single cycle''', manifestations of a single phenomenon, '''from those formed by several cycles''', wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps to clarify the quantum weirdness of wave-particle duality, so well represented by the double-slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In Electromagnetic [[Phenomena]], it is of utmost importance to distinguish correctly between '''structures formed by a single cycle''' — manifestations of a single phenomenon — and those formed by '''multiple cycles''' — wave trains, manifestations of a periodic phenomenon. This distinction helps clarify the quantum “weirdness” of wave‑particle duality, well represented by the double‑slit experiment and many other puzzling physical phenomena.

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation there is an important misunderstanding that takes us away from the correct understanding and description of shape of waves, and leads to the problem of wave-particle dualism. For a correct representation in spatio-temporal terms (geometric) of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon) is '''fundamental the difference between''':
*'''single-cycle waves''' (what is commonly called photon), a structure of information that can be located in space and time, obviously within the limits provided by the Uncertainty Principle, thus having a characteristic appearance of particles and not of waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi-cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave, eg coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

In the common scientific view of light quanta and electromagnetic radiation, there is an important misunderstanding that leads away from a correct understanding of the shape of waves and contributes to the problem of wave‑particle dualism. For a correct spatio‑temporal (geometric) representation of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic wave / photon), it is '''fundamental to distinguish between''':
*'''single‑cycle waves''' (what is commonly called a photon): a Structure of Information that can be located in Space and Time — within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle — thus having a characteristic appearance of particles rather than waves, as commonly conceived,
*'''multi‑cycle waves''' (wave train, what is commonly called electromagnetic wave — e.g., coherent photons emitted by a laser, radio electromagnetic emission, continuous oscillation).

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave-particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single-cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) as well as of a particle (localization, position and speed, in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, later we will see how the phenomena of diffraction and interference are not so much determined by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by the phenomena produced by matter in particular circumstances, in the sense of a particular structuring of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality, Source, Action, Information), for example between the two slits of the experiment of the same name, or in the crystal lattice, both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce the characteristic effects (diffraction or interference figures), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

Even if classical concepts such as particle or wave prove unsuitable to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects, the problem of finding a plausible representation breaks into what is called wave‑particle duality. If we imagine a quantum of light as a single‑cycle wave, it simultaneously acquires the shape and properties of a wave (diffraction and wave interference) and of a particle (localization, position and speed in Space and Time, no interference). Having said this, we will later see how phenomena of diffraction and interference are not determined primarily by the wave nature of photons and elementary particles such as the electron, but by phenomena produced by Matter in particular circumstances — that is, by particular structurings of the Elementary Field, of the Elementary Action, and of the Information / Energy (observing and representing the phenomenon at the various levels of Reality: Source, Action, Information). For example, between the two slits of the double‑slit experiment, or in the crystal lattice — both peculiar structurings of the Field that produce characteristic effects (diffraction or interference patterns), mimicking interference phenomena of wave entities.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T18:59:07Z

Paolo: /* According to visibility */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]]: '''large scales, weak density in the fundamental physical quantities, non‑corpuscular''' in the sense that they are not composed of corpuscles / [[Particles]]).

They are '''invisible because they don't interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They can belong to '''two "pure" classes''' ([[Waves]] and [[Vortices]]) '''or to their combinations''' (the class of [[Dark Interactions]]):
*'''[[Gravitational Waves]]''', which belong to the class of [[Waves]] (Wave‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*'''[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]''', which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*'''Dark composite Structures forming the Dark Cosmic Web''' (composite halos, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes), which belong to the class of [[Dark Interactions]]

Vortex‑type Structures have '''a characteristic Mass‑density profile''' with a Dark‑Matter core that appears as a depression in the Perturbation Component of the Elementary Action, a depression in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field, surrounded by a Dark‑Energy shell characterized by Perturbation values above the universal average or above the average of a significant spatial neighborhood.

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]]: '''small‑scale, high‑density in the fundamental physical quantities, corpuscular''' in the sense that they appear in the form of corpuscles / [[Particles]]).

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They can belong to '''two "pure" classes''' ([[Waves]] and [[Vortices]]) '''or to their combinations''' (the class of [[Interactions]]):
*'''[[Electromagnetic Waves]]''', which belong to the class of [[Waves]] (Wave‑type InfoStructures)
*'''[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]''', which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex‑type InfoStructures)
*'''Composite or mixed Structures forming the Ordinary (visible Matter)''' (elementary and composite Particles), which belong to the class of [[Interactions]]

Vortex‑type Structures have '''a characteristic Mass‑density profile''' with a negative Mass () core that appears as a depression in the Perturbation Component of the Elementary Action, a depression in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field, surrounded by a Dark‑Energy (yes, the same stuff as in Dark Structures) shell characterized by Perturbation values above the universal average or above the average of a significant spatial neighborhood.

<center>* - * - *</center>

In the next sections we will examine these classes of Dark and Ordinary InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T18:48:02Z

Paolo: /* Dark (invisible) Structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]]: '''large scales, weak density in the fundamental physical quantities, non‑corpuscular''' in the sense that they are not composed of corpuscles / [[Particles]]).

They can belong to '''two "pure" classes''' ([[Waves]] and [[Vortices]]) '''or to their combinations''' (the class of [[Dark Interactions]]):
*'''[[Gravitational Waves]]''', which belong to the class of [[Waves]] (Wave‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*'''[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]''', which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*'''Dark composite Structures forming the Dark Cosmic Web''' (composite halos, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes), which belong to the class of [[Dark Interactions]]

Vortex‑type Structures have '''a characteristic Mass‑density profile''' with a Dark‑Matter core that appears as a depression in the Perturbation Component of the Elementary Action, a depression in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field, surrounded by a Dark‑Energy shell characterized by Perturbation values above the universal average or above the average of a significant spatial neighborhood.

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T18:47:37Z

Paolo: /* According to visibility */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]]: '''large scales, weak density in the fundamental physical quantities, non‑corpuscular''' in the sense that they are not composed of corpuscles / [[Particles]]).

They can belong to '''two "pure" classes''' ([[Waves]] and [[Vortices]]) '''or to their combinations''' (the class of [[Dark Interactions]]):
*'''[[Gravitational Waves]]''', which belong to the class of [[Waves]] (Wave‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*'''[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]''', which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*'''Dark composite Structures forming the Dark Cosmic Web''' (composite halos, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes), which belong to the class of [[Dark Interactions]]

'''Vortex‑type Structures have a characteristic Mass‑density profile''' with a Dark‑Matter core that appears as a depression in the Perturbation Component of the Elementary Action, a depression in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field, surrounded by a Dark‑Energy shell characterized by Perturbation values above the universal average or above the average of a significant spatial neighborhood.

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T17:26:02Z

Paolo: /* Dark (invisible) Structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex-type InfoStructures)

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter"''' (even though Vortex‑type InfoStructures are composed of a Dark‑Matter core and a Dark‑Energy shell).

The Dark InfoStructures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] on large scales, weak density in the fundamental physical quantities, non‑corpuscular in the sense that they are not composed of corpuscles / [[Particles]]).

They can belong to two “pure” classes (the classes [[Waves]] and [[Vortices]]) or to their combinations (the class of [[Dark Interactions]]):
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]] (Wave‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex‑type Dark InfoStructures)
*Dark Structures forming the Dark Cosmic Web (composite halos, voids, sheets / walls, filaments, nodes), which belong to the class of [[Dark Interactions]]

Vortex‑type Structures have a characteristic Mass‑density profile with a Dark‑Matter core that appears as a depression in the Perturbation Component of the Elementary Action, a depression in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field, surrounded by a Dark‑Energy shell characterized by Perturbation values above the universal average or above the average of a significant spatial neighborhood.

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T17:09:36Z

Paolo: /* Ordinary (visible) Structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex-type InfoStructures)

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter"''' (even though Vortex‑type InfoStructures are composed of a Dark‑Matter core and a Dark‑Energy shell).

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T17:07:47Z

Paolo: /* According to visibility */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex-type InfoStructures)

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter"''' (even though Vortex‑type InfoStructures are composed of a Dark‑Matter core and a Dark‑Energy shell).

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T17:07:34Z

Paolo: /* Dark (invisible) Structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

-----

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]] (Vortex-type InfoStructures)

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter"''' (even though Vortex‑type InfoStructures are composed of a Dark‑Matter core and a Dark‑Energy shell).

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-10-02T16:50:07Z

Paolo: /* Matter Structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

-----

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T21:06:46Z

Paolo: /* According to visibility */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators.).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

-----

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T21:06:32Z

Paolo: /* According to visibility */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators.).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

---

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T21:04:54Z

Paolo: /* Matter Structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "Dark Matter" and "Ordinary Matter"''' (which also includes the forms of exotic matter produced in particle accelerators.).

The Vortex‑type InfoStructures that constitute both forms of Matter — Dark and Ordinary — as we will examine in greater detail later in this chapter, consist of a Matter core (negative Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm lower than the universal average or that of a significant neighborhood) and a Dark Energy shell (positive Perturbation value, with a Time‑flow rhythm higher than the average).

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:52:20Z

Paolo: /* Matter Structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

---

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:51:31Z

Paolo: /* Energy structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

Unlike in conventional physics, within this model the emission of particles by atoms and atomic nuclei (e.g., alpha radiation and beta radiation) is not referred to as “radiation”, so as to avoid confusion with “true” radiation — that is, InfoStructures of Wave type (gravitational and electromagnetic waves). It will instead be called “particle emission”.

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:43:35Z

Paolo: /* Energy structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

These Structures are what, in this model, '''I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:43:02Z

Paolo: /* Energy structures */

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

'''These Structures are what, in this model, I properly call "[[Radiation]]".'''

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:39:15Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:39:06Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:38:50Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-30T20:37:51Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
InfoStructures can be classified '''according to several defining aspects'''. Among the most significant are their intrinsic nature or form (wave‑like, vortex‑like, composite, etc.), their Mass density, and their degree of visibility.

===According to nature/form===

The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:14:00Z

Paolo: /* According to their visibility */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:13:01Z

Paolo: /* According to their visibility */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures|Ordinary (visible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:12:17Z

Paolo: /* According to their visibility */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures|Dark (invisible) Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:11:51Z

Paolo: /* According to their visibility */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark (invisible) Structures|Dark Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:10:35Z

Paolo: /* According to their visibility */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

According to their visibility, we can identify:
*'''[[Dark Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*'''[[Visible Structures]]'''
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:10:11Z

Paolo: /* Dark (invisible) Structures */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

'''According to their visibility''', we can identify:
*[[Dark Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*[[Visible Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:09:59Z

Paolo: /* Matter Structures */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

-> MATERIA OSCURA
-> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

'''According to their visibility''', we can identify:
*[[Dark Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*[[Visible Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

----> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:09:46Z

Paolo: /* Energy structures */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

-> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

----> MATERIA OSCURA
----> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

'''According to their visibility''', we can identify:
*[[Dark Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*[[Visible Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

----> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:09:31Z

Paolo: /* According to Mass density */

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

According to their Mass density, we can identify:
*'''[[Energy Structures]]''': null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*'''[[Matter Structures]]''': non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

----> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

----> MATERIA OSCURA
----> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

'''According to their visibility''', we can identify:
*[[Dark Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*[[Visible Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

----> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}

TFNR - Classification of Physical Structures of Information: dark and visible, energy and matter structures

2026-09-29T22:09:00Z

Paolo:

__NOTOC__
The Physical Structures of Information, '''according to their nature''', can be classified into '''two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type''' produced by various kinds of Physical Interactions between them:
*'''[[Waves]]''': physical [[Structures of Propagation]]
*'''[[Vortices]]''': physical [[Structures of Conservation]]
*'''[[Physical Interactions]]''': [[Interactions]] that relate the Physical [[Structures of Propagation]] ([[Waves]]), the Physical [[Structures of Conservation]] ([[Vortices]]), and the related [[Physical Events]] that characterize the Dynamics and Evolution of the Physical Structures of Information, creating [[Mixed Physical Structures]] and more [[Complex Events]]
*'''[[Mixed Physical Structures]]''': elementary particles come together to form complex structures at all dimensional scales — from hadrons made up of quarks and gluons, to atoms and molecules, through states of Matter (gases, liquids, solids, etc.), up to huge conglomerates of Matter in stars and galaxies. All this through the four fundamental natural forces or modes of interaction.

Physical Reality is characterized by the dynamics of the Structures of the two pure classes and their incessant interaction, which forms more complex composite or mixed Structures. Each class includes Structures both in the dark and in the ordinary side of Physical Reality.

Due to the complex phenomena known as the '''undulatory–corpuscular duality''', in Physical Reality — in the quantum world — the strange behavior of the Structures of Matter and light creates confusion about the real nature of the Structures and their correct comprehension in terms of the Dimensions of Reality (Cause, Space, and Time), and about their proper classification as Waves or Vortices. Following the unity of the Field, we can grasp the unitary nature of the Structures of Information in terms of the organization of the Action (discrepancies/inhomogeneities of the distributions of Elementary Events) of the Field itself under the constant pressure of the Force.

'''Waves and Vortices share the same underlying nature''' — the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field — which '''nevertheless manifests in different forms'''. Therefore, despite the differences in their organizational patterns, we can think of Waves as Particles (for example, a single‑cycle Wave and the photon) and Particles as Waves (as in the quantum‑mechanical description of wave–particle duality), precisely because both types of InfoStructures find their dynamic and structural foundation in the Elementary Field. But '''we must not forget that this duality is only partial''', and that the Phenomena involving the two types are necessarily different in depth, even if they appear similar on the surface.

'''I am referring in particular to the phenomenon of interference'''. Two photons, being bosons, can occupy the same space at the same time (they can pass through one another). Two electrons (being fermions) cannot occupy the same space (for example in the atom, or in a collision), and therefore cannot pass through one another. '''The deep nature of the interaction will thus be different in the case of Waves and Vortices, of Waves/photons and Particles'''.

To this reflection on wave–particle duality — '''especially with reference to the double‑slit experiment''' — further considerations must be added, both in a later section and more extensively in a future work I hope to publish, regarding the true nature of interference for both waves and particles, and the underlying dynamics, which find in the organization of the dynamism of the Elementary Field the true origin and manifestation of the phenomenon.

In particular, in the case of the famous experiment mentioned above, I am convinced that '''what are interpreted as interference patterns are not manifestations of a real interference of quantum objects''' (waves/photons in the case of light) with one another or with themselves, '''but rather the manifestation of the interference of those objects with the particular organization of the dynamism of the Field in the slits''' (in the space between the two walls that delimit each slit), which is also responsible for diffraction phenomena occurring even in the case of a single slit (or a single aperture). But this topic — so central and fundamental for understanding the Fundamental Nature of Physical Reality — will be discussed more extensively in the future.

[[Image:The_Structures_of_Information.png|600px|thumb|none|The Structures of Information]]

Let us now examine the various classes of InfoStructures.

===According to Mass density===

'''According to their Mass density''', we can identify:
*[[Energy Structures]]: null Mass density, massless Structures -> Waves -> Radiation
*[[Matter Structures]]: non‑null Mass density, massive Structures -> Vortices -> Ordinary Matter Particles and Dark Matter Halos

====Energy structures====

Energy Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by null [[Mass]] density''', no [[Perturbation]], no gradients, no discrepancies/inhomogeneities in the pre-temporal distributions of the [[Elementary Events]], no deformations in the local rate of the flow of Time. They manifest correlations of Translation and of Rotation:AxisOrientation, and therefore deformations in the spatial orientation of the Elementary Events (linear momentum -> impulse) and in the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic vorticity of the event‑points (angular momentum -> polarization).

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the dark sector
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]], which belong to the visible sector

----> RADIAZIONE

====Matter Structures====

Matter Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] '''characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density''': [[Perturbation]], gradients, inhomogeneities in the distributions of the intensities of the [[Elementary Events]], and in the intensities of the deformations of the [[Elementary Field]] under the incessant pressure of the [[Fundamental Force]].

In this [[Classification of Physical Structures|class]] of Physical Structures of Information we find:
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], [[Dark Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]], [[Visible Structures]] that belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

----> MATERIA OSCURA
----> MATERIA COMUNE ED ESOTICA

===According to their visibility===

'''According to their visibility''', we can identify:
*[[Dark Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Gravitational Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]]
*[[Visible Structures]]
**[[Waves]]: [[Electromagnetic Waves]]
**[[Vortices]]: [[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

====Dark (invisible) Structures====

Dark Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''large‑scale, weak‑density, non‑corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''not visible because they do not interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation), even though they possess all the Properties and Behaviors of Physical Structures of Information found in visible [[Ordinary Matter]] — the [[Visible Structures]] — including [[Charge and electric phenomena]] and [[Spin and magnetic phenomena]].

They can belong to both classes, Waves or Vortices:
*[[Gravitational Waves]], which belong to the class of [[Waves]]
*[[Dark Matter]] [[Halos]], which belong to the class of [[Vortices]]

----> MATERIA OSCURA -> CORE (ED ENERGIA OSCURA -> SHELL)

====Ordinary (visible) Structures====

Visible structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by no null [[Mass]] density), '''small scale concentrated high density corpuscular structures''', as depressions in dynamic structure of the Elementary Field.

Visible Structures are [[Physical Structures of Information]] ([[Matter Structures]] characterized by non‑null [[Mass]] density), '''small‑scale, concentrated, high‑density corpuscular Structures''', appearing as "depressions" in the intensity of the dynamism of the Elementary Field.

They are '''visible because they interact through [[Electromagnetic Waves]]''' / photons (at the wavelengths accessible to observation).

They are [[Physical Structures of Information]] belonging to the class of Vortices:
*[[Ordinary Matter]] [[Particles]]

In the next sections we will see these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, etc.

In the next sections we will examine these classes of InfoStructures in more detail, to understand their specific nature in terms of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components, the Properties and Physical Quantities that characterize them, their Behavior and Dynamics, the correspondences with the objects of conventional science, and more.

{{Template:PaperPages1}}